Sealing strategies in corn silage and sheep performance in feedlots / Estratégias de vedação na ensilagem de milho e desempenho de ovinos em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sealing strategies on aerobic stability and feed value of corn silage supplied to finishing lambs. The treatments were set up according to the silo sealing strategy: BP (black polyethylene film), BP + Bagasse (black polyethylene film + sugarcane bagasse) and BP + Silostop (Silostop® Orange oxygen barrier film + black polyethylene film). Six lambs per treatment were used, totaling 18 animals in an experimental period of 63 days. The silage from LP treatment presented the highest aerobic stability, however with lower dry matter digestibility coefficients. No significant differences were detected among treatments for intake and performance of lambs. But for final body weight, weight gain, daily average gain, feed efficiency and dry matter intake, the best results, in absolute value, were found for lambs fed with silage from LP + Bagasse treatment. The silage sealed exclusively with black polyethylene film showed greater aerobic stability. The different sealing strategies used in this experiment did not influence the performance of finishing Dorper x Santa Inês lambs.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de differentes estratégias de vedação sobre a estabilidade aeróbia e o valor alimentício da silagem de milho fornecida para cordeiros em terminação. Os tratamentos foram definidos de acordo com a estratégia de vedação do silo: LP (lona preta de polietileno), LP + Bagaço (lona preta de polietileno + bagaço de cana) e LP + Silostop (lona preta de polietileno + filme de barreira de oxigênio Silostop® Orange). Foram utilizados seis cordeiros por tratamento, totalizando 18 animais, em um período experimental de 63 dias. A silagem do tratamento LP apresentou maior estabilidade aeróbia, porém proporcionou menor coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para o consumo e desempenho dos cordeiros. Todavia, para o peso corporal final, ganho de peso, ganho médio diário, eficiência alimentar e consumo de matéria seca, os melhores resultados, em valor absoluto, foram encontrados para os cordeiros alimentados com dieta à base da silagem coberta com LP + Bagaço. A silagem vedada exclusivamente com a lona preta de polietileno apresentou maior estabilidade aeróbia. As diferentes estratégias de vedação utilizadas nesse experimento não influenciaram o desempenho de cordeiros Dorper x Santa Inês em terminação.(AU)

Substitution of dry corn grain by rehydrated and ensiled corn grain, finely or coarsely ground, on performance of young bulls finished in feedlot

We investigated the effects of corn grain, finely or coarsely ground, rehydrated and ensiled to 35% moisture in substitution of dry corn grain on performance of beef cattle in the feedlot. Forty non-castrated young Angus crossbred bulls with average age of 13±1.4 months and average initial body weight (BW) of 374±14 kg. The experiment was conducted in blocks by weight, and bulls were randomly assigned into four groups of five animals each in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme. The factors evaluated were particle size (finely and coarsely ground) and two grain sources (dry ground corn and rehydrated corn grain silage). The treatments were diets containing dry corn grain, finely ground (DCF; 1.86 mm); dry corn grain, coarsely ground (DCC; 3.53 mm); rehydrated and ensiled corn grain, finely ground (RCF; 1.86 mm); and rehydrated and ensiled corn grain, coarsely ground (RCC; 3.53 mm). Initial BW, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency, and intake of dry matter (DMI), acid detergent fiber, and metabolizable energy were not affected by treatment. Ensiling corn grain decreased DMI by 10.3% (11.6 vs. 10.4 kg/d for dry and ensiled, respectively) and increased feed efficiency by 13.3% (0.13 vs. 0.15 kg/d for dry and ensiled, respectively), but there was no effect of particle size, grain source, and their interaction on ADG. Effects of particle size and grain source were observed for fecal starch and total tract starch digestion, with evidence that treatments containing rehydrated corn diets showed greater efficiency in the utilization of dietary starch. Animals fed RCF diets showed lower fecal starch losses of 37, 55, and 75% when compared with treatments RCC, DCF, and DCC, respectively. Our results suggested that ensiled rehydrated corn grain improves feed efficiency in substitution of dry corn grain. The finely and coarsely ground of rehydrated and ensiled corn grain increases the digestibility of starch for finishing cattle in feedlot.(AU)

Chitosan combined with technical cashew nut shell liquid improves in vitro ruminal parameters and gas production kinetics

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chitosan (CHI) and technical cashew nut shell liquid (CNSLt) as natural feed additives in cattle diets on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro gas production kinetics. We conducted a completely randomized design with 5×4 factorial arrangement, with 20, 35, 50, 65, and 100% Tifton 85 hay and four additives, monensin (200 mg/kg DM), CNSLt (500 mg/kg DM), CHI (500 mg/kg DM), and CNSLt+CHI (500 mg/kg DM/each). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility showed a linear reduction according to forage levels. The highest DM digestibility was observed with CHI on cattle diets. Inclusion of CHI increased DM digestibility. The highest in vitro organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibilities were observed for CNSLt+CHI. The in vitro dry matter digestibility increased linearly with concentrate in the diet. There was interaction of forage:concentrate ratio and the additives for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose digestibility. Chitosan, CNSLt, and CNSLt+CHI promoted the lowest acetate:propionate ratio compared with monensin. Total gas production showed interaction of the forage:concentrate ratio and additives. Lag time was lowest with CNSLt+CHI. Chitosan and CNSLt can be considered alternative fermentation modulators to ionophores by improving nutrient digestibility and increasing ruminal propionate concentrations.(AU)

Occurrence of visible losses and relationship with corn silage management in dairy farms in the State of Paraná

The aim of this study was to relate the occurrence of visible losses in silage (effluent, spoiled top-layer and during feedout) with silage-making practices, physical and chemical characteristics of silage, and milk composition in Brazilian dairy herds. One-hundred and eight silos from 95 farms, in the State of Parana, were visited for data collection. Data were analyzed by Fisher's Exact and Pearson Correlation Test. Effluent loss was higher in silages with the lowest dry matter content. Using unwalled clamp (drive-over piles) silos, neglecting a protection over the plastic film, and unloading silage with a bucket increased the occurrence of top spoilage. Feedout losses were higher in farms where: the crop was harvested with self-propelled machines; the particle size was larger, and the silage density was lower. There was no relationship between visible losses and silage composition or milk composition, except for milk fat content that, unexpectedly, there was a positive correlation with spoiled silage in the top-layer. Silage losses are reduced by adopting good practices during silage production and feedout.(AU)

Occurrence of visible losses and relationship with corn silage management in dairy farms in the State of Paraná

The aim of this study was to relate the occurrence of visible losses in silage (effluent, spoiled top-layer and during feedout) with silage-making practices, physical and chemical characteristics of silage, and milk composition in Brazilian dairy herds. One-hundred and eight silos from 95 farms, in the State of Parana, were visited for data collection. Data were analyzed by Fisher's Exact and Pearson Correlation Test. Effluent loss was higher in silages with the lowest dry matter content. Using unwalled clamp (drive-over piles) silos, neglecting a protection over the plastic film, and unloading silage with a bucket increased the occurrence of top spoilage. Feedout losses were higher in farms where: the crop was harvested with self-propelled machines; the particle size was larger, and the silage density was lower. There was no relationship between visible losses and silage composition or milk composition, except for milk fat content that, unexpectedly, there was a positive correlation with spoiled silage in the top-layer. Silage losses are reduced by adopting good practices during silage production and feedout.

Intake, digestibility and recovery of grains from feces of steers fed different oilseeds / Consumo, digestibilidade e recuperação de grãos nas fezes, de novilhos alimentados com diferentes grãos de oleaginosas

Oilseed grains are used as a protein and energy source, increasing the energy density of the feed. The goal of the present study was to determine the nutritional profile of canola, crambe and soybean grains recovered from feces, and to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation parameters of beef cattle receiving whole grains of oilseeds. Three steers, 350 ± 23.5 kg body weight were distributed in a not contemporary, 3 × 3 double Latin square, and fed oilseed grains. Inclusion of crambe grain reduced dry matter intake by 21.02%, with a higher digestibility coefficient for EE and NDF. The crude protein content of canola and crambe grains recovered were similar, but the EE content was higher for the crambe grain (26.46%). Soybean showed the lowest values of chemical composition for grains recovered from feces. The highest dry matter intake (7.86 kg/day), and the lowest NDF digestibility (0.203g/kg), were found for animals fed soybean. The inclusion of crambe grains reduced the rumen ammonia content (10.97 mg/dL); however, the ruminal pH was not altered by the inclusion of grains in the diet. Canola and soybean grains can be included in the cattle diet without altering dry matter intake; while the inclusion of crambe grains reduces the dry matter intake and the ruminal ammonia content of the animals. Crambe grain showed the highest recovery of dry matter and ether extract from feces.(AU)

Para se avaliar a inclusão de grãos inteiros das culturas de canola, crambe e soja na dieta de bovinos em confinamento, sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais e recuperação dos grãos nas fezes, delineou-se um ensaio estatístico em quadrado latino com três dietas e três bovinos providos de cânula ruminal. Os resultados constataram que a inclusão do grão de crambe reduziu o consumo de matéria seca em 21,02%, e proporcionou aumento na digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutra. O percentual de extrato etéreo recuperado nas fezes foi de 44,15% para grão de canola e 61,53% para o grão de crambe. Encontrou-se menor digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutra para dietas contendo grão de soja 0,203g/kg, embora seu consumo aumentou em relação ao crambe 7,86 kg/dia. A inclusão de crambe apresentou redução nos teores de amônia ruminal (N-NH3), com valores médios de 10,97 mg/dL. Portanto, o grão de crambe pode ser incluído na dieta de bovinos de corte em 14% da MS, sendo uma alternativa em potencial como grão de oleaginosa na alimentação de ruminantes. Assim como, os grãos de canola e soja sem afetar a digestibilidade da matéria seca e da proteína bruta, contudo, devem ser usados com cautela.(AU)

Intake, digestibility and recovery of grains from feces of steers fed different oilseeds / Consumo, digestibilidade e recuperação de grãos nas fezes, de novilhos alimentados com diferentes grãos de oleaginosas

Oilseed grains are used as a protein and energy source, increasing the energy density of the feed. The goal of the present study was to determine the nutritional profile of canola, crambe and soybean grains recovered from feces, and to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation parameters of beef cattle receiving whole grains of oilseeds. Three steers, 350 ± 23.5 kg body weight were distributed in a not contemporary, 3 × 3 double Latin square, and fed oilseed grains. Inclusion of crambe grain reduced dry matter intake by 21.02%, with a higher digestibility coefficient for EE and NDF. The crude protein content of canola and crambe grains recovered were similar, but the EE content was higher for the crambe grain (26.46%). Soybean showed the lowest values of chemical composition for grains recovered from feces. The highest dry matter intake (7.86 kg/day), and the lowest NDF digestibility (0.203g/kg), were found for animals fed soybean. The inclusion of crambe grains reduced the rumen ammonia content (10.97 mg/dL); however, the ruminal pH was not altered by the inclusion of grains in the diet. Canola and soybean grains can be included in the cattle diet without altering dry matter intake; while the inclusion of crambe grains reduces the dry matter intake and the ruminal ammonia content of the animals. Crambe grain showed the highest recovery of dry matter and ether extract from feces.

Para se avaliar a inclusão de grãos inteiros das culturas de canola, crambe e soja na dieta de bovinos em confinamento, sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, parâmetros ruminais e recuperação dos grãos nas fezes, delineou-se um ensaio estatístico em quadrado latino com três dietas e três bovinos providos de cânula ruminal. Os resultados constataram que a inclusão do grão de crambe reduziu o consumo de matéria seca em 21,02%, e proporcionou aumento na digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutra. O percentual de extrato etéreo recuperado nas fezes foi de 44,15% para grão de canola e 61,53% para o grão de crambe. Encontrou-se menor digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutra para dietas contendo grão de soja 0,203g/kg, embora seu consumo aumentou em relação ao crambe 7,86 kg/dia. A inclusão de crambe apresentou redução nos teores de amônia ruminal (N-NH3), com valores médios de 10,97 mg/dL. Portanto, o grão de crambe pode ser incluído na dieta de bovinos de corte em 14% da MS, sendo uma alternativa em potencial como grão de oleaginosa na alimentação de ruminantes. Assim como, os grãos de canola e soja sem afetar a digestibilidade da matéria seca e da proteína bruta, contudo, devem ser usados com cautela.

Technical cashew nut shell liquid associated with non-protein nitrogen sources in high-grain diets for ruminants: intake and digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis / Líquido da castanha de caju técnico associado a fontes de nitrogênio não proteico em dietas alto grão para ruminantes: consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, fermentação ruminal e síntese de proteína microbiana

This study aimed to evaluate the association of technical cashew nut shell liquid (tCNSL) and two sources of non-protein nitrogen (NPN), dry matter intake (DMI), the partial and total apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrients, ruminal fermentation, microbial synthesis, and blood characteristics. Four Holstein steers (438 kg ± 17.14 kg) fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannula were used. Diets had (in DM basis) 135 g kg <->1 of crude protein and 746 g kg <->1 of total digestive nutrients. The roughage to concentrate ratio was 30:70. The experimental design was a 4 x 4 Latin square with 14-day experimental periods. The non-protein nitrogen sources used were livestock urea (U) and slow-release urea (SRU) (Optigen® II). The treatments consisted of diets containing U or SRU associated or not with tCNSL. The tCNSL was added to the diet in a proportion of 300 mg kg <->1 of concentrate. DMI and ruminal, intestinal and total apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients were not affected by experimental diets. The association of sources of NPN and tCNSL did not affect pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and microbial synthesis of animals consuming high-grain diets.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a associação do líquido da casca da castanha de caju técnico (tLCC) e duas fontes de nitrogênio não proteico (NNP), sobre a ingestão de matéria seca (IMS), coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente parcial e total dos nutrientes, parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, síntese de proteína microbiana no rúmen e nitrogênio ureico plasmático (NUP) de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizados quatro novilhos da raça Holandesa (438 kg ± 17,14), providos de cânula ruminal e duodenal. As dietas continham (em base na MS) 135 g kg <->1 de proteína bruta e 746 g kg <->1 de nutrientes digestivos totais em uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 30:70. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4, com períodos experimentais de 14 dias. As fontes de NNP foram ureia pecuária (U) e ureia de liberação lenta (ULL) (Optigen®II). Os tratamentos consistiram em dietas contendo U ou ULL associados ou não ao tLCC. O tLCC foi incluído no concentrado objetivando-se uma concentração final na dieta de 300 mg kg <->1. A IMS e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente ruminal, intestinal e total dos nutrientes não foram influenciados pelos aditivos, bem como o pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, NUP e eficiência de síntese microbiana ruminal dos animais consumindo dietas alto grão.(AU)

Adição de lactase na caracterização físico-química, microbiológica e sensorial de iogurte de leite de cabra / Addition of lactase on physical-chemical, microbiological and sensorial characterization of goat milk yogurts

Iogurte é um dos derivados lácteos mais consumidos no mundo, podendo ser produzido a partir de leite de vaca, ovelha ou cabra. O leite de cabra apresenta importantes propriedades nutricionais e digestivas, entretanto para produção de iogurte o seu gel apresenta-se fraco e susceptível a sinérese. Este trabalho avaliou a viabilidade da utilização do leite de cabra na elaboração de iogurtes com baixos teores de lactose. Os tratamentos avaliados compreenderam níveis de lactase: 0; 0,4 e 0,8 g/L de leite. Após a fabricação, estes foram armazenados a 4 ºC por 21 dias. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 3x4 (3 níveis de lactase x 4 dias de armazenamento). Foram avaliadas a acidez, pH, composição química, contagem de bactérias ácido láticas e textura aos 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias. Realizaram-se análises das características sensoriais e de intenção de compra do produto. Com exceção do pH, contagem de bactérias ácido láticas e características físicas, as demais características químicas foram influenciadas pela inclusão da lactase (p<0,05). Sensorialmente, houve uma melhora na qualidade do iogurte quando da inclusão de 0,4 g lactase/L de leite. Em contrapartida, ao longo do tempo houve uma redução nos valores de acidez, aumento do pH e uma resposta quadrática para a contagem bacteriana, além de melhora na elasticidade do produto. Houve redução nos teores de lactose a partir da inclusão da enzima, além do produto ter apresentado alto índice de aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, o que torna o leite de cabra, e, sobretudo o iogurte, uma alternativa para o consumidor lactase deficiente.

Yogurt is one of the most consumed dairy products in the world and can be produced from cow, sheep or goat milk. Goat milk has important nutritional and digestive properties, however for yogurt production its gel is weak and susceptible to syneresis. This study evaluated the feasibility of using goat milk in the preparation of low lactose yoghurt. The evaluated treatments comprised lactase levels: 0; 0.4 and 0.8g / l milk. After manufacture, these were stored at 4 ºC for 21 days. The experimental design was a 3x4 factorial (3 lactase levels x 4 days of storage). The acidity, pH, chemical composition, lactic acid bacteria count and texture were evaluated at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days. Analyzes of the sensory characteristics and purchase intention of the product were performed. Except for pH, lactic acid bacterial count and physical characteristics, the other chemical characteristics were influenced by the inclusion of lactase (p<0.05). Sensorially, there was an improvement in yogurt quality when 0.4g lactase / L of milk was included. In contrast, over time there was a reduction in acidity values, an increase in pH and a quadratic response to the bacterial count, as well as an improvement in product elasticity. There was a reduction in lactose levels from the inclusion of the enzyme, in addition to the fact that the product had a high acceptance rate by consumers, which makes goat milk, and especially yogurt, an alternative for the lactase deficient consumer.

Adição de lactase na caracterização físico-química, microbiológica e sensorial de iogurte de leite de cabra / Addition of lactase on physical-chemical, microbiological and sensorial characterization of goat milk yogurts

Iogurte é um dos derivados lácteos mais consumidos no mundo, podendo ser produzido a partir de leite de vaca, ovelha ou cabra. O leite de cabra apresenta importantes propriedades nutricionais e digestivas, entretanto para produção de iogurte o seu gel apresenta-se fraco e susceptível a sinérese. Este trabalho avaliou a viabilidade da utilização do leite de cabra na elaboração de iogurtes com baixos teores de lactose. Os tratamentos avaliados compreenderam níveis de lactase: 0; 0,4 e 0,8 g/L de leite. Após a fabricação, estes foram armazenados a 4 ºC por 21 dias. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 3x4 (3 níveis de lactase x 4 dias de armazenamento). Foram avaliadas a acidez, pH, composição química, contagem de bactérias ácido láticas e textura aos 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias. Realizaram-se análises das características sensoriais e de intenção de compra do produto. Com exceção do pH, contagem de bactérias ácido láticas e características físicas, as demais características químicas foram influenciadas pela inclusão da lactase (p<0,05). Sensorialmente, houve uma melhora na qualidade do iogurte quando da inclusão de 0,4 g lactase/L de leite. Em contrapartida, ao longo do tempo houve uma redução nos valores de acidez, aumento do pH e uma resposta quadrática para a contagem bacteriana, além de melhora na elasticidade do produto. Houve redução nos teores de lactose a partir da inclusão da enzima, além do produto ter apresentado alto índice de aceitabilidade pelos consumidores, o que torna o leite de cabra, e, sobretudo o iogurte, uma alternativa para o consumidor lactase deficiente.(AU)

Yogurt is one of the most consumed dairy products in the world and can be produced from cow, sheep or goat milk. Goat milk has important nutritional and digestive properties, however for yogurt production its gel is weak and susceptible to syneresis. This study evaluated the feasibility of using goat milk in the preparation of low lactose yoghurt. The evaluated treatments comprised lactase levels: 0; 0.4 and 0.8g / l milk. After manufacture, these were stored at 4 ºC for 21 days. The experimental design was a 3x4 factorial (3 lactase levels x 4 days of storage). The acidity, pH, chemical composition, lactic acid bacteria count and texture were evaluated at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days. Analyzes of the sensory characteristics and purchase intention of the product were performed. Except for pH, lactic acid bacterial count and physical characteristics, the other chemical characteristics were influenced by the inclusion of lactase (p<0.05). Sensorially, there was an improvement in yogurt quality when 0.4g lactase / L of milk was included. In contrast, over time there was a reduction in acidity values, an increase in pH and a quadratic response to the bacterial count, as well as an improvement in product elasticity. There was a reduction in lactose levels from the inclusion of the enzyme, in addition to the fact that the product had a high acceptance rate by consumers, which makes goat milk, and especially yogurt, an alternative for the lactase deficient consumer. (AU)

Processamento dos grãos de milho melhoram a composição química e perfil fermentativo de silagem reidratada / Corn grain processing improves chemical composition and fermentative profile of rehydrated silage

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da reidratação do grão de milho em dois diâmetros geométricos médios (DGM = 0,55 e 1,83 mm) sobre perfil fermentativo e composição química das silagens. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado sendo os tratamentos: silagem de milho finamente reidratado (SMFR) e silagem de milho moído e reidratado (SMMR), com seis repetições. Os materiais foram reidratados com água objetivando níveis de umidade próximos a 350 g kg-1. Em ambas as silagens foram verificadas uma recuperação da matéria seca superior a 97%; porém sem diferença entre ambas. Houve influência do tamanho de partícula sobre a porção fibrosa, com valores inferiores observados para a SMFR. A concentração de ácido acético e lático foi maior para a SMFR, porém sem promover alterações significativas no pH da silagem. O pH foi diferente apenas na fase de exposição ao oxigênio, com valores de 4,25 e 4,38 para a SMFR e SMMR, respectivamente. Após a abertura dos silos, ambas as silagens demonstraram alta estabilidade aeróbia, acima de 90 horas, evidenciando menor atividade de espoliação e menor perda de qualidade. Concluiu-se que o DGM dos grãos de milho afetou o perfil fermentativo e nutricional da silagem.(AU)

This study evaluated the effects of the rehydration and ensiling of corn grain with two geometric mean diameters (GMD) of 0.55 and 1.83 mm obtained by the diameter of the sieved used on the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of the silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and six replications, as follows: rehydrated fine-corn grain silage (RFS) and rehydrated coarse-corn grain silage (RCS). Ground corn was rehydrated with water to achieve moisture levels close to 350 g kg-1. There was no effect on the dry matter recovery, though the recovery rate was high, with values greater than 97% in both silages. The particle size influenced the fiber content, with lower values in the RFS. The acetic and lactic acid concentrations were higher in the RFS, but the pH of the silages did not change. Oxygen exposure changed the pH of silages to 4.25 and 4.38 for RFS and RCS, respectively. After opening the silos, the silages showed high aerobic stability after 90 hours, which resulted in lower deterioration and lesser loss of quality. The geometric mean diameter of corn grain affects the silage fermentative profile and nutritional value.(AU)

Processamento dos grãos de milho melhoram a composição química e perfil fermentativo de silagem reidratada / Corn grain processing improves chemical composition and fermentative profile of rehydrated silage

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da reidratação do grão de milho em dois diâmetros geométricos médios (DGM = 0,55 e 1,83 mm) sobre perfil fermentativo e composição química das silagens. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado sendo os tratamentos: silagem de milho finamente reidratado (SMFR) e silagem de milho moído e reidratado (SMMR), com seis repetições. Os materiais foram reidratados com água objetivando níveis de umidade próximos a 350 g kg-1. Em ambas as silagens foram verificadas uma recuperação da matéria seca superior a 97%; porém sem diferença entre ambas. Houve influência do tamanho de partícula sobre a porção fibrosa, com valores inferiores observados para a SMFR. A concentração de ácido acético e lático foi maior para a SMFR, porém sem promover alterações significativas no pH da silagem. O pH foi diferente apenas na fase de exposição ao oxigênio, com valores de 4,25 e 4,38 para a SMFR e SMMR, respectivamente. Após a abertura dos silos, ambas as silagens demonstraram alta estabilidade aeróbia, acima de 90 horas, evidenciando menor atividade de espoliação e menor perda de qualidade. Concluiu-se que o DGM dos grãos de milho afetou o perfil fermentativo e nutricional da silagem.

This study evaluated the effects of the rehydration and ensiling of corn grain with two geometric mean diameters (GMD) of 0.55 and 1.83 mm obtained by the diameter of the sieved used on the fermentation characteristics and chemical composition of the silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments and six replications, as follows: rehydrated fine-corn grain silage (RFS) and rehydrated coarse-corn grain silage (RCS). Ground corn was rehydrated with water to achieve moisture levels close to 350 g kg-1. There was no effect on the dry matter recovery, though the recovery rate was high, with values greater than 97% in both silages. The particle size influenced the fiber content, with lower values in the RFS. The acetic and lactic acid concentrations were higher in the RFS, but the pH of the silages did not change. Oxygen exposure changed the pH of silages to 4.25 and 4.38 for RFS and RCS, respectively. After opening the silos, the silages showed high aerobic stability after 90 hours, which resulted in lower deterioration and lesser loss of quality. The geometric mean diameter of corn grain affects the silage fermentative profile and nutritional value.

Different methods and times of milk conservation: physical-chemical composition and microbiological quality

The objective of this study was to verify methods of preservation of raw milk samples for physical-chemical analysis and bacterial count patterns. In Experiment 1, the experimental design was a factorial arrangement with three preservatives × two temperatures × five storage times. At seven days of storage, the samples with no preservative had higher total bacterial counts (TBC). However, the fat content increased in the refrigerated samples. The levels of protein, lactose and defatted solids were influenced by the analysed variables and by the interaction between them. Milk pH was influenced by the type of preservative and the duration of storage. Experiment 2 involved an evaluation of the influence of initial TBC, temperature and storage days. The factorial arrangement involved two TBCs × two temperatures × five storage times. The TBC, pH and total solid content of milk were influenced by the analysed variables. There was a quadratic pattern for TBC over storage days. With regard to fat, there was an effect of the initial TBC and storage temperature. Protein and lactose increased, with subsequent stabilisation. Samples with high initial TBC presented higher total solids levels. There was an effect of the interaction between TBC and temperature, and between temperature and storage days. For TBC analysis, the use of azidiol as a preservative is dependent on the use of refrigeration during storage. For physical-chemical analysis, the use of bronopol is indicated.

Different methods and times of milk conservation: physical-chemical composition and microbiological quality

The objective of this study was to verify methods of preservation of raw milk samples for physical-chemical analysis and bacterial count patterns. In Experiment 1, the experimental design was a factorial arrangement with three preservatives × two temperatures × five storage times. At seven days of storage, the samples with no preservative had higher total bacterial counts (TBC). However, the fat content increased in the refrigerated samples. The levels of protein, lactose and defatted solids were influenced by the analysed variables and by the interaction between them. Milk pH was influenced by the type of preservative and the duration of storage. Experiment 2 involved an evaluation of the influence of initial TBC, temperature and storage days. The factorial arrangement involved two TBCs × two temperatures × five storage times. The TBC, pH and total solid content of milk were influenced by the analysed variables. There was a quadratic pattern for TBC over storage days. With regard to fat, there was an effect of the initial TBC and storage temperature. Protein and lactose increased, with subsequent stabilisation. Samples with high initial TBC presented higher total solids levels. There was an effect of the interaction between TBC and temperature, and between temperature and storage days. For TBC analysis, the use of azidiol as a preservative is dependent on the use of refrigeration during storage. For physical-chemical analysis, the use of bronopol is indicated.(AU)

Intake, digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of ewes fed crambe replacing soybean meal in the diet / Consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho e características de carcaça de ovelhas alimentadascom crambe em substituição à farelo de soja

The use of alternative sources of protein for ruminant can alter productivity and reducecosts in animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibilityand quantitative characteristics of carcass components of ewes fed increasing levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg1 dry matter) of crambe crushed in the diets. Twenty-four culling ewes were distributed in a completelyrandomized design. All animals were kept in a shed, with individual stalls equipped with feeder, drinkerand concrete floor covered with rice hulls. The animals received corn silage as roughage and diets wereisoenergetic with 700 g kg-1 of TDN. Animals were slaughtered when reached a body condition score of3.5 points. The dry matter intake (948.53 g day-1) and average daily gain (0.15 kg day-1) were not influencedby the inclusion of crambe crushed in the diet. The crambe crushed increased ether extract digestibility anddecreased crude protein intake and digestibility. There was no effect of the levels of crambe crushed oncarcass characteristics and non-carcass components but rather a reduction in the cold carcass yield. Totalreplacement of soybean meal with crambe crushed in the diet for ewes did not alter performance, carcassand non-carcass characteristics.

O uso de fontes proteicas alternativas para ruminantes pode alterar a produtividade e reduzir oscustos na produção animal. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho, a digestibilidade aparente e ascaracterísticas quantitativas dos componentes de carcaça das ovelhas alimentadas com níveis crescentes (0,50, 100 e 150 g kg-1 de matéria seca) de torta de crambe nas dietas. Foram distribuídas 24 ovelhas em umdelineamento inteiramente casualizado. Todos os animais foram mantidos em instalação, com baiasindividuais equipadas com cocho, bebedouro e chão de concreto coberto com cascas de arroz. Os animaisreceberam silagem de milho como forragem e as dietas foram isoenergéticas com 700 g kg-1 de NDT. Osanimais foram abatidos quando atingiram o escore de condição corporal de 3,5 pontos. A ingestão dematéria seca (948,53 g dia-1) e o ganho médio diário (0,15 kg dia-1) não foram influenciados pela inclusão detorta de crambe na dieta. A torta de crambe aumentou a digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e diminuiu aingestão e digestibilidade da proteína bruta. Não houve efeito da torta de crambe nas características dacarcaça e nos componentes não carcaça, no entanto houve redução no rendimento da carcaça fria. Asubstituição total da farinha de soja e a torta de crambe na dieta para as ovelhas não alteraram ascaracterísticas de desempenho, carcaça e não carcaça.(AU)

Intake, digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of ewes fed crambe replacing soybean meal in the diet / Consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho e características de carcaça de ovelhas alimentadascom crambe em substituição à farelo de soja

The use of alternative sources of protein for ruminant can alter productivity and reducecosts in animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibilityand quantitative characteristics of carcass components of ewes fed increasing levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg1 dry matter) of crambe crushed in the diets. Twenty-four culling ewes were distributed in a completelyrandomized design. All animals were kept in a shed, with individual stalls equipped with feeder, drinkerand concrete floor covered with rice hulls. The animals received corn silage as roughage and diets wereisoenergetic with 700 g kg-1 of TDN. Animals were slaughtered when reached a body condition score of3.5 points. The dry matter intake (948.53 g day-1) and average daily gain (0.15 kg day-1) were not influencedby the inclusion of crambe crushed in the diet. The crambe crushed increased ether extract digestibility anddecreased crude protein intake and digestibility. There was no effect of the levels of crambe crushed oncarcass characteristics and non-carcass components but rather a reduction in the cold carcass yield. Totalreplacement of soybean meal with crambe crushed in the diet for ewes did not alter performance, carcassand non-carcass characteristics.

O uso de fontes proteicas alternativas para ruminantes pode alterar a produtividade e reduzir oscustos na produção animal. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho, a digestibilidade aparente e ascaracterísticas quantitativas dos componentes de carcaça das ovelhas alimentadas com níveis crescentes (0,50, 100 e 150 g kg-1 de matéria seca) de torta de crambe nas dietas. Foram distribuídas 24 ovelhas em umdelineamento inteiramente casualizado. Todos os animais foram mantidos em instalação, com baiasindividuais equipadas com cocho, bebedouro e chão de concreto coberto com cascas de arroz. Os animaisreceberam silagem de milho como forragem e as dietas foram isoenergéticas com 700 g kg-1 de NDT. Osanimais foram abatidos quando atingiram o escore de condição corporal de 3,5 pontos. A ingestão dematéria seca (948,53 g dia-1) e o ganho médio diário (0,15 kg dia-1) não foram influenciados pela inclusão detorta de crambe na dieta. A torta de crambe aumentou a digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e diminuiu aingestão e digestibilidade da proteína bruta. Não houve efeito da torta de crambe nas características dacarcaça e nos componentes não carcaça, no entanto houve redução no rendimento da carcaça fria. Asubstituição total da farinha de soja e a torta de crambe na dieta para as ovelhas não alteraram ascaracterísticas de desempenho, carcaça e não carcaça.

Subproduto do biodiesel na alimentação de ruminantes: o caso da glicerina / By-product of biodiesel in ruminant feeding: the case of glycerin / Subproduto de biodiesel en la alimentación de rumiantes: el caso de la glicerina

O Brasil, devido à sua expansão territorial e variação climática, apresenta uma grande diversidade de grãos oleaginosos, o que possibilita a produção de biocombustíveis. O biodiesel é obtido a partir de matérias-primas vegetais ou animais e vem ganhando destaque devido à instabilidade dos preços do petróleo e principalmente, em consequência às pressões ambientais. Durante a produção do biodiesel, há a geração de subprodutos, e dentre eles destaca-se a glicerina, que vem sendo amplamente estudada na cadeia de produção animal, mostrando-se como uma excelente fonte energética alternativa, podendo substituir ingredientes mais onerosos na produção de rações, como o milho. No entanto, seu uso deve ser feito com cautela, sendo necessário conhecer sua composição visando à correta aplicação, uma vez que a qualidade da glicerina produzida industrialmente pode ser muito variável, influenciando dessa forma os resultados a serem obtidos.(AU)

Brazil due to its territorial expansion and climate change, presents a wide variety of oilseeds, which enables the production of biofuels. Biodiesel is obtained from vegetable or animals raw materials and is gaining prominence due to the instability in oil prices and mainly due to environmental pressures. During the production of biodiesel, there is the generation of by-products, and among them there is the glycerin, which has been widely studied in animal production chain, showing up as a great alternative energy source that can replace more expensive ingredients in feed production, such as corn. However, its use should be done with caution being necessary to know its composition with a view to correct application, since the quality of industrially produced glycerin can be very variable, thus influencing the results to be obtained.(AU)

Debido a su expansión territorial y el cambio climático, Brasil presenta una amplia variedad de semillas oleaginosas, lo que permite la producción de biocombustibles. El biodiesel es obtenido a partir de materias primas vegetales o animales, por lo que está ganando importancia debido a la inestabilidad de los precios del petróleo y principalmente, a las presiones ambientales. Durante la producción de biodiesel, son generados subproductos, entre ellos la glicerina, la cual, ha sido ampliamente estudiada en la cadena de producción animal, apareciendo como una gran fuente energética alternativa, pudiendo sustituir los ingredientes más caros en la producción de raciones, como el maíz. Sin embargo, su uso debe hacerse con precaución, siendo necesario conocer su composición, con el fin de utilizarla correctamente, ya que la calidad de la glicerina producida industrialmente puede ser muy variable, influyendo así en los resultados a ser obtenidos.(AU)

Líquido da casca da castanha de caju em dietas para ruminantes / Cashew nut shell liquid in diets for ruminants

This review aimed to describe some relevant characteristics of the cashew nut shell liquid and the possible effects as an additive in nutrition of ruminants. Plant extracts, mainly functional oils, are considered alternative additives that can improve microbial modulation, the ruminal fermentation characteristics and digestibility in ruminants. The liquid extracted from the cashew nutshell (CNSL) is functional oil characterized for being a natural source of unsaturated long-chain phenolic compounds. By their chemical characteristics, the CNSL may influence the diet digestibility and induce changes on the end products of ruminal fermentation. Although some of the effects of CNSL have already been demonstrated, the available studies on the oil are still limited, so future research in vivo and in vitro to examine the benefits of CNSL in the nutrition of ruminants are required.(AU)

Este artigo de revisão teve por objetivo descrever algumas características relevantes do líquido da casca da castanha de caju e os possíveis efeitos como aditivo na nutrição dos ruminantes. Os extratos de plantas, principalmente os óleos funcionais são considerados aditivos alternativos que podem melhorar as características da fermentação ruminal e a digestibilidade em ruminantes. O líquido extraído da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) é um óleo funcional, caracterizado por ser fonte natural de compostos de cadeia fenólica longa e insaturada. Por suas características químicas, o LCC pode influenciar a digestibilidade da dieta e induzir mudanças sobre os produtos finais da fermentação ruminal. Embora alguns dos efeitos do LCC já tenham sido demonstrados, estudos disponíveis sobre o óleo ainda são limitados, evidenciando a necessidade de pesquisas in vivo e in vitro que estudem os benefícios do LCC na nutrição de ruminantes.(AU)

Líquido da casca da castanha de caju em dietas para ruminantes / Cashew nut shell liquid in diets for ruminants

This review aimed to describe some relevant characteristics of the cashew nut shell liquid and the possible effects as an additive in nutrition of ruminants. Plant extracts, mainly functional oils, are considered alternative additives that can improve microbial modulation, the ruminal fermentation characteristics and digestibility in ruminants. The liquid extracted from the cashew nutshell (CNSL) is functional oil characterized for being a natural source of unsaturated long-chain phenolic compounds. By their chemical characteristics, the CNSL may influence the diet digestibility and induce changes on the end products of ruminal fermentation. Although some of the effects of CNSL have already been demonstrated, the available studies on the oil are still limited, so future research in vivo and in vitro to examine the benefits of CNSL in the nutrition of ruminants are required.

Este artigo de revisão teve por objetivo descrever algumas características relevantes do líquido da casca da castanha de caju e os possíveis efeitos como aditivo na nutrição dos ruminantes. Os extratos de plantas, principalmente os óleos funcionais são considerados aditivos alternativos que podem melhorar as características da fermentação ruminal e a digestibilidade em ruminantes. O líquido extraído da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) é um óleo funcional, caracterizado por ser fonte natural de compostos de cadeia fenólica longa e insaturada. Por suas características químicas, o LCC pode influenciar a digestibilidade da dieta e induzir mudanças sobre os produtos finais da fermentação ruminal. Embora alguns dos efeitos do LCC já tenham sido demonstrados, estudos disponíveis sobre o óleo ainda são limitados, evidenciando a necessidade de pesquisas in vivo e in vitro que estudem os benefícios do LCC na nutrição de ruminantes.

Intake, digestibility of nutrients, milk production and composition in dairy cows fed on diets containing cashew nut shell liquid / Consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes da dieta, produção de leite e composição em vacas leiteiras alimentadas com dietas contendo líquido da casca de castanha de caju

The study evaluated the effects of supplementing cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in the diet of lactating dairy cows on the intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield and composition, and fatty acids composition of milk fat. Four Holsteincows (600±43 kg) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 21 days experimental periods. Experimental treatments consisted of CNSL inclusion in a total mixed ration (dry matter basis), as follows: 1) CNSL 0% (control, CON), 2) CNSL 0.012% (0.012), 3) CNSL 0.024% (0.024) and 4) CNSL 0.036% (0.036). Dry matter and nutrients intake, apparent digestibility of nutrients, fat corrected milk yield and milk composition were not affected (p > 0.05) by the inclusion of CNSL in the ration. CNSL linearly decreased the C6:0 concentration (p 0.02), produced a quadratic response on C13:1n-5 concentration (p 0.03) and a linear increase on C16:1n-7 concentration (p 0.04). Results show that an intake of up to 7 gcow-1day-1 (0.036%) of CNSL may alter the milk fatty acid composition but does not influence intake, nutrient digestibility and milk yield.

O estudo avaliou os efeitos da suplementação com líquido da casca da castanha de caju (LCCC) em ração de vacas em lactação sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a produção e composição do leite, e a composição de ácidos graxos da gordura do leite. Foram usadas quatro vacas Holandesas (600±43 kg), e o delineamento estatístico foi o quadrado latino 4 x 4, com períodos experimentais de 21 dias. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram na inclusão de LCCC na ração total misturada, como segue: 1) LCCC 0% (controle, CON); 2) LCCC 0,012% (0,012); 3) LCCC 0,024% (0,024) e 4) LCCC 0,036% (0,036). O consumo de matéria seca e de nutrientes, a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, a composição e a produção de leite corrigida para gordura não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos (p > 0,05). O uso de LCCC diminuiu linearmente a concentração de C6:0 (p < 0,02), produziu uma resposta quadrática na concentração de C13:1n-5 (p < 0,03) e um aumento linear no C16:1n-7 (p < 0,04). Os resultados mostram que o consumo de até 7 g dia-1 de LCCC por vacas leiteiras pode alterar a composição de ácidos graxos da gordura do leite, mas não influencia o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e a produção de leite.