Ionóforos e intoxicação em equinos / Ionophores and poisoning in horses

Ionóforos são substâncias que foram inicialmente utilizadas como coccidiostáticos na produção de frangos de corte e, posteriormente, passaram a ser adicionados como aditivos na dieta de ruminantes. A intoxicação por ionóforos pode ocorrer em diversas espécies animais, no entanto, a espécie equina é especialmente sensível. O quadro clínico e anatomopatológico relacionado à intoxicação em equinos é caracterizado por sinais clínicos decorrentes de cardiomiopatia e miopatia da musculatura esquelética devido a necrose causada nestes tecidos. Não existe tratamento específico para os quadros de intoxicação por ionóforos, sendo assim, a prevenção deve ser preconizada de modo a evitar exposição dos equinos a alimentos que contenham ionóforos, especialmente nas criações em que bovinos e equinos compartilham do mesmo ambiente de criação. O objetivo deste artigo é abordar os principais aspectos relacionados aos ionóforos, bem como a intoxicação por estas substâncias em equinos.(AU)

Ionophores are substances that were initially used as coccidiostats in the production of broilers and later were added as additives in the diet of ruminants. Ionophores poisoning can occur in several animal species, however, horses are especially sensitive. The clinical and anatomopathological features related to poisoning in horses are characterized by clinical signs resulting from cardiomyopathy and myopathy of the skeletal musculature due to necrosis caused in these tissues. There is no specific treatment for ionophores poisoning conditions, therefore, prevention must be advocated in order to avoid exposure of horses to feed containing ionophores, especially in breeding where cattle and horses share the same rearing environment. The aim of this article is to address the main aspects related to ionophores, as well as poisoning by these substances in horses.(AU)

Ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória em bezerros e potros neonatos: técnicas e eficácia / Cardiorespiratory resuscitation in neonatal calves and foals: technique and effectiveness

Pouco se sabe sobre os procedimentos envolvendo a ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória na medicina veterinária em geral. As informações a respeito de estudos feitos para obtenção de dados sobre tal assunto na medicina são extrapoladas para a medicina veterinária e aplicadas no dia a dia. Em animais de companhia, a técnica se torna mais facilmente realizada e com melhores taxas de sucesso quando comparada à sua utilização em grandes animais. Estes requerem maiores informações a respeito do assunto e validações sobre a eficácia das técnicas de compressão, ventilação, administração de fármacos e suporte pós-parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR). Sendo assim, tal revisão foi idealizada com o intuito de agregar informações para os profissionais da área e auxiliar na rotina de suporte geral dos neonatos de bovinos e equinos acometidos pela PCR.

Little is known about procedures involving cardiorespiratory resuscitation in veterinary medicine in general. Information regarding studies carried out to obtain data on this subject in medicine is extrapolated to veterinary medicine and applied in on a daily basis. In small animals, the technique becomes more easily performed and with better success rates when compared to large animals. These require more information about the subject and validations about the effectiveness of the techniques of compression, ventilation, drug administration and support post-cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA). Therefore, this review was carried out in order to add information to professionals of the area and assist in the general support routine for newborns of cattle and horses affected by CRA.

Ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória em bezerros e potros neonatos: técnicas e eficácia / Cardiorespiratory resuscitation in neonatal calves and foals: technique and effectiveness

Pouco se sabe sobre os procedimentos envolvendo a ressuscitação cardiorrespiratória na medicina veterinária em geral. As informações a respeito de estudos feitos para obtenção de dados sobre tal assunto na medicina são extrapoladas para a medicina veterinária e aplicadas no dia a dia. Em animais de companhia, a técnica se torna mais facilmente realizada e com melhores taxas de sucesso quando comparada à sua utilização em grandes animais. Estes requerem maiores informações a respeito do assunto e validações sobre a eficácia das técnicas de compressão, ventilação, administração de fármacos e suporte pós-parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR). Sendo assim, tal revisão foi idealizada com o intuito de agregar informações para os profissionais da área e auxiliar na rotina de suporte geral dos neonatos de bovinos e equinos acometidos pela PCR.(AU)

Little is known about procedures involving cardiorespiratory resuscitation in veterinary medicine in general. Information regarding studies carried out to obtain data on this subject in medicine is extrapolated to veterinary medicine and applied in on a daily basis. In small animals, the technique becomes more easily performed and with better success rates when compared to large animals. These require more information about the subject and validations about the effectiveness of the techniques of compression, ventilation, drug administration and support post-cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA). Therefore, this review was carried out in order to add information to professionals of the area and assist in the general support routine for newborns of cattle and horses affected by CRA.(AU)

Hernioplastia com aplicação de tela por laparoscopia em equino com hérnia incisional / Hernioplasty with laparoscopy mesh application in equine with incisional hernia

Background: Incisional hernia in the midline can be a consequence of abdominal surgeries, which incidence is around5.7-18%. Surgical indication occurs in cases of large hernias, and the most common techniques used involve the closingof the musculature in a primary way, with sutures, and the implantation of a mesh on the abdominal wall. Laparoscopichernioplasty emerged as a less invasive option, showing superiority when compared with open surgical techniques in human medicine, however there are few reports describing this technique in equines. So, the aim of this paper is to report acase of hernioplasty, using laparoscopic mesh, in a horse with midline incisional hernia.Case: A 13-year-old castrated male Brasileiro de Hipismo horse, weighing 415 kg, practitioner of classic equestrian, presented an incisional hernia after 14 days from an exploratory laparotomy surgery realized to treat colic syndrome. After 6months, the patient was referred to a Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for the correction of the defect in the abdominal wall. During palpation, the animal did not present local pain or other sign of inflammation, and the hernia measuredapproximately 20 cm in diameter. The animal was submitted to general anesthesia and placed in dorsal decubitus for thehernioplasty surgical procedure. An incision was made in cranial region of the midline, close to the xiphoid to introduce asingle port; the abdomen was inflated with CO2 gas (12 mmHg) and the operating table was tilted in order to displace theorgans cranially, facilitating the laparoscopic procedure. The abdomen was inspected and the presence of a single adherence could be observed, which was disrupted with endoscopic forceps. The mesh was introduced through the single port...

Hernioplastia com aplicação de tela por laparoscopia em equino com hérnia incisional / Hernioplasty with laparoscopy mesh application in equine with incisional hernia

Background: Incisional hernia in the midline can be a consequence of abdominal surgeries, which incidence is around5.7-18%. Surgical indication occurs in cases of large hernias, and the most common techniques used involve the closingof the musculature in a primary way, with sutures, and the implantation of a mesh on the abdominal wall. Laparoscopichernioplasty emerged as a less invasive option, showing superiority when compared with open surgical techniques in human medicine, however there are few reports describing this technique in equines. So, the aim of this paper is to report acase of hernioplasty, using laparoscopic mesh, in a horse with midline incisional hernia.Case: A 13-year-old castrated male Brasileiro de Hipismo horse, weighing 415 kg, practitioner of classic equestrian, presented an incisional hernia after 14 days from an exploratory laparotomy surgery realized to treat colic syndrome. After 6months, the patient was referred to a Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital for the correction of the defect in the abdominal wall. During palpation, the animal did not present local pain or other sign of inflammation, and the hernia measuredapproximately 20 cm in diameter. The animal was submitted to general anesthesia and placed in dorsal decubitus for thehernioplasty surgical procedure. An incision was made in cranial region of the midline, close to the xiphoid to introduce asingle port; the abdomen was inflated with CO2 gas (12 mmHg) and the operating table was tilted in order to displace theorgans cranially, facilitating the laparoscopic procedure. The abdomen was inspected and the presence of a single adherence could be observed, which was disrupted with endoscopic forceps. The mesh was introduced through the single port...(AU)

Dictiocaulose em bovinos no município de Londrina, PR, Brasil / Dictyocaulosis in cattle in Londrina, PR, Brazil / Dictiocaulosis en bovinos de Londrina, PR, Brasil

A dictiocaulose é uma afecção respiratória causada por helmintos do gênero Dictyocaulus spp., considerada potencial causa de queda na produtividade e morte de bovinos no Brasil e em outros países do mundo. Este trabalho descreve o relato de infecção por Dictyocaulus viviparus e dictiocaulose em bovinos no município de Londrina, PR. A associação das condições ambientais, nutricionais e imunológicas, juntamente com controle parasitário inadequado favoreceu o desenvolvimento da doença, ressaltando a importância da afecção no diagnóstico diferencial de doenças respiratórias dos bovinos na Região Sul do Brasil.

Dictyocaulosis is a respiratory disease caused by helminths of the genus Dictyocaulus spp., considered a potential cause of decline in the productivity and death of cattle in Brazil and in other countries of the world. This work describes a report of infection by Dictyocaulus viviparous and dictyocaulosis in cattle in Londrina, PR. The association of environmental, nutritional and immunological conditions, along with an inadequate parasitic control favored the development of the disease, emphasizing the importance of the disease as a differential diagnosis of the bovine respiratory diseases in the Southern Region of Brazil.

Dictiocaulosis es una enfermedad respiratoria causada por helmintos del género Dictyocaulus spp., considerada una causa potencial de declive en la productividad y muerte del ganado en Brasil y en otros países del mundo. Este trabajo describe el reporte de infección por Dictyocaulus viviparus y dictiocaulose en bovinos en Londrina, PR. La asociación de condiciones ambientales, nutricionales e inmunológicas, junto con un control parasitario inadecuado, favoreció el desarrollo de la enfermedad, destacando la importancia de la enfermedad como diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades respiratorias bovinas en la Región Sur de Brasil.

Dictiocaulose em bovinos no município de Londrina, PR, Brasil / Dictyocaulosis in cattle in Londrina, PR, Brazil / Dictiocaulosis en bovinos de Londrina, PR, Brasil

A dictiocaulose é uma afecção respiratória causada por helmintos do gênero Dictyocaulus spp., considerada potencial causa de queda na produtividade e morte de bovinos no Brasil e em outros países do mundo. Este trabalho descreve o relato de infecção por Dictyocaulus viviparus e dictiocaulose em bovinos no município de Londrina, PR. A associação das condições ambientais, nutricionais e imunológicas, juntamente com controle parasitário inadequado favoreceu o desenvolvimento da doença, ressaltando a importância da afecção no diagnóstico diferencial de doenças respiratórias dos bovinos na Região Sul do Brasil.(AU)

Dictyocaulosis is a respiratory disease caused by helminths of the genus Dictyocaulus spp., considered a potential cause of decline in the productivity and death of cattle in Brazil and in other countries of the world. This work describes a report of infection by Dictyocaulus viviparous and dictyocaulosis in cattle in Londrina, PR. The association of environmental, nutritional and immunological conditions, along with an inadequate parasitic control favored the development of the disease, emphasizing the importance of the disease as a differential diagnosis of the bovine respiratory diseases in the Southern Region of Brazil.(AU)

Dictiocaulosis es una enfermedad respiratoria causada por helmintos del género Dictyocaulus spp., considerada una causa potencial de declive en la productividad y muerte del ganado en Brasil y en otros países del mundo. Este trabajo describe el reporte de infección por Dictyocaulus viviparus y dictiocaulose en bovinos en Londrina, PR. La asociación de condiciones ambientales, nutricionales e inmunológicas, junto con un control parasitario inadecuado, favoreció el desarrollo de la enfermedad, destacando la importancia de la enfermedad como diagnóstico diferencial de enfermedades respiratorias bovinas en la Región Sur de Brasil.(AU)

Osteossíntese com haste bloqueada (“interlocking nail”) como tratamento de fratura do terceiro metatarso após artrodese metatarsofângica com haste intramedular modificada em equino / Osteosynthesis with blocked nail (“interlocking nail”) as a treatment for fracture of the third metatarsal after metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis with modified intramedullary nail in equine

Background: The metacarpal/metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as the suspensory apparatus, are usually affected by injuries, due to the intense physical demand during sports and great range of motion, predisposing to degenerative processes,trauma and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. In this case, arthrodesis is the main technique indicated. Such surgicaltechniques have a poor prognosis due to post-surgical complications, such as implant infection. Therefore, the study ofprocedures that promote better joint stabilization is important, with reduced surgical time and tissue exposure, decreasingsignificantly the chance of infection and other possible complications.Case: A 5-year-old male horse was referred to the hospital with a history of trauma and a lacerating wound in the metatarsalplantar region of the left hindlimb. The animal presented grade IV (I-V) claudication of the left hindlimb with hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and significant pain on palpation, evidencing the rupture of the superficial, deep digitalflexor tendons and suspensory ligament of the fetlock. The initial surgical treatment was performed using the arthrodesistechnique described by [16]. The intramedullary nail was used with fixation of the plate on the plantar face of the first phalanx together with a single plate fused to the pin, adjusted according to size of the first phalanx, 13 mm thick x 15 cm long,forming an angle between 120º and 140º. Twenty-four h after surgery, there was a simple spiral diaphyseal fracture (typeA), in the middle third of the third metatarsal bone in the region of the proximal end, due to the lever held by the short nailagainst the diaphysis cortex. To treat the complication, an intramedullary 316 L surgical steel rod 13 mm thick x 21 cm longwas used, filling the entire spinal canal. The nail had three holes at the proximal end and two holes at the distal end...

Colocefalectomia para o tratamento de fratura fisária da cabeça do fêmur em pônei / Colocephalectomy for the treatment of capital physeal fracture of the femoral head in pony

Background: Femoral capital physeal fractures occur in young animals and are generally associated with trauma. They have apoor prognosis and surgical therapy is the most indicated. There are few studies describing surgical treatment and postoperative results, so the objective of the present report was to present the first case in Brazil of a colocefalectomy for the treatmentof femoral capital physeal fracture in a young pony, the post-surgical and the results obtained with the technique employed.Case: An 18-month-old pony, male, not castrated, , weighing 136 kg was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the FederalUniversity of Paraná (HV-UFPR) with a history of trauma for 4 days. On physical examination, the animal presented lamenessgrade 5 of the right pelvic limb, shortening and lateral deviation of the limb, crackling and painful sensation on abduction, andslight atrophy of the gluteal muscles on the affected side. In the radiographic examination, a femoral capital physeal fracturewas found in the oblique ventro-dorsal projection. Once the diagnosis was performed, a colocefalectomy was realized, as thepatient is a light and short horse. The patient underwent general anesthesia and was placed in the left lateral position. The accessto the coxofemoral joint was made through the lateral face of the right hindlimb. The muscles of the region were incised anddeviated, so a partial myotomy was performed in the deep gluteal and vastus lateralis. This procedure allowed to visualize thefracture, where the head of the femur remained congruent to the acetabulum. A hammer and a curved osteotome were usedto section the round ligament, allowing the dislocation of the femoral head and with the aid of an oscillating orthopedic sawwas performed the femoral neck ostectomy. Previously to the synthesis of the muscular planes and the skin, a passive tubular...

Osteossíntese com haste bloqueada (“interlocking nail”) como tratamento de fratura do terceiro metatarso após artrodese metatarsofângica com haste intramedular modificada em equino / Osteosynthesis with blocked nail (“interlocking nail”) as a treatment for fracture of the third metatarsal after metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis with modified intramedullary nail in equine

Background: The metacarpal/metatarsophalangeal joints, as well as the suspensory apparatus, are usually affected by injuries, due to the intense physical demand during sports and great range of motion, predisposing to degenerative processes,trauma and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. In this case, arthrodesis is the main technique indicated. Such surgicaltechniques have a poor prognosis due to post-surgical complications, such as implant infection. Therefore, the study ofprocedures that promote better joint stabilization is important, with reduced surgical time and tissue exposure, decreasingsignificantly the chance of infection and other possible complications.Case: A 5-year-old male horse was referred to the hospital with a history of trauma and a lacerating wound in the metatarsalplantar region of the left hindlimb. The animal presented grade IV (I-V) claudication of the left hindlimb with hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint and significant pain on palpation, evidencing the rupture of the superficial, deep digitalflexor tendons and suspensory ligament of the fetlock. The initial surgical treatment was performed using the arthrodesistechnique described by [16]. The intramedullary nail was used with fixation of the plate on the plantar face of the first phalanx together with a single plate fused to the pin, adjusted according to size of the first phalanx, 13 mm thick x 15 cm long,forming an angle between 120º and 140º. Twenty-four h after surgery, there was a simple spiral diaphyseal fracture (typeA), in the middle third of the third metatarsal bone in the region of the proximal end, due to the lever held by the short nailagainst the diaphysis cortex. To treat the complication, an intramedullary 316 L surgical steel rod 13 mm thick x 21 cm longwas used, filling the entire spinal canal. The nail had three holes at the proximal end and two holes at the distal end...(AU)

Colocefalectomia para o tratamento de fratura fisária da cabeça do fêmur em pônei / Colocephalectomy for the treatment of capital physeal fracture of the femoral head in pony

Background: Femoral capital physeal fractures occur in young animals and are generally associated with trauma. They have apoor prognosis and surgical therapy is the most indicated. There are few studies describing surgical treatment and postoperative results, so the objective of the present report was to present the first case in Brazil of a colocefalectomy for the treatmentof femoral capital physeal fracture in a young pony, the post-surgical and the results obtained with the technique employed.Case: An 18-month-old pony, male, not castrated, , weighing 136 kg was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the FederalUniversity of Paraná (HV-UFPR) with a history of trauma for 4 days. On physical examination, the animal presented lamenessgrade 5 of the right pelvic limb, shortening and lateral deviation of the limb, crackling and painful sensation on abduction, andslight atrophy of the gluteal muscles on the affected side. In the radiographic examination, a femoral capital physeal fracturewas found in the oblique ventro-dorsal projection. Once the diagnosis was performed, a colocefalectomy was realized, as thepatient is a light and short horse. The patient underwent general anesthesia and was placed in the left lateral position. The accessto the coxofemoral joint was made through the lateral face of the right hindlimb. The muscles of the region were incised anddeviated, so a partial myotomy was performed in the deep gluteal and vastus lateralis. This procedure allowed to visualize thefracture, where the head of the femur remained congruent to the acetabulum. A hammer and a curved osteotome were usedto section the round ligament, allowing the dislocation of the femoral head and with the aid of an oscillating orthopedic sawwas performed the femoral neck ostectomy. Previously to the synthesis of the muscular planes and the skin, a passive tubular...(AU)

Perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos / Regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses

As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.

Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.

Perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos / Regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses

As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.(AU)

Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.(AU)

Differences in mineral concentrations on hooves of horses, mules and donkeys / Diferenças nas concentrações de minerais nos cascos de equinos, muares e asininos

This study aimed to measure the concentrations of minerals in different regions and pigmentation of horses' hooves, mules and donkeys. A total of 20 Crioulo horses, 20 mules and 20 Pega donkeys were used. They formed two groups: pigmented (dark) or non-pigmented (bright) hooves. All animals were unshod and with adequate foot conformation. Females were non-pregnant and without foal and no animals were in training. Samples were collected from the hooves of all limbs in the regions of wall, sole and frog. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; sodium and potassium concentrations were determined by atomic emission spectrophotometry. Among the groups it was observed that the wall, sole and frog of donkeys' hooves presented higher concentrations of sodium and calcium and with the exception of the frog that also obtained higher levels of copper in this species. Mules had lower concentrations of zinc in the wall and the horses had higher concentrations of potassium and zinc in the sole and higher magnesium in the frog and wall. There was no difference (P>0.05) in concentrations regarding the pigmentation of the hooves. The different regions of the hooves in each group presented similar concentrations of minerals and it was regardless of the pigmentation. The mineral concentrations may be related to desirable functional properties of the donkeys' hooves. Pigmented and non-pigmented hooves have similar concentrations of minerals.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi mensurar os teores de minerais nas diferentes regiões e pigmentações dos cascos de equinos, muares e asininos. Utilizaram-se 20 equinos da raça Crioula, 20 muares e 20 asininos da raça Pêga. Formaram-se dois grupos conforme os cascos pigmentados (escuros) e não pigmentados (claros). Todos os animais estavam desferrados e com adequada conformação podal e as fêmeas estavam não gestantes e sem potro ao pé e nenhum animal estava em treinamento. Amostras foram coletadas dos cascos de todos os membros nas regiões de parede, sola e ranilha. As concentrações de cálcio, magnésio, cobre, ferro e zinco foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e as concentrações de sódio e potássio foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de emissão atômica. Entre os grupos observou-se que a parede, sola e ranilha nos asininos apresentaram maiores valores de sódio e cálcio e, exceto para a ranilha, também obteve-se maiores teores de cobre nesta espécie. Os muares apresentaram menores teores de zinco na parede e, os equinos, maiores teores de potássio e zinco na sola e ranilha e de magnésio na ranilha e parede. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) nos teores dos minerais quanto à pigmentação dos cascos. As diferentes regiões dos cascos em cada grupo apresentaram teores similares de minerais e este independeu da pigmentação. As variações dos teores de minerais entre os grupos podem estar relacionados a propriedades funcionais desejáveis dos cascos dos asininos. Cascos pigmentados e não pigmentados apresentam teores similares dos minerais.

Differences in mineral concentrations on hooves of horses, mules and donkeys / Diferenças nas concentrações de minerais nos cascos deequinos, muares e asininos

This study aimed to measure the concentrations of minerals in different regions and pigmentation of horses hooves, mules and donkeys. A total of 20 Crioulo horses, 20 mules and 20 Pega donkeys were used. They formed two groups: pigmented (dark) or non-pigmented (bright) hooves. All animals were unshod and with adequate foot conformation. Females were nonpregnant and without foal and no animals were in training. Samples were collected from the hooves of all limbs in the regions of wall, sole and frog. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; sodium and potassium concentrations were determined by atomic emission spectrophotometry. Among the groups it was observed that the wall, sole and frog of donkeys hooves presented higher concentrations of sodium and calcium and with the exception of the frog that also obtained higher levels of copper in this species. Mules had lower concentrations of zinc in the wall and the horses had higher concentrations of potassium and zinc in the sole and higher magnesium in the frog and wall. There was no difference (P>0.05) in concentrations regarding the pigmentation of the hooves. The different regions of the hooves in each group presented similar concentrations of minerals and it was regardless of the pigmentation. The mineral concentrations may be related to desirable functional properties of the donkeys hooves. Pigmented and non-pigmented hooves have similar concentrations of minerals.(AU)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi mensurar os teores de minerais nas diferentes regiões e pigmentações dos cascos de equinos, muares e asininos. Utilizaram-se 20 equinos da raça Crioula, 20 muares e 20 asininos da raça Pêga. Formaram-se dois grupos conforme os cascos pigmentados (escuros) e não pigmentados (claros). Todos os animais estavam desferrados e com adequada conformação podal e as fêmeas estavam não gestantes e sem potro ao pé e nenhum animal estava em treinamento. Amostras foram coletadas dos cascos de todos os membros nas regiões de parede, sola e ranilha. As concentrações de cálcio, magnésio, cobre, ferro e zinco foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e as concentrações de sódio e potássio foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de emissão atômica. Entre os grupos observou-se que a parede, sola e ranilha nos asininos apresentaram maiores valores de sódio e cálcio e, exceto para a ranilha, também obteve-se maiores teores de cobre nesta espécie. Os muares apresentaram menores teores de zinco na parede e, os equinos, maiores teores de potássio e zinco na sola e ranilha e de magnésio na ranilha e parede. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) nos teores dos minerais quanto à pigmentação dos cascos. As diferentes regiões dos cascos em cada grupo apresentaram teores similares de minerais e este independeu da pigmentação. As variações dos teores de minerais entre os grupos podem estar relacionados a propriedades funcionais desejáveis dos cascos dos asininos. Cascos pigmentados e não pigmentados apresentam teores similares dos minerais.(AU)

Differences in mineral concentrations on hooves of horses, mules and donkeys / Diferenças nas concentrações de minerais nos cascos deequinos, muares e asininos

This study aimed to measure the concentrations of minerals in different regions and pigmentation of horses’ hooves, mules and donkeys. A total of 20 Crioulo horses, 20 mules and 20 Pega donkeys were used. They formed two groups: pigmented (dark) or non-pigmented (bright) hooves. All animals were unshod and with adequate foot conformation. Females were nonpregnant and without foal and no animals were in training. Samples were collected from the hooves of all limbs in the regions of wall, sole and frog. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry; sodium and potassium concentrations were determined by atomic emission spectrophotometry. Among the groups it was observed that the wall, sole and frog of donkeys’ hooves presented higher concentrations of sodium and calcium and with the exception of the frog that also obtained higher levels of copper in this species. Mules had lower concentrations of zinc in the wall and the horses had higher concentrations of potassium and zinc in the sole and higher magnesium in the frog and wall. There was no difference (P>0.05) in concentrations regarding the pigmentation of the hooves. The different regions of the hooves in each group presented similar concentrations of minerals and it was regardless of the pigmentation. The mineral concentrations may be related to desirable functional properties of the donkeys’ hooves. Pigmented and non-pigmented hooves have similar concentrations of minerals.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi mensurar os teores de minerais nas diferentes regiões e pigmentações dos cascos de equinos, muares e asininos. Utilizaram-se 20 equinos da raça Crioula, 20 muares e 20 asininos da raça Pêga. Formaram-se dois grupos conforme os cascos pigmentados (escuros) e não pigmentados (claros). Todos os animais estavam desferrados e com adequada conformação podal e as fêmeas estavam não gestantes e sem potro ao pé e nenhum animal estava em treinamento. Amostras foram coletadas dos cascos de todos os membros nas regiões de parede, sola e ranilha. As concentrações de cálcio, magnésio, cobre, ferro e zinco foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e as concentrações de sódio e potássio foram determinadas por espectrofotometria de emissão atômica. Entre os grupos observou-se que a parede, sola e ranilha nos asininos apresentaram maiores valores de sódio e cálcio e, exceto para a ranilha, também obteve-se maiores teores de cobre nesta espécie. Os muares apresentaram menores teores de zinco na parede e, os equinos, maiores teores de potássio e zinco na sola e ranilha e de magnésio na ranilha e parede. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) nos teores dos minerais quanto à pigmentação dos cascos. As diferentes regiões dos cascos em cada grupo apresentaram teores similares de minerais e este independeu da pigmentação. As variações dos teores de minerais entre os grupos podem estar relacionados a propriedades funcionais desejáveis dos cascos dos asininos. Cascos pigmentados e não pigmentados apresentam teores similares dos minerais.

Artrodese metatarsofalângica por meio da técnica do cesto de aço modificada em potro / Metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis through the modified steel basket technique in foal

Background: The metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints are very demanded during high intensity exercises,and may be affected by osteoarthritis, fractures, luxations and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. Thus, arthrodesis maybe indicated to restore joint stability and accelerate the ankylosis process. The most commonly used surgical techniqueshave been associated with postoperative complications, including infection and failure of the implants, so it is importantto develop procedures that are less invasive procedures and promoting stable fixation. Therefore, the aim of this work isto report the use of the modified steel basket technique for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis in a foal with hyperextensionof the joint due to rupture of the digital flexor muscles.Case: A 2-day-old male foal was admitted to clinical care, presenting multiple cutaneous wounds caused by dogs bites,located in the tarsus and thigh of the hindlimb. The animal presented in standing position and had no difficulty of movement,being initially treated through daily cleaning of the cutaneous wounds and systemic antibiotic therapy. Hyperextension ofthe metatarsophalangeal joint was evidenced after 20 days, being approached through tenotomy and tendon shortening,followed by tenorrhaphy and immobilization for 30 days. Due to the failure of the treatment, it was opted for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis by modified steel basket technique. The procedure involved the implantation of a steel basket of25.0 mm in diameter x 25.0 mm long in a 24.0 mm hole created on the dorsal surface between the third metacarpal andthe proximal phalanx. The basket was filled with bone extracted from drilling and fixed with two cortical screws at anangle of 25° toward proximoplantar and distoplantar direction. Immobilization of the limb was performed postoperativelywith synthetic plaster cast for 45 days and, due to the persistence of lameness...

Artrodese metatarsofalângica por meio da técnica do cesto de aço modificada em potro / Metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis through the modified steel basket technique in foal

Background: The metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints are very demanded during high intensity exercises,and may be affected by osteoarthritis, fractures, luxations and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. Thus, arthrodesis maybe indicated to restore joint stability and accelerate the ankylosis process. The most commonly used surgical techniqueshave been associated with postoperative complications, including infection and failure of the implants, so it is importantto develop procedures that are less invasive procedures and promoting stable fixation. Therefore, the aim of this work isto report the use of the modified steel basket technique for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis in a foal with hyperextensionof the joint due to rupture of the digital flexor muscles.Case: A 2-day-old male foal was admitted to clinical care, presenting multiple cutaneous wounds caused by dogs bites,located in the tarsus and thigh of the hindlimb. The animal presented in standing position and had no difficulty of movement,being initially treated through daily cleaning of the cutaneous wounds and systemic antibiotic therapy. Hyperextension ofthe metatarsophalangeal joint was evidenced after 20 days, being approached through tenotomy and tendon shortening,followed by tenorrhaphy and immobilization for 30 days. Due to the failure of the treatment, it was opted for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis by modified steel basket technique. The procedure involved the implantation of a steel basket of25.0 mm in diameter x 25.0 mm long in a 24.0 mm hole created on the dorsal surface between the third metacarpal andthe proximal phalanx. The basket was filled with bone extracted from drilling and fixed with two cortical screws at anangle of 25° toward proximoplantar and distoplantar direction. Immobilization of the limb was performed postoperativelywith synthetic plaster cast for 45 days and, due to the persistence of lameness...(AU)

Comportamento da membrana biossintética de celulose como implante peritendíneo em potros / Behavior of cellulose biosynthetic membrane as a peritendinous implant in foals

Background: Tendon injuries are common in horses and are commonly associated with lameness and athletic career disruption.Adhesions formed between the tendons and the surrounding tissues compromise the sliding and movement of the structures,compromising their functionality. Therefore, the control of adhesion formation is critical to restore the structural integrity of thetendon, as well as its biomechanical function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the biosynthetic cellulosemembrane implanted in foals with surgically induced tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor.Materials, Methods & Results: Six healthy foals were used, which underwent tendinitis induction in the superficial digital flexorof the right and left forelimbs. The lesions was induced by local ischemia by crushing the tendon with hemostatic forceps. Thebiosynthetic cellulose membrane was implanted only in the right forelimb, involving the superficial digital flexor tendon in theregion of the ischemia and the left forelimb was used as control. After surgery, both forelimb were immobilized with syntheticplaster cast for 15 days. Ultrasonography was performed in six foals immediately before (M0), at 15° (M1) at and 30° (M2) day,and three were evaluate at 45° (M3) and 60° (M4) day after surgery. Incisional biopsies were performed in three animals on the30° day and in three animals on the 60° day after surgery. Histopathological examination involved the analysis of tissue disorganization, presence and type of inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization, according to the score of 0 to 3. Ultrasonographyallowed visualization of the membrane, which was characterized as a continuous hyperechoic line at the edges of the tendon at15 days (M1). In addition, at 30 and 45 days after surgery, interruption of the hyperechoic line and reduction of echogenicitywere observed, and no echogenic lines were observed at 60 days after surgery...(AU)

Comportamento da membrana biossintética de celulose como implante peritendíneo em potros / Behavior of cellulose biosynthetic membrane as a peritendinous implant in foals

Background: Tendon injuries are common in horses and are commonly associated with lameness and athletic career disruption.Adhesions formed between the tendons and the surrounding tissues compromise the sliding and movement of the structures,compromising their functionality. Therefore, the control of adhesion formation is critical to restore the structural integrity of thetendon, as well as its biomechanical function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the biosynthetic cellulosemembrane implanted in foals with surgically induced tendinitis of the superficial digital flexor.Materials, Methods & Results: Six healthy foals were used, which underwent tendinitis induction in the superficial digital flexorof the right and left forelimbs. The lesions was induced by local ischemia by crushing the tendon with hemostatic forceps. Thebiosynthetic cellulose membrane was implanted only in the right forelimb, involving the superficial digital flexor tendon in theregion of the ischemia and the left forelimb was used as control. After surgery, both forelimb were immobilized with syntheticplaster cast for 15 days. Ultrasonography was performed in six foals immediately before (M0), at 15° (M1) at and 30° (M2) day,and three were evaluate at 45° (M3) and 60° (M4) day after surgery. Incisional biopsies were performed in three animals on the30° day and in three animals on the 60° day after surgery. Histopathological examination involved the analysis of tissue disorganization, presence and type of inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization, according to the score of 0 to 3. Ultrasonographyallowed visualization of the membrane, which was characterized as a continuous hyperechoic line at the edges of the tendon at15 days (M1). In addition, at 30 and 45 days after surgery, interruption of the hyperechoic line and reduction of echogenicitywere observed, and no echogenic lines were observed at 60 days after surgery...