Aceitação e perfil sensorial de variedades de aipim em diferentes tempos de colheita / Acceptance and sensorial profile and of cassava varieties at different harvest times

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aceitação sensorial de variedades de aipim e obter o perfil sensorial dessas raízes colhidas em diferentes tempos de colheita. O aipim da variedade Eucalipto, colhido aos nove meses, apresentou o maior índice de aceitação (75%) e caracterizou-se pela textura “macia”, “pegajosa” e “cremosa”. A variedade Eucalipto manteve a mesma aceitação sensorial nos dois tempos de colheita (74,55%). A variedade BRS Brasil elevou sua aceitação de 52,08%, aos nove meses, para 75,93% aos 12 meses, possivelmente por apresentar os atributos “textura macia”, “textura pegajosa” e “textura cremosa”. O aipim da variedade BRS Saracura também foi mais aceito quando colhido aos 12 meses (75,44%), fato que pode ter sido influenciado pela ausência dos atributos “textura farinhenta” e “textura fibrosa”. Concluiu-se que idade da raiz influencia na qualidade sensorial do aipim cozido e que características como “dura”, “fibrosa” e “farinhenta” levam a uma menor aceitação do aipim cozido.(AU)

Aceitação e perfil sensorial de variedades de aipim em diferentes tempos de colheita / Acceptance and sensorial profile and of cassava varieties at different harvest times

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aceitação sensorial de variedades de aipim e obter o perfil sensorial dessas raízes colhidas em diferentes tempos de colheita. O aipim da variedade Eucalipto, colhido aos nove meses, apresentou o maior índice de aceitação (75%) e caracterizou-se pela textura “macia”, “pegajosa” e “cremosa”. A variedade Eucalipto manteve a mesma aceitação sensorial nos dois tempos de colheita (74,55%). A variedade BRS Brasil elevou sua aceitação de 52,08%, aos nove meses, para 75,93% aos 12 meses, possivelmente por apresentar os atributos “textura macia”, “textura pegajosa” e “textura cremosa”. O aipim da variedade BRS Saracura também foi mais aceito quando colhido aos 12 meses (75,44%), fato que pode ter sido influenciado pela ausência dos atributos “textura farinhenta” e “textura fibrosa”. Concluiu-se que idade da raiz influencia na qualidade sensorial do aipim cozido e que características como “dura”, “fibrosa” e “farinhenta” levam a uma menor aceitação do aipim cozido.

Development and sensorial acceptance of biofortified cassava snack / Desenvolvimento e aceitação sensorial de chips desidratado de mandioca biofortificada

Cassava is the food base for millions of people in tropical Africa, Latin America and Asia. However, cassava commercial varieties are deficient in vitamin A and the consumption of biofortified cassava, which has a higher concentration of Beta-carotene in the roots, represents an alternative to prevent this deficiency. Dehydrated products are an integral part of many consumers diet, which have preferred healthier and lower calorie foods. This study aimed to develop a dehydrated product of cassava (dehydrated chips) from biofortified varieties. The dehydrated chips were elaborated from the following biofortified cassava genotypes: BRS Dourada, BRS Gema de Ovo, BRS Jari and hybrid 2003 14-11. For obtaining the dehydrated chips, cassava roots were washed, sanitized, peeled, sliced to a thickness of 0.8 mm, blanched and dehydrated at 65 C. First, dehydrated chips were prepared with no added flavoring, from roots of four cassava genotypes harvested at 12 months after planting, in order to select the two most suitable for dehydrated chips production based on sensory acceptance. In the second stage, dehydrated chips were produced with the addition of onion and parsley flavoring, from the two genotypes selected in the previous step. The BRS Jari variety and hybrid 2003 14-11 showed highest total carotenoid content, 10.54 ?g g g-1 and 6.92 ?g g g-1, respectively, and  Beta-carotene, 8.

A mandioca é a base alimentar para milhões de pessoas das regiões tropicais da África, América Latina e Ásia. Contudo as variedades comerciais de mandioca são deficientes em vitamina A e o consumo de mandioca biofortificada, que apresenta maior concentração de β-caroteno nas raízes, representa uma alternativa para prevenir essa deficiência. Os produtos desidratados são uma parte integrante da dieta de muitos consumidores, os quais têm preferido alimentos mais saudáveis e de menor valor calórico. O objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver um produto desidratado de mandioca (chips desidratados) a partir de variedades biofortificadas. Os chips desidratados foram elaborados a partir de raízes dos seguintes genótipos de mandioca biofortificados: BRS Dourada, BRS Gema de Ovo, BRS Jari e o híbrido 2003 14-11. Para a obtenção dos chips desidratados, as raízes de mandioca foram lavadas, sanitizadas, descascadas, fatiadas com 0,8 mm de espessura, branqueadas e desidratadas a 65 °C. Na primeira etapa, os chips desidratados foram elaborados sem adição de aromatizante, a partir de raízes de quatro genótipos de mandioca, colhidos aos 12 meses após o plantio, a fim de selecionar os dois melhores para a produção dos chips desidratados com base na aceitação sensorial. Na segunda etapa, foram elaborados chips desidratados com adição de aromatizante sabor cebola e salsa, a partir dos dois genótipos selecionados na etapa anterior. A variedade BRS Jari e o híbrido 2003 14-11 apresentaram os maiores teores de carotenoides totais, 10,54 μg g-1 e 6,92 μg g-1, respectivamente, e de β-caroteno, 8,93 μg g-1 e 4,98 μg de g-1, respectivamente. Para a retenção dos carotenoides totais e do β-caroteno não houve diferença significativa entre os chips desidratados elaborados com os quatro genótipos de mandioca biofortificados, que apresentaram valores médios de 76% e 67%, respectivamente.

Development and sensorial acceptance of biofortified cassava snack / Desenvolvimento e aceitação sensorial de chips desidratado de mandioca biofortificada

Cassava is the food base for millions of people in tropical Africa, Latin America and Asia. However, cassava commercial varieties are deficient in vitamin A and the consumption of biofortified cassava, which has a higher concentration of Beta-carotene in the roots, represents an alternative to prevent this deficiency. Dehydrated products are an integral part of many consumers diet, which have preferred healthier and lower calorie foods. This study aimed to develop a dehydrated product of cassava (dehydrated chips) from biofortified varieties. The dehydrated chips were elaborated from the following biofortified cassava genotypes: BRS Dourada, BRS Gema de Ovo, BRS Jari and hybrid 2003 14-11. For obtaining the dehydrated chips, cassava roots were washed, sanitized, peeled, sliced to a thickness of 0.8 mm, blanched and dehydrated at 65 C. First, dehydrated chips were prepared with no added flavoring, from roots of four cassava genotypes harvested at 12 months after planting, in order to select the two most suitable for dehydrated chips production based on sensory acceptance. In the second stage, dehydrated chips were produced with the addition of onion and parsley flavoring, from the two genotypes selected in the previous step. The BRS Jari variety and hybrid 2003 14-11 showed highest total carotenoid content, 10.54 ?g g g-1 and 6.92 ?g g g-1, respectively, and  Beta-carotene, 8.(AU)

A mandioca é a base alimentar para milhões de pessoas das regiões tropicais da África, América Latina e Ásia. Contudo as variedades comerciais de mandioca são deficientes em vitamina A e o consumo de mandioca biofortificada, que apresenta maior concentração de β-caroteno nas raízes, representa uma alternativa para prevenir essa deficiência. Os produtos desidratados são uma parte integrante da dieta de muitos consumidores, os quais têm preferido alimentos mais saudáveis e de menor valor calórico. O objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver um produto desidratado de mandioca (chips desidratados) a partir de variedades biofortificadas. Os chips desidratados foram elaborados a partir de raízes dos seguintes genótipos de mandioca biofortificados: BRS Dourada, BRS Gema de Ovo, BRS Jari e o híbrido 2003 14-11. Para a obtenção dos chips desidratados, as raízes de mandioca foram lavadas, sanitizadas, descascadas, fatiadas com 0,8 mm de espessura, branqueadas e desidratadas a 65 °C. Na primeira etapa, os chips desidratados foram elaborados sem adição de aromatizante, a partir de raízes de quatro genótipos de mandioca, colhidos aos 12 meses após o plantio, a fim de selecionar os dois melhores para a produção dos chips desidratados com base na aceitação sensorial. Na segunda etapa, foram elaborados chips desidratados com adição de aromatizante sabor cebola e salsa, a partir dos dois genótipos selecionados na etapa anterior. A variedade BRS Jari e o híbrido 2003 14-11 apresentaram os maiores teores de carotenoides totais, 10,54 μg g-1 e 6,92 μg g-1, respectivamente, e de β-caroteno, 8,93 μg g-1 e 4,98 μg de g-1, respectivamente. Para a retenção dos carotenoides totais e do β-caroteno não houve diferença significativa entre os chips desidratados elaborados com os quatro genótipos de mandioca biofortificados, que apresentaram valores médios de 76% e 67%, respectivamente.(AU)

Productivity and drought tolerance of cassava cultivars in the Coastal Tablelands of Northeastern Brazil / Produtividade e tolerância à deficiência hídrica de cultivares de mandioca nos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Nordeste

Ten cassava cultivars were grown in the field and evaluated to identify the most adapted to the Coastal Tablelands of northeast Brazil. The cultivars showed differences in proline and chlorophyll contents, plant height, number of leaves and branches, canopy area and root production, however they did not differ on photosynthetic rates. Cultivars 'Tianguá' and '9783-13' presented lower root yield, whereas 'BRS Tapioqueira' and 'Irará' had the highest root yield. Few leaves coupled with the highest water use efficiency for CO2 assimilation was found in 'BRS Kiriris' in contrast to 'BRS Jarina' and '9783-13'. 'BRS Caipira' had high proline content in both Umbaúba and Frei Paulo areas, traits usually associated to drought tolerance, that contribute to the adaptation. It is also important to consider that cultivar 'BRS Caipira' was the first to present increase in chlorophyll content after extended period of drought, that indicates a faster recovery after dry season. Furthermore, the results indicated that the most adapted cultivars for cultivation in this area are 'Irará', 'BRS Tapioqueira', 'BRS Kiriris' and 'BRS Caipira'.(AU)

Dez cultivares de mandioca foram cultivadas no campo e avaliadas para identificar a mais adaptada aos Tabuleiros Costeiros do Nordeste do Brasil. As cultivares apresentaram diferenças nos teores de prolina e clorofila, altura, número de folhas e ramos, área de copa e produção de raízes, no entanto, não diferiram quanto às taxas fotossintéticas. As cultivares 'Tianguá' e '9783-13' apresentaram menor rendimento de raízes e 'BRS Tapioqueira' e 'Irará' maior rendimento. Poucas folhas e maior eficiência no uso da água para a assimilação de CO2 foi verificado em 'BRS Kiriris', em contraste com 'BRS Jarina' e '9783-13'. 'BRS Caipira' teve alto teor de prolina em Umbaúba e em Frei Paulo, características geralmente associadas à tolerância à seca, que contribuem para adaptação. Também é importante considerar que a cultivar 'BRS Caipira' foi a primeira a apresentar aumento no teor de clorofila após longo período de seca, o que indica recuperação mais rápida após período seco. Além disso, os resultados indicam que as cultivares mais adaptadas ao cultivo nessa área são 'Irará', 'BRS Tapioqueira', 'BRS Kiriris' e 'BRS Caipira'.(AU)

Crop losses in Brazilian cassava varieties induced by the Cassava common mosaic virus

Despite the widespread distribution of the Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) in Brazil, little is known about the losses it causes in yield. The effect of CsCMV on different varieties was evaluated by reference to several agronomic traits. Four field trials were established in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 using six varieties of cassava. Following mechanical inoculation with CsCMV, the presence of the virus was confirmed using the ELISA assay. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), aerial part yield (APY), root yield (RoY), and starch yield (StY) in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Overall, the presence of the virus contributed little to the reduction in PH, HI, and DMC across the varieties, with PH being significantly reduced by 9.2 and 7.0 % in the BGM0212 and BRS Kiriris varieties, respectively. In contrast, APY, RoY, and StY were reduced by 30.2, 29.3, and 30.0 %, in the virus-infected plants respectively. While the BRS Kiriris and BRS Jari varieties suffered the highest reductions overall and were considered highly susceptible to CsCMV, none of the traits suffered reductions in the inoculated BRS Formosa plants. Although RoY and StY were reduced in inoculated plants of BRS Tapioqueira, crop yield for this variety was the highest. Thus, BRS Formosa and BRS Tapioqueira exhibited tolerance against CsCMV, which warrants further investigation.

Crop losses in Brazilian cassava varieties induced by the Cassava common mosaic virus

Despite the widespread distribution of the Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV) in Brazil, little is known about the losses it causes in yield. The effect of CsCMV on different varieties was evaluated by reference to several agronomic traits. Four field trials were established in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 using six varieties of cassava. Following mechanical inoculation with CsCMV, the presence of the virus was confirmed using the ELISA assay. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), dry matter content (DMC), harvest index (HI), aerial part yield (APY), root yield (RoY), and starch yield (StY) in both inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Overall, the presence of the virus contributed little to the reduction in PH, HI, and DMC across the varieties, with PH being significantly reduced by 9.2 and 7.0 % in the BGM0212 and BRS Kiriris varieties, respectively. In contrast, APY, RoY, and StY were reduced by 30.2, 29.3, and 30.0 %, in the virus-infected plants respectively. While the BRS Kiriris and BRS Jari varieties suffered the highest reductions overall and were considered highly susceptible to CsCMV, none of the traits suffered reductions in the inoculated BRS Formosa plants. Although RoY and StY were reduced in inoculated plants of BRS Tapioqueira, crop yield for this variety was the highest. Thus, BRS Formosa and BRS Tapioqueira exhibited tolerance against CsCMV, which warrants further investigation.(AU)

Genotypic variation of traits related to quality of cassava roots using affinity propagation algorithm

The conservation, sustainable evaluation and use of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic resources are essential to the development of new commercial varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cassava roots and to estimate genetic variation and clustering in cassava germplasm using the Affinity Propagation algorithm (AP), which is based on the concept of "message passing" between data points. AP finds "exemplars" of each group and members of the input set representative of clusters. The genotypic data of 474 cassava accessions were evaluated over a period of two years for starch yield (StYi), root dry matter (DMC), amylose content (AML), and the level of cyanogenic compounds (CyC). The AP algorithm enabled the formation of nine diversity groups, whose number reflects the high genetic diversity of this germplasm. A high homogeneity of genetic distances was observed within all the groups, except for two groups in which there was a partial overlap caused mainly by a high variation of the CyC trait. In addition, no relationship between the genetic structure and CyC (sweet and bitter cassava) was observed. Analysis of variance of the nine clusters confirmed the presence of differences between the groups. Thus, the results of this study can be used in future breeding programs (hybridization or selection) to introduce new genetic variability into commercial cultivars to avoid problems related to low genetic variation and to improve the quality of cassava roots.

Genotypic variation of traits related to quality of cassava roots using affinity propagation algorithm

The conservation, sustainable evaluation and use of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genetic resources are essential to the development of new commercial varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cassava roots and to estimate genetic variation and clustering in cassava germplasm using the Affinity Propagation algorithm (AP), which is based on the concept of "message passing" between data points. AP finds "exemplars" of each group and members of the input set representative of clusters. The genotypic data of 474 cassava accessions were evaluated over a period of two years for starch yield (StYi), root dry matter (DMC), amylose content (AML), and the level of cyanogenic compounds (CyC). The AP algorithm enabled the formation of nine diversity groups, whose number reflects the high genetic diversity of this germplasm. A high homogeneity of genetic distances was observed within all the groups, except for two groups in which there was a partial overlap caused mainly by a high variation of the CyC trait. In addition, no relationship between the genetic structure and CyC (sweet and bitter cassava) was observed. Analysis of variance of the nine clusters confirmed the presence of differences between the groups. Thus, the results of this study can be used in future breeding programs (hybridization or selection) to introduce new genetic variability into commercial cultivars to avoid problems related to low genetic variation and to improve the quality of cassava roots.(AU)