Characterization of dystocia in a herd of Holstein dairy cows in Brazil / Caracterização da distocia em um rebanho de vacas da raça Holandesa no Brasil

The objective of this study was to characterize calvings with low and high difficulty based on the productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows. Calvings were grouped in no calving assistance, calving with low assistance, and calving with high assistance. The original data set comprised 1,902 calving records obtained from a large dairy farm in Southeast Brazil. Factor analysis was applied using the SAS® Studio 3.8 statistical program through the factor procedure, considering the Multivariate Analysis category. Milk fat (0.92-0.79) and total solids (0.91-0.80) were strongly correlated with Factor 1. Calving interval (0.87- 0.68) and the number of AI (artificial inseminations) per conception (0.87-0.71) showed high correlations with Factor 2. Milk yield (0.84-0.76) and accumulated milk yield (0.84-0.77) were strongly correlated with Factor 3. Based on the results, we conclude that the three calving scenarios were characterized by well-defined and independent factors. Cows which required a high assistance at calving showed a lower variance explained by the model for milk fat and total solids contents, calving interval, and the number of AIs per conception.

O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar os partos com leve ou severa dificuldade e diferenciá-los com base no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras. Os partos foram agrupados em partos sem assistência, partos com baixa assistência e partos com elevada assistência. O banco de dados original continha 1902 registro de partos que foram obtidos de uma grande fazenda comercial localizada no Sudeste do Brasil. A análise fatorial foi aplicada através do programa estatístico SAS® Studio 3.8 por meio de procedimento fatorial, considerando a categoria de análise multivariada. Os teores de gordura do leite (0,92- 0,79) e de sólidos totais (0,91-0,80) foram altamente correlacionados com o fator 1. Intervalo entre partos (0,87-0,68) e número de IA (inseminações artificiais) por concepção (0,87-0,71) apresentaram alta correlação com o fator 2. Produção de leite (0,84-0,76) e produção acumulada de leite (0,84-0,77) foram altamente correlacionados com o fator 3. Baseados nos resultados, é possível concluir que as três situações de parto foram caracterizadas por fatores independentes e bem definidos. Vacas que necessitaram de alta assistência ao parto apresentaram menor variância explicada pelo modelo para teores de gordura e sólidos totais do leite, intervalo entre partos e número de IA por concepção.

Effect of flaxseed root performance on the structural quality of a Haplumbrept under conservationist management system, in Santa Catarina, Brazil / Efeito do desenvolvimento radicular do linho na qualidade estrutural de um Cambissolo Húmico sob sistema conservacionista de manejo em Santa Catarina, Brasil

Our goal was to evaluate the root development of flaxseed and its relationship with soil aggregation and organic carbon storage in two sowing seasons under soil conservationist management, in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. We used three flaxseed genotypes: Aguará and Caburé from Argentina, and Gold from Brazil, sowings in April and May in a no-tillage system under Haplumbrept. In the flowering stage, the root system was evaluated by image analyze using a Safira software. Root distribution maps were used by geostatistical kriging. At the harvest stage, soil blocks were sampled for analyze the aggregates morphometry by image with Quantporo software and the soil organic carbon. Undisturbed soil were sampled to determine the physical attributes. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three repetitions, anova was performed by Fisher and the means compared by Tukey test. No physical impediments were found for the roots performance in the Haplumbrept under conservationist management system, these favored the irregularity of the aggregates surface observed by the low values of aspect and roughness in the different tested diameter ranges. Both Caburé and Aguará genotypes showed good roots spatial distribution in the soil profile in both sowing seasons with an increase in carbon storage in the smallest diameter aggregates (here considered the aggregates of 4.76-1 mm)...

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento radicular da linhaça e sua relação com a agregação do solo e o estoque de carbono em duas épocas de semeadura sob manejo conservacionista do solo, em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram utilizados três genótipos de linho: Aguará e Caburé-Argentina e Dourada-Brasil, semeados em abril e maio em sistema de plantio direto sobre Cambissolo Húmico. No estágio de floração, o sistema radicular foi avaliado por análise de imagem utilizando o programa Safira. Os mapas de distribuição radicular foram obtidos por krigagem - geoestatística. Na fase de colheita, foram amostrados blocos de solo para análise da morfometria de agregados por imagem no programa Quantporo além do carbono orgânico. Amostras de solo preservadas foram amostradas para determinar os atributos físicos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, a anova foi realizada pelo teste de Fisher e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Não foram encontrados impedimentos físicos para o desempenho das raízes no Cambissolo sob sistema de manejo conservacionista, favorecendo a irregularidade da superfície dos agregados observada pelos baixos valores de aspecto e rugosidade nas diferentes faixas de diâmetro testadas. Os genótipos Caburé e Aguará apresentaram boa distribuição espacial das raízes ao longo do perfil do solo em ambas as épocas de semeadura, com um aumento no armazenamento de carbono nos agregados de menor diâmetro (considerados aqui os agregados de 4,76-1 mm). O genótipo Caburé se adaptou às condições edafoclimáticas avaliadas, pois apresentou melhor desempenho radicular abaixo de 0,15 m.

Effect of flaxseed root performance on the structural quality of a Haplumbrept under conservationist management system, in Santa Catarina, Brazil / Efeito do desenvolvimento radicular do linho na qualidade estrutural de um Cambissolo Húmico sob sistema conservacionista de manejo em Santa Catarina, Brasil

Our goal was to evaluate the root development of flaxseed and its relationship with soil aggregation and organic carbon storage in two sowing seasons under soil conservationist management, in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. We used three flaxseed genotypes: Aguará and Caburé from Argentina, and Gold from Brazil, sowings in April and May in a no-tillage system under Haplumbrept. In the flowering stage, the root system was evaluated by image analyze using a Safira software. Root distribution maps were used by geostatistical kriging. At the harvest stage, soil blocks were sampled for analyze the aggregates morphometry by image with Quantporo software and the soil organic carbon. Undisturbed soil were sampled to determine the physical attributes. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three repetitions, anova was performed by Fisher and the means compared by Tukey test. No physical impediments were found for the roots performance in the Haplumbrept under conservationist management system, these favored the irregularity of the aggregates surface observed by the low values of aspect and roughness in the different tested diameter ranges. Both Caburé and Aguará genotypes showed good roots spatial distribution in the soil profile in both sowing seasons with an increase in carbon storage in the smallest diameter aggregates (here considered the aggregates of 4.76-1 mm)...(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento radicular da linhaça e sua relação com a agregação do solo e o estoque de carbono em duas épocas de semeadura sob manejo conservacionista do solo, em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foram utilizados três genótipos de linho: Aguará e Caburé-Argentina e Dourada-Brasil, semeados em abril e maio em sistema de plantio direto sobre Cambissolo Húmico. No estágio de floração, o sistema radicular foi avaliado por análise de imagem utilizando o programa Safira. Os mapas de distribuição radicular foram obtidos por krigagem - geoestatística. Na fase de colheita, foram amostrados blocos de solo para análise da morfometria de agregados por imagem no programa Quantporo além do carbono orgânico. Amostras de solo preservadas foram amostradas para determinar os atributos físicos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, a anova foi realizada pelo teste de Fisher e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Não foram encontrados impedimentos físicos para o desempenho das raízes no Cambissolo sob sistema de manejo conservacionista, favorecendo a irregularidade da superfície dos agregados observada pelos baixos valores de aspecto e rugosidade nas diferentes faixas de diâmetro testadas. Os genótipos Caburé e Aguará apresentaram boa distribuição espacial das raízes ao longo do perfil do solo em ambas as épocas de semeadura, com um aumento no armazenamento de carbono nos agregados de menor diâmetro (considerados aqui os agregados de 4,76-1 mm). O genótipo Caburé se adaptou às condições edafoclimáticas avaliadas, pois apresentou melhor desempenho radicular abaixo de 0,15 m.(AU)

Royal jelly production in Africanized colonies with selected queens, use of Chinese model cups and supplementation

This research was carried out to evaluate the royal jelly production in two trials. In Trial I, three genotypes of Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were submitted to royal jelly production with two types of cups of different size and volume (conventional and Chinese model) and two types of supplements (commercial and formulated). A total of 24 colonies were used, two bars with different cups each, alternating between the upper or lower position of the frame. While in Trial II, 18 colonies, two genotypes, two types of cups and two types of supplement were tested. The evaluated parameters were: percentage of larvae accepted in upper and lower bars, royal jelly per cup (mg), and royal jelly per colony/collection (g). Chinese cups were not well accepted, fact that influenced in a negative way the production of general form, selected colonies were more sensible to the change of cups. Colonies of Africanized honeybees are not prepared to produce in cups of greater volume.(AU)

Royal jelly production in Africanized colonies with selected queens, use of Chinese model cups and supplementation

This research was carried out to evaluate the royal jelly production in two trials. In Trial I, three genotypes of Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were submitted to royal jelly production with two types of cups of different size and volume (conventional and Chinese model) and two types of supplements (commercial and formulated). A total of 24 colonies were used, two bars with different cups each, alternating between the upper or lower position of the frame. While in Trial II, 18 colonies, two genotypes, two types of cups and two types of supplement were tested. The evaluated parameters were: percentage of larvae accepted in upper and lower bars, royal jelly per cup (mg), and royal jelly per colony/collection (g). Chinese cups were not well accepted, fact that influenced in a negative way the production of general form, selected colonies were more sensible to the change of cups. Colonies of Africanized honeybees are not prepared to produce in cups of greater volume.

Royal jelly production with queens produced by single and double grafting in Africanized honeybee colonies

The objective of this research was to evaluate royal jelly production from Africanized honeybee queens of different lineages (lineage selected for honey production, lineage selected for royal jelly production and unselected) produced by single and double grafting and to compare royal jelly production among their offspring. Data were tested by double factorial analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The parameters evaluated were: queen weight at emergence, percentage of larvae acceptance in the upper and lower bars, royal jelly per cup (mg) and royal jelly per colony/collection (g). Queens selected for honey presented greater weight at emergence, while the unselected queens were the lightest. Double grafting was better than simple grafting, since the queens were born 2.38% heavier. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in relation to royal jelly production according to neither the lineage nor even comparing the method by which the queens were produced. The cost of labor to produce queens by double grafting was much higher, as by the simple grafting about 170% more queens were born. The potential of Africanized honeybees with adequate production management and favorable environmental conditions favors the production of royal jelly.(AU)

Royal jelly production with queens produced by single and double grafting in Africanized honeybee colonies

The objective of this research was to evaluate royal jelly production from Africanized honeybee queens of different lineages (lineage selected for honey production, lineage selected for royal jelly production and unselected) produced by single and double grafting and to compare royal jelly production among their offspring. Data were tested by double factorial analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The parameters evaluated were: queen weight at emergence, percentage of larvae acceptance in the upper and lower bars, royal jelly per cup (mg) and royal jelly per colony/collection (g). Queens selected for honey presented greater weight at emergence, while the unselected queens were the lightest. Double grafting was better than simple grafting, since the queens were born 2.38% heavier. There was no difference (p > 0.05) in relation to royal jelly production according to neither the lineage nor even comparing the method by which the queens were produced. The cost of labor to produce queens by double grafting was much higher, as by the simple grafting about 170% more queens were born. The potential of Africanized honeybees with adequate production management and favorable environmental conditions favors the production of royal jelly.

Sustainability and typology of dairy production systems / Sustentabilidade e tipologia de sistemas produtivos leiteiros

The objective of this study is to analyze the typology of dairy production systems (DPS) in Paraná, Brazil, based on sustainable practices adopted by agricultural producers. A total of 153 semi-structured questionnaires containing variables for general characterization of DPS, socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, as well as environmental, social, and economic sustainability actions implemented by rural workers were applied. Common factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate sustainability variables. Three factors were created: economic (F1), social (F2), and environmental (F3). Hierarchical clusters were formed using the factor scores obtained in CFA. Three clusters were defined and were compared with F1, F2, and F3. There were significant differences in F1 and F2 between clusters 1, 2, and 3. Cluster 1 contained DPS highly compliant with economic, social, and environmental sustainability practices. Cluster 2 was defined by DPS with negative mean values for all three factors. Cluster 3 contained DPS that were highly compliant with F1 and F2 activities compared to cluster 2 and poorly compliant with F1 and F2 actions compared to cluster 1. Therefore, the DPS in Paraná vary according to the sustainable activities implemented by farm managers. In addition, most analyzed DPS have low survival capacity in the medium- and long-term. The most critical sustainability factor was F3, followed by F2 and F1.(AU)

Buscou-se analisar a tipologia de sistemas produtivos leiteiros (SPL) a partir de ações de sustentabilidade tomadas pelos produtores rurais nestes sistemas. Foram aplicados 153 formulários semiestruturados contendo variáveis de caracterização geral dos SPL, características socioeconômicas dos produtores de leite, bem como variáveis sobre as ações de sustentabilidade ambiental, social e econômica empregadas nestes sistemas. A técnica de análise fatorial comum (AFC) foi utilizada para gerar fatores de sustentabilidade. Três fatores foram gerados: econômico (F1), social (F2) e ambiental (F3). Em seguida, a partir dos scores fatoriais, foi empregada técnica de formação de clusters hierárquicos. Três clusters foram definidos e comparados frente a F1, F2 e F3. Foram identificadas diferenças para F1 e F2 entre os clusters 1, 2 e 3. O cluster 1 foi definido por SPL com os melhores resultados para as práticas de sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental. O cluster 2 foi definido por SPL com valores médios negativos para os três fatores. O cluster 3, foi definido por SPL com bons resultados para F1 e F2, frente aos SPL do cluster 2. Entretanto, o cluster 3 apresentou piores resultados quando comparado com o cluster 1. Foi identificada grande variabilidade nas ações de sustentabilidade empregadas nos SPL paranaenses analisados. A maior parte destes sistemas apresentou baixa adequação para a sustentabilidade. O fator de sustentabilidade mais crítico foi o ambiental, seguido pelo social e econômico.(AU)

Probability of occurrence of the Brazilian spotted fever in northeast of Paraná state, Brazil / Probabilidade de ocorrência de febre maculosa brasileira no norte pioneiro do estado do Paraná, Brasil

Abstract Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is a fatal zoonosis because of the difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment. Occurrences of BSF in the northeast of the state of Paraná prompted investigation of areas at risk of this rickettsiosis in the municipalities of Japira, Jaboti, Pinhalão and Tomazina. To determine the areas at risk, 592 serum samples from dogs and 230 from equids were analyzed by means of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for Rickettsia rickettsii and R. parkeri . In addition, risk probability maps were drawn up using the kriging indicator technique. Among the samples tested, 5.3% (43/822) indicated presence of antibodies reactive to at least one of the two Rickettsia species tested: 7.8% of the equids (18/230) and 4.2% of the dogs (25/592) were positive. Geostatistical analysis showed that the average seropositivity rate was 5 to 6%. Although the average seropositivity rates observed among these dogs and equids were lower than those reported from endemic areas of Brazil, the biotic components (etiological agent, vector and reservoirs) and environmental aspects of BSF epidemiology were present in these municipalities.(AU)

Resumo A febre maculosa brasileira (FMB) é uma zoonose fatal devido às dificuldades para diagnosticá-la e tratá-la precocemente. A ocorrência de casos de FMB no Estado do Paraná suscitou a investigação de áreas de risco desta rickettsiose nos municípios de Japira, Jaboti, Pinhalão e Tomazina, na mesorregião norte pioneiro do Paraná. Para determinar as áreas de risco foram analisadas amostras de soro de 592 cães e 230 equídeos submetidos à reação de imunofluorescência indireta para Rickettsia rickettsii e R. parkeri. Além disto, foram construídos mapas de probabilidade de risco pela técnica de krigagem indicatriz. Das amostras testadas 5,3% (43/822) continham anticorpos para pelo menos uma das duas rickettsias testadas. Os equídeos apresentaram uma positividade de 7,8% (18/230) e os cães de 4,2% (25/592). A análise geoestatística mostrou que a soropositividade média é de 5 a 6%. Embora as soropositividade médias de cães e equídeos constatadas tenham sido menores do que as relatadas em áreas endêmicas do território brasileiro, os componentes bióticos (agente etiológico, vetor e reservatórios) e ambientais da epidemiologia da FMB se fazem presentes nos municípios referidos.(AU)

Sensibilidade de bactérias patogênicas em alimentos a óleos essenciais de plantas medicinais e condimentares

Os óleos essenciais (OEs), também chamados de óleos voláteis ou etéreos, são produtos do metabolismo secundário dos vegetais. Tanto os óleos como os seus componentes são utilizados como produtos nas indústrias de alimentos, pois possuem comprovada atividade antimicrobiana. As Concentrações Mínimas Inibitórias (CMI) desses óleos para diversas bactérias devem ser determinadas. As CMI variam de acordo com o óleo utilizado, dos compostos majoritários e da fisiologia da bactéria em estudo. Neste trabalho, os OEs das plantas Melaleuca alternifolia, Cinnamomum zeylanicum e Cymbopogon martini foram testados quanto à atividade antimicrobiana (através da CMI) contra as bactérias patogênicas Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. Neste estudo, verificamos que E. coli e S. aureus foram sensíveis aos três OEs em todas as concentrações. Os resultados in vitro sugerem que os três OEs possuem potencial para utilização, como uma alternativa aos antimicrobianos e conservantes sintéticos.(AU)

Essential oils (EOs) also known as volatile or ethereal oils, are products of plants secondary metabolism. Both oils as their products are used as components in food industries, as they have proven antimicrobial activity. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of these oils for various bacteria must be determined. The MIC will vary depending on the oil used, the major compounds and physiology of the bacteria under study. In this work, the Melaleuca alternifolia plant EO, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Cymbopogon martini were tested for antimicrobial activity (by MIC) against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we found that E. coli and S. aureus were sensitive to the three EOs in all concentrations. In vitro results suggest that the three EOs are potentially useful as an alternative to synthetic preservatives and antimicrobials.(AU)

Sustainability and typology of dairy production systems / Sustentabilidade e tipologia de sistemas produtivos leiteiros

The objective of this study is to analyze the typology of dairy production systems (DPS) in Paraná, Brazil, based on sustainable practices adopted by agricultural producers. A total of 153 semi-structured questionnaires containing variables for general characterization of DPS, socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, as well as environmental, social, and economic sustainability actions implemented by rural workers were applied. Common factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate sustainability variables. Three factors were created: economic (F1), social (F2), and environmental (F3). Hierarchical clusters were formed using the factor scores obtained in CFA. Three clusters were defined and were compared with F1, F2, and F3. There were significant differences in F1 and F2 between clusters 1, 2, and 3. Cluster 1 contained DPS highly compliant with economic, social, and environmental sustainability practices. Cluster 2 was defined by DPS with negative mean values for all three factors. Cluster 3 contained DPS that were highly compliant with F1 and F2 activities compared to cluster 2 and poorly compliant with F1 and F2 actions compared to cluster 1. Therefore, the DPS in Paraná vary according to the sustainable activities implemented by farm managers. In addition, most analyzed DPS have low survival capacity in the medium- and long-term. The most critical sustainability factor was F3, followed by F2 and F1.

Buscou-se analisar a tipologia de sistemas produtivos leiteiros (SPL) a partir de ações de sustentabilidade tomadas pelos produtores rurais nestes sistemas. Foram aplicados 153 formulários semiestruturados contendo variáveis de caracterização geral dos SPL, características socioeconômicas dos produtores de leite, bem como variáveis sobre as ações de sustentabilidade ambiental, social e econômica empregadas nestes sistemas. A técnica de análise fatorial comum (AFC) foi utilizada para gerar fatores de sustentabilidade. Três fatores foram gerados: econômico (F1), social (F2) e ambiental (F3). Em seguida, a partir dos scores fatoriais, foi empregada técnica de formação de clusters hierárquicos. Três clusters foram definidos e comparados frente a F1, F2 e F3. Foram identificadas diferenças para F1 e F2 entre os clusters 1, 2 e 3. O cluster 1 foi definido por SPL com os melhores resultados para as práticas de sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental. O cluster 2 foi definido por SPL com valores médios negativos para os três fatores. O cluster 3, foi definido por SPL com bons resultados para F1 e F2, frente aos SPL do cluster 2. Entretanto, o cluster 3 apresentou piores resultados quando comparado com o cluster 1. Foi identificada grande variabilidade nas ações de sustentabilidade empregadas nos SPL paranaenses analisados. A maior parte destes sistemas apresentou baixa adequação para a sustentabilidade. O fator de sustentabilidade mais crítico foi o ambiental, seguido pelo social e econômico.