Clinical safety of oral licomycin treatment in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Segurança clínica do tratamento via oral com lincomicina em tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus)

Lincomycin is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial acting against Gram-positive bacteria, widely used in veterinary medicine. In fish, there are only limited in vitro data, thus requiring the design of effective therapeutic protocols for their use in aquatic organisms. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the clinical safety of lincomycin treatment, administered orally in tilapia, through hematological, biochemical and somatic index evaluation. A total of 136 tilapia (+100g) were randomly distributed in 17 tanks (100L of water, n=8) to constitute the following treatments: TO (control group, not treated with lincomycin); T1, T2, T3 (treated with 10, 20 and 40mg/kg¹ of lincomycin b.w., respectively) and T4 physiological standard (reference values). Eight animals were sampled per treatment in 4 periods: 2, 4 and 8 days post-treatment (DPT), and a group that was treated for 8 days with the drug and then treated only with commercial feed until the 12th day (recovery period). Tilapia treated with lincomycin had no difference in the hematological and leukocyte evaluation, in the hepatic, renal and splenic somatic index. However, they presented a transient increase in the values of ALT, AST, cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine, which returned to normal levels after the period of recovery (12DPT). Furthermore, an increase in total protein, albumin and globulin levels was observed in treated animals. It is concluded that although there were some transient changes during the experiment, lincomycin has a good clinical safety margin at doses of 10, 20 and 40mg/Kg¹ b.w. for Nile tilapia.

A lincomicina é um antimicrobiano de amplo espectro atuando contra bactérias gram-positivas, amplamente utilizada na medicina veterinária. Em peixes existem apenas dados limitados in-vitro, necessitando assim, de delineamento de protocolos terapêuticos eficazes para seu uso em organismos aquáticos. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a segurança clínica do tratamento com lincomicina, administrada por via oral em tilápias, por meio da avaliação hematológica, bioquímica e indice somático hepático, renal e esplênico. Foram utilizadas 136 tilápias (±100g), distribuídas aleatoriamente em 17 tanques (100L de água, n=8) para constituir as repetições dos diferentes tratamentos: TO (grupo controle, não tratado com lincomicina); T1, T2, T3 (tratados com 10, 20 e 40mg/kg de p.v. de lincomicina, respectivamente) e T4 padrão fisiológico (valores de referência). Oito animais foram amostrados por tratamento em 4 períodos: 2, 4 e 8 dias pós-tratamento (DPT) com lincomicina, e um grupo que foi tratado por 8 dias com o fármaco e após isso tratado apenas com ração comercial até o 12º dia (período de recuperação). Tilápias tratadas com lincomicina não tiveram diferença na avaliação hematológica e leucocitária, no índice somático hepático, renal e esplênico, entretanto, apresentaram um aumento transitório nos valores de ALT, AST, colesterol, triglicérides e creatinina, que retornaram aos níveis normais após o período de recuperação (12DPT). Ademais, foram observados um incremento nos níveis de proteína total, albumina e globulina nos animais tratados. Conclui-se que embora tenha ocorrido algumas alterações transitórias ao decorrer do experimento, a lincomicina apresenta boa margem de segurança clinica nas doses de 10, 20 e 40mg/Kg¹ p.v para tilápia do Nilo.

Clinical safety of treatment with Zileuton, 5-Lox inhibitor, during acute inflammatory reaction in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Segurança clínica do tratamento com Zileuton, inibidor 5-Lox, durante reação inflamatória aguda em Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Zileuton is an inhibitor of the 5-lipoxygenase enzyme that transforms essential fatty acid (EFA) substrates into leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4), but little is known about the use of this drug in teleost fish. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical safety of treatments with 2,25 mg and 4,50 mg of zileuton/Kg-1 (bodyweight), administered orally in the diet, through biochemical and hematological analysis during the acute inflammatory reaction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), induced by Aeromonas hydrophila bacterins. The study used eighty tilapias, conditioned in 20 tanks (n=4), constituting the following treatments: T0 (control), T1 (2,25 mg zileuton) and T2 (4,50 mg zileuton), being sampled eight animals per treatment in three periods: 6, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation, and a 10th group consisting of fish without any type of stimulus to obtain the reference values. In order to evaluate and determine the blood count and serum biochemical, it was necessary to collect blood samples. The hematology results of the tilapia treated with zileuton did not reveal alterations between tilapia subjected to different treatments and control fish (T0). The liver cytotoxicity analysis of tilapias treated with zileuton did not reveal significant (p≥0,05) alterations in AST and ALT serum enzymatic activity. The study of tilapia blood total protein showed decrease in the T1 group at 48 HPI. As the treatment time progressed, the results indicated decrease in the serum albumin levels for T2 group at 24 HPI. The determination of serum biochemichal of creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose did not differ statistically between treatments. The results observed in the hematological and biochemical analyzes allows to conclude that zileuton administered orally, at doses of 2,25 and 4,50 mg/Kg-1 (body weight) demonstrated to be clinically safe.(AU)

Safety of oral doxycycline treatment in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus / Segurança do tratamento oral com doxiciclina em tilapia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical safety of doxycycline treatment (Sandoz Pharmacetical Industry from Brazil Ltd.), administered orally incorporated into the feed of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. For this purpose, 75 Nile tilapia (±300g) from the same spawning were randomly distributed in 15 tanks (n=5), containing 100 L of water each, supplied with running water free from chlorine, to establish the following treatments: TO (Control - not treated with doxycycline); T1, T2, T3 and T4 (treated with 10, 20, 40 and 80mg of doxycycline/kg of body weight, respectively), in which 5 animals per treatment were sampled in 3 periods: 2, 4 and 8 days post-treatment (DPT). Blood samples were collected for hemogram determination and serum biochemical evaluation, as well as spleen, liver and kidneys (cranial and caudal) for somatic and histopathological evaluation. The results showed no significant difference among treatments in the serum values of creatinine, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, globulin, glycemia and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity. However, serum levels of AST (aspartate aminotransferase) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in animals treated with 80 mg of doxycycline in the longest period of treatment (8 days). In the hematological evaluation of tilapia treated with doxycycline, no significant changes (P>0.05) were observed in erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, MCV, HCM and CHCM values. Doxycycline-treated tilapia did not present significant difference in the somatic analysis of spleen, liver and kidney when compared to control group. Therefore, the results demonstrated the clinical safety of oral treatment with doxycycline at doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg of b.w., although transient changes in liver functionality were observed after eight days of treatment with the dose of 80mg/kg.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a segurança clínica do tratamento com doxiciclina (Sandoz do Brasil Indústria Farmacêutica Ltda.), administrada via oral incorporada à ração em tilápias do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Para tal, foram utilizadas 75 tilápias no Nilo (±300g) oriundas da mesma desova foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em 15 tanques (n=5), contendo 100 L de água cada, abastecidos com água corrente desprovida de cloro, para constituir os seguintes tratamentos: TO (Controle - não tratado com doxiciclina); T1, T2, T3 e T4 (tratados com 10, 20, 40 e 80mg de doxiciclina/kg de p.v., respectivamente. 5 animais por tratamento foram amostrados em 3 períodos: 2, 4 e 8 dias pós-tratamento (DPT). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinação do hemograma e avaliação do bioquímico sérico, além de órgãos como baço, fígado e rins (cranial e caudal) para avaliação somática e histopatológica. Os resultados não mostraram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos nos valores séricos de creatinina, proteína total, colesterol, triglicerídeos, globulina, glicemia e atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina. No entanto, os níveis séricos de AST (aspartato aminotransferase) foram significativamente maiores (P<0,05) nos animais tratados com 80 mg de doxiciclina no período mais longo de tratamento (8 dias). Na avaliação hematológica de tilápias tratadas com doxiciclina, não foram observadas alterações significativas (P>0,05) nas contagens de eritrocitos, valores de hematocrito, VCM, HCM e CHCM. Tilápias tratadas com doxiciclina não apresentaram diferença significativa na análise somática do baço, fígado e rim quando comparadas aos animais do grupo controle. Portanto, os resultados demonstraram a segurança clínica do tratamento oral com doxiciclina nas doses de 10, 20, 40 e 80 mg/kg de peso corporal, embora alterações transitórias na funcionalidade hepática tenham sido observadas após oito dias de tratamento com a dose de 80mg/kg.

Clinical safety of zafirlukast treatment during acute inflammatory reaction in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Segurança clínica do tratamento com zafirlucaste durante a reação inflamatória aguda em tilápia do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Little is known about the toxicity of immune modulators in fish. Zafirlukast is an anti-inflammatory that antagonizes cysteine leukotriene receptors (CysLTR1). Aiming to study immunomodulatory treatments on fish health, this study evaluated the clinical safety of oral zafirlukast treatment, through biochemical and hematological analyzes during acute inflammatory reaction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), induced by Aeromonas hydrophila bacterins. 72 young tilapias were randomly divided in 9 aquariums (100 L each, n=8) to compose the following treatments: T0 (control), T1 (Treatment with 250 µg zafirlukast) and T2 (Treatment with 500 µg zafirlukast). Eight animals were evaluated per treatment in three periods: six, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI), blood collection was performed for hematological and serum biochemical evaluation. The study of hepatic and renal functionality revealed that treatment with both doses of zafirlukast did not result in changes in the circulating values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, and total protein, suggesting that the drug has not presented hepatotoxicity, as well as compromised liver and kidney functions. Tilapia submitted to treatment with 500 µg showed adverse hematological effects characterized by polycythemia associated with microcytosis. Therefore, oral treatment with zafirlukast has demonstrated clinical safety at a therapeutic dose of 250 µg in tilapia during acute aerocystitis, although hematological changes were observed in tilapia treated with overdose of this leukotriene blocker

Pouco se sabe sobre a toxicidade de imunomoduladores em peixes. Zafirlukast é um anti-inflamatório que antagoniza os receptores de leucotrienos cisteínicos (CysLTR1). Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de tratamentos imunomoduladores sobre a saúde dos peixes, este estudo avaliou a segurança clínica do tratamento com zafirlucaste oral, por meio de análises bioquímicas e hematológicas durante reação inflamatória aguda em tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), induzida por bacterinas de Aeromonas hydrophila. Para tal, 72 tilápias jovens foram divididas aleatoriamente em 9 aquários (100 L cada, n=8) para compor os seguintes tratamentos: T0 (controle), T1 (Tratamento com 250 µg de zafirlucaste) e T2 (Tratamento com 500 µg de zafirlucaste). Oito animais foram avaliados por tratamento em três períodos: seis, 24 e 48 horas pós-inoculação (HPI), foi realizada coleta de sangue para avaliação hematológica e bioquímica sérica. O estudo da funcionalidade hepática e renal revelou que o tratamento com ambas as doses de zafirlucaste não resultou em alterações nos valores circulantes de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina, creatinina, triglicerídeos, colesterol e proteína total, sugerindo que a droga não comprometeu as funções hepáticas e renais. As tilápias tratadas com 500 µg apresentaram efeitos hematológicos adversos caracterizados por policitemia associada a microcitose. Portanto, o tratamento oral com zafirlucaste demonstrou segurança clínica na dose de 250 µg em tilápias durante aerocistite aguda, embora alterações hematológicas tenham sido observadas em tilápias tratadas com sobredosagem deste bloqueador de leucotrieno.

Effect of dietary supplementation with astaxanthin on the hematological and biochemical response of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Efeito da suplementação alimentar com astaxantina na resposta hematológica e bioquímica de tilápias do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin on the hematological, biochemical and somatic response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) orally administered in the feed for a period of 60 days. For the study, 105 tilapia (n=35) from the same spawn were used, constituting the following treatments: Control = animals (not treated with astaxanthin); T100 and T200 = fish treated with 100 and 200 mg of astaxanthin/kg of feed, respectively. There were no hematological alterations in red blood cells counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV and MCHC. In addition, astaxanthin-fed tilapia presented a better thrombocyte and leukocyte responses with a marked decrease in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Among treatments, there were no changes in serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphate. Treatment with astaxanthin resulted in a decrease in triglyceride and glucose levels, as well as increase in hepatosomatic indices. The results of hematological and biochemical analyzes of tilapias demonstrated the clinical safety of this carotenoid, not causing harmful effects to the health of fish. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of this compound in tilapias resulted in an improvement in the leukocyte profile and contributed to hypolipidemic effects at the dose of 200mg of astaxanthin/kg of feed.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da astaxantina na resposta hematológica, bioquímica e somática de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) administrada via oral na ração por período de 60 dias. Para o estudo foram utilizadas 105 tilápias (n=35) oriundas da mesma desova, constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: Controle = animais (não tratados com astaxantina); T100= Animais tratados com 100mg de astaxantina/kg de ração; T200= Animais tratados com 200mg astaxantina/kg de ração. Não se observou alterações hematológicas na série vermelha (glóbulos vermelhos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, VCM e CHCM), além disso, apresentou melhor resposta trombocitária e leucocitária com marcada diminuição no número de linfócitos e neutrófilos. Não ocorreu alterações nos níveis séricos de proteína total, albumina, globulinas, aspartate aminotransferase e fostatase alcalina. O tratamento com astaxantina resultou em diminuição nos níveis de triglicerídeos, glicose e aumento nos índices hepatossomáticos. Portanto, os resultados das análises hematológicas e bioquímicas das tilápias demonstraram a segurança clínica desse carotenóide, não causando efeitos nocivos à saúde dos peixes. No entanto, a atividade antioxidante desse composto em tilápias resultou em melhora do perfil leucocitário e contribuiu para efeitos hipolipemiantes na dose de 200mg de astaxantina / kg de ração.

Clinical safety of zafirlukast treatment during acute inflammatory reaction in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Segurança clínica do tratamento com zafirlucaste durante a reação inflamatória aguda em tilápia do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

Little is known about the toxicity of immune modulators in fish. Zafirlukast is an anti-inflammatory that antagonizes cysteine leukotriene receptors (CysLTR1). Aiming to study immunomodulatory treatments on fish health, this study evaluated the clinical safety of oral zafirlukast treatment, through biochemical and hematological analyzes during acute inflammatory reaction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), induced by Aeromonas hydrophila bacterins. 72 young tilapias were randomly divided in 9 aquariums (100 L each, n=8) to compose the following treatments: T0 (control), T1 (Treatment with 250 µg zafirlukast) and T2 (Treatment with 500 µg zafirlukast). Eight animals were evaluated per treatment in three periods: six, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI), blood collection was performed for hematological and serum biochemical evaluation. The study of hepatic and renal functionality revealed that treatment with both doses of zafirlukast did not result in changes in the circulating values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, and total protein, suggesting that the drug has not presented hepatotoxicity, as well as compromised liver and kidney functions. Tilapia submitted to treatment with 500 µg showed adverse hematological effects characterized by polycythemia associated with microcytosis. Therefore, oral treatment with zafirlukast has demonstrated clinical safety at a therapeutic dose of 250 µg in tilapia during acute aerocystitis, although hematological changes were observed in tilapia treated with overdose of this leukotriene blocker(AU)

Pouco se sabe sobre a toxicidade de imunomoduladores em peixes. Zafirlukast é um anti-inflamatório que antagoniza os receptores de leucotrienos cisteínicos (CysLTR1). Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de tratamentos imunomoduladores sobre a saúde dos peixes, este estudo avaliou a segurança clínica do tratamento com zafirlucaste oral, por meio de análises bioquímicas e hematológicas durante reação inflamatória aguda em tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), induzida por bacterinas de Aeromonas hydrophila. Para tal, 72 tilápias jovens foram divididas aleatoriamente em 9 aquários (100 L cada, n=8) para compor os seguintes tratamentos: T0 (controle), T1 (Tratamento com 250 µg de zafirlucaste) e T2 (Tratamento com 500 µg de zafirlucaste). Oito animais foram avaliados por tratamento em três períodos: seis, 24 e 48 horas pós-inoculação (HPI), foi realizada coleta de sangue para avaliação hematológica e bioquímica sérica. O estudo da funcionalidade hepática e renal revelou que o tratamento com ambas as doses de zafirlucaste não resultou em alterações nos valores circulantes de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), alanina aminotransferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina, creatinina, triglicerídeos, colesterol e proteína total, sugerindo que a droga não comprometeu as funções hepáticas e renais. As tilápias tratadas com 500 µg apresentaram efeitos hematológicos adversos caracterizados por policitemia associada a microcitose. Portanto, o tratamento oral com zafirlucaste demonstrou segurança clínica na dose de 250 µg em tilápias durante aerocistite aguda, embora alterações hematológicas tenham sido observadas em tilápias tratadas com sobredosagem deste bloqueador de leucotrieno.(AU)

Effect of dietary supplementation with astaxanthin on the hematological and biochemical response of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) / Efeito da suplementação alimentar com astaxantina na resposta hematológica e bioquímica de tilápias do nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin on the hematological, biochemical and somatic response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) orally administered in the feed for a period of 60 days. For the study, 105 tilapia (n=35) from the same spawn were used, constituting the following treatments: Control = animals (not treated with astaxanthin); T100 and T200 = fish treated with 100 and 200 mg of astaxanthin/kg of feed, respectively. There were no hematological alterations in red blood cells counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV and MCHC. In addition, astaxanthin-fed tilapia presented a better thrombocyte and leukocyte responses with a marked decrease in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Among treatments, there were no changes in serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphate. Treatment with astaxanthin resulted in a decrease in triglyceride and glucose levels, as well as increase in hepatosomatic indices. The results of hematological and biochemical analyzes of tilapias demonstrated the clinical safety of this carotenoid, not causing harmful effects to the health of fish. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of this compound in tilapias resulted in an improvement in the leukocyte profile and contributed to hypolipidemic effects at the dose of 200mg of astaxanthin/kg of feed.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da astaxantina na resposta hematológica, bioquímica e somática de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) administrada via oral na ração por período de 60 dias. Para o estudo foram utilizadas 105 tilápias (n=35) oriundas da mesma desova, constituindo os seguintes tratamentos: Controle = animais (não tratados com astaxantina); T100= Animais tratados com 100mg de astaxantina/kg de ração; T200= Animais tratados com 200mg astaxantina/kg de ração. Não se observou alterações hematológicas na série vermelha (glóbulos vermelhos, hematócrito, hemoglobina, VCM e CHCM), além disso, apresentou melhor resposta trombocitária e leucocitária com marcada diminuição no número de linfócitos e neutrófilos. Não ocorreu alterações nos níveis séricos de proteína total, albumina, globulinas, aspartate aminotransferase e fostatase alcalina. O tratamento com astaxantina resultou em diminuição nos níveis de triglicerídeos, glicose e aumento nos índices hepatossomáticos. Portanto, os resultados das análises hematológicas e bioquímicas das tilápias demonstraram a segurança clínica desse carotenóide, não causando efeitos nocivos à saúde dos peixes. No entanto, a atividade antioxidante desse composto em tilápias resultou em melhora do perfil leucocitário e contribuiu para efeitos hipolipemiantes na dose de 200mg de astaxantina / kg de ração.(AU)

Reproductive performance of Santa Inês ewes during dry and rainy seasons in eastern Amazon

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of ewes during the dry and wet months in northern Brazil. The females were divided into two groups: reproduced during the dry season and lambing in the rainy season (Group A, n = 38), and the opposite with the other group (Group B, n = 55). There was no difference (P > 0.05) for expression of estrus (86.8 and 98.3%), pregnancy rate (86.8 and 90.9%), lambing (76.3 and 83.6%), abortion (9 and 7.4%), fecundity (86.8 and 96.3%), birth (103.4 and 110.8%) and prolificacy (113.7 and 115.2%) observed in groups A and B, respectively. However, there was a difference (P < 0.05) in lamb mortality (26.6% for group A and 49% for group B). Ewes from group A presented a higher average live weight at the end of the reproductive season and during the final third of pregnancy (P < 0.05).

Reproductive performance of Santa Inês ewes during dry and rainy seasons in eastern Amazon

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of ewes during the dry and wet months in northern Brazil. The females were divided into two groups: reproduced during the dry season and lambing in the rainy season (Group A, n = 38), and the opposite with the other group (Group B, n = 55). There was no difference (P > 0.05) for expression of estrus (86.8 and 98.3%), pregnancy rate (86.8 and 90.9%), lambing (76.3 and 83.6%), abortion (9 and 7.4%), fecundity (86.8 and 96.3%), birth (103.4 and 110.8%) and prolificacy (113.7 and 115.2%) observed in groups A and B, respectively. However, there was a difference (P < 0.05) in lamb mortality (26.6% for group A and 49% for group B). Ewes from group A presented a higher average live weight at the end of the reproductive season and during the final third of pregnancy (P < 0.05).(AU)

Conventional and Doppler ultrasonography on a goat with gangrenous mastitis / Ultrassonografia convencional e Doppler em cabra com mastite gangrenosa

Objetivou-se descrever os achados clínicos e ultrassonográficos de uma cabra leiteira apresentando mastite gangrenosa. Com a ultrassonografia convencional, observaram-se alterações consistentes com o avanço do quadro clínico, como alterações na ecogenicidade do leite e parênquima mamário. A ultrassonografia Doppler revelou aumento da velocidade de pico sistólico nos três momentos estudados, passando de 15 para 17 e 29cm/s. Houve redução, também, dos valores do índice de resistência, de 0,71 para 0,61 e 0,43. O índice de pulsatividade sofreu redução entre o segundo e o terceiro dia de observação, passando de 0,98 para 0,71. Foi possível estabelecer relação direta entre os achados ultrassonográficos e a gravidade da doença. A ultrassonografia convencional e Doppler podem ser utilizadas para o estudo hemodinâmico do úbere de cabras leiteiras, favorecendo diagnóstico e prognóstico de alterações nesse órgão.(AU)

The effects of parturition season and suckling mode on the puerperium of Santa Ines ewes and on the weight gain of lambs / Efeitos do período das parições e dos sistemas de amamentação sobre o puerpério de ovelhas Santa Inês e desempenho ponderal de cordeiros

Seventy-seven ewes were randomly divided into groups according to parturition season and suckling mode [Rainy season: continuous (n=14) and controlled (n=13); Dry season: continuous (n=25) and controlled (n=25)]. The controlled suckling mode, in both seasons, resulted in a decrease in variables, intervals between parturition and first estrus (reduction of 27.11 and 11.46 days for rainy and dry season, respectively; P<0.05) and between parturition and estrus of conception (reduction of 12.81 and 13.58 days, for rainy and dry season, respectively; P<0.05). As to the lambs, the weight gain was higher in animals subjected to controlled suckling in relation to continuous, especially when lambing occurred in the rainy season (17.83±0.56 vs. 13.95±0.52kg for Lambs' weight at 90 days old, respectively; P<0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that controlled suckling management is better indicated for the Amazonian region, since it allows the ewes to have a shorter puerperium period and the lambs exhibit higher weight gain.(AU)

Foram utilizadas 77 ovelhas, divididas aleatoriamente em grupos de acordo com o período de parição e o manejo de amamentação [chuvoso: contínua (n=14) e controlada (n=13); seco: contínua (n=25) e controlada (n=13)]. O sistema de amamentação controlado, em ambos os períodos, resultou em decréscimo para as variáveis intervalos entre parto e primeiro estro (redução de 27,11 e 11,46 dias para os períodos chuvoso e seco, respectivamente; P<0,05) e entre parto e estro da concepção (redução de 12,81 e 13,58 dia para os períodos chuvoso e seco, respectivamente; P<0,05). Quanto ao desempenho ponderal dos cordeiros, o ganho de peso foi maior para os animais submetidos ao regime de amamentação controlada em relação à contínua, especialmente quando os nascimentos ocorreram no período chuvoso (17,83±0,56 vs. 13,95±0,52kg para o peso dos cordeiros aos 90 dias de idade, respectivamente; P<0,05). Contudo, o manejo de amamentação controlada é indicado para a região amazônica, por permitir menor tempo de puerpério das ovelhas e maior ganho de peso dos cordeiros.(AU)

Técnicas empregadas no preparo de rufiões em ovinos: revisão de literatura / Technique used in the preparation of sheep teaser

O uso de rufiões em ovinos ainda é um ponto culminante para detecção de estro, para uso de monta controlada ou inseminação artificial. Existem várias técnicas de preparo de rufiões, cirúrgicas ou não. Assim, a técnica de preparo de rufiões deve ser estudada de acordo com a necessidade do produtor, levando-se em conta a durabilidade do rufião, a escolha do proprietário pela técnica de preferência e a facilidade do médico veterinário em executar a técnica proposta. Porém, a técnica ideal é aquela que tenha maior duração, seja de fácil realização, tenha baixo custo e segurança para a não fecundação das fêmeas. Esta revisão aborda os aspectos relevantes sobre o uso de rufiões em ovinos, os critérios de seleção, os tipos de técnicas, as relevâncias sobre pré e pós-operatórios, o conhecimento da técnica mais adequada para cada manejo na propriedade o período para a aplicação e o estudo da durabilidade (influência na libido). (AU)

The use of sheep teasers is still crucial for the detection of estrus and the use of controlled mating or artificial insemination. There are several surgical and conservative techniques for preparation of teasers. Thus, the technique of preparation of teaser should be chosen according the requirements of the breeding farm, considering the durability of the males labor, the preferences of the farm owner and the experience of the veterinarian. However, the ideal technique must aim for a lasting labor ability, simplicity/ ease of execution, low cost and effectiveness in avoiding female fertilization. The current review covers the main topics regarding the use of teasers in sheep-breeding, the candidates selection criteria, the main techniques, the pre and post-operative concerns, the suitability to each situation relevance of the pre-and postoperatively, which are most appropriate for each situation, the period for their usage, the study of labor durability (the influence on the libido). (AU)

Técnicas empregadas no preparo de rufiões em ovinos: revisão de literatura / Technique used in the preparation of sheep teaser

O uso de rufiões em ovinos ainda é um ponto culminante para detecção de estro, para uso de monta controlada ou inseminação artificial. Existem várias técnicas de preparo de rufiões, cirúrgicas ou não. Assim, a técnica de preparo de rufiões deve ser estudada de acordo com a necessidade do produtor, levando-se em conta a durabilidade do rufião, a escolha do proprietário pela técnica de preferência e a facilidade do médico veterinário em executar a técnica proposta. Porém, a técnica ideal é aquela que tenha maior duração, seja de fácil realização, tenha baixo custo e segurança para a não fecundação das fêmeas. Esta revisão aborda os aspectos relevantes sobre o uso de rufiões em ovinos, os critérios de seleção, os tipos de técnicas, as relevâncias sobre pré e pós-operatórios, o conhecimento da técnica mais adequada para cada manejo na propriedade o período para a aplicação e o estudo da durabilidade (influência na libido).

The use of sheep teasers is still crucial for the detection of estrus and the use of controlled mating or artificial insemination. There are several surgical and conservative techniques for preparation of teasers. Thus, the technique of preparation of teaser should be chosen according the requirements of the breeding farm, considering the durability of the male’s labor, the preferences of the farm owner and the experience of the veterinarian. However, the ideal technique must aim for a lasting labor ability, simplicity/ ease of execution, low cost and effectiveness in avoiding female fertilization. The current review covers the main topics regarding the use of teasers in sheep-breeding, the candidates selection criteria, the main techniques, the pre and post-operative concerns, the suitability to each situation relevance of the pre-and postoperatively, which are most appropriate for each situation, the period for their usage, the study of labor durability (the influence on the libido).

CLINICAL SAFETY OF ZAFIRLUKAST TREATMENT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) / CLINICAL SAFETY OF ZAFIRLUKAST TREATMENT DURING ACUTE INFLAMMATORY REACTION IN NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS)

Little is known about the toxicity of immune modulators in fish. Zafirlukast is an anti-inflammatory that antagonizes cysteine leukotriene receptors (CysLTR1). Aiming to study immunomodulatory treatments on fish health, this study evaluated the clinical safety of oral zafirlukast treatment, through biochemical and hematological analyzes during acute inflammatory reaction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), induced by Aeromonas hydrophila bacterins. 72 young tilapias were randomly divided in 9 aquariums (100 L each, n=8) to compose the following treatments: T0 (control), T1 (Treatment with 250 µg zafirlukast) and T2 (Treatment with 500 µg zafirlukast). Eight animals were evaluated per treatment in three periods: six, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI), blood collection was performed for hematological and serum biochemical evaluation. The study of hepatic and renal functionality revealed that treatment with both doses of zafirlukast did not result in changes in the circulating values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, and total protein, suggesting that the drug has not presented hepatotoxicity, as well as compromised liver and kidney functions. Tilapia submitted to treatment with 500 µg showed adverse hematological effects characterized by polycythemia associated with microcyt

Little is known about the toxicity of immune modulators in fish. Zafirlukast is an anti-inflammatory that antagonizes cysteine leukotriene receptors (CysLTR1). Aiming to develop strategies for the sanitary management of fish farms, this study evaluated the clinical safety of oral zafirlukast treatment, through biochemical and hematological analyzes during acute inflammatory reaction in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), induced by Aeromonas hydrophila bacterins. 72 young tilapias were randomly divided in 9 aquariums (100 L each, n=8) to compose the following treatments: T0 (control), T1 (Treatment with 250 µg zafirlukast) and T2 (Treatment with 500 µg zafirlukast). Eight animals were evaluated per treatment in three periods: six, 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (HPI), blood collection was performed for hematological and serum biochemical evaluation. The study of hepatic and renal functionality revealed that treatment with both doses of zafirlukast did not result in changes in the circulating values of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, triglycerides, cholesterol, and total protein, suggesting that the drug has not compromised liver and kidney functions. Tilapia submitted to treatment with 500 µg showed adverse hematological effects characterized by polycythemia associated with microcytosis and hypochromia. The

EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION WITH ASTAXANTHIN ON THE HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of astaxanthin on the hematological, biochemical and somatic response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) orally administered in the feed for a period of 60 days. For the study, 105 tilapia (n=35) from the same spawn were used, constituting the following treatments: Control = animals (not treated with astaxanthin); T100 and T200 = fish treated with 100 and 200 mg of astaxanthin/kg of feed, respectively. There were no hematological alterations in red blood cells counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV and MCHC. In addition, astaxanthin-fed tilapia presented a better thrombocyte and leukocyte responses with a marked decrease in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils. Among treatments, there were no changes in serum levels of total protein, albumin, globulins, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphate. Treatment with astaxanthin resulted in a decrease in triglyceride and glucose levels, as well as increase in hepatosomatic indices. The results of hematological and biochemical analyzes of tilapias demonstrated the clinical safety of this carotenoid, not causing harmful effects to the health of fish. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of this compound in tilapias resulted in an improvement in the leukocyte profile and contributed to hypolipidemic effects at the dose of 200mg of astaxanthin/kg of feed.