Forage availability and weight gain of goats on caatinga enriched with Urochloa trichopus (Hochst) Stapf subjected to fallowing and fertilized with phosphate / Disponibilidade de forragem e ganho de peso de caprinos em caatinga enriquecida com Urochloa trichopus (Hochst) Stapf submetida ao diferimento e a adubação fosfatada

The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage availability and performance of goats in thinned Caatinga enriched with Urochloa trichopus subjected to grazing fallowing and levels of phosphorus fertilization. Twenty-four F1 crossbred goats (Boer x Non-descript breed), whole, 15.0 ± 2.6 kg body weight were distributed in four paddocks (n = 6) according to body weight, age and physiological status. Animals grazed on Caatinga, under continuous stocking, and were gathered and kept in individual pens overnight. The experiment to evaluate animal performance was a randomized block design with 4 treatments (0, 11, 33 and 60 days of fallowing) and six replications. To determine dry mass production and floristic composition, phosphate fertilization was used in the doses of x P2O5 in a randomized block design with five treatments, 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg P2O5 with 4 replications. Phosphate fertilization had an effect on the floristic composition of dicots and U. trichopus (P<0.05). There was an effect of pasture fallowing on the final weight of goats, with the lowest weight (20.40 kg) observed after 60 days of fallowing (P<0.05). Fallowing is not suitable for an area of vegetation in the caatinga, because there was a decrease in forage availability and quality in the dry period, resulting in a lower performance of animals.

Objetivou-se avaliar a disponibilidade de forragem e desempenho de caprinos em Caatinga raleada e enriquecida com Urochloa trichopus submetida ao diferimento de pastejo e doses de adubação fosfatada. Foram utilizados 24 caprinos mestiços F1 (Boer x SPRD), inteiros, com peso corporal de 15,0 ± 2,6 kg, distribuídos em quatro piquetes (n = 6) de acordo com o peso vivo, idade e estado fisiológico. Os animais realizaram pastejo na Caatinga, com lotação contínua, sendo recolhidos e colocados em baias individuais permanecendo nesse local durante a noite. No experimento para avaliar desempenho animal foi usado delineamento blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos (0, 11, 33 e 60 dias de diferimento) e seis repetições. Para determinação produção de massa seca e composição florística foi usado a adubação fosfatada nas dosagens de x P2O5 em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos, 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg de P2O5 com 4 repetições. A adubação fosfatada promoveu efeito para a composição florística de dicotiledôneas e U. trichopus (P<0,05). Houve efeito do diferimento de pastagem para o peso final dos caprinos, com o menor peso (20,40 kg) observado aos 60 dias de diferimento (P<0,05). A adubação fosfatada não aumentou a produtividade de matéria seca. O diferimento não é indicado para uma área de vegetação da caatinga, pois mesmo com a vedação, no período seco ocorreu uma diminuição na disponibilidade e na qualidade da forragem, acarretando um menor aporte dos animais.

Spineless cactus varieties resistant to carmine cochineal (Dactylopiussp. ) on the composition and sensory properties ofgoat milk

The physical-chemical characteristics and sensory attributes of milk are variable. This study aimed to evaluate how spineless cactus varieties resistant to carmine cochineal (Dactylopius sp.) influences the composition and sensory characteristics of goat milk. Twelve lactating goats with body weights of 51.35 ± 3.75 kg were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square, with three simultaneous squares composed of four animals, four periods, and four experimental diets: Control - goats fed tifton grass hay and concentrate; SCOE - goats fed the Orelha-de-elefante spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate; SCB goats fed the Baiana spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate; SCM goats fed the Miúda spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate. The levels of protein and non-greasy solids and the sensory attributes of the milk (odor, butter flavor, and global acceptance) did not differ between the treatments (p > 0.05). The lipid content of the milk was reduced in the SCOE treatment compared to the control (p = 0.0014). The milk obtained from animals fed the SCOE and SCM treatments had a stronger flavor (p < 0.05). These results suggest that varieties of spineless cactus resistant to carmine cochineal can be used as goat feed without affecting milk production or global acceptance.(AU)

Spineless cactus varieties resistant to carmine cochineal (Dactylopiussp. ) on the composition and sensory properties ofgoat milk

The physical-chemical characteristics and sensory attributes of milk are variable. This study aimed to evaluate how spineless cactus varieties resistant to carmine cochineal (Dactylopius sp.) influences the composition and sensory characteristics of goat milk. Twelve lactating goats with body weights of 51.35 ± 3.75 kg were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square, with three simultaneous squares composed of four animals, four periods, and four experimental diets: Control - goats fed tifton grass hay and concentrate; SCOE - goats fed the Orelha-de-elefante spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate; SCB – goats fed the Baiana spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate; SCM – goats fed the Miúda spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate. The levels of protein and non-greasy solids and the sensory attributes of the milk (odor, butter flavor, and global acceptance) did not differ between the treatments (p > 0.05). The lipid content of the milk was reduced in the SCOE treatment compared to the control (p = 0.0014). The milk obtained from animals fed the SCOE and SCM treatments had a stronger flavor (p < 0.05). These results suggest that varieties of spineless cactus resistant to carmine cochineal can be used as goat feed without affecting milk production or global acceptance.

Comportamento ingestivo e preferência alimentar de caprinos criados em caatinga degradada / Ingestive behavior and food preference of goats created in caatinga degraded

This study aimed to assess the ingestive behavior and feeding preference of goats reared in degraded Caatinga (dry tropical forest) during three seasons: transition (rainy-dry), dry, and rainy seasons. The experiment was carried out at the UFPB Experimental Station in São João do Cariri, PB, Brazil. Six male goats kept on pasture with an area of 3.2 hectares were used. The animals were assessed through continuous visual observation. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments (rainy-dry, dry, and rainy seasons) and six replications (animals). Means were submitted to the Tukey test at a 5% level. The time www.revistas.ufq.br/vet spent by animals during the transition season (rainy-dry) had to cite in the article page. similarities for the selected grasses, herbaceous/sub-shrub plants, litter, and shrub/ tree plants, except for bromeliads and cacti. The animals spent longer grazing time consuming grasses at the rainy season. During this season, marmeleiro (Croton hemiargyreus Mill. Arg.) was the most selected species in relation to catingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.) and pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart.). The time spent for grazing activity during the transition season (rainy-dry) was longer than the rainy and dry season. Goats reared extensively in the Caatinga have high plasticity in their eating habits and can behave as grazing or browsing animals.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento ingestivo e a preferência alimentar de caprinos criados em Caatinga (Floresta Tropical Seca) degradada em três épocas do ano: transição (chuva-seca), seca e chuva. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental pertencente à UFPB em São João do Cariri-PB, Brasil. Foram utilizados seis caprinos machos mantidos em pastagem com área de 3,2 hectares. A avaliação dos animais foi feita por meio de observação visual e ininterrupta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (época de chuva-seca, seco e chuvoso) e seis repetições (animais). As médias foram submetidas ao Teste de Tukey em nível de 5%. Na época de transição (chuva-seca), o tempo gasto pelos animais apresentou semelhanças para gramíneas, herbáceas/subarbustivas, serapilheira, arbustivos/arbóreos selecionados, com exceção das bromélias e cactáceas. Na estação chuvosa, os animais despenderam maior tempo de pastejo consumindo gramíneas. Nessa mesma época, o marmeleiro (Croton hemiargyreus Mill. Arg.) foi a espécie mais selecionada em relação à catingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidalis) e ao pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium). O tempo despendido para atividade de pastejo na época de transição (chuva-seca) foi superior à época chuvosa e seca. Os caprinos, em criação extensiva na Caatinga, apresentam alta plasticidade no hábito alimentar podendo comportarse como animais pastejadores ou ramoneadores.

Potential and restrictions of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz as native forage in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Poincianella pyramidalis (catingueira) is a endemic plant of the Caatinga, selected by animals grazing on native pasture. With the aim of evaluating characteristics indicative of its nutritional quality, 10 plants were selected and identified, sampled at five different ages, were used to determine dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), mineral matter (MM), DM degradability (Deg DM), NDF degradability (Deg NDF) and in situ and in vitro leaf-tissue degradability. Phytochemical prospection was performed, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance applied to detect the presence of secondary compounds. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukeys test at 5%, and correlation analysis was carried out on the variables for leaf maturity in days. The levels of CP, NDF and Deg NDF showed a negative correlation with the increases in leaf age. Leaf-tissue degradation was restricted due to a physical barrier developed in the leaf fragments, which can be attributed to plant defence mechanisms. The in situ degradability of the cell wall components decreased with the increase in leaf age. The high levels of tannins and lignin, and the strong presence of flavonoids, should be considered for their anti-nutritional and pharmacological potential.(AU)

Comportamento ingestivo e preferência alimentar de caprinos criados em caatinga degradada / Ingestive behavior and food preference of goats created in caatinga degraded

This study aimed to assess the ingestive behavior and feeding preference of goats reared in degraded Caatinga (dry tropical forest) during three seasons: transition (rainy-dry), dry, and rainy seasons. The experiment was carried out at the UFPB Experimental Station in São João do Cariri, PB, Brazil. Six male goats kept on pasture with an area of 3.2 hectares were used. The animals were assessed through continuous visual observation. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three treatments (rainy-dry, dry, and rainy seasons) and six replications (animals). Means were submitted to the Tukey test at a 5% level. The time www.revistas.ufq.br/vet spent by animals during the transition season (rainy-dry) had to cite in the article page. similarities for the selected grasses, herbaceous/sub-shrub plants, litter, and shrub/ tree plants, except for bromeliads and cacti. The animals spent longer grazing time consuming grasses at the rainy season. During this season, marmeleiro (Croton hemiargyreus Mill. Arg.) was the most selected species in relation to catingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul.) and pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart.). The time spent for grazing activity during the transition season (rainy-dry) was longer than the rainy and dry season. Goats reared extensively in the Caatinga have high plasticity in their eating habits and can behave as grazing or browsing animals.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento ingestivo e a preferência alimentar de caprinos criados em Caatinga (Floresta Tropical Seca) degradada em três épocas do ano: transição (chuva-seca), seca e chuva. O experimento foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental pertencente à UFPB em São João do Cariri-PB, Brasil. Foram utilizados seis caprinos machos mantidos em pastagem com área de 3,2 hectares. A avaliação dos animais foi feita por meio de observação visual e ininterrupta. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (época de chuva-seca, seco e chuvoso) e seis repetições (animais). As médias foram submetidas ao Teste de Tukey em nível de 5%. Na época de transição (chuva-seca), o tempo gasto pelos animais apresentou semelhanças para gramíneas, herbáceas/subarbustivas, serapilheira, arbustivos/arbóreos selecionados, com exceção das bromélias e cactáceas. Na estação chuvosa, os animais despenderam maior tempo de pastejo consumindo gramíneas. Nessa mesma época, o marmeleiro (Croton hemiargyreus Mill. Arg.) foi a espécie mais selecionada em relação à catingueira (Caesalpinia pyramidalis) e ao pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium). O tempo despendido para atividade de pastejo na época de transição (chuva-seca) foi superior à época chuvosa e seca. Os caprinos, em criação extensiva na Caatinga, apresentam alta plasticidade no hábito alimentar podendo comportarse como animais pastejadores ou ramoneadores.(AU)

Potential and restrictions of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz as native forage in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Poincianella pyramidalis (catingueira) is a endemic plant of the Caatinga, selected by animals grazing on native pasture. With the aim of evaluating characteristics indicative of its nutritional quality, 10 plants were selected and identified, sampled at five different ages, were used to determine dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), mineral matter (MM), DM degradability (Deg DM), NDF degradability (Deg NDF) and in situ and in vitro leaf-tissue degradability. Phytochemical prospection was performed, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance applied to detect the presence of secondary compounds. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5%, and correlation analysis was carried out on the variables for leaf maturity in days. The levels of CP, NDF and Deg NDF showed a negative correlation with the increases in leaf age. Leaf-tissue degradation was restricted due to a physical barrier developed in the leaf fragments, which can be attributed to plant defence mechanisms. The in situ degradability of the cell wall components decreased with the increase in leaf age. The high levels of tannins and lignin, and the strong presence of flavonoids, should be considered for their anti-nutritional and pharmacological potential.

Balanço de nitrogênio e avaliação ruminal em ovinos machos e fêmeas alimentados com rações contendo torta de mamona sob diferentes tratamentos / Nitrogen balance and ruminal assessment in male and female sheepsfed rations containing castor cake under different treatments

Avaliou-se a influência de métodos alternativos de destoxificação da torta de mamona sobre o balançode nitrogênio e avaliação ruminal em ovinos, alimentados com rações experimentais isoenergéticas eisoprotéicas. Foram utilizados vinte ovinos (dez machos inteiros e dez fêmeas) em cinco tratamentos(torta de mamona não tratada, tratada com calcário calcítico, ureia, fosfato monobicálcico e autoclavada)e quatro repetições. Para o balanço de nitrogênio utilizou-se delineamento em blocos ao acaso, sendo os blocos de acordo com o sexo do animal e para as variáveis pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) odelineamento utilizado foi em parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas as rações e nas subparcelas os tempos de coleta (0, 2, 5 e 8 horas pós-prandial). Os tratamentos não influenciaram o N consumido,urinário, ureia plasmática e N uréico no plasma (NUP). O N urinário foi superior na dieta contendo tortade mamona tratada com fosfato monobicálcico (FOS) quando comparada com aquela contendo torta de mamona tratada por autoclave (ACL). Já o balanço de nitrogênio (BN) foi maior na dieta ACL quando comparada à dieta FOS. Os valores de pH e N-NH3 mantiveram-se dentro da variação normal da espécie ovina, sendo pouco influenciados pelas rações. As rações com métodos de destoxificação da torta de mamona promoveram moderadas alterações no balanço de nitrogênio com destaque para a torta de mamona autoclavada e torta de mamona tratada com calcário calcítico. Os ovinos machos apresentaram balanço de nitrogênio superior às fêmeas.(AU)

Was evaluated the influence of alternative methods of detoxification of castor cake on nitrogen balanceand ruminal evaluation in sheep fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets. Twenty sheep(ten males and ten females) were used in five treatments (castor cake untreated, treated with limestone,treated with urea, treated with phosphate monodicalcium and autoclaved) and four repetitions. Fornitrogen balance we used a randomized block design, with the blocks according to the sex and the variables pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in the experimental design was split plot, with plots in the diets subplots and the collection times (0, 2, 5 and 8 hours postprandial).The treatments did notinfluence N intake, N urinary, urea and N-urea concentration in plasma. The Urinary N was higher in diet containing castor cake treated with phosphate monodicalcium (FOS) when compared with those containing castor cake treated by autoclave (ACL). Already the nitrogen balance (BN) was higher in diet ACL when compared to FOS diet. The pH and N-NH3 were within the normal range of sheep, being little affected by diet. Diets with methods of detoxification of castor cake promoted moderate changes in nitrogen balance with emphasis on the castor cake autoclaved and treated with limestone. The males sheep showed higher nitrogen balance than females.(AU)

Impacto do pisoteio caprino sobre atributos do solo em área de caatinga / / Impact of goat trampling on soil attributes in an area of caatinga

Objetivou-se, com este experimento, avaliar o efeito do pisoteio caprino sobre a densidade e atributos hidráulicos de um solo em área de caatinga no Cariri da Paraíba. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental Bacia Escola, em São João do Cariri-PB. Os tratamentos consistiram em três taxas de lotação distribuídos em três piquetes, que foram: 3,1an/ha, 1,5an/ha e 0an/ha, durante o período de setembro de 2007 a outubro de 2008. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 20 repetições. Foram realizados ensaios de infiltração e coletadas amostras de solo no início e ao término do experimento, após aplicação dos tratamentos, para análise da densidade do solo, umidade inicial, umidade final, sorvidade e condutividade hidráulica. Os resultados mostraram que o pisoteio caprino nas áreas de caatinga, nos tempos estudados, não provoca alterações sobre a densidade, condutividade hidráulica, sorvidade e a umidade do solo. A variação dos atributos físicos do solo é decorrente das características físicas próprias do solo, mais do que da ação do pastejo caprino, independente da taxa de lotação utilizada. (AU)

The objective in this experiment was to evaluate the effect of trampling goat on the density and some soil hydraulic properties in an area of caatinga in Cariri of Paraíba. The experiment was conducted at the “Experimental Bacia School”, in São João do Cariri-PB. The treatments consisted of three stocking rates and three paddocks: 3.1an/ha, 1.5an/ha and 0an/ha, from September 2007 to October 2008. We used a completely randomized design with 20 repeatability. Infiltration tests were performed and there were collected samples of soil at the beginning at the end of the experiment, after applicating treatments for analysis of soil density, water content, initial moisture content, final moisture content, sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that the goat trampling in areas of caatinga, in the periods studied, do not cause updates on the density, hydraulics conductivity, sorptivity and soil moisture. The ranges of the attributes of the land caused most physicists features soil physics proper to that of grazing goats, regardless of the stocking rates used.(AU)

Impacto do pisoteio caprino sobre atributos do solo em área de caatinga / / Impact of goat trampling on soil attributes in an area of caatinga

Objetivou-se, com este experimento, avaliar o efeito do pisoteio caprino sobre a densidade e atributos hidráulicos de um solo em área de caatinga no Cariri da Paraíba. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental Bacia Escola, em São João do Cariri-PB. Os tratamentos consistiram em três taxas de lotação distribuídos em três piquetes, que foram: 3,1an/ha, 1,5an/ha e 0an/ha, durante o período de setembro de 2007 a outubro de 2008. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 20 repetições. Foram realizados ensaios de infiltração e coletadas amostras de solo no início e ao término do experimento, após aplicação dos tratamentos, para análise da densidade do solo, umidade inicial, umidade final, sorvidade e condutividade hidráulica. Os resultados mostraram que o pisoteio caprino nas áreas de caatinga, nos tempos estudados, não provoca alterações sobre a densidade, condutividade hidráulica, sorvidade e a umidade do solo. A variação dos atributos físicos do solo é decorrente das características físicas próprias do solo, mais do que da ação do pastejo caprino, independente da taxa de lotação utilizada.

The objective in this experiment was to evaluate the effect of trampling goat on the density and some soil hydraulic properties in an area of caatinga in Cariri of Paraíba. The experiment was conducted at the “Experimental Bacia School”, in São João do Cariri-PB. The treatments consisted of three stocking rates and three paddocks: 3.1an/ha, 1.5an/ha and 0an/ha, from September 2007 to October 2008. We used a completely randomized design with 20 repeatability. Infiltration tests were performed and there were collected samples of soil at the beginning at the end of the experiment, after applicating treatments for analysis of soil density, water content, initial moisture content, final moisture content, sorptivity and hydraulic conductivity. The results showed that the goat trampling in areas of caatinga, in the periods studied, do not cause updates on the density, hydraulics conductivity, sorptivity and soil moisture. The ranges of the attributes of the land caused most physicists features soil physics proper to that of grazing goats, regardless of the stocking rates used.

Balanço de nitrogênio e avaliação ruminal em ovinos machos e fêmeas alimentados com rações contendo torta de mamona sob diferentes tratamentos / Nitrogen balance and ruminal assessment in male and female sheepsfed rations containing castor cake under different treatments

Avaliou-se a influência de métodos alternativos de destoxificação da torta de mamona sobre o balançode nitrogênio e avaliação ruminal em ovinos, alimentados com rações experimentais isoenergéticas eisoprotéicas. Foram utilizados vinte ovinos (dez machos inteiros e dez fêmeas) em cinco tratamentos(torta de mamona não tratada, tratada com calcário calcítico, ureia, fosfato monobicálcico e autoclavada)e quatro repetições. Para o balanço de nitrogênio utilizou-se delineamento em blocos ao acaso, sendo os blocos de acordo com o sexo do animal e para as variáveis pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) odelineamento utilizado foi em parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas as rações e nas subparcelas os tempos de coleta (0, 2, 5 e 8 horas pós-prandial). Os tratamentos não influenciaram o N consumido,urinário, ureia plasmática e N uréico no plasma (NUP). O N urinário foi superior na dieta contendo tortade mamona tratada com fosfato monobicálcico (FOS) quando comparada com aquela contendo torta de mamona tratada por autoclave (ACL). Já o balanço de nitrogênio (BN) foi maior na dieta ACL quando comparada à dieta FOS. Os valores de pH e N-NH3 mantiveram-se dentro da variação normal da espécie ovina, sendo pouco influenciados pelas rações. As rações com métodos de destoxificação da torta de mamona promoveram moderadas alterações no balanço de nitrogênio com destaque para a torta de mamona autoclavada e torta de mamona tratada com calcário calcítico. Os ovinos machos apresentaram balanço de nitrogênio superior às fêmeas.

Was evaluated the influence of alternative methods of detoxification of castor cake on nitrogen balanceand ruminal evaluation in sheep fed isocaloric and isonitrogenous experimental diets. Twenty sheep(ten males and ten females) were used in five treatments (castor cake untreated, treated with limestone,treated with urea, treated with phosphate monodicalcium and autoclaved) and four repetitions. Fornitrogen balance we used a randomized block design, with the blocks according to the sex and the variables pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in the experimental design was split plot, with plots in the diets subplots and the collection times (0, 2, 5 and 8 hours postprandial).The treatments did notinfluence N intake, N urinary, urea and N-urea concentration in plasma. The Urinary N was higher in diet containing castor cake treated with phosphate monodicalcium (FOS) when compared with those containing castor cake treated by autoclave (ACL). Already the nitrogen balance (BN) was higher in diet ACL when compared to FOS diet. The pH and N-NH3 were within the normal range of sheep, being little affected by diet. Diets with methods of detoxification of castor cake promoted moderate changes in nitrogen balance with emphasis on the castor cake autoclaved and treated with limestone. The males sheep showed higher nitrogen balance than females.