Influence of eucalyptus development under soil fauna / Influência do desenvolvimento do eucalipto sob a fauna edáfica

In the implantation of forests, soil tillage can affect the soil fauna, but over the years, it is possible that forest development can recompose the biological indicators of soil quality. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different periods of eucalyptus development on community of edaphic fauna. The experiment was carried out in forest areas in the municipality of Ametista do Sul, RS. The Experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments, once 4 of the treatments were with different ages of the Eucalyptus grandis (two, four, six and eight years after trasnplant YAT); plus 2 control treatments: Native Forest and Soil Naked, with 7 collection points. To sample the edaphic fauna, it was used traps such as PROVID. Also, the edaphic fauna was sampled at the depth of 0-5 cm for the quantification of mites. It was carried out the counting of individuals at the level of order and family for the mites, the means of the groups were submitted to the Tukey test and comparisons by Orthogonal Contrasts and calculated indices of Biodiversity: Margalef Richness, Simpson dominance, Shannon diversity and Pielou uniformity. The results showed lower abundance of individuals in Naked soil, while the Native Forest presented the best Biodiversity indices. With eight years of implantation of eucalyptus there was recovered the biological quality of the soil expressed by the population of springtails. The population of oribatídeos mites increased expressively from the six years of implantation of eucalyptus.(AU)

Na implantação de florestas, o revolvimento do solo pode simplificar a fauna edáfica, porém com o passar dos anos é possível que o desenvolvimento florestal possa recompor os indicadores biológicos de qualidade do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento de eucalipto sobre a comunidade da fauna edáfica. O experimento foi realizado em área florestal no município de Ametista do Sul, RS. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos, sendo 4 tratamentos com diferentes períodos de implantação de Eucalyptus grandis (dois, quatro, seis e oito anos após o transplante - YAT) + 2 tratamentos controle - Mata Nativa e Solo Desnudo, com 7 pontos de coleta. A coleta da fauna edáfica foi por meio de armadilhas do tipo PROVID e amostras centrais de solo na profundidade de 0-5 cm para ácaros. Realizou-se a contagem de indivíduos em nível de classe ou ordem e de família para ácaros, as médias dos grupos foram submetidas ao teste de Tukey e comparações por Contrastes Ortogonais e calculados os índices de biodiversidade: Riqueza de Margalef, dominância de Simpson, Diversidade de Shannon e uniformidade de Pielou. Os resultados demonstram menor abundância de indivíduos no solo Desnudo, enquanto a Mata Nativa apresentou os melhores índices de Biodiversidade. Com oito anos de implantação de eucalipto ha recuperação da qualidade biológica do solo expressa pela população de Colêmbolos. A população de ácaros oribatídeos aumenta expressivamente a partir dos seis anos de implantação de eucalipto.(AU)

Comparison of subcutaneous inflammatory response to commercial and engineered zinc hydroxyapatite implants in rabbits / Comparação da resposta inflamatória subcutânea aos implantes de hidroxiapatita comercial e modificada com zinco em coelhos

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is widely used as a biomaterial for bone repair and metallic prostheses coating. The main limitations of the current commercial synthetic hydroxyapatite compounds include high cost and decreased availability, especially for veterinary medicine purposes. Additionally, it is thought that HA biocompatibility and bioactivity could be enhanced by the addition of metal compounds. The objective of this work was to compare the subcutaneous tissue response of commercial and engineered hydroxyapatite obtained from the bovine femur diaphysis mixed with different concentrations of hexa-hydrated Zinc Nitrate in rabbits. Twenty-Five New Zealand female rabbits were used. Five treatments were done according to HA composition (commercial HA, no Zn-HA, 0.1M Zn, 0.2M Zn, and 0.3M Zn). Each treatment was evaluated at five time-points (8, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days post-implantation). Histopathologic analysis was performed to assess inflammation by polymorphonuclear cells infiltration, neovascularization, and fibrosis. Results obtained in this work suggest that general inflammation decreased after 60 days of implantation regardless of Zn concentration. Fibrosis score was increased in the commercial HP compared to control and Zn-hydrated HA. This paper shows that bovine hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible material regardless of nitrate Zinc concentration and has the same properties of commercial hydroxyapatite.(AU)

A hidroxiapatita (HA) é amplamente utilizada como biomaterial para reparo ósseo e revestimento de próteses metálicas. As principais limitações dos atuais compostos comerciais de hidroxiapatita sintética incluem alto custo e menor disponibilidade, especialmente para fins de medicina veterinária. Além disso, acredita-se que a biocompatibilidade e a bioatividade da HA poderiam ser aumentadas pela adição de compostos metálicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a resposta tecidual subcutânea de hidroxiapatita comercial e da obtida da diáfise do fêmur bovino misturada com diferentes concentrações de nitrato de zinco hexa-hidratado em coelhos. Foram utilizadas 25 coelhas fêmeas Nova Zelândia. Cinco tratamentos foram feitos de acordo com os compostos de HA (HA comercial, no Zn-HA, 0,1M Zn, 0,2M Zn e 0,3M Zn). Cada tratamento foi avaliado em cinco momentos (oito, 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após a implantação). A análise histopatológica foi realizada para avaliar a inflamação por infiltração de células polimorfonucleares, neovascularização e fibrose. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que a inflamação geral diminuiu após 60 dias de implantação, independentemente da concentração de Zn. O escore de fibrose foi aumentado na HA comercial comparada com o controle e com a HA hidratada com Zn. Este trabalho mostra que a hidroxiapatita bovina é um material biocompatível independentemente da concentração de nitrato de zinco e possui as mesmas propriedades da hidroxiapatita comercial.(AU)

Comparison of subcutaneous inflammatory response to commercial and engineered zinc hydroxyapatite implants in rabbits / Comparação da resposta inflamatória subcutânea aos implantes de hidroxiapatita comercial e modificada com zinco em coelhos

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is widely used as a biomaterial for bone repair and metallic prostheses coating. The main limitations of the current commercial synthetic hydroxyapatite compounds include high cost and decreased availability, especially for veterinary medicine purposes. Additionally, it is thought that HA biocompatibility and bioactivity could be enhanced by the addition of metal compounds. The objective of this work was to compare the subcutaneous tissue response of commercial and engineered hydroxyapatite obtained from the bovine femur diaphysis mixed with different concentrations of hexa-hydrated Zinc Nitrate in rabbits. Twenty-Five New Zealand female rabbits were used. Five treatments were done according to HA composition (commercial HA, no Zn-HA, 0.1M Zn, 0.2M Zn, and 0.3M Zn). Each treatment was evaluated at five time-points (8, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days post-implantation). Histopathologic analysis was performed to assess inflammation by polymorphonuclear cells infiltration, neovascularization, and fibrosis. Results obtained in this work suggest that general inflammation decreased after 60 days of implantation regardless of Zn concentration. Fibrosis score was increased in the commercial HP compared to control and Zn-hydrated HA. This paper shows that bovine hydroxyapatite is a biocompatible material regardless of nitrate Zinc concentration and has the same properties of commercial hydroxyapatite.(AU)

A hidroxiapatita (HA) é amplamente utilizada como biomaterial para reparo ósseo e revestimento de próteses metálicas. As principais limitações dos atuais compostos comerciais de hidroxiapatita sintética incluem alto custo e menor disponibilidade, especialmente para fins de medicina veterinária. Além disso, acredita-se que a biocompatibilidade e a bioatividade da HA poderiam ser aumentadas pela adição de compostos metálicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a resposta tecidual subcutânea de hidroxiapatita comercial e da obtida da diáfise do fêmur bovino misturada com diferentes concentrações de nitrato de zinco hexa-hidratado em coelhos. Foram utilizadas 25 coelhas fêmeas Nova Zelândia. Cinco tratamentos foram feitos de acordo com os compostos de HA (HA comercial, no Zn-HA, 0,1M Zn, 0,2M Zn e 0,3M Zn). Cada tratamento foi avaliado em cinco momentos (oito, 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após a implantação). A análise histopatológica foi realizada para avaliar a inflamação por infiltração de células polimorfonucleares, neovascularização e fibrose. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que a inflamação geral diminuiu após 60 dias de implantação, independentemente da concentração de Zn. O escore de fibrose foi aumentado na HA comercial comparada com o controle e com a HA hidratada com Zn. Este trabalho mostra que a hidroxiapatita bovina é um material biocompatível independentemente da concentração de nitrato de zinco e possui as mesmas propriedades da hidroxiapatita comercial.(AU)

Influence of eucalyptus development under soil fauna

Abstract In the implantation of forests, soil tillage can affect the soil fauna, but over the years, it is possible that forest development can recompose the biological indicators of soil quality. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different periods of eucalyptus development on community of edaphic fauna. The experiment was carried out in forest areas in the municipality of Ametista do Sul, RS. The Experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments, once 4 of the treatments were with different ages of the Eucalyptus grandis (two, four, six and eight years after trasnplant YAT); plus 2 control treatments: Native Forest and Soil Naked, with 7 collection points. To sample the edaphic fauna, it was used traps such as PROVID. Also, the edaphic fauna was sampled at the depth of 0-5 cm for the quantification of mites. It was carried out the counting of individuals at the level of order and family for the mites, the means of the groups were submitted to the Tukey test and comparisons by Orthogonal Contrasts and calculated indices of Biodiversity: Margalef Richness, Simpson dominance, Shannon diversity and Pielou uniformity. The results showed lower abundance of individuals in Naked soil, while the Native Forest presented the best Biodiversity indices. With eight years of implantation of eucalyptus there was recovered the biological quality of the soil expressed by the population of springtails. The population of oribatídeos mites increased expressively from the six years of implantation of eucalyptus.

Resumo Na implantação de florestas, o revolvimento do solo pode simplificar a fauna edáfica, porém com o passar dos anos é possível que o desenvolvimento florestal possa recompor os indicadores biológicos de qualidade do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento de eucalipto sobre a comunidade da fauna edáfica. O experimento foi realizado em área florestal no município de Ametista do Sul, RS. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos, sendo 4 tratamentos com diferentes períodos de implantação de Eucalyptus grandis (dois, quatro, seis e oito anos após o transplante - YAT) + 2 tratamentos controle - Mata Nativa e Solo Desnudo, com 7 pontos de coleta. A coleta da fauna edáfica foi por meio de armadilhas do tipo PROVID e amostras centrais de solo na profundidade de 0-5 cm para ácaros. Realizou-se a contagem de indivíduos em nível de classe ou ordem e de família para ácaros, as médias dos grupos foram submetidas ao teste de Tukey e comparações por Contrastes Ortogonais e calculados os índices de biodiversidade: Riqueza de Margalef, dominância de Simpson, Diversidade de Shannon e uniformidade de Pielou. Os resultados demonstram menor abundância de indivíduos no solo Desnudo, enquanto a Mata Nativa apresentou os melhores índices de Biodiversidade. Com oito anos de implantação de eucalipto ha recuperação da qualidade biológica do solo expressa pela população de Colêmbolos. A população de ácaros oribatídeos aumenta expressivamente a partir dos seis anos de implantação de eucalipto.

Influence of eucalyptus development under soil fauna

Abstract In the implantation of forests, soil tillage can affect the soil fauna, but over the years, it is possible that forest development can recompose the biological indicators of soil quality. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different periods of eucalyptus development on community of edaphic fauna. The experiment was carried out in forest areas in the municipality of Ametista do Sul, RS. The Experimental design was completely randomized with 6 treatments, once 4 of the treatments were with different ages of the Eucalyptus grandis (two, four, six and eight years after trasnplant YAT); plus 2 control treatments: Native Forest and Soil Naked, with 7 collection points. To sample the edaphic fauna, it was used traps such as PROVID. Also, the edaphic fauna was sampled at the depth of 0-5 cm for the quantification of mites. It was carried out the counting of individuals at the level of order and family for the mites, the means of the groups were submitted to the Tukey test and comparisons by Orthogonal Contrasts and calculated indices of Biodiversity: Margalef Richness, Simpson dominance, Shannon diversity and Pielou uniformity. The results showed lower abundance of individuals in Naked soil, while the Native Forest presented the best Biodiversity indices. With eight years of implantation of eucalyptus there was recovered the biological quality of the soil expressed by the population of springtails. The population of oribatídeos mites increased expressively from the six years of implantation of eucalyptus.

Resumo Na implantação de florestas, o revolvimento do solo pode simplificar a fauna edáfica, porém com o passar dos anos é possível que o desenvolvimento florestal possa recompor os indicadores biológicos de qualidade do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes períodos de desenvolvimento de eucalipto sobre a comunidade da fauna edáfica. O experimento foi realizado em área florestal no município de Ametista do Sul, RS. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com 6 tratamentos, sendo 4 tratamentos com diferentes períodos de implantação de Eucalyptus grandis (dois, quatro, seis e oito anos após o transplante - YAT) + 2 tratamentos controle - Mata Nativa e Solo Desnudo, com 7 pontos de coleta. A coleta da fauna edáfica foi por meio de armadilhas do tipo PROVID e amostras centrais de solo na profundidade de 0-5 cm para ácaros. Realizou-se a contagem de indivíduos em nível de classe ou ordem e de família para ácaros, as médias dos grupos foram submetidas ao teste de Tukey e comparações por Contrastes Ortogonais e calculados os índices de biodiversidade: Riqueza de Margalef, dominância de Simpson, Diversidade de Shannon e uniformidade de Pielou. Os resultados demonstram menor abundância de indivíduos no solo Desnudo, enquanto a Mata Nativa apresentou os melhores índices de Biodiversidade. Com oito anos de implantação de eucalipto ha recuperação da qualidade biológica do solo expressa pela população de Colêmbolos. A população de ácaros oribatídeos aumenta expressivamente a partir dos seis anos de implantação de eucalipto.

Growth of tropical tree species and absorption of copper in soil artificially contaminated

Abstract Reclamation of copper contaminated sites using forest species may be an efficient alternative to reduce the negative impact. The aim of this study was to quantify the growth and evaluate the quality of seedlings of native species at different doses of copper in the soil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven replications in a factorial arrangement (3×9), using three indigenous species of plants (Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Mimosa scabrella and Apuleia leiocarpa) and nine doses of copper in the soil (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420 and 480 mg kg1).The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse which the seedlings were grown for 180 days. The experimental units were plastic pots of 125 cm3 filled with Oxisol. The results indicated that the levels of copper applied to the soil decreased the quality of seedlings and growth of Apuleia leiocarpato a lesser extent compared with Mimosa scabrella and Anadenanthera macrocarpa. Anadenanthera macrocarpa was the forest species that resulted in the lowest copper translocation from roots to shoots. In addition, the Apuleia leiocarpa exhibited high resistance and tolerance for copper in the soil and also, it is highlighted an ability for copper phytoremediation.

Resumo A recuperação de áreas contaminadas com cobre utilizando espécies florestais pode ser uma alternativa eficiente para reduzir o impacto negativo deste elemento nestas áreas. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar o crescimento e avaliar a qualidade de mudas de espécies nativas em diferentes doses de cobre no solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete repetições, em um esquema fatorial (3×9), utilizando-se três espécies nativas de plantas (Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Mimosa scabrella e Apuleia leiocarpa) e nove doses de cobre no solo (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420 e 480 mg kg1). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, onde as plantas foram cultivadas por 180 dias. As unidades experimentais foram vasos de plástico de 125 cm3, preenchidos com Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Os resultados indicaram que o nível de cobre aplicado ao solo reduziu a qualidade de plântulas e crescimento de Apuleia leiocarpa para um menor grau comparado com bracatinga e angico. Anadenanthera macrocarpa foi a espécie florestal que apresentou menor translocação de cobre a parte aérea das mudas. Além disso, a Apuleia leiocarpa exibiu elevada tolerância para o cobre no solo e também destaca-se mostrando uma capacidade para fitoremediação de áreas contaminadas com cobre.

Enzyme Supplementation of Broiler Feeds with Reduced Mineral and Energy Levels

An experiment was conducted with the purpose of evaluatingenzyme blends on the performance, carcass traits, and bonemineralization of broilers. In total, 928 one-day-old Cobb 500 malechicks of were used. A completely randomized design with fourtreatments with eight replicates of 29 birds each was adopted. Theevaluated treatments were: 1- Positive Control (PC), feed containingthe nutritional recommendations of the genetic company’s manual; 2-Negative Control (NC), feed with reductions of 75 kcal/kg AME and0.10 and 0.12 percent points of phosphorus and calcium, respectively;3 - NC + enzyme blend (amylase + β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase;250 g/t of feed) and 4 - NC + enzyme complex (phytase, amylase,xylanase, glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, and protease; 200 g/t offeed). Birds fed the diet with reduced nutrient levels (NC) presentedthe worst performance (p0.05)carcass or parts yields. The broilers fed the reduced-nutrient and energydiet presented lower (p<0.05) tibial ash, calcium, and phosphoruscontents that the other treatments. The use of enzyme combinationsimproved the performance of broilers fed diets with reduced nutrientand energy levels.

Enzyme Supplementation of Broiler Feeds with Reduced Mineral and Energy Levels

An experiment was conducted with the purpose of evaluatingenzyme blends on the performance, carcass traits, and bonemineralization of broilers. In total, 928 one-day-old Cobb 500 malechicks of were used. A completely randomized design with fourtreatments with eight replicates of 29 birds each was adopted. Theevaluated treatments were: 1- Positive Control (PC), feed containingthe nutritional recommendations of the genetic companys manual; 2-Negative Control (NC), feed with reductions of 75 kcal/kg AME and0.10 and 0.12 percent points of phosphorus and calcium, respectively;3 - NC + enzyme blend (amylase + β-glucanase, xylanase, and phytase;250 g/t of feed) and 4 - NC + enzyme complex (phytase, amylase,xylanase, glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, and protease; 200 g/t offeed). Birds fed the diet with reduced nutrient levels (NC) presentedthe worst performance (p<0.05). The supplementation of the enzymeblend promoted similar (p<0.05) weight gain and feed conversion ratioas those obtained with the PC diet during the period of 1-21 daysof age. During the phase of 22-42 days and the entire experimentalperiod, weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved with the use ofthe enzyme combinations compared with the NC group, but remainedlower than the PC group. Enzymes combinations did not affect (p>0.05)carcass or parts yields. The broilers fed the reduced-nutrient and energydiet presented lower (p<0.05) tibial ash, calcium, and phosphoruscontents that the other treatments. The use of enzyme combinationsimproved the performance of broilers fed diets with reduced nutrientand energy levels.(AU)

Growth of tropical tree species and absorption of copper in soil artificially contaminated / Crescimento de espécies arbóreas tropicais e absorção de cobre em solo artificialmente contaminado

Reclamation of copper contaminated sites using forest species may be an efficient alternative to reduce the negative impact. The aim of this study was to quantify the growth and evaluate the quality of seedlings of native species at different doses of copper in the soil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with seven replications in a factorial arrangement (3×9), using three indigenous species of plants (Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Mimosa scabrella and Apuleia leiocarpa) and nine doses of copper in the soil (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420 and 480 mg kg–1).The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse which the seedlings were grown for 180 days. The experimental units were plastic pots of 125 cm3 filled with Oxisol. The results indicated that the levels of copper applied to the soil decreased the quality of seedlings and growth of Apuleia leiocarpato a lesser extent compared with Mimosa scabrella and Anadenanthera macrocarpa. Anadenanthera macrocarpa was the forest species that resulted in the lowest copper translocation from roots to shoots. In addition, the Apuleia leiocarpa exhibited high resistance and tolerance for copper in the soil and also, it is highlighted an ability for copper phytoremediation.(AU)

A recuperação de áreas contaminadas com cobre utilizando espécies florestais pode ser uma alternativa eficiente para reduzir o impacto negativo deste elemento nestas áreas. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar o crescimento e avaliar a qualidade de mudas de espécies nativas em diferentes doses de cobre no solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com sete repetições, em um esquema fatorial (3×9), utilizando-se três espécies nativas de plantas (Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Mimosa scabrella e Apuleia leiocarpa) e nove doses de cobre no solo (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420 e 480 mg kg–1). O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, onde as plantas foram cultivadas por 180 dias. As unidades experimentais foram vasos de plástico de 125 cm3, preenchidos com Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Os resultados indicaram que o nível de cobre aplicado ao solo reduziu a qualidade de plântulas e crescimento de Apuleia leiocarpa para um menor grau comparado com bracatinga e angico. Anadenanthera macrocarpa foi a espécie florestal que apresentou menor translocação de cobre a parte aérea das mudas. Além disso, a Apuleia leiocarpa exibiu elevada tolerância para o cobre no solo e também destaca-se mostrando uma capacidade para fitoremediação de áreas contaminadas com cobre.(AU)

Copper resistance of different ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Pisolithus microcarpus, Pisolithus sp., Scleroderma sp. and Suillus sp

Environments contaminated with heavy metals negatively impact the living organisms. Ectomy­corrhizal fungi have shown important role in these impacted sites. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the copper-resistance of ectomycorrhizal fungi isolates Pisolithus microcarpus - UFSC-Pt116, Pisolithus sp. - UFSC-PT24, Suillus sp. - UFSM RA 2.8 and Scleroderma sp. - UFSC-Sc124 to different copper doses in solid and liquid media. The copper doses tested were: 0.00, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mmol L-1 in the solid medium and 0.00, 0.32, 0.64 and 0.96 mmol L-1 in the liquid medium. Copper was amended as copper sulphate in order to supplement the culture medium MNM at pH 4.8, with seven replicates to each fungus-dose combination. The fungal isolates were incubated for 30 days at 28 °C. UFSC-Pt116 showed high copper-resistance such as accessed by CL50 determinations (concentration to reduce 50% of the growth) as while as UFSC-PT24 displayed copper-resistance mechanism at 0.50 mmol L-1 in solid medium. The UFSC-PT24 and UFSC-Sc124 isolates have increased copper-resistance in liquid medium. The higher production of extracellular pigment was detected in UFSC-Pt116 cultures. The UFSC-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 isolates showed higher resistance for copper and produced higher mycelium biomass than the other isolates. In this way, the isolates UFSG-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 can be important candidates to survive in copper-contaminated areas, and can show important role in plants symbiosis in these contaminated sites.

Copper resistance of different ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Pisolithus microcarpus, Pisolithus sp., Scleroderma sp. and Suillus sp.

Environments contaminated with heavy metals negatively impact the living organisms. Ectomy­corrhizal fungi have shown important role in these impacted sites. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the copper-resistance of ectomycorrhizal fungi isolates Pisolithus microcarpus - UFSC-Pt116, Pisolithus sp. - UFSC-PT24, Suillus sp. - UFSM RA 2.8 and Scleroderma sp. - UFSC-Sc124 to different copper doses in solid and liquid media. The copper doses tested were: 0.00, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 and 1.25 mmol L-1 in the solid medium and 0.00, 0.32, 0.64 and 0.96 mmol L-1 in the liquid medium. Copper was amended as copper sulphate in order to supplement the culture medium MNM at pH 4.8, with seven replicates to each fungus-dose combination. The fungal isolates were incubated for 30 days at 28 °C. UFSC-Pt116 showed high copper-resistance such as accessed by CL50 determinations (concentration to reduce 50% of the growth) as while as UFSC-PT24 displayed copper-resistance mechanism at 0.50 mmol L-1 in solid medium. The UFSC-PT24 and UFSC-Sc124 isolates have increased copper-resistance in liquid medium. The higher production of extracellular pigment was detected in UFSC-Pt116 cultures. The UFSC-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 isolates showed higher resistance for copper and produced higher mycelium biomass than the other isolates. In this way, the isolates UFSG-Pt116 and UFSC-PT24 can be important candidates to survive in copper-contaminated areas, and can show important role in plants symbiosis in these contaminated sites.(AU)

Influência do tempo de transporte para juvenis de pacamã (Lophiosilurus alexandri) / Influence of transport time on pacama juveniles (Lophiosilurus alexandri)

The aim of this work was to evaluate different transport times for pacama juvenile (Lophiosilurus alexandri) previously trained to feed formulated diets. Four hundred and eighty-six pacama juveniles (2.52±0.71g) were submitted to 24 hours of fasting before transport. The animals were divided into nine plastic bags, with density of 54 juveniles in 5L of clean water for each bag after that inflated with pure oxygen and then sealed. Fish were transported for three hours and bags were open at 5, 6 and 7.5 hours after closing. For each time three replications were used. Survival was monitored for 96 hours post-transport. The longest time tested showed the lowest values of dissolved oxygen and pH, while the total ammonia was similar in the different treatments. Survival was 100% for different transport times after 96 hours. Some juveniles returned to feed 48 hours and the majority 72 hours after opening the bags, suggesting the efficiency of transport made at different times.(AU)

Aspectos clínicos, cirúrgicos e epidemiológicos da luxação de patela em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário, no período de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2010: estudo retrospectivo / Clinical, surgical and epidemiological aspects of the patella luxation in dogs examined at the Veterinary Hospital in the period from January 2000 to July 2010: A retrospective study

Avaliaram-se, por meio de estudo retrospectivo, o perfil epidemiológico, os sinais clínicos, as técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas e a recuperação de cães apresentados para tratamento de luxação de patela no Hospital Veterinário da UFMG, no período de 2000 a 2010. Utilizaram-se as fichas clínico-cirúrgicas dos cães e registraram-se os dados referentes a cada animal. Foram estudadas 342 articulações nos registros de 210 animais. A luxação medial congênita bilateral foi a apresentação mais frequente, e as fêmeas foram mais acometidas. A idade dos animais variou de 32 dias a 16 anos, com maior ocorrência da luxação nos animais com até um ano de idade e massa corporal inferior a 9,1kg. Em 11,7% dos membros, a luxação era de grau I, em 39,8% grau II, em 20,5% grau III e em 28% grau IV. A frequência de claudicação pré-operatória foi maior nos cães com luxações graus III e IV. Das 342 articulações, 218 foram submetidas à cirurgia. Na avaliação pós-operatória, os animais com luxação grau IV mostraram maior frequência de claudicação. A luxação patelar acomete principalmente fêmeas, sendo a luxação congênita bilateral a apresentação mais comum, e animais jovens e de pequeno porte são mais susceptíveis. A recuperação funcional pós-operatória nas luxações grau IV é lenta e parcial.(AU)

The epidemiological profile, clinical signs, and surgical techniques used and the recovery of dogs presented for treatment of patellar luxation in the Veterinary Hospital of UFMG in the period from 2000 to 2010 were evaluated through a retrospective study. The clinical and surgical records of dogs and the data recorded for each animal were used. 342 joints in the records of 210 animals were studied. The congenital bilateral medial luxation was the most frequent occurrence and females were more affected. The age of the animals ranged from 32 days to 16 years, with higher incidence of luxation in animals under one year of age and body mass below 9.1kg. In 11.7% of the members had grade I luxation, 39.8% were grade II, 20.5% were grade III and 28% were grade IV. The frequency of preoperative claudicating was higher in dogs with luxation grades III and IV. Of the 342 joints, 218 underwent surgery. In the postoperative evaluation of animals, those with grade IV luxation showed higher claudicating frequency. The patellar luxation mainly affects females, and the bilateral congenital luxation is the most common occurrence, and young and small animals are more likely to have it. Functional recovery postoperative luxation in grade IV is slow and partial.(AU)

Uso de plasma rico em plaquetas intra-articulares como tratamento pós-cirúrgico da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial num cão / The use of intra-articular platelet rich-plasma as a postsurgical treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in a dog

Relata-se o caso de um cão que recebeu injeções intra-articulares de plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) durante o pós-operatório do tratamento cirúrgico de ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr). Os resultados clínicos e da avaliação da marcha mediante plataforma de força neste paciente sugerem a utilização de injeções intra-articulares de PRP como terapia pós-cirúrgica no tratamento da RLCCr.(AU)

We report the case of a dog that received intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) during the postoperative period of surgical treatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. Clinical, and gait analysis by the force plate in this patient might suggest the use of intra-articular injections of PRP as a post-surgical therapy in the treatment of CCL rupture.(AU)

Estudo de características de produção de matrizes de corte por meio da análise de componentes principais / Study of meat-type chickens production traits by principal components analysis

Avaliou-se o descarte de variáveis de produção, em análises de componentes principais, de três linhagens de matrizes de corte do Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, utilizando informações de 270 aves, sendo 90 de cada linhagem. As características analisadas foram dias para postura do primeiro ovo (DPPO), taxa de postura da 22ª a 56ª semana (TP), peso médio individual na 32ª (PMI1), na 40ª (PMI2), na 48ª (PMI3), na 56ª (PMI4) e na 64ª semana (PMI5) e peso médio do ovo, obtido pela média da pesagem de três ovos na 32ª (PMO1), na 40ª (PMO2), na 48ª (PMO3), na 56ª (PMO4) e na 64ª semana (PMO5). Dos 12 componentes principais, sete apresentaram variância menor do que 0,7 (autovalor menor do que 0,7), sugerindo-se sete variáveis para descarte. As variáveis descartadas foram aquelas que apresentaram maiores coeficientes, em valor absoluto, a partir do último componente principal. Observou-se correlação linear simples e significativa entre as variáveis descartadas e as não descartadas, que indica redundância de variáveis, razão do descarte. Recomendam-se as variáveis: DPPO, TP, PM14, PMO1 e PMO4 para o estudo de características da produção de matrizes de frango de corte por meio da análise de componentes principais.(AU)

Records of 270 meat-type chickens from three lines, 90 of each one, were used to discard variables in a principal component analysis. Data were obtained from meat-type chicken lines of the genetic breeding program of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The following traits were evaluated: days at first egg (DFE), egg production rate (EPR) from 22nd to 56th week, body weights at 32nd (BW1), 40th (BW2), 48th (BW3), 56th (BW4), and 64th weeks of age (BW5), and average of three egg weights, at 32nd (EW1), 40th (EW2), 48th (EW3), 56th (EW4) and at 64th weeks (EW5). From the 12 principal components, seven showed variance lower than 0,7 (eigenvalue lower than 0,7), suggesting seven variables to be discarded. Variables which showed the highest coefficients, in absolute value, in the last principal component were discarded. Highly correlated variables with the smaller principal components variance explain a small part of the whole variation. In addition, discarded variables in function of the significant simple linear correlation with the nondiscorded variable, were considered redundants. The variables DFE, EPR, BW4, EW1, and EW4 are recommended for principal component analysis of broiler matrix.(AU)