Replacing corn silage with extruded forage in sheep feeding

The objective was to evaluate levels of replacement of corn silage with extruded forage (Foragge®) in sheep feeding. Twenty adult Santa Inês ewes in maintenance, and 55.8 kg average weight were housed in metabolic cages, and the treatments consisted of 20, 40, 60 and 80% replacement of corn silage with Foragge®extruded forage with 60% Uruchloa brizanthain the diet. The design was completely randomized, with regression analysis and non-parametric analysis at 5% probability. The supply of up to 80% extruded roughage to replace corn silage increased dry matter intake and digestibility, and fecal output in dry matter (p < 0.05). Also, it increased the efficiency of ingestion, rumination and chewing activities of sheep, but did not alter urinary parameters and energy metabolites (p > 0.05). However, it reduced the concentration of uric acid (p < 0.05). Foragge®extruded roughage can replace corn silage by up to 80% with changes in intake, digestibility, fecal parameters, ingestive behavior and concentration of uric acid and urea, with no modifications in urinary parameters and energy metabolites.(AU)

Pharmacopuncture with a low dosage of B complex vitamins in the Da Zhui acupoint (Governing Vessel 14) for controlling gastrointestinal parasitism in periparturient ewes / Farmacopuntura com dose baixa de vitaminas do complexo B no acuponto Da Zhui (Vaso Governador 14) para o controle da parasitose gastrintestinal em ovelhas no periparto

Gastrointestinal parasites are a significant challenge in sheep farming, and periparturient ewes are one of the most susceptible categories in sheep flocks. This study aimed to verify whether the injection of B vitamins at the acupuncture point governing vessel 14 (GV14) can influence the parasitic load or host-parasite interaction in naturally infected ewes during the peripartum period. Four weeks before parturition, 25 ewes were divided into five treatment groups: (1) Dose Control: 0.2 mL of B complex via IM; (2) Drug Control: 2 mL Complex B via IM; (3) Acupoint Control: 0.2 mL of Water at GV14 point; (4) Control; (5) Test group: 0.2 mL of B complex at the GV14 point. Treatments were performed at weeks -3, -1, 2, 4, and 6 about the parturition time. Fecal samples to estimate the parasitic load by fecal egg counts (FEC) and total blood samples for hemogram examination were performed seven days after the treatment, coinciding with weeks -2, 3, 5, and 7 about the parturition time. The number of peripheral eosinophils was higher in group 3 than in group 1 (p <0.05). Although groups 3 and 5 had lower mean values of FEC and higher hematological values at the time of weaning, these differences were not statistically significant (p> 0.05) according to the F test. However, all animals in groups 3 and 5 maintained low parasitism levels until the end of the experiment. Further studies should be performed with larger sample sizes and minor changes to the experimental protocol to elucidate the role of GV14 acupoint stimulation in the host-parasite relationship.(AU)

A parasitose gastrointestinal é o principal desafio sanitário para a criação de ovinos a pasto, e as ovelhas no periparto são uma das categorias mais susceptíveis a esta infeção no rebanho. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se a injeção de vitaminas do complexo B no acuponto Vaso Governador 14 (VG14) poderia influenciar a carga parasitária ou modular a interação hospedeiro-parasito em ovelhas naturalmente infectadas no período de periparto. Quatro semanas antes da data prevista para o parto, 25 ovelhas foram divididas em cinco grupos de tratamento (1) Controle da dose: 0,2 mL de vitaminas do complexo B via IM; (2) Controle do fármaco: 2mL complexo B via IM; (3) Controle do Ponto: 0,2 mL de água destilada no ponto VG14; (4) Controle sem tratamento; (5) Grupo teste: 0,2 mL de complexo B no pontoVG14. Estes tratamentos foram realizados nas semanas -3; -1; 2; 4 e 6 em relação à data do parto. Amostras de fezes para contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), assim como amostras de sangue para realizar o hemograma, foram obtidas dos animais sete dias após os tratamentos, coincidindo com as semanas -2, 3, 5 e 7 do parto. O número de eosinófilos periféricos foi superior no grupo 3 se comparado ao grupo 1 (p <0,05). Os animais dos grupos 3 e 5 tiveram menores valores de OPG e maior hematócrito, mas estas diferenças não foram consideradas significativas pelo teste F (p> 0,05). No entanto, todas as ovelhas dos grupos 3 e 5 se mantiveram com níveis baixos de parasitismo durante todo o experimento. Sugere-se que novos estudos sejam realizados com algumas modificações deste protocolo a fim de aprofundar o conhecimento do potencial imunomodulador do acuponto VG14.(AU)

Economic valuations for technical indicators in sheep production / Valoração econômica para indicadores técnicos na produção de ovinos

The objectives of this work were to identify and model the interrelationships among zootechnical indicators manifested in sheep production from an intensive system in Brazil and to ascertain the impact of these indicators on the economic and productive outcomes from management operations. To this end, two multiple regression models were developed to determine which indicators had influence, and in what proportion, on the quantity of kilograms of lambs sold in the system. In order to determine the effects of the FAMACHA© scores on ewes during breeding and lambing, as related to the production quantity in kilograms of weaned sheep, two analyses of one-factor variance were designed, in which the absolute (AEV) and relative (REV) economic values were assigned to zootechnical indicators. This approach was taken in order to verify which indices have the greatest effects on profit and, consequently, should be prioritized in the selection criteria. The primary indicators were found to be the prolificacy, ewe weight at lambing, ewe age at lambing, average daily gain, offspring survival and the FAMACHA© score of the ewe at birth and at lambing; their significance (P<0.05) determined the number of kilograms of lambs produced in the system. The indicator with the highest AEV and REV was the age of the ewe at lambing, with US$ 3.78 year-1 ewe-1and 54.09%, respectively. FAMACHA© score 1 provided the highest return to the system, with an absolute economic value of US$ 1.09 ewe-1 at breeding and US$ 1.71 ewe-1 at lambing. Scores 4 and 5 caused damage to both breeding and lambing, with -US$ 1.15 ewe-1 and -US$ 1.44 ewe-1 for score 4, and -US$ 1.24 ewe-1 and -US$ 1.76 ewe-1 for score 5 at breeding and at lambing, respectively. The findings indicated that the producer can manipulate the flock culling rate to increase the age of the dams in order to guarantee a greater productivity of sheep. Another indication would be to apply selection criteria to ensure an increase in the number of superior animals present in the system, especially animals that are resilient to worms. This strategy can facilitate increased profits without the need to significantly increase expenditure on inputs.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram de identificar e modelar as inter-relações entre indicadores zootécnicos utilizados na produção de ovinos, em um sistema intensivo no Brasil, e verificar o impacto desses indicadores nos resultados econômicos e produtivos da propriedade. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos dois modelos de regressão múltipla para determinar quais indicadores influenciaram, e em que proporção, a quantidade de quilogramas de cordeiros vendidos no sistema. A fim de determinar os efeitos dos graus FAMACHA© das ovelhas durante a monta e parto, em relação à quantidade de produção em quilogramas de cordeiros desmamados, foram realizadas duas análises de variância de um fator, nas quais valores econômicos absoluto (VEA) e relativo (VER) foram atribuídos aos indicadores zootécnicos. Essa abordagem foi feita com o objetivo de verificar quais índices têm maiores efeitos no lucro e, consequentemente, devem ser priorizados nos critérios de seleção. Os principais indicadores foram a prolificidade, peso da ovelha ao parto, idade da ovelha ao parto, ganho médio diário, sobrevivência da prole e grau FAMACHA© da ovelha ao nascimento e ao parto; sua significância (P<0,05) determinou o número de quilogramas de cordeiros produzidos no sistema. O indicador com maior VEA e VER foi a idade da ovelha ao parto, com US$ 3,78 ano-1 ovelha-1 e 54,09%, respectivamente. O grau FAMACHA© 1 proporcionou o maior retorno ao sistema, com valor econômico absoluto de US$ 1,09 ovelha-1 na monta e US$ 1,71 ovelha-1 no parto. Os graus 4 e 5 causaram prejuízos tanto à monta quanto ao parto, com -US$ 1,15 ovelha-1 e -US$ 1,44 ovelha-1 para o grau 4, e -US$ 1,24 ovelha-1 e -US$ 1,76 ovelha-1 para o grau 5 na monta e no parto, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram que o produtor pode manipular a taxa de descarte do rebanho para aumentar a idade das matrizes a fim de garantir uma maior produtividade das ovelhas. Outra indicação seria a aplicação de critérios de seleção para garantir o aumento do número de animais superiores presentes no sistema, principalmente animais resistentes a helmintoses. Essa estratégia pode facilitar o aumento dos lucros sem a necessidade de aumentar significativamente os gastos com insumos.

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.(AU)

Nutritional and metabolic parameters of ewe lambs fed yeast in the diet containing fibrolytic enzyme / Parâmetros nutricionais e metabólicos de borregas alimentadas com leveduras na ração contendo enzima fibrolítica

This study aimed to evaluate the dry matter digestibility, intake and metabolic profile of ewe lambs fed active or inactive yeasts in the diet containing fibrolytic enzyme. Twenty crossbred animals with an average weight of 33.4kg and an average age of six months were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of yeasts: Control (no yeast), Milk Sacc X® (active yeast), Active Flora®(active yeast + inactive yeast) and Rumen Yeast®(inactive yeast). Analysis of variance and SNK test were applied with a significance level of 5% for type I error. There was no difference for dry matter intake between treatments (P>0.05). There was a significant trend (P=0.0596) for dry matter digestibility, with higher values for the control treatment. There was a significant trend for blood metabolites (P=0.0705), in which the diet containing Milk Sacc® was superior to the other treatments for total protein concentration. In addition, there was a statistical difference (P<0.05) for urea concentration, in which control and Active Flora® treatments were superior to the others. The inclusion of active or inactive yeasts in the diet for ewe lambs containing fibrolytic enzyme reduces dietary digestibility, without affecting the dry matter intake, in addition, it increases urea and total protein levels without causing liver or kidney damage in ewe lambs.

Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade da matéria seca, consumo e perfil metabólico de borregas alimentadas com leveduras vivas e inativadas na ração contendo enzima fibrolítica. Foram utilizados vinte animais mestiços com peso médio de 33,4kg e idade média de seis meses, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram nas leveduras: Controle (sem levedura), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa), Active Flora®(levedura viva mais levedura inativada) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa). Foi realizada à análise variância e teste SNK com nível de significância de 5% para o erro tipo I. Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para consumo de matéria seca com uso ou não de levedura na dieta (P>0,05). Houve tendência significativa (P=0,0596) para a digestibilidade da matéria seca sendo superior para com o tratamento sem inclusão de leveduras. Para os metabólitos sanguíneos houve tendência significativa (P=0,0705) sendo o Milk Sacc® superior aos demais tratamentos para concentração de proteínas totais. Além disso, houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) para concentração de ureia cujos tratamentos controle e Active Flora® foram superiores aos demais. A inclusão de leveduras vivas ou inativadas na dieta para borregas contendo enzima fibrolítica diminui a digestibilidade da dieta, sem afetar o consumo de matéria seca, além disso, aumenta teores de ureia e proteínas totais sem causar prejuízos hepáticos ou renais as borregas.

Reference interval of biochemical parameters of lactating sheep in the tropics / Intervalo de referência de parâmetros bioquímicos de ovelhas lactantes nos trópicos

The objective was to estimate the reference intervals of biochemical parameters of lactating ewes in the tropics. Information on up to 290 lactating ewes was compiled from 2006 to 2017. All animals were healthy and were not subjected to forced malnutrition. Animals were raised in different management systems (pasture, total confinement, partial confinement, collective and/or individual confinement). The biochemical profile consisted of information on cholesterol, triglycerides, fructosamine, HDL (high density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), total protein (TP), uric acid, urea, albumin, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Reference values were estimated using the Dixon test, when parametric, and by boostrap, when non-parametric, with a 95% confidence interval. Estimated intervals were 36.3 - 94; 262.22 - 450.66; 7 - 43; 18.6 - 69.4; 1.4 - 8.4; 0.61 - 1.66; 5.4 - 11; 0 - 1.4; 8.4 - 61.5; 1.9 - 3.57 for cholesterol, fructosamine, triglycerides, HDL, VLDL, creatinine, TP, uric acid, urea and albumin, respectively. For enzymes and mineral profile, 59 - 160; 37.9 - 127.8; 30 - 190; 8.23 - 12.45; 3.7 - 8.5; 1.7 - 3.8 for AST, GGT, ALP, Ca, P, and Mg, respectively. It can be concluded that the biochemical parameters of lactating ewes in the tropics are different from those determined in the literature.

Objetivou-se estimar os intervalos de referência dos parâmetros bioquímicos de ovelhas lactantes nos trópicos. Foram compiladas informações de até 290 ovelhas lactantes no período de 2006 a 2017. Todos os animais eram saudáveis e não passaram por condições de desnutrição forçada. Os animais foram criados em diferentes sistemas de manejo (pasto, confinamento total, semiconfinamento, confinamento coletivo e/ou individual). O perfil bioquímico constituiu informações de colesterol, triglicerídeos, frutosamina, HDL (lipoproteína de alta densidade), VLDL (lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade), proteínas totais, ácido úrico, ureia, albumina, creatinina, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio, AST (aspartato aminotransferase), GGT (gama glutamil transferase) e fosfatase alcalina (FA). Os valores de referência foram estimados através do teste de Dixon, quando paramétrico e por boostrap quando não paramétrico, sendo o intervalo de confiança a 95% de probabilidade. Os intervalos estimados foram 36,3 - 94; 262,22 - 450,66; 7 - 43; 18,6 - 69,4; 1,4 - 8,4; 0,61 - 1,66; 5,4 - 11; 0 - 1,4; 8,4 - 61,5; 1,9 - 3,57 para colesterol, frutosanima, trigligeríceos, HDL, VLDL, creatinina, PT, ácido úrico, ureia e albumina, respectivamente. Para as enzimas e o perfil mineral foram 59 - 160; 37,9 - 127,8; 30 - 190; 8,23 - 12,45; 3,7 - 8,5; 1,7 - 3,8 para AST, GGT, FA, Ca, P, e Mg, respectivamente. Conclui-se que os parâmetros bioquímicos das ovelhas lactantes nos trópicos são discrepantes aos determinados na literatura.

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge®with different additives onintake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance.There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p>0.05).As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogenand nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p>0.05).However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor®treatment (p<0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.(AU)

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet / Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.  

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.  

Use of active and inactive yeasts in lamb diets: intake, digestibility, and metabolism / Uso de leveduras ativas e inativas na dieta de cordeiros: consumo, digestibilidade e metabolismo

This study aims to evaluate the use of active, inactive plus active, and inactive yeasts on the consumption of dry matter, water, and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, urinary parameters, and serum metabolites of lambs. Twenty crossbred lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês) were used, with an initial average body weight of 31.89 kg and seven months of age, distributed in a completely randomized design. Treatments were Control group (without yeasts); Active Flora® (ICC), live yeast plus inactivated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2.0 x 1010 UFC g-1) in the dose of 0.003 kg of animal dry matter -1 day-1,; Milk Sacc X® (Alltech®), active yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026, 5.0 x 108 UFC g-1 - at the dose of 0.0015 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1; and Rumen Yeast® (York Ag Products INC.), inactive yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae,1.5 x 104 UFC g-1 - in the dose of 0.0045 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1. Variance analysis and the SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) test were performed considering 5% significance. For glycemic concentrations over time, regression analysis at 5% significance were performed. The fecal score, as a non-parametric variable, was assessed by the Kruskal and Wallis test at a 5% significance level. There was a statistical difference (P 0.05). The average dry matter intake was 1.16 ± 0.16 kg day-1, whereas the dry matter digestibility was 85.40 ± 2.73%. It was concluded that active and/or inactive yeasts can be used as additives in the diet of lambs, maintaining the intake and digestibility of dry matter without causing metabolic disturbances.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de leveduras ativas, inativas mais ativas e inativas sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e dos metabólitos séricos de borregas. Utilizou-se 20 borregas mestiças Dorper x Santa Inês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 31,89 kg e sete meses de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em Controle, sem uso de enzimas, e no uso das leveduras Active Flora® (levedura viva junto a levedura inativada - Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, com 2,0 x 1010 UFC g-1), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa - Saccharomyces C. 1026, 5,0 x 108 UFC g-1) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa - Saccharomyces C. com 1,5 x 104 UFC g-1). Foi realizado uma análise de variância e um teste SNK considerando 5% de significância. Para as concentrações glicêmicas ao longo do tempo foi realizada uma análise de regressão a 5% de significância. O escore fecal, por ser uma variável não paramétrica, foi avaliado pelo teste Kruskal e Wallis à significância de 5%. Observou-se a diferença estatística (P 0,05). A média de consumo da matéria seca foi de 1,16±0,16 kg dia-1, já a digestibilidade da matéria seca foi de 85,40 ±2,73%. Concluiu-se que as leveduras ativas e/ou inativas podem ser utilizadas como aditivos na dieta de borregas, mantendo o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca sem causar distúrbios metabólicos.

Use of active and inactive yeasts in lamb diets: intake, digestibility, and metabolism / Uso de leveduras ativas e inativas na dieta de cordeiros: consumo, digestibilidade e metabolismo

This study aims to evaluate the use of active, inactive plus active, and inactive yeasts on the consumption of dry matter, water, and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, urinary parameters, and serum metabolites of lambs. Twenty crossbred lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês) were used, with an initial average body weight of 31.89 kg and seven months of age, distributed in a completely randomized design. Treatments were Control group (without yeasts); Active Flora® (ICC), live yeast plus inactivated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2.0 x 1010 UFC g-1) in the dose of 0.003 kg of animal dry matter -1 day-1,; Milk Sacc X® (Alltech®), active yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026, 5.0 x 108 UFC g-1 - at the dose of 0.0015 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1; and Rumen Yeast® (York Ag Products INC.), inactive yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae,1.5 x 104 UFC g-1 - in the dose of 0.0045 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1. Variance analysis and the SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) test were performed considering 5% significance. For glycemic concentrations over time, regression analysis at 5% significance were performed. The fecal score, as a non-parametric variable, was assessed by the Kruskal and Wallis test at a 5% significance level. There was a statistical difference (P< 0.05) in fecal dry matter (FDM), where the Active Flora® treatment was inferior to the others. The use of different yeasts did not change the intake and digestibility of dry matter, water, urinary parameters, and serum concentrations of energy, protein, and liver metabolites (P> 0.05). The average dry matter intake was 1.16 ± 0.16 kg day-1, whereas the dry matter digestibility was 85.40 ± 2.73%. It was concluded that active and/or inactive yeasts can be used as additives in the diet of lambs, maintaining the intake and digestibility of dry matter without causing metabolic disturbances.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de leveduras ativas, inativas mais ativas e inativas sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e dos metabólitos séricos de borregas. Utilizou-se 20 borregas mestiças Dorper x Santa Inês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 31,89 kg e sete meses de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em Controle, sem uso de enzimas, e no uso das leveduras Active Flora® (levedura viva junto a levedura inativada - Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, com 2,0 x 1010 UFC g-1), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa - Saccharomyces C. 1026, 5,0 x 108 UFC g-1) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa - Saccharomyces C. com 1,5 x 104 UFC g-1). Foi realizado uma análise de variância e um teste SNK considerando 5% de significância. Para as concentrações glicêmicas ao longo do tempo foi realizada uma análise de regressão a 5% de significância. O escore fecal, por ser uma variável não paramétrica, foi avaliado pelo teste Kruskal e Wallis à significância de 5%. Observou-se a diferença estatística (P< 0,05) na matéria seca fecal (MSF), onde o tratamento Active Flora® se mostrou inferior aos demais. O uso de diferentes leveduras não modificou o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e das concentrações séricas dos metabólitos energéticos, proteicos e hepáticos (P> 0,05). A média de consumo da matéria seca foi de 1,16±0,16 kg dia-1, já a digestibilidade da matéria seca foi de 85,40 ±2,73%. Concluiu-se que as leveduras ativas e/ou inativas podem ser utilizadas como aditivos na dieta de borregas, mantendo o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca sem causar distúrbios metabólicos.(AU)

Different roughage to concentrate ratios in extruded ration and metabolic parameters of growing lambs / Diferentes relações de volumoso e concentrado na ração extrusada e parâmetros metabólicos de borregas em crescimento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dry matter intake and metabolic parameters of 30 lambs fed with extruded ration with different roughage to concentrate ratios. It was carried out at the Federal University of Uberlândia from 7 December 2016 to 22 March 2017. The treatments were extruded rations, at 30% roughage and 70% concentrate (30R:70C) and 70% roughage and 30% concentrate (70R:30C) ratios, distributed completely randomly with two treatments and 15 animals per treatment. The treatment means were evaluated by the Tukey test and a regression study with a significance level of 5%. The dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated. Blood was collected via jugular venipuncture to determine the concentration of energy-related, protein and mineral metabolites as well as enzymes indicative of hepatic and muscular activity. There was lower DMI for the 30R:70C treatment, as well as reduction in DMI in relation to body weight at the end of the experiment. The treatments influenced urea: animals with higher urea concentrations consumed the ration with higher concentrate content. Further, animals fed with more roughage had a higher concentration of phosphorus. In conclusion, the roughage to concentrate ratio of the extruded ration influenced the dry matter intake without triggering metabolic disorders in the animals.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de matéria seca e parâmetros metabólicos de 30 borregas alimentadas com ração extrusada em diferentes relações volumoso (V): concentrado (C). O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, de 07 de dezembro de 2016 a 22 de março de 2017. Os tratamentos consistiam de ração extrusada nas relações 30V:70C e 70V:30C, distribuídas inteiramente ao acaso com dois tratamentos e 15 repetições. As médias dos tratamentos foram avaliadas pelo teste de Tukey e os períodos de coleta por estudo de regressão ao nível de significância de 5%. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), concentração sanguínea dos metabólitos energéticos, proteicos e minerais e concentração sanguínea de enzimas indicadoras de atividade hepática e muscular através de coleta de sangue por venopunção da jugular. Houve menor CMS para o tratamento 30V:70C, e redução do CMS em relação ao peso corporal no final do experimento. Houve influência dos tratamentos para a ureia com maior concentração nos animais consumindo a ração com maior teor de concentrado, enquanto houve maior concentração do fósforo nos animais alimentados com ração com maior teor de volumoso. A relação volumoso: concentrado da ração extrusada exerce influencia sobre o consumo de matéria seca, sem desencadear transtornos metabólicos nos animais.(AU)

Effect of the inclusion of lysine and methionine on the nutritional performance and ingestive behavior of lambs / Efeito da inclusão de lisina e metionina protegidas sobre o desempenho nutricional e comportamento ingestivo de borregas

Lysine and methionine are the most limiting amino acids for ruminants; their inclusion in the free form is not effective, since they are quickly degraded by ruminal microorganisms, making the fulfillment of the requirements of metabolizable protein difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including different levels of lysine and methionine, protected from ruminal degradation, in the diet of lambs; more specifically, their effects on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Capim Branco, Federal University of Uberlândia, from September to October 2016. Five 1/2Dorper x 1/2Santa Inês lambs, at approximately eight months of age and an average weight of 50 kg, were distributed in a 5x5 Latin square design, with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of different levels (0 g, 8 g, 16 g, 24 g and 32 g) of lysine and methionine added to the diet, protected from ruminal degradation (MicroPEARLS LM ®). The feed was composed of corn silage and concentrate (30V: 70C), offered twice daily at 08h00 and 16h00. The experiment lasted 75 days and was divided into five phases. Each phase lasted 15 days, with 10 days for adaptation of the animals and five days of data collection. The animals were kept in individual metabolic cages, with a feeder, drinker and salt shaker...(AU)

Lisina e metionina são os aminoácidos mais limitantes para ruminantes. Sua inclusão na forma livre não é eficaz, visto que os microrganismos ruminais os degradam rapidamente, dificultando o atendimento das exigências de proteína metabolizável. Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de diferentes teores de lisina e metionina protegidos da degradação ruminal na ração de borregas, sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio e comportamento ingestivo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Capim Branco, da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, no período de setembro à outubro de 2016.Foram utilizadas cinco borregas 1/2 Dorper x 1/2Santa Inês, com aproximadamente oito meses de idade e peso médio de 50 kg, distribuídas em esquema quadrado latino 5x5, sendo cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de diferentes teores de lisina e metionina protegidos da degradação ruminal (MicroPEARLS LM®) na ração, sendo: 0g, 8g, 16g, 24g e 32g. A ração era composta por silagem de milho e concentrado, na proporção 30V:70C, sendo ofertadas duas vezes ao dia (8 e 16 horas). O experimento teve duração de 75 dias, sendo divido em cinco fases. Cada fase teve duração de quinze dias, sendo dez dias de adaptação dos animais e cinco dias de coleta de dados.Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas individuais, dispostas de comedouro, bebedouros e saleiro. Foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade para determinar o consumo e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro e ácido (FDN/FDA). Foram obtidos o volume e densidade de urina, peso das fezes e escore fecal, balanço de nitrogênio e estudo de comportamento ingestivo. Os consumos de MS (kg dia-1), e em relação ao peso metabólico e corporal, apresentaram equações...(AU)

Nutritional parameters of lambs fed extruded ration with different roughage to concentrate ratios / Parâmetros nutricionais de cordeiros alimentados com ração extrusada em diferentes relações volumoso: concentrado

The objective of our study was to compare the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and the nitrogen balance, of lambs fed extruded ration with different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Experimental Farm Capim Branco, from 7 December 2016 to 6 January 2017. Ten lambs (Santa Inês × Dorper) aged between four and five months, and with a mean weight of 25.9 ± 2.8 kg, were used. The animals were placed in metabolic cages equipped with a feeder, drinking fountain, and salt shaker, and which had a wooden slatted floor. The treatments consisted of extruded ration with 30R:70C or 70R:30C. Treatments were distributed in a randomised, complete block design, with each treatment being performed twice and with ten replications. The experiment was carried out in two blocked stages. Differences in the means of treatments were evaluated by Tukeys test at a significance level of 5%. Intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, water intake by animals, and nitrogen balance were also analysed. The 30R:70C treatment resulted in a lower intake of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and hemicellulose, and caused higher dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. The 30R:70C treatment also resulted in a lower intake and faecal excretion of nitrogen, consequently establishing a higher ratio between retained and ingested nitrogen. In conclusion, the ration with 30R:70C results in lower intake, and better utilisation of nutrients by the animal.(AU)

Objetivou-se comparar o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, e o balanço de nitrogênio de cordeiros alimentados com ração extrusada em diferentes relações volumoso (V):concentrado (C). O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Fazenda Experimental Capim Branco, no período de 07 de dezembro de 2016 a 06 de janeiro de 2017. Foram utilizados 10 cordeiros, mestiços (Santa Inês x Dorper), com idade entre quatro e cinco meses, e peso médio de 25,9 ± 2,8 kg. Os animais foram alocados em gaiolas metabólicas providas de comedouro, bebedouro, saleiro e piso ripado de madeira. Os tratamentos consistiam de ração extrusada nas relações 30V:70C e 70V:30C, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos e dez repetições por tratamento. O experimento foi feito em duas fases blocadas. As médias dos tratamentos foram avaliadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de significância de 5%. Foram analisados o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, o consumo de água pelos animais e o balanço de nitrogênio. O tratamento 30V:70C apresentou menor consumo de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose, e apresentou maior digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro. Apresentou menor consumo e excreção fecal de nitrogênio, consequentemente estabelecendo maior relação entre nitrogênio retido e nitrogênio ingerido. A ração extrusada com relação 30V:70C proporciona menor consumo e melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes pelo animal.(AU)

Nutritional parameters of lambs fed extruded ration with different roughage to concentrate ratios / Parâmetros nutricionais de cordeiros alimentados com ração extrusada em diferentes relações volumoso: concentrado

The objective of our study was to compare the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, and the nitrogen balance, of lambs fed extruded ration with different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Experimental Farm Capim Branco, from 7 December 2016 to 6 January 2017. Ten lambs (Santa Inês × Dorper) aged between four and five months, and with a mean weight of 25.9 ± 2.8 kg, were used. The animals were placed in metabolic cages equipped with a feeder, drinking fountain, and salt shaker, and which had a wooden slatted floor. The treatments consisted of extruded ration with 30R:70C or 70R:30C. Treatments were distributed in a randomised, complete block design, with each treatment being performed twice and with ten replications. The experiment was carried out in two blocked stages. Differences in the means of treatments were evaluated by Tukeys test at a significance level of 5%. Intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, water intake by animals, and nitrogen balance were also analysed. The 30R:70C treatment resulted in a lower intake of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and hemicellulose, and caused higher dry matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibility. The 30R:70C treatment also resulted in a lower intake and faecal excretion of nitrogen, consequently establishing a higher ratio between retained and ingested nitrogen. In conclusion, the ration with 30R:70C results in lower intake, and better utilisation of nutrients by the animal.

Objetivou-se comparar o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, e o balanço de nitrogênio de cordeiros alimentados com ração extrusada em diferentes relações volumoso (V):concentrado (C). O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Fazenda Experimental Capim Branco, no período de 07 de dezembro de 2016 a 06 de janeiro de 2017. Foram utilizados 10 cordeiros, mestiços (Santa Inês x Dorper), com idade entre quatro e cinco meses, e peso médio de 25,9 ± 2,8 kg. Os animais foram alocados em gaiolas metabólicas providas de comedouro, bebedouro, saleiro e piso ripado de madeira. Os tratamentos consistiam de ração extrusada nas relações 30V:70C e 70V:30C, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos e dez repetições por tratamento. O experimento foi feito em duas fases blocadas. As médias dos tratamentos foram avaliadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de significância de 5%. Foram analisados o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes, o consumo de água pelos animais e o balanço de nitrogênio. O tratamento 30V:70C apresentou menor consumo de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e hemicelulose, e apresentou maior digestibilidade da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente neutro. Apresentou menor consumo e excreção fecal de nitrogênio, consequentemente estabelecendo maior relação entre nitrogênio retido e nitrogênio ingerido. A ração extrusada com relação 30V:70C proporciona menor consumo e melhor aproveitamento dos nutrientes pelo animal.

Effect of the inclusion of lysine and methionine on the nutritional performance and ingestive behavior of lambs / Efeito da inclusão de lisina e metionina protegidas sobre o desempenho nutricional e comportamento ingestivo de borregas

Lysine and methionine are the most limiting amino acids for ruminants; their inclusion in the free form is not effective, since they are quickly degraded by ruminal microorganisms, making the fulfillment of the requirements of metabolizable protein difficult. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of including different levels of lysine and methionine, protected from ruminal degradation, in the diet of lambs; more specifically, their effects on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and ingestive behavior. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm Capim Branco, Federal University of Uberlândia, from September to October 2016. Five 1/2Dorper x 1/2Santa Inês lambs, at approximately eight months of age and an average weight of 50 kg, were distributed in a 5x5 Latin square design, with five treatments and five replicates. The treatments consisted of different levels (0 g, 8 g, 16 g, 24 g and 32 g) of lysine and methionine added to the diet, protected from ruminal degradation (MicroPEARLS LM ®). The feed was composed of corn silage and concentrate (30V: 70C), offered twice daily at 08h00 and 16h00. The experiment lasted 75 days and was divided into five phases. Each phase lasted 15 days, with 10 days for adaptation of the animals and five days of data collection. The animals were kept in individual metabolic cages, with a feeder, drinker and salt shaker...

Lisina e metionina são os aminoácidos mais limitantes para ruminantes. Sua inclusão na forma livre não é eficaz, visto que os microrganismos ruminais os degradam rapidamente, dificultando o atendimento das exigências de proteína metabolizável. Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de diferentes teores de lisina e metionina protegidos da degradação ruminal na ração de borregas, sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, balanço de nitrogênio e comportamento ingestivo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Capim Branco, da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, no período de setembro à outubro de 2016.Foram utilizadas cinco borregas 1/2 Dorper x 1/2Santa Inês, com aproximadamente oito meses de idade e peso médio de 50 kg, distribuídas em esquema quadrado latino 5x5, sendo cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na inclusão de diferentes teores de lisina e metionina protegidos da degradação ruminal (MicroPEARLS LM®) na ração, sendo: 0g, 8g, 16g, 24g e 32g. A ração era composta por silagem de milho e concentrado, na proporção 30V:70C, sendo ofertadas duas vezes ao dia (8 e 16 horas). O experimento teve duração de 75 dias, sendo divido em cinco fases. Cada fase teve duração de quinze dias, sendo dez dias de adaptação dos animais e cinco dias de coleta de dados.Os animais foram mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas individuais, dispostas de comedouro, bebedouros e saleiro. Foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade para determinar o consumo e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro e ácido (FDN/FDA). Foram obtidos o volume e densidade de urina, peso das fezes e escore fecal, balanço de nitrogênio e estudo de comportamento ingestivo. Os consumos de MS (kg dia-1), e em relação ao peso metabólico e corporal, apresentaram equações...

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet / Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.  

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.