Effect of a phytogenic feed additives mixture on milk physico-chemical properties and biochemical parameters of Holstein cows / Efeito de uma mistura de aditivos fitogênicos alimentares nas propriedades físico-químicas do leite e parâmetros bioquímicos de vacas leiteiras da raça holandês

This study aimed to analyze the effect of phytogenic additives based on cardol, cardanol, and ricinoleic acid on the physico-chemical qualities and biochemical parameters of Holstein cow milk. Nineteen animals were divided into the control (GI) and treatment (GII) groups. Prior to the beginning of the experiment, sodium monensin was removed from the feed provided to the animals. This study consisted of two phases. In the first, animals from GI received the standard diet, without additives, while animals from GII received the standard diet supplemented with 10 g of phytogenic additives for 60 days. At the end of the first stage, the animals remained 30 days without receiving additives and in the second phase the groups were inverted, and the GII again received the phytogenic additive during the subsequent 60 days. Physical-chemical analyzes of milk were performed at moments 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of the experiment and the blood parameters at times 0 and 60 days of the experiment were evaluated. There was no significant difference for the treatment x time interaction in any of the variables, but there was a trend between groups for the CCS parameter and there was a statistical difference for the protein, as well as for the AST. In this study it is observed that the addition of phytogenic additive modulating rumen fermentation based on cardol, cardanol and ricinoleic acid does not compromise, in general, the quality of milk, with positive results for some specific parameters such as protein content and aminotransferase.

Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de um aditivo fitogênico a base de cardol, cardanol e ácido ricinoléico na qualidade físico-química do leite e perfil bioquímico de vacas da raça Holandês. Dezenove animais foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Controle (GI) e Grupo Tratado (GII). Previamente ao início do experimento, retirou-se a monensina sódica da ração fornecida aos animais. Este estudo consistiu de duas fases, sendo que na primeira fase, os animais do GI receberam a dieta padrão, sem aditivos, enquanto os animais do grupo GII receberam a ração padrão suplementada com 10 g dos aditivos fitogênicos durante 60 dias. Ao final da primeira etapa, os animais permaneceram 30 dias sem receber aditivos e na segunda fase os grupos foram invertidos, sendo que o GII novamente recebeu o aditivo fitogênico durante os 60 dias subsequentes. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas do leite nos momentos 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias do experimento e avaliados os parâmetros sanguíneos nos momentos 0 e 60 dias do experimento. Não se observou diferença significativa para a interação tratamento x tempo em nenhuma das variáveis, mas tendência entre grupos para o parâmetro de CCS, e houve diferença estatística para a proteína, assim como para a AST. Neste estudo observa-se que a adição de aditivo fitogênico modulador de fermentação ruminal a base de cardol, cardanol e ácido ricinoléico não compromete, de forma geral, a qualidade do leite, tendo resultados positivos para alguns parâmetros específicos como teor de proteína e aspartato aminotransferase.

Effect of a phytogenic feed additives mixture on milk physico-chemical properties and biochemical parameters of Holstein cows / Efeito de uma mistura de aditivos fitogênicos alimentares nas propriedades físico-químicas do leite e parâmetros bioquímicos de vacas leiteiras da raça holandês

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to analyze the effect of phytogenic additives based on cardol, cardanol, and ricinoleic acid on the physico-chemical qualities and biochemical parameters of Holstein cow milk. Nineteen animals were divided into the control (GI) and treatment (GII) groups. Prior to the beginning of the experiment, sodium monensin was removed from the feed provided to the animals. This study consisted of two phases. In the first, animals from GI received the standard diet, without additives, while animals from GII received the standard diet supplemented with 10 g of phytogenic additives for 60 days. At the end of the first stage, the animals remained 30 days without receiving additives and in the second phase the groups were inverted, and the GII again received the phytogenic additive during the subsequent 60 days. Physical-chemical analyzes of milk were performed at moments 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of the experiment and the blood parameters at times 0 and 60 days of the experiment were evaluated. There was no significant difference for the treatment x time interaction in any of the variables, but there was a trend between groups for the CCS parameter and there was a statistical difference for the protein, as well as for the AST. In this study it is observed that the addition of phytogenic additive modulating rumen fermentation based on cardol, cardanol and ricinoleic acid does not compromise, in general, the quality of milk, with positive results for some specific parameters such as protein content and aminotransferase.

RESUMO: Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de um aditivo fitogênico a base de cardol, cardanol e ácido ricinoléico na qualidade físico-química do leite e perfil bioquímico de vacas da raça Holandês. Dezenove animais foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Controle (GI) e Grupo Tratado (GII). Previamente ao início do experimento, retirou-se a monensina sódica da ração fornecida aos animais. Este estudo consistiu de duas fases, sendo que na primeira fase, os animais do GI receberam a dieta padrão, sem aditivos, enquanto os animais do grupo GII receberam a ração padrão suplementada com 10 g dos aditivos fitogênicos durante 60 dias. Ao final da primeira etapa, os animais permaneceram 30 dias sem receber aditivos e na segunda fase os grupos foram invertidos, sendo que o GII novamente recebeu o aditivo fitogênico durante os 60 dias subsequentes. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas do leite nos momentos 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias do experimento e avaliados os parâmetros sanguíneos nos momentos 0 e 60 dias do experimento. Não se observou diferença significativa para a interação tratamento x tempo em nenhuma das variáveis, mas tendência entre grupos para o parâmetro de CCS, e houve diferença estatística para a proteína, assim como para a AST. Neste estudo observa-se que a adição de aditivo fitogênico modulador de fermentação ruminal a base de cardol, cardanol e ácido ricinoléico não compromete, de forma geral, a qualidade do leite, tendo resultados positivos para alguns parâmetros específicos como teor de proteína e aspartato aminotransferase.

Effect of a phytogenic feed additives mixture on milk physico-chemical properties and biochemical parameters of Holstein cows / Efeito de uma mistura de aditivos fitogênicos alimentares nas propriedades físico-químicas do leite e parâmetros bioquímicos de vacas leiteiras da raça holandês

This study aimed to analyze the effect of phytogenic additives based on cardol, cardanol, and ricinoleic acid on the physico-chemical qualities and biochemical parameters of Holstein cow milk. Nineteen animals were divided into the control (GI) and treatment (GII) groups. Prior to the beginning of the experiment, sodium monensin was removed from the feed provided to the animals. This study consisted of two phases. In the first, animals from GI received the standard diet, without additives, while animals from GII received the standard diet supplemented with 10 g of phytogenic additives for 60 days. At the end of the first stage, the animals remained 30 days without receiving additives and in the second phase the groups were inverted, and the GII again received the phytogenic additive during the subsequent 60 days. Physical-chemical analyzes of milk were performed at moments 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of the experiment and the blood parameters at times 0 and 60 days of the experiment were evaluated. There was no significant difference for the treatment x time interaction in any of the variables, but there was a trend between groups for the CCS parameter and there was a statistical difference for the protein, as well as for the AST. In this study it is observed that the addition of phytogenic additive modulating rumen fermentation based on cardol, cardanol and ricinoleic acid does not compromise, in general, the quality of milk, with positive results for some specific parameters such as protein content and aminotransferase.(AU)

Esse estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de um aditivo fitogênico a base de cardol, cardanol e ácido ricinoléico na qualidade físico-química do leite e perfil bioquímico de vacas da raça Holandês. Dezenove animais foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo Controle (GI) e Grupo Tratado (GII). Previamente ao início do experimento, retirou-se a monensina sódica da ração fornecida aos animais. Este estudo consistiu de duas fases, sendo que na primeira fase, os animais do GI receberam a dieta padrão, sem aditivos, enquanto os animais do grupo GII receberam a ração padrão suplementada com 10 g dos aditivos fitogênicos durante 60 dias. Ao final da primeira etapa, os animais permaneceram 30 dias sem receber aditivos e na segunda fase os grupos foram invertidos, sendo que o GII novamente recebeu o aditivo fitogênico durante os 60 dias subsequentes. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas do leite nos momentos 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias do experimento e avaliados os parâmetros sanguíneos nos momentos 0 e 60 dias do experimento. Não se observou diferença significativa para a interação tratamento x tempo em nenhuma das variáveis, mas tendência entre grupos para o parâmetro de CCS, e houve diferença estatística para a proteína, assim como para a AST. Neste estudo observa-se que a adição de aditivo fitogênico modulador de fermentação ruminal a base de cardol, cardanol e ácido ricinoléico não compromete, de forma geral, a qualidade do leite, tendo resultados positivos para alguns parâmetros específicos como teor de proteína e aspartato aminotransferase.(AU)

Perfil bioquímico do líquido amniótico de éguas com placentite ascendente e sua relação com parâmetros séricos do potro neonato / Biochemical profile of amniotic fluid in mares with ascending placentitis and its relationship with serum biochemical parameters in neonatal foals

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os parâmetros bioquímicos do líquido amniótico (LA) no momento do parto de éguas com placentite ascendente e relacionar com parâmetros bioquímicos séricos dos neonatos. Foram utilizadas 36 éguas gestantes da raça Puro Sangue Inglês, divididas em dois grupos: placentite (n=5) e sadias (n=31). A placentite foi definida de acordo com a avaliação clínica, exame ultrassonográfico e histopatologia das placentas. Essas éguas foram submetidas a terapia antimicrobiana, antiinflamatórios e altrenogest. A coleta do LA foi realizada na segunda fase do parto e as amostras sanguíneas dos neonatos imediatamente após o nascimento. Foi observada menor concentração de creatinina no LA de éguas com placentite. Potros provenientes de éguas com placentite foram menores em peso e altura ao nascimento, e apresentaram concentrações elevadas de ureia e reduzidas de PPT na avaliação sérica. Foi observado correlação positiva moderada entre creatinina e ureia no LA e correlação positiva fraca entre a creatinina do LA e sérica dos potros. Concluiu-se que o perfil bioquímico do LA e sérico dos neonatos oriundos de éguas com placentite ascendente diferem de gestações sadias. Sendo que esses parâmetros podem ser utilizados como indicadores de alterações placentárias em éguas.(AU)

The aim of this study was to identify the biochemical parameters of amniotic fluid (AF) at parturition in mares with ascending placentitis, and to relate with biochemical parameters in neonatal foals serum. Thirty-six pregnant Thoroughbred mares were divided in 2 groups: mares with placentitis (n=5) and healthy mares (n=31). Placentitis was identified based on clinical signs, ultrasound evaluation and histopathological features in the placenta. Mares with placentitis were treated with antibiotics, antiinflammatories and altrenogest. AF was collected during the second stage of labor and blood samples were taken immediately after foaling. Lower concentrations of creatinine were found in the AF of mares with placentitis. Foals from mares with placentitis showed smaller height and lower birthweight, also showed increase of urea and decrease of total protein levels in blood serum. A moderate positive correlation between urea and creatinine in AF was observed, and a weak positive correlation was found between creatinine in AF and the serum of foals. In conclusion, biochemical composition of AF and of blood serum of neonatal foals from mares with ascending placentitis are different of healthy mares. So, those analysis could be useful to identify placental changes in mares.(AU)

Perfil bioquímico do líquido amniótico de éguas com placentite ascendente e sua relação com parâmetros séricos do potro neonato / Biochemical profile of amniotic fluid in mares with ascending placentitis and its relationship with serum biochemical parameters in neonatal foals

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os parâmetros bioquímicos do líquido amniótico (LA) no momento do parto de éguas com placentite ascendente e relacionar com parâmetros bioquímicos séricos dos neonatos. Foram utilizadas 36 éguas gestantes da raça Puro Sangue Inglês, divididas em dois grupos: placentite (n=5) e sadias (n=31). A placentite foi definida de acordo com a avaliação clínica, exame ultrassonográfico e histopatologia das placentas. Essas éguas foram submetidas a terapia antimicrobiana, antiinflamatórios e altrenogest. A coleta do LA foi realizada na segunda fase do parto e as amostras sanguíneas dos neonatos imediatamente após o nascimento. Foi observada menor concentração de creatinina no LA de éguas com placentite. Potros provenientes de éguas com placentite foram menores em peso e altura ao nascimento, e apresentaram concentrações elevadas de ureia e reduzidas de PPT na avaliação sérica. Foi observado correlação positiva moderada entre creatinina e ureia no LA e correlação positiva fraca entre a creatinina do LA e sérica dos potros. Concluiu-se que o perfil bioquímico do LA e sérico dos neonatos oriundos de éguas com placentite ascendente diferem de gestações sadias. Sendo que esses parâmetros podem ser utilizados como indicadores de alterações placentárias em éguas.

The aim of this study was to identify the biochemical parameters of amniotic fluid (AF) at parturition in mares with ascending placentitis, and to relate with biochemical parameters in neonatal foals’ serum. Thirty-six pregnant Thoroughbred mares were divided in 2 groups: mares with placentitis (n=5) and healthy mares (n=31). Placentitis was identified based on clinical signs, ultrasound evaluation and histopathological features in the placenta. Mares with placentitis were treated with antibiotics, antiinflammatories and altrenogest. AF was collected during the second stage of labor and blood samples were taken immediately after foaling. Lower concentrations of creatinine were found in the AF of mares with placentitis. Foals from mares with placentitis showed smaller height and lower birthweight, also showed increase of urea and decrease of total protein levels in blood serum. A moderate positive correlation between urea and creatinine in AF was observed, and a weak positive correlation was found between creatinine in AF and the serum of foals. In conclusion, biochemical composition of AF and of blood serum of neonatal foals from mares with ascending placentitis are different of healthy mares. So, those analysis could be useful to identify placental changes in mares.

Gestation in a mare with facial deviation (Wry Nose) / Gestação em uma égua com desvio facial (Wry Nose)

Background: Wry nose is a congenital deformity that causes respiratory obstruction and decreased oxygenation rate.Gestation in a wry nose mare may be considered a risk to the neonate since it depends on the maternal environment fordevelopment. Compromised oxygenation during pregnancy can lead to fetal distress and cause consequences on fetaldevelopment. However, depending on the degree of the impairment, the fetus may still be able to adapt. The aim of thepresent study was to report the gestation in a mare with facial deviation until term and to assess blood gases in the mareand neonate, and to evaluate the histomorphometry of the placenta.Case: A Criollo breed mare presenting facial deviation (Wry Nose) was donated to Equine Medicine Research Group(ClinEq) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) due to the presence of the physical deformity. When the mare wasfive years old, it was inseminated and had a pregnancy confirmed. At the fifth month of gestation, evaluation of fetalaorta diameter, fetal orbital diameter and combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) started to be performedmonthly to assess gestation health. The assessment of the fetal orbit and aorta diameter revealed a linear increase of bothvariables with the progress of gestation indicating a normal fetal development. CTUP remained in the normal referencerange, presenting no alterations during the gestational length. The mare foaled at 324 days of gestation a coat showing nocongenital deformities. The foaling was monitored until the complete passage of fetal membranes. A complete clinical andhematological evaluation of the foal was carried out after birth. The foal showed normal adaptive behavior, clinical andhematological parameters during the first hours of life, although presenting physical signs of immaturity. Venous bloodsamples were collected from the mare at 315 days of gestation, immediately after foaling and...

Gestation in a mare with facial deviation (Wry Nose) / Gestação em uma égua com desvio facial (Wry Nose)

Background: Wry nose is a congenital deformity that causes respiratory obstruction and decreased oxygenation rate.Gestation in a wry nose mare may be considered a risk to the neonate since it depends on the maternal environment fordevelopment. Compromised oxygenation during pregnancy can lead to fetal distress and cause consequences on fetaldevelopment. However, depending on the degree of the impairment, the fetus may still be able to adapt. The aim of thepresent study was to report the gestation in a mare with facial deviation until term and to assess blood gases in the mareand neonate, and to evaluate the histomorphometry of the placenta.Case: A Criollo breed mare presenting facial deviation (Wry Nose) was donated to Equine Medicine Research Group(ClinEq) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) due to the presence of the physical deformity. When the mare wasfive years old, it was inseminated and had a pregnancy confirmed. At the fifth month of gestation, evaluation of fetalaorta diameter, fetal orbital diameter and combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) started to be performedmonthly to assess gestation health. The assessment of the fetal orbit and aorta diameter revealed a linear increase of bothvariables with the progress of gestation indicating a normal fetal development. CTUP remained in the normal referencerange, presenting no alterations during the gestational length. The mare foaled at 324 days of gestation a coat showing nocongenital deformities. The foaling was monitored until the complete passage of fetal membranes. A complete clinical andhematological evaluation of the foal was carried out after birth. The foal showed normal adaptive behavior, clinical andhematological parameters during the first hours of life, although presenting physical signs of immaturity. Venous bloodsamples were collected from the mare at 315 days of gestation, immediately after foaling and...(AU)

Curva de crescimento em potros da raça Crioula do nascimento aos 24 meses de idade / Growth curve of Crioulo foals from birth until 24 months of age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, using a mechanical scale for weight and a hippometer for height. The analysis were conducted on SAS/ETS® version 9.2. Logistic non-linear regression model was used to obtain growth curves for height and minimum, medium and maximum weight of the foals on their respective ages, by this way six growth curves were produced. Results show an increase in weight and height at 24 months of age compared to the moment of birth. This increase was accentuated during the first months of life, both in weight and height.[...]

Curva de crescimento em potros da raça Crioula do nascimento aos 24 meses de idade / Growth curve of Crioulo foals from birth until 24 months of age

Background: Breeding of Crioulo horses in the southern region of Brazil is very significant. Notwithstanding, not all animals meet the standards defined for the breed, raising concern among breeders, owners and veterinarians, driving them to an effort to know and understand the development of Crioulo foals. In order to get a registry at Brazilian Association of Crioulo Horse Breeders (ABCCC), the foals must be presented to a certified technician as of 24 months of age and show the breed standards and measurements required. To date, there are no data concerning development of this breed available. Therefore, this study aims to describe the growth curve of Crioulo foals in the south region of Rio Grande do Sul.Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in three Crioulo horse breeding farms in the cities of Santa Vitória do Palmar, Bagé and Aceguá, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, for a period of two years (2013-2015). We followed up on 267 Crioulo foals from birth up to 24 months of age. Biometric evaluation was divided in 26 periods, with 40 animals in each and random repetition of individuals. Period one: birth to seven days; period two: seven to 21 days; monthly from 1st to 24th month. The three breeding farms presented similar environmental conditions and the horses were submitted to similar management. Measurements were taken on a monthly basis, using a mechanical scale for weight and a hippometer for height. The analysis were conducted on SAS/ETS® version 9.2. Logistic non-linear regression model was used to obtain growth curves for height and minimum, medium and maximum weight of the foals on their respective ages, by this way six growth curves were produced. Results show an increase in weight and height at 24 months of age compared to the moment of birth. This increase was accentuated during the first months of life, both in weight and height.[...](AU)

Aneurysm in the distal portion of the extern jugular vein in a horse / Aneurisma de porção distal da veia jugular externa em equino

Background: Aneurysm is a vascular disease that causes the partial rupture of arteries and veins and subsequent blood leakage due to the weakening of the vessels elastic middle layer. Venous aneurysms in horses are rare, but the arterial aneurysms are commonly reported. The aim of this paper is to report a rare occurrence of jugular external aneurysm in a horse and propose the inclusion this disease as a differential diagnosis, both because it is rare in this specie and invariably fatal. The medical examination showed a firm well-defined mass, painless, nonpulsatile on palpation and with no changed in the local temperature. Case: The horse was referred to the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel, RS-Brazil. It was a male, Crioulo breed, 10 years old, used as stallion. The owner reported a swelling in the pectoral region that occurred after a trauma episode that had gradually grown for two years. The patient was clinically stable, and would undergo surgery extirpation for aesthetic matters. Clinical examination showed the swelling was circumscribed and centralized and it presented about 20 centimeters in diameter. The ultrasound of the pectoral area showed an anechoic structure with hyperechoic spots inside limited by an hyperechoic layer similar to a fibrous capsule. Presumptive diagnostics were of: hematoma, subcutaneous abscess, neoplasia, and [...]

Post-partum utero-ovarian artery rupture in mare / Ruptura da artéria útero-ovariana em égua no pós-parto

Background: Arterial rupture associated with pregnancy is an important cause of fatal hemorrhage in pregnant mares, regardless breeds and age. Such hemorrhagic events lead to blood loss into the abdomen, broad ligament and uterus and the broad ligament hematoma occurs as a consequence of arterial rupture. Although the rupture of the uterine artery is commonly caused by hemorrhage, there are few studies regarding this condition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe a case of rupture of the utero-ovarian artery, with broad ligament hematoma and intramural uterine hematoma in a Thoroughbred mare, emphasizing the predisposing factors and the diagnosis process. Case: A 13-year-old Thoroughbred mare, with nine parturition, was attended with abdominal pain after foaling. The mare had an eutocic delivery, however the foal was a big one to the race, with high of 1,02 m and weight of 68 kg. The animal arrived at the Veterinary Clinical Hospital 48 h after delivery, with abdominal pain, pale mucous membranes, heart rate slightly increased. The trans-rectal palpation revealed the presence of a solid mass in the left horn region, and it was painful to the touch. The ultrasonography evaluation of the mass showed a heterogeneous texture with a hypoechoic central area, which reinforced the clinical suspicion of a hematoma in the broad ligament and a uterine intramural hematoma. [...]

Post-partum utero-ovarian artery rupture in mare / Ruptura da artéria útero-ovariana em égua no pós-parto

Background: Arterial rupture associated with pregnancy is an important cause of fatal hemorrhage in pregnant mares, regardless breeds and age. Such hemorrhagic events lead to blood loss into the abdomen, broad ligament and uterus and the broad ligament hematoma occurs as a consequence of arterial rupture. Although the rupture of the uterine artery is commonly caused by hemorrhage, there are few studies regarding this condition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe a case of rupture of the utero-ovarian artery, with broad ligament hematoma and intramural uterine hematoma in a Thoroughbred mare, emphasizing the predisposing factors and the diagnosis process. Case: A 13-year-old Thoroughbred mare, with nine parturition, was attended with abdominal pain after foaling. The mare had an eutocic delivery, however the foal was a big one to the race, with high of 1,02 m and weight of 68 kg. The animal arrived at the Veterinary Clinical Hospital 48 h after delivery, with abdominal pain, pale mucous membranes, heart rate slightly increased. The trans-rectal palpation revealed the presence of a solid mass in the left horn region, and it was painful to the touch. The ultrasonography evaluation of the mass showed a heterogeneous texture with a hypoechoic central area, which reinforced the clinical suspicion of a hematoma in the broad ligament and a uterine intramural hematoma. [...](AU)

Aneurysm in the distal portion of the extern jugular vein in a horse / Aneurisma de porção distal da veia jugular externa em equino

Background: Aneurysm is a vascular disease that causes the partial rupture of arteries and veins and subsequent blood leakage due to the weakening of the vessels elastic middle layer. Venous aneurysms in horses are rare, but the arterial aneurysms are commonly reported. The aim of this paper is to report a rare occurrence of jugular external aneurysm in a horse and propose the inclusion this disease as a differential diagnosis, both because it is rare in this specie and invariably fatal. The medical examination showed a firm well-defined mass, painless, nonpulsatile on palpation and with no changed in the local temperature. Case: The horse was referred to the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel, RS-Brazil. It was a male, Crioulo breed, 10 years old, used as stallion. The owner reported a swelling in the pectoral region that occurred after a trauma episode that had gradually grown for two years. The patient was clinically stable, and would undergo surgery extirpation for aesthetic matters. Clinical examination showed the swelling was circumscribed and centralized and it presented about 20 centimeters in diameter. The ultrasound of the pectoral area showed an anechoic structure with hyperechoic spots inside limited by an hyperechoic layer similar to a fibrous capsule. Presumptive diagnostics were of: hematoma, subcutaneous abscess, neoplasia, and [...](AU)

Oral single dose of allopurinol in thoroughbred foals born from mares with placentitis / Administração de alopurinol por via oral de dose única em potros nascidos de éguas com placentite

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Allopurinol in foals born from mares with placentitis. Twenty foals were assigned into two groups: Healthy foals (n=10), born from healthy mares and Placentitis foals (n=10), born from mares with placentitis. Five foals from each group were randomly assigned to a treatment or control group. Treatment groups received Allopurinol (40mg kg-1 orally six hours after birth). Blood samples were collected for estimation of hematological variables and serum concentration of calcium, chloride, creatinine, phosphorus, glucose, lactate and magnesium. Placentitis foals presented leukopenia and neutropenia when compared with Healthy foals, at birth. The white blood cell (WBC) count was lower in the Placentitis foals untreated at 12 hours. No adverse effects related to the use of Allopurinol were detected. Treated Placentitis foals showed higher serum calcium and glucose levels within 12 hours than untreated Placentitis foals. Administration of Allopurinol PO in foals born from mares with placentitis did not result in adverse effects and can help in stabilizing serum calcium and glucose levels.(AU)

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da administração por via oral de Alopurinol em potros nascidos de éguas com placentite. Vinte potros foram divididos em dois grupos: potros saudáveis (n=10), nascidos de éguas sem placentite, e potros placentite (n=10), nascidos de éguas com placentite. Cinco potros de cada grupo foram selecionados aleatoriamente para compor o grupo tratado ou controle. Os grupos tratados receberam Alopurinol (40mg kg-1 PO na sexta hora de vida). Foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas para realização de análise hematológica e avaliação das concentrações séricas de cálcio, cloretos, creatinina, fósforo, glicose, lactato e magnésio. Os potros placentite apresentaram leucopenia e neutropenia, comparado com os potros saudáveis no momento do nascimento. O grupo placentite não tratado apresentou leucopenia no momento 12 horas. Não foram observados efeitos adversos relacionados ao uso do Alopurinol. O grupo placentite tratado apresentou maiores concentrações de cálcio e glicose em relação ao grupo placentite não tratado, nas 12 horas. A administração de Alopurinol por via oral em dose única em potros nascidos de éguas com placentite não resultou em efeitos adversos e pode ter contribuído para a estabilização dos níveis de cálcio e glicose.(AU)

Clinical monitoring of neonatal foal from pregnancy with placentitis / Acompanhamento clínico de potro neonato proveniente de gestação com placentite

Background: The equine placenta is the organ where gas and nutrients are exchanged between the mare and the fetus and, as such presents two main functions: protection and regulation of the fetal environment. Maternal or placental disorders can lead to fetal or neonatal impairment, fetal death, development of abnormalities, dystocia, or to the delivery of premature or dysmature foals. The aim of this work is to report the placental findings, the clinical evaluation and the therapeutic measures adopted during the clinical monitoring of a foal birth from a mare with placentitis.Case: The patient is a Thoroughbred mare, 18 years-old, from a farm in the south region of Brazil. The mare was submitted to colic surgery 90 days prior to delivery. The gestational length was 365 days and the mare did not present any symptoms of placentitis during pregnancy. At delivery both the amniotic fluid and the foal showed meconium staining, suggesting passage of intrauterine meconium. The time lapsed from birth to the observation of postural and behavioral reflexes was: eight min to the adoption of sternal recumbency; 35 min to begin sucking reflexes, and 110 min to stand. After the observation of the sucking reflexes, the foal received 250 mL of colostrum with a bottle. The foal weight at birth was 50 kg. Yellow/brownish stains covering on the allantoic surface to its full extent were identified...(AU)

A placenta é um órgão fundamental na relação materno-fetal e deve ser considerada como um reflexo das condições nutricionais, metabólicas, endócrinas e vasculares maternas, além de ser um indicativo da condição clínica e metabólica do neonato [11]. A placenta apresenta duas grandes funções: de proteção e de regulação do ambiente fetal, atuando como órgão de trocas respiratórias e de nutrientes entre a égua e o feto [28]. O impacto das desordens de origem materna ou placentária no ambiente intrauterino, geralmente resulta em comprometimento fetal ou neonatal decorrentes de um ou da combinação de três fatores: hipóxia, infecção e transtorno no desenvolvimento dentro do útero [5].O Comprometimento fetal pode resultar no nascimento de um potro prematuro ou dismaturo, sendo os efeitos do comprometimento neonatal dependentes da natureza, duração, severidade e estágio da gestação no qual ocorreu a condição de estresse [5].Em quadros de hipóxia ocorre uma redistribuição do débito cardíaco para manter os órgãos vitais (coração, cérebro e adrenais), com comprometimento de outros órgãos [28]. O feto equino apresenta um mecanismo de redução da demanda de oxigênio quando exposto a hipó- xia, diminuindo sua taxa de crescimento, podendo levar a um retardo no crescimento intrauterino [25]. Como resultado de uma isquemia intestinal em períodos de hipóxia, ocorre hiperperistaltismo transitório...(AU)

Alterações do sistema oftálmico em equinos com ênfase em medidas terapêuticas / Disorders of the ophthalmic system in horses emphasising the therapeutic approach

Background: Ophthalmic disorders in horses have different etiologies and pathologies, compromising the quality of vision in different degrees. The main importance of ophthalmic disorders is the potential for vision impairment. Due to the severe consequences of vision impairment, the proper approach to the ophthalmic system is a prerequisite for an adequate diagnosis and treatment. The choice of treatment is critical to a successful outcome and for the prognosis of vision quality. This paper presents a case study of horses with disorders of the ophthalmic system emphasising the therapeutic approach. Case: From 2011 to 2014, 35 horses with ophthalmic disorders were attended at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Among them, 45.7% had corneal ulcer, 14.2% stromal abscess, 8.5% recurrent uveitis, 20% eyeball perforation and 11.4% squamous cell carcinoma. All the horses were evaluated by specific clinical examination of the ophthalmic system. The animals testing positive for fluorescein had corneal ulceration, photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, miosis, uveitis severe eye pain and were treated with eye wash cleaning, intravenous flunixin meglumine, topical gentamicin, tobramycin, atropine and autologous serum. Horses irresponsive to treatment within 10 days were referred to surgery...(AU)

Alterações do sistema oftálmico em equinos com ênfase em medidas terapêuticas / Disorders of the ophthalmic system in horses emphasising the therapeutic approach

Background: Ophthalmic disorders in horses have different etiologies and pathologies, compromising the quality of vision in different degrees. The main importance of ophthalmic disorders is the potential for vision impairment. Due to the severe consequences of vision impairment, the proper approach to the ophthalmic system is a prerequisite for an adequate diagnosis and treatment. The choice of treatment is critical to a successful outcome and for the prognosis of vision quality. This paper presents a case study of horses with disorders of the ophthalmic system emphasising the therapeutic approach. Case: From 2011 to 2014, 35 horses with ophthalmic disorders were attended at the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Among them, 45.7% had corneal ulcer, 14.2% stromal abscess, 8.5% recurrent uveitis, 20% eyeball perforation and 11.4% squamous cell carcinoma. All the horses were evaluated by specific clinical examination of the ophthalmic system. The animals testing positive for fluorescein had corneal ulceration, photophobia, blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia, miosis, uveitis severe eye pain and were treated with eye wash cleaning, intravenous flunixin meglumine, topical gentamicin, tobramycin, atropine and autologous serum. Horses irresponsive to treatment within 10 days were referred to surgery...

Clinical monitoring of neonatal foal from pregnancy with placentitis / Acompanhamento clínico de potro neonato proveniente de gestação com placentite

Background: The equine placenta is the organ where gas and nutrients are exchanged between the mare and the fetus and, as such presents two main functions: protection and regulation of the fetal environment. Maternal or placental disorders can lead to fetal or neonatal impairment, fetal death, development of abnormalities, dystocia, or to the delivery of premature or dysmature foals. The aim of this work is to report the placental findings, the clinical evaluation and the therapeutic measures adopted during the clinical monitoring of a foal birth from a mare with placentitis.Case: The patient is a Thoroughbred mare, 18 years-old, from a farm in the south region of Brazil. The mare was submitted to colic surgery 90 days prior to delivery. The gestational length was 365 days and the mare did not present any symptoms of placentitis during pregnancy. At delivery both the amniotic fluid and the foal showed meconium staining, suggesting passage of intrauterine meconium. The time lapsed from birth to the observation of postural and behavioral reflexes was: eight min to the adoption of sternal recumbency; 35 min to begin sucking reflexes, and 110 min to stand. After the observation of the sucking reflexes, the foal received 250 mL of colostrum with a bottle. The foal weight at birth was 50 kg. Yellow/brownish stains covering on the allantoic surface to its full extent were identified...

A placenta é um órgão fundamental na relação materno-fetal e deve ser considerada como um reflexo das condições nutricionais, metabólicas, endócrinas e vasculares maternas, além de ser um indicativo da condição clínica e metabólica do neonato [11]. A placenta apresenta duas grandes funções: de proteção e de regulação do ambiente fetal, atuando como órgão de trocas respiratórias e de nutrientes entre a égua e o feto [28]. O impacto das desordens de origem materna ou placentária no ambiente intrauterino, geralmente resulta em comprometimento fetal ou neonatal decorrentes de um ou da combinação de três fatores: hipóxia, infecção e transtorno no desenvolvimento dentro do útero [5].O Comprometimento fetal pode resultar no nascimento de um potro prematuro ou dismaturo, sendo os efeitos do comprometimento neonatal dependentes da natureza, duração, severidade e estágio da gestação no qual ocorreu a condição de estresse [5].Em quadros de hipóxia ocorre uma redistribuição do débito cardíaco para manter os órgãos vitais (coração, cérebro e adrenais), com comprometimento de outros órgãos [28]. O feto equino apresenta um mecanismo de redução da demanda de oxigênio quando exposto a hipó- xia, diminuindo sua taxa de crescimento, podendo levar a um retardo no crescimento intrauterino [25]. Como resultado de uma isquemia intestinal em períodos de hipóxia, ocorre hiperperistaltismo transitório...

Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in a horse / Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equino

Background: The rhinosporidiosis is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, an aquatic parasite that occur in flooded regions. The disease can affect several species, including horses. In Brazil, there are few reported cases and the mortality rate is low, thus its epidemiological importance is related to its zoonotic aspects. The transmission of Rhinosporidium seeberi occurs via contaminated water or soil and subsequent infection through mucosal injury where a granulomatous lesion is developed. In horses, nasal mucosa is the most affected area and laryngeal affection is rare. The aim of this work is to describe a case of nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in a horse, focusing on diagnosis and therapeutics. Case: A 07-year-old crossbreed male was referred to the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of UFPel, RS, with clinical history of cough and nasal discharge. In the clinical examination, the patient showed a proliferative mass near the nasal septum located medially in the left nostril, tracheal rales and respiratory distress. Hematologic findings were in agreement with the reference values for the species. The tumor was removed with the animal standing using local anesthesia and sedation and the fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and sent for histopathological examination. Fifteen days later, the patient was referred for further evaluation in the HCV, showing the...(AU)

Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in a horse / Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equino

Background: The rhinosporidiosis is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, an aquatic parasite that occur in flooded regions. The disease can affect several species, including horses. In Brazil, there are few reported cases and the mortality rate is low, thus its epidemiological importance is related to its zoonotic aspects. The transmission of Rhinosporidium seeberi occurs via contaminated water or soil and subsequent infection through mucosal injury where a granulomatous lesion is developed. In horses, nasal mucosa is the most affected area and laryngeal affection is rare. The aim of this work is to describe a case of nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in a horse, focusing on diagnosis and therapeutics. Case: A 07-year-old crossbreed male was referred to the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of UFPel, RS, with clinical history of cough and nasal discharge. In the clinical examination, the patient showed a proliferative mass near the nasal septum located medially in the left nostril, tracheal rales and respiratory distress. Hematologic findings were in agreement with the reference values for the species. The tumor was removed with the animal standing using local anesthesia and sedation and the fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and sent for histopathological examination. Fifteen days later, the patient was referred for further evaluation in the HCV, showing the...