Molecular detection of Sarcocystis spp. in the breast muscle of captive birds from the southern region of Brazil / Detecção molecular de Sarcocystis spp. no músculo peitoral de aves de cativeiro da região sul do Brasil

Studies on diseases of wild birds are essential in the context of public health, as these animals act as sentinels, allowing information regarding a determined geographic area. In addition, birds are food protein sources for animals, and therefore play an important role in the life cycle of the protozoan Sarcocystis spp. This study aimed to identify the Sarcocystis spp. in breast muscle samples of naturally infected captive birds. The breast muscle of 89 birds were sampled, and the DNA amplified by PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene to detect Sarcocystis spp. PCR products were sequenced and 5.61% (5/89) samples showed 100% similarity with Sarcocystis spp. (one Cyanoliseus patagonus, one Psittacula krameri, two Pyrrhura frontalis, and one Ramphastos dicolorus). The large number of naturally infected species analyzed by molecular methods allowed the detection of Sarcocystis spp. in different bird species, corroborating the epidemiology of Sarcocystis spp.

Estudos sobre doenças de aves silvestres são essenciais no contexto da saúde pública, pois esses animais atuam como sentinelas, permitindo obter informações sobre uma determinada área geográfica. Além disso, as aves são fontes de proteína alimentar para os animais e, portanto, desempenham um papel importante no ciclo de vida do Sarcocystis. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar Sarcocystis spp. nos músculos do peito de aves de cativeiro naturalmente infectadas. Os músculos do peito de 89 aves foram coletados, e o DNA amplificado pela PCR do gene RNA ribossômico 18S para detecção de Sarcocystis spp. Os produtos da PCR foram sequenciados e 5,61% (5/89) amostras apresentaram 100% de similaridade com o Sarcocystis spp. (um Cyanoliseus patagonus, um Psittacula krameri, dois Pyrrhura frontalis e um Ramphastos dicolorus). O grande número de espécies naturalmente infectadas analisadas por métodos moleculares permitiu a detecção de Sarcocystis spp. em diferentes espécies de aves, corroborando a epidemiologia de Sarcocystis spp.

Biosecurity in dairy goat farms / Biosseguridade em propriedades de caprinos leiteiros

The goat milk industry has unquestionably grown in recent years due to the high demand for dairy products, which are considered nutritious and hypoallergenic. As a result, security measures are required in the production chain to provide consumers with safe products, although the concept of biosecurity is still incipient in Brazilian goat farming. Therefore, this study aimed to review the main biosecurity measures applied to dairy goat farms and suggest a program that contemplates these measures to promote animal health and welfare, given that biosecurity bolsters environmental sustainability and improves this agricultural sector. Biosecurity programs (BP) are composed of a set of measures and procedures aimed at herd health and applied in all stages of animal husbandry, interacting with different sectors that make up the production system and providing a set of policies and operational norms to protect herds against potentially pathogenic agents. Thus, BP require planning, execution, monitoring, audits, updates, understanding of the procedures, and awareness of those involved in the production chain. In addition, it includes continuing education programs and the development of contingency plans for specific emergencies. The information included in this study provides input to dairy goat farms to implement practices that improve the productivity of this agricultural sector.

A caprinocultura leiteira é um setor produtivo em crescimento, devido à alta demanda dos produtos lácteos considerados nutritivos e hipoalergênicos. Em consequência disso, são exigidas medidas de segurança na cadeia produtiva a fim de fornecer produtos inócuos ao consumidor. No entanto, os conceitos de biosseguridade ainda são incipientes na caprinocultura brasileira. Desta forma, este estudo tem a finalidade de revisar as principais medidas de biosseguridade aplicadas à caprinocultura leiteira e sugerir um programa que contemple estas medidas visando promover a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Além disso, a biosseguridade propicia a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente e potencializa melhorias neste setor agropecuário. Salienta-se que um programa de biosseguridade (PB) é composto por um conjunto de medidas e procedimentos de atenção à saúde do plantel, aplicados em todas as etapas da criação animal, interagindo com diversos setores que compõe o sistema produtivo, além de propiciar a implantação de um conjunto de políticas e normas operacionais, com o objetivo de proteger os rebanhos contra a introdução de qualquer agente infeccioso potencialmente patogênico. O PB necessita de planejamento, execução, monitoramento, auditorias, atualizações, bem como demanda de compreensão dos procedimentos e da sensibilização de todos os envolvidos nos processos da cadeia produtiva. Adicionalmente, inclui programas de educação continuada de todos os indivíduos e a elaboração de planos de contingência para situações emergenciais específicas. As informações incluídas neste estudo fornecerão aporte às propriedades de caprinocultura de leite para a implementação de ações que promovam melhorias na produtividade deste setor agropecuário.

Outbreaks of Mycoplasmosis and Histomoniasis in a southern Brazilian flock of ornamental birds

Background: Infectious diseases have expanded their host and geographic ranges, increasing impacts on both human and animal health. Mycoplasma gallisepticum usually causes avian chronic respiratory conditions and Histomonas meleagridis infects the cecum and the liver of poultry. Although these diseases have been reported in several bird species, information associated with their prevalence and impact in local flocks of ornamental birds is scarce. This communication describes severe outbreaks of mycoplasmosis and histomoniasis that affected a southern Brazilian commercial flock of ornamental birds. Case: The outbreaks occurred in an ornamental bird flock that contained 2,340 birds from 39 different species, distributed mostly in the orders Galliformes, Anseriformes, and Psittaciformes. Mycoplasma gallisepticum affected 12 chukar partridges, 12 Indian peacocks, 19 ornamental chickens and 46 individuals of 4 species of pheasant. The disease cases were distributed between April and July 2015. A total of 36 birds died due to the disease’ complications and most surviving birds suffered from severe ocular sequels, which determined their subsequent culling, despite attempts of different treatment protocols. The main signs included coughing, sneezing, infraorbital swelling, wasting, and death which were mostly associated with caseous sinusitis. Affected birds had positive samples when stained with anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum immunohistochemistry and tested by Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The application of 2 doses of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in early 2016 to all the Galliformes in the flock reduced the annual prevalence to 4 clinical cases. Histomoniasis affected and killed 19 out of 27 chukar partridges that were being kept with ring-necked pheasants in the same enclosure. The disease occurred between September […]

Outbreaks of Mycoplasmosis and Histomoniasis in a southern Brazilian flock of ornamental birds

Background: Infectious diseases have expanded their host and geographic ranges, increasing impacts on both human and animal health. Mycoplasma gallisepticum usually causes avian chronic respiratory conditions and Histomonas meleagridis infects the cecum and the liver of poultry. Although these diseases have been reported in several bird species, information associated with their prevalence and impact in local flocks of ornamental birds is scarce. This communication describes severe outbreaks of mycoplasmosis and histomoniasis that affected a southern Brazilian commercial flock of ornamental birds. Case: The outbreaks occurred in an ornamental bird flock that contained 2,340 birds from 39 different species, distributed mostly in the orders Galliformes, Anseriformes, and Psittaciformes. Mycoplasma gallisepticum affected 12 chukar partridges, 12 Indian peacocks, 19 ornamental chickens and 46 individuals of 4 species of pheasant. The disease cases were distributed between April and July 2015. A total of 36 birds died due to the disease complications and most surviving birds suffered from severe ocular sequels, which determined their subsequent culling, despite attempts of different treatment protocols. The main signs included coughing, sneezing, infraorbital swelling, wasting, and death which were mostly associated with caseous sinusitis. Affected birds had positive samples when stained with anti-Mycoplasma gallisepticum immunohistochemistry and tested by Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Polymerase Chain Reaction. The application of 2 doses of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine in early 2016 to all the Galliformes in the flock reduced the annual prevalence to 4 clinical cases. Histomoniasis affected and killed 19 out of 27 chukar partridges that were being kept with ring-necked pheasants in the same enclosure. The disease occurred between September […](AU)

Identificação de genomas de um novo circovírus aviário / Detection of new avian circovirus genomes

A presente tese versa sobre estudos realizados visando a identificação de novos agentes virais em frangos comerciais. No primeiro capítulo, a identificação do girovírus aviário tipo 2 (AGV2) é reportada. Um genoma viral de 2383 nt foi amplificado a partir soros de frangos comerciais por amplificação randômica de DNA. A análise da sequência do produto amplificado, revelou que cerca de 40% das sequencias de nucleotídeos apresentavam similaridade com o genoma do vírus da anemia infecciosa das galinhas (CAV). Dado o baixo grau de identidade com o CAV, o genoma identificado justificou a proposição de um novo tipo de vírus, dentro do gênero gyrovírus foi denominado ¿girovírus aviário tipo 2¿ (AGV2). O genoma do AGV2 tem organização semelhante a do CAV, com percentagens de similitude de aminoácidos nas regiões codificantes, correspondentes às proteínas virais VP1, VP2 e VP3 do CAV de 38,8%, 40,3% e 32,2%, respectivamente. A fim de analisar a amplitude da disseminação deste agente, foi realizado um estudo para identificar a ocorrência do AGV2 em granjas de frangos de outras regiões. Para atingir esse objetivo, uma PCR específica ao AGV2 foi desenvolvida para amplificar o DNA viral extraído de bulbos de penas da asa e órgãos de frangos. Essa técnica permitiu a detecção do AGV2 em aves de outros locais na Região Sul do Brasil. O DNA viral foi detectado em 90,7% (98/108) das amostras coletadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e 60,4% (29/48) das amostras do estado de Santa Catarina. Os mesmo primers da PCR foram adaptados para examinar tecidos de cérebro de galinhas da Holanda. Nessas amostras o DNA do AGV2 foi detectado em nove das 21 (42,9%) amostras de tecidos cerebrais em aves com lesões hemorrágicas. Essas descobertas fornecem evidências de que infecções de AGV2 são generalizadas e não se restringem a Região Sul do Brasil. Além disso, esses estudos permitiram a identificação de variantes do DNA genômico do AGV2. Análises filogenéticas demostraram que os genomas examinados poderiam ser divididos em três grupos, com base em diferenças nos genes das ORFs das proteínas VP2 e VP3. Em conclusão, a presente tese abrange estudos da identificação de um vírus aviário, até então desconhecido, denominado girovírus aviário tipo 2, que encontra-se amplamente distribuído. A associação deste agente com enfermidades em aves será tema de estudos que estão sendo realizados

This thesis concerns studies carried out in search for new viral agents in commercial poultry flocks. In the first chapter, the identification of the genome of avian gyrovirus type 2 (AGV2), a new Gyrovirus, is reported. The viral genome the 2383-nucleotide sequence was amplified from sera of commercial broilers by random DNA amplification. Sequence analysis of the amplified product showed that the putative viral sequence had about 40% nucleotide similarity with the genome of its closest relative, chicken anemia virus (CAV). Such low degree of nucleotide similarity justified its classification as a new virus type within the genus, to which the name avian gyrovirus type 2. The amino acid similarity between the predicted viral proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 of AGV2 and those of CAV was 38.8%, 40.3%, and 32.2%, respectively. In order to examine the amplitude of dissemination of this agent, it became necessary to carry out a search for AGV2 genomes in poultry flocks from other regions. To achieve such objective, an AGV2-specific PCR was designed to amplify viral DNA from nuclei acid extracted from poultry feather shafts. This allowed detection of AGV2 genomes in flocks from other locations in Southern Brazil. Viral DNA was detected in 98/108 (90.7%) of samples collected in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and 29/48 (60.4%) of the samples collected in the state of Santa Catarina. The same PCR primers were adapted to examine brain tissues of chickens from the Netherlands. In such samples, AGV2 DNA was detected in nine out of 21 (42.9%) brain tissue samples from birds with haemorragic lesions. These findings provided evidence that AGV2 infections are widespread and are not restricted to Southern Brazil. In addition, these studies allowed the identification of genomic variants of AGV2. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that such genomes could be divided into three clusters. In conclusion, this thesis encompasses studies on the identification of a previously unreported virus, named avian gyrovirus 2, which was later shown to be widely distributed. The relationship between this agent and disease in poultry will be subject of further studies which are being performed in continuation to this work