Weed management and fertilization limit the potential of cassava productivity in subtropical environment / Manejo de plantas daninhas e fertilidade limitam o potencial de produtividade da mandioca em ambiente subtropical

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the response to fertilization and different weed control periods in the accumulation of dry matter of cassava leaves, stems, roots, and fresh mass roots yield. Two experiments were carried out on commercial fields in Ibarama, and Santa Maria municipalities located at the Rio Grande do Sul State, South Brazil, during the 2018/2019 growing season. Five treatments, varying chemical fertilizer applications and herbicides were used to represent management practices commonly used by farmers in Southern Brazil. The Simanihot process-based model simulated cassava growth, development, and productivity under potential conditions. Results show that the recommended dose of fertilizers and liming combined with pre-emergent herbicide and three mechanical weed clear management showed a 72% increase in root productivity compared to the management used by the average yield of smallholder farmers. Therefore, it is possible to reach 80% of the potential productivity by keeping the cassava crop free from weed interference and applying fertilizers. The presence of weeds during the first 100 days after planting reduced about 50% of the plant dry matter production in Ibarama and Santa Maria. Interestingly, it also affects 79.2%of fresh roots productivity in Ibarama.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a resposta à adubação e diferentes épocas de controle de plantas daninhas no acúmulo de matéria seca de folhas, hastes, raízes e produção de massa fresca de raízes de mandioca. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em campos comerciais nos municípios de Ibarama e Santa Maria localizados no Rio Grande do Sul, Sul do Brasil, durante a safra 2018/2019. Cinco tratamentos, com aplicações variadas de fertilizantes químicos e herbicidas foram utilizados para representar as práticas de manejo comumente utilizadas pelos agricultores do Sul do Brasil. O modelo baseado no processo Simanihot foi usado para simular o crescimento, desenvolvimento e produtividade da mandioca sob condições potenciais. Os resultados mostram que a dose recomendada de fertilizantes e calagem combinados com herbicida pré-emergente e três manejos mecânicos de limpeza de plantas daninhas apresentaram um aumento de72% na produtividade de raízes em relação ao manejo utilizado pela produtividade média dos pequenos agricultores. Portanto, é possível atingir 80% do potencial de produtividade mantendo a cultura da mandioca livre de interferência de plantas daninhas e com aplicação de fertilizantes. A presença de plantas daninhas durante os primeiros 100 dias após o plantio reduziu cerca de 50% da produção de matéria seca da planta em Ibarama e Santa Maria e 79,2% da produtividade de raízes frescas em Ibarama.

Assessing climate change effects on gladiola in Southern Brazil

Gladiola ( Gladiolus × grandiflorus Hort.) is an important cut flower for small farmers in Brazil. While the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which causes interannual variability to air temperature in Southern Brazil, can shift the optimum planting window of gladiola, an increase in temperature due to climate change can accelerate gladiola flowering and cause injuries by heat. The objective of this study was to assess the potential climate change effects on gladiola optimum planting date for specific market dates and investigate injuries occurrence on spikes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 at four different locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State to evaluate the performance of the PhenoGlad model in simulating the developmental stages of gladiola. The PhenoGlad model was run on climate scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) named RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The climate change scenarios caused a delay in the optimum planting date to harvest gladiola for All Souls’ Day across the Rio Grande do Sul State. For harvesting spikes for Mother’s Day, negative anomalies (earliest planting date) occurred in the warmest regions, because the very high temperature extended the crop development. Injuries by heat on spikes reached positive anomalies in 70 % of the years in the warmest regions for scenario RCP8.5. To harvest spikes for Mother’s Day, heat injury did not exceed 20 % of the years. Mitigation strategies for farmers to deal with climate change and keep their gladiola production include adjusting the optimum planting date.

Assessing climate change effects on gladiola in Southern Brazil

Gladiola ( Gladiolus × grandiflorus Hort.) is an important cut flower for small farmers in Brazil. While the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which causes interannual variability to air temperature in Southern Brazil, can shift the optimum planting window of gladiola, an increase in temperature due to climate change can accelerate gladiola flowering and cause injuries by heat. The objective of this study was to assess the potential climate change effects on gladiola optimum planting date for specific market dates and investigate injuries occurrence on spikes in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 at four different locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State to evaluate the performance of the PhenoGlad model in simulating the developmental stages of gladiola. The PhenoGlad model was run on climate scenarios of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) named RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The climate change scenarios caused a delay in the optimum planting date to harvest gladiola for All Souls Day across the Rio Grande do Sul State. For harvesting spikes for Mothers Day, negative anomalies (earliest planting date) occurred in the warmest regions, because the very high temperature extended the crop development. Injuries by heat on spikes reached positive anomalies in 70 % of the years in the warmest regions for scenario RCP8.5. To harvest spikes for Mothers Day, heat injury did not exceed 20 % of the years. Mitigation strategies for farmers to deal with climate change and keep their gladiola production include adjusting the optimum planting date.(AU)

Scheduling optimum planting window for gladiola based on El Niño Southern Oscillation

Gladiola is an important cut flower worldwide and scheduling field gladiola production is largely dependent on planting at the correct time since its development is controlled by the air temperature. The aim of this study was to configure a planting window of gladiola in order to harvest spikes to be sold on All Souls' Day and Mother's Day holidays in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, taking into account the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. The PhenoGlad model, a dynamic process-based simulation model that simulates gladiola phenology on a daily time step was used in this study. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures over 55 years (1961-2015) from 18 weather stations across Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, were used as input data in the PhenoGlad model. The optimum planting window was simulated for each maturity group, location and ENSO phase. For harvesting on All Souls' Day, the optimum planting window had greater variation among the different ENSO phases. For Mother's Day, only Very Strong El Niño events affected the development of gladiola, indicating the weak signal of the phenomenon at this time of the year. A case study in a commercial farm demonstrated the importance of these results for farmers. The planting window for production on Mother's Day in a Neutral year was successfully configured. Determining the optimum planting window by considering the ENSO effect led to a more precise scheduling of gladiola production in southern Brazil.

Scheduling optimum planting window for gladiola based on El Niño Southern Oscillation

Gladiola is an important cut flower worldwide and scheduling field gladiola production is largely dependent on planting at the correct time since its development is controlled by the air temperature. The aim of this study was to configure a planting window of gladiola in order to harvest spikes to be sold on All Souls' Day and Mother's Day holidays in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, taking into account the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. The PhenoGlad model, a dynamic process-based simulation model that simulates gladiola phenology on a daily time step was used in this study. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures over 55 years (1961-2015) from 18 weather stations across Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, were used as input data in the PhenoGlad model. The optimum planting window was simulated for each maturity group, location and ENSO phase. For harvesting on All Souls' Day, the optimum planting window had greater variation among the different ENSO phases. For Mother's Day, only Very Strong El Niño events affected the development of gladiola, indicating the weak signal of the phenomenon at this time of the year. A case study in a commercial farm demonstrated the importance of these results for farmers. The planting window for production on Mother's Day in a Neutral year was successfully configured. Determining the optimum planting window by considering the ENSO effect led to a more precise scheduling of gladiola production in southern Brazil.(AU)

Observed and estimated leaf appearance of landrace and improved maize cultivars / Emissão de folhas observada e estimada de cultivares crioulas e melhoradas de milho

The objective of this study was to compare the simulations of leaf appearance of landrace and improved maize cultivars using the CSM-CERES-Maize (linear) and the Wang and Engel models (nonlinear). The coefficients of the models were calibrated using a data set of total leaf number collected in the 11/04/2013 sowing date for the landrace varieties Cinquentinha and Bico de Ouro and the simple hybrid AS 1573PRO. For the BRS Planalto variety, model coefficients were estimated with data from 12/13/2014 sowing date. Evaluation of the models was with independent data sets collected during the growing seasons of 2013/2014 (Experiment 1) and 2014/2015 (Experiment 2) in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Total number of leaves for both landrace and improved maize varieties was better estimated with the Wang and Engel model, with a root mean square error of 1.0 leaf, while estimations with the CSM-CERES-Maize model had a root mean square error of 1.5 leaf.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a simulação da emissão de folhas de cultivares crioulas e melhoradas de milho realizada pelos modelos CSM-CERES-Maize (linear) e Wang e Engel (não linear). Para tanto, foram realizados dois experimentos nas safras agrícolas de 2013/2014 e 2014/2015 com delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Os coeficientes dos modelos foram calibrados a partir de um conjunto de dados de número de folhas totais de plantas, coletados na semeadura de 04/11/2013 para as cultivares crioulas Cinquentinha e Bico de Ouro e o híbrido simples AS 1573PRO. Para a variedade de polinização aberta melhorada BRS Planalto, os coeficientes foram estimados com dados da semeadura de 13/12/2014. A avaliação dos modelos foi realizada com dados independentes de semeaduras dos anos agrícolas 2013/2014 (Experimento 1) e 2014/2015 (Experimento 2) em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. A melhor estimativa do número total de folhas, tanto para cultivares crioulas como melhoradas, foi obtida com o modelo Wang e Engel. A raiz do quadrado médio do erro do Wang e Engel foi de 1,0 folha, em comparação com o linear CSM-CERES-Maize, em que a raiz do quadrado médio do erro foi de 1,5 folha.(AU)

Thermal sum of potato plants and tuber sprouting / Soma térmica das plantas e brotação dos tubérculos de batata

This study aimed to determine the thermal sum of the different stages of development of potato plants to better understand its relationship with tuber sprouting. The potato clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 and SMINIA97145-2 and the cultivar Macaca were evaluated in spring and autumn crop seasons in Santa Maria and Julio de Castilhos, RS. Emergence (EM), tuber initiation (TI) and onset of senescence (OS) of the plants were determined and the accumulated thermal sum (aTS) was calculated in each phase. After harvesting, tubers were stored at 20oC for 15 days for curing and then stored at 10 or 20°C to quantify the percentage of sprouted tubers and the number of sprouts per tuber at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. The experiment was a factorial of four potato clones and two growth conditions, season and storage temperature, in a random design with four replications of 20 tubers. The environmental conditions of Julio de Castilhos in the spring resulted in a greater aTS from EM and TI to OS than those of Santa Maria, meaning that different crop locations and even seasons should be considered for making inferences about tuber sprouting based upon aTS. The management of storage temperature can promote or retard tuber sprouting, but its effect depends on the potato clone. Based upon combined correlation estimations, the aTS between EM-OS or between TI-OS is a good estimator for potato tuber sprouting.

O objetivo foi determinar a soma térmica das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento das plantas de batata para inferir sobre a sua relação com a brotação de tubérculos. Foram avaliados os clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 e SMINIA97145-2 e a cultivar Macaca de batata durante os cultivos de primavera e outono em Santa Maria e Julio de Castilhos, RS. Foram determinados a emergência (EM), o início da tuberização (IT) e o início da senescência (IS) das plantas e calculada a soma térmica acumulada (STa) em cada fase. Após colhidos, os tubérculos foram submetidos a cura por 15 dias a 20oC e armazenados a 10 ou 20ºC e quantificados a porcentagem de tubérculos brotados e o número de brotos por tubérculo aos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento. O experimento foi um fatorial de quatro clones de batata, dois cultivos, dois locais e duas temperaturas de armazenamento, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 tubérculos. Tubérculos produzidos em Julio de Castilhos e na primavera apresentaram maiores valores de STa entre a EM ou IT até IS do que aqueles produzidos em Santa Maria, indicando que diferentes locais e até estações de cultivo devem ser considerados para inferir sobre a brotação dos tubérculos com base na STa. O manejo da temperatura de armazenamento pode ser utilizado para promover ou retardar a brotação dos tubérculos, cujo efeito também depende do clone. As altas estimativas combinadas de correlação permitem concluir que a STa entre a EM-IS ou entre o IT-IS pode ser utilizada para estimar a brotação dos tubérculos de batata.

Thermal sum of potato plants and tuber sprouting / Soma térmica das plantas e brotação dos tubérculos de batata

This study aimed to determine the thermal sum of the different stages of development of potato plants to better understand its relationship with tuber sprouting. The potato clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 and SMINIA97145-2 and the cultivar Macaca were evaluated in spring and autumn crop seasons in Santa Maria and Julio de Castilhos, RS. Emergence (EM), tuber initiation (TI) and onset of senescence (OS) of the plants were determined and the accumulated thermal sum (aTS) was calculated in each phase. After harvesting, tubers were stored at 20oC for 15 days for curing and then stored at 10 or 20°C to quantify the percentage of sprouted tubers and the number of sprouts per tuber at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. The experiment was a factorial of four potato clones and two growth conditions, season and storage temperature, in a random design with four replications of 20 tubers. The environmental conditions of Julio de Castilhos in the spring resulted in a greater aTS from EM and TI to OS than those of Santa Maria, meaning that different crop locations and even seasons should be considered for making inferences about tuber sprouting based upon aTS. The management of storage temperature can promote or retard tuber sprouting, but its effect depends on the potato clone. Based upon combined correlation estimations, the aTS between EM-OS or between TI-OS is a good estimator for potato tuber sprouting.(AU)

O objetivo foi determinar a soma térmica das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento das plantas de batata para inferir sobre a sua relação com a brotação de tubérculos. Foram avaliados os clones SMIJ461-1, SMINIA793101-3 e SMINIA97145-2 e a cultivar Macaca de batata durante os cultivos de primavera e outono em Santa Maria e Julio de Castilhos, RS. Foram determinados a emergência (EM), o início da tuberização (IT) e o início da senescência (IS) das plantas e calculada a soma térmica acumulada (STa) em cada fase. Após colhidos, os tubérculos foram submetidos a cura por 15 dias a 20oC e armazenados a 10 ou 20ºC e quantificados a porcentagem de tubérculos brotados e o número de brotos por tubérculo aos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias de armazenamento. O experimento foi um fatorial de quatro clones de batata, dois cultivos, dois locais e duas temperaturas de armazenamento, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 tubérculos. Tubérculos produzidos em Julio de Castilhos e na primavera apresentaram maiores valores de STa entre a EM ou IT até IS do que aqueles produzidos em Santa Maria, indicando que diferentes locais e até estações de cultivo devem ser considerados para inferir sobre a brotação dos tubérculos com base na STa. O manejo da temperatura de armazenamento pode ser utilizado para promover ou retardar a brotação dos tubérculos, cujo efeito também depende do clone. As altas estimativas combinadas de correlação permitem concluir que a STa entre a EM-IS ou entre o IT-IS pode ser utilizada para estimar a brotação dos tubérculos de batata.(AU)

Cardinal temperatures for planting-emergence phase in gladiolus / Temperaturas cardinais para a fase plantio-emergência de gladíolo

The objective of this study was to determine the cardinal temperatures for the planting-emergence phase of gladiolus. A controlled environment experiment was performed in a growth chamber in the Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, using the completely randomized experimental design with 12 temperature treatments (5°C, 7°C, 10°C, 13°C, 16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C) and ten replicates. Corms of the cultivar Amsterdam were planted at a depth of 10cm in 1.7dm3 pots. Every day the date of emergence of the gladiolus plants was observed. Then for each treatment, the emergence rate was calculated as the inverse of the duration of the budding phase, and estimated data were achieved employing the non-linear model of simulation. The lower base and upper base temperatures were identified at the non-emergence temperatures. To estimate the optimum temperature, the root of mean square error was used. Between 22 and 25ºC the planting-emergence phase was reported to be completed in a shorter time span, although the smaller root mean square error was achieved at 22.5ºC. The cardinal temperatures of the planting-emergence phase of gladiolus, lower base, optimum and upper base temperature were 5°C, 22.5°C and 35°C, respectively.

Objetivou-se determinar as temperaturas cardinais para a fase de plantio-emergência de cormos de gladíolo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado, em câmara de crescimento localizada no laboratório de fitotecnia do Campus Itaqui da Universidade Federal do Pampa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado sendo os tratamentos 12 níveis térmicos (5°C, 7°C, 10°C, 13°C, 16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C), com dez repetições. Utilizou-se a cultivar Amsterdam, sendo o plantio dos cormos a 10cm de profundidade. Foi observada diariamente a data de emergência das plantas de gladíolo. A taxa de emergência foi calculada para cada tratamento como o inverso da duração da fase de brotação, sendo os dados estimados obtidos através de um modelo não linear de simulação. Nas temperaturas que não houve emergência, definiu-se a temperatura basal inferior e basal superior. Para determinar a temperatura ótima, utilizou-se a raiz do quadrado médio do erro. Na faixa de temperatura de 22ºC a 25ºC a fase plantio-emergência é completada em menor tempo, porém a menor raiz quadrada do erro foi obtida na temperatura de 22,5ºC. As temperaturas cardinais para a fase plantio-emergência de gladíolo são temperatura basal inferior de 5°C, temperatura ótima de 22,5°C e temperatura basal superior de 35°C.

Cardinal temperatures for planting-emergence phase in gladiolus / Temperaturas cardinais para a fase plantio-emergência de gladíolo

The objective of this study was to determine the cardinal temperatures for the planting-emergence phase of gladiolus. A controlled environment experiment was performed in a growth chamber in the Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Itaqui, using the completely randomized experimental design with 12 temperature treatments (5°C, 7°C, 10°C, 13°C, 16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C) and ten replicates. Corms of the cultivar Amsterdam were planted at a depth of 10cm in 1.7dm3 pots. Every day the date of emergence of the gladiolus plants was observed. Then for each treatment, the emergence rate was calculated as the inverse of the duration of the budding phase, and estimated data were achieved employing the non-linear model of simulation. The lower base and upper base temperatures were identified at the non-emergence temperatures. To estimate the optimum temperature, the root of mean square error was used. Between 22 and 25ºC the planting-emergence phase was reported to be completed in a shorter time span, although the smaller root mean square error was achieved at 22.5ºC. The cardinal temperatures of the planting-emergence phase of gladiolus, lower base, optimum and upper base temperature were 5°C, 22.5°C and 35°C, respectively.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar as temperaturas cardinais para a fase de plantio-emergência de cormos de gladíolo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado, em câmara de crescimento localizada no laboratório de fitotecnia do Campus Itaqui da Universidade Federal do Pampa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado sendo os tratamentos 12 níveis térmicos (5°C, 7°C, 10°C, 13°C, 16°C, 18°C, 20°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C, 33°C, 35°C), com dez repetições. Utilizou-se a cultivar Amsterdam, sendo o plantio dos cormos a 10cm de profundidade. Foi observada diariamente a data de emergência das plantas de gladíolo. A taxa de emergência foi calculada para cada tratamento como o inverso da duração da fase de brotação, sendo os dados estimados obtidos através de um modelo não linear de simulação. Nas temperaturas que não houve emergência, definiu-se a temperatura basal inferior e basal superior. Para determinar a temperatura ótima, utilizou-se a raiz do quadrado médio do erro. Na faixa de temperatura de 22ºC a 25ºC a fase plantio-emergência é completada em menor tempo, porém a menor raiz quadrada do erro foi obtida na temperatura de 22,5ºC. As temperaturas cardinais para a fase plantio-emergência de gladíolo são temperatura basal inferior de 5°C, temperatura ótima de 22,5°C e temperatura basal superior de 35°C.(AU)

Estimating cassava yield in future IPCC climate scenarios for the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Produtividade simulada de mandioca em cenários climáticos futuros do IPCC para o Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The objective of this study was to simulate the yield of two cassava cultivars in two IPCC future climate scenarios, the SRES-A1B (Cmip3) and the RCP4.5 (Cmip5), for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Simanihot model, with the Thornthwaite and Mather water balance sub-model, and the SRES-A1B (Cmip3 - Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) and RCP4.5 (Cmip5 - Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) scenarios of the Fourth and Fifth IPCC Assessment Report, respectively, was used. Cassava cultivars used in this study were "Fepagro - RS13" (forrage) and "Estrangeira" (human consumption). In both cultivars, there was an increase in tuberous roots yield in future climate scenarios. The cultivar for human consumption benefits more roots yield in the scenario with higher CO2 (Cmip3 scenario); whereas, the forage cultivar benefits more the Cmip5 scenario. Among the three future periods (2010-2039, 2040-2069 e 2070-2099), changes in tuberous roots yield are more evident in the end of the century period (2070-2099) and for early planting dates (01 September and 01 October). The northeastern region of the state has the greatest changes in tuberous roots yield in future climates, because this is the coldest region, with winter minimum temperature during between 6 and 8ºC.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi simular a produtividade de duas cultivares de mandioca em dois cenários climáticos futuros do IPCC, o SRES-A1B (Cmip3) e o RCP4.5 (Cmip5), para o Rio Grande do Sul. Foi utilizado o modelo Simanihot, com o submodelo de balanço hídrico do solo diário sequencial de Thornthwaite e Mather, e os cenários SRES- A1B (Cmip3 - 3o Projeto de Intercomparação de modelos globais) e o RCP4.5 (Cmip5 - 5o Projeto de Intercomparação de modelos globais) do 4o e 5o relatório do IPCC, respectivamente, regionalizados por downscaling dinâmico com modelo RegCM3 e RegCM4 (Modelo Climático Regional), respectivamente. As cultivares utilizadas no estudo foram a 'Fepagro - RS13' (uso forrageira) e 'Estrangeira' (uso para mesa). Em ambas há aumento na produtividade de raízes em cenários climáticos futuros. A cultivar de mesa se beneficia mais na produtividade de raízes no cenário com maior concentração de CO2 (cenário Cmip3), enquanto a cultivar forrageira, se beneficia mais no cenário Cmip5. Nos três períodos futuros (2010-2039, 2040-2069 e 2070-2099), as mudanças na produtividade são sempre mais expressivas no último período (2070-2099) e nas primeiras datas de plantio (01/09 e 01/10). A região do Rio Grande do Sul com maiores mudanças na produtividade é a nordeste, a qual, no clima atual é a mais fria do Estado, com temperatura mínima do ar no inverno entre 6 e 8°C.

Estimating cassava yield in future IPCC climate scenarios for the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Produtividade simulada de mandioca em cenários climáticos futuros do IPCC para o Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The objective of this study was to simulate the yield of two cassava cultivars in two IPCC future climate scenarios, the SRES-A1B (Cmip3) and the RCP4.5 (Cmip5), for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Simanihot model, with the Thornthwaite and Mather water balance sub-model, and the SRES-A1B (Cmip3 - Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) and RCP4.5 (Cmip5 - Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) scenarios of the Fourth and Fifth IPCC Assessment Report, respectively, was used. Cassava cultivars used in this study were "Fepagro - RS13" (forrage) and "Estrangeira" (human consumption). In both cultivars, there was an increase in tuberous roots yield in future climate scenarios. The cultivar for human consumption benefits more roots yield in the scenario with higher CO2 (Cmip3 scenario); whereas, the forage cultivar benefits more the Cmip5 scenario. Among the three future periods (2010-2039, 2040-2069 e 2070-2099), changes in tuberous roots yield are more evident in the end of the century period (2070-2099) and for early planting dates (01 September and 01 October). The northeastern region of the state has the greatest changes in tuberous roots yield in future climates, because this is the coldest region, with winter minimum temperature during between 6 and 8ºC. (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi simular a produtividade de duas cultivares de mandioca em dois cenários climáticos futuros do IPCC, o SRES-A1B (Cmip3) e o RCP4.5 (Cmip5), para o Rio Grande do Sul. Foi utilizado o modelo Simanihot, com o submodelo de balanço hídrico do solo diário sequencial de Thornthwaite e Mather, e os cenários SRES- A1B (Cmip3 - 3o Projeto de Intercomparação de modelos globais) e o RCP4.5 (Cmip5 - 5o Projeto de Intercomparação de modelos globais) do 4o e 5o relatório do IPCC, respectivamente, regionalizados por downscaling dinâmico com modelo RegCM3 e RegCM4 (Modelo Climático Regional), respectivamente. As cultivares utilizadas no estudo foram a 'Fepagro - RS13' (uso forrageira) e 'Estrangeira' (uso para mesa). Em ambas há aumento na produtividade de raízes em cenários climáticos futuros. A cultivar de mesa se beneficia mais na produtividade de raízes no cenário com maior concentração de CO2 (cenário Cmip3), enquanto a cultivar forrageira, se beneficia mais no cenário Cmip5. Nos três períodos futuros (2010-2039, 2040-2069 e 2070-2099), as mudanças na produtividade são sempre mais expressivas no último período (2070-2099) e nas primeiras datas de plantio (01/09 e 01/10). A região do Rio Grande do Sul com maiores mudanças na produtividade é a nordeste, a qual, no clima atual é a mais fria do Estado, com temperatura mínima do ar no inverno entre 6 e 8°C. (AU)

Estimating cassava yield in future IPCC climate scenarios for the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to simulate the yield of two cassava cultivars in two IPCC future climate scenarios, the SRES-A1B (Cmip3) and the RCP4.5 (Cmip5), for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Simanihot model, with the Thornthwaite and Mather water balance sub-model, and the SRES-A1B (Cmip3 - Third Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) and RCP4.5 (Cmip5 - Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project) scenarios of the Fourth and Fifth IPCC Assessment Report, respectively, was used. Cassava cultivars used in this study were 'Fepagro - RS13' (forrage) and 'Estrangeira' (human consumption). In both cultivars, there was an increase in tuberous roots yield in future climate scenarios. The cultivar for human consumption benefits more roots yield in the scenario with higher CO2 (Cmip3 scenario); whereas, the forage cultivar benefits more the Cmip5 scenario. Among the three future periods (2010-2039, 2040-2069 e 2070-2099), changes in tuberous roots yield are more evident in the end of the century period (2070-2099) and for early planting dates (01 September and 01 October). The northeastern region of the state has the greatest changes in tuberous roots yield in future climates, because this is the coldest region, with winter minimum temperature during between 6 and 8oC.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi simular a produtividade de duas cultivares de mandioca em dois cenários climáticos futuros do IPCC, o SRES-A1B (Cmip3) e o RCP4.5 (Cmip5), para o Rio Grande do Sul. Foi utilizado o modelo Simanihot, com o submodelo de balanço hídrico do solo diário sequencial de Thornthwaite e Mather, e os cenários SRES- A1B (Cmip3 - 3o Projeto de Intercomparação de modelos globais) e o RCP4.5 (Cmip5 - 5o Projeto de Intercomparação de modelos globais) do 4o e 5o relatório do IPCC, respectivamente, regionalizados por downscaling dinâmico com modelo RegCM3 e RegCM4 (Modelo Climático Regional), respectivamente. As cultivares utilizadas no estudo foram a 'Fepagro - RS13' (uso forrageira) e 'Estrangeira' (uso para mesa). Em ambas há aumento na produtividade de raízes em cenários climáticos futuros. A cultivar de mesa se beneficia mais na produtividade de raízes no cenário com maior concentração de CO2 (cenário Cmip3), enquanto a cultivar forrageira, se beneficia mais no cenário Cmip5. Nos três períodos futuros (2010-2039, 2040-2069 e 2070-2099), as mudanças na produtividade são sempre mais expressivas no último período (2070-2099) e nas primeiras datas de plantio (01/09 e 01/10). A região do Rio Grande do Sul com maiores mudanças na produtividade é a nordeste, a qual, no clima atual é a mais fria do Estado, com temperatura mínima do ar no inverno entre 6 e 8°C.

Número de dias e de graus-dia entre a iniciação e a diferenciação da panícula em cultivares de arroz irrigado / Number of days and degree-days between panicle initiation and panicle differentiation in irrigated rice cultivars

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o número de dias e de graus-dia em que a iniciação da panícula (IP) antecede a diferenciação da panícula (DP) para cultivares de arroz de diferente duração de ciclo. Um experimento de campo foi conduzido em área de várzea, em Santa Maria, RS, e foi composto de três datas de semeadura e quatro cultivares ('IRGA 421', 'BRS Querência', 'IRGA 424' e 'SCSBRS Tio Taka') em dois anos agrícolas (2011/12 e 2012/13), no delineamento de blocos acaso, com quatro repetições. A data de ocorrência da DP foi estimada a partir das tabelas contidas em STEINMETZ et al. (2010) e, aproximadamente 14 dias antes da data estimada da DP, foram realizadas amostragens diárias de 10 plantas para determinar a IP em laboratório sob lupa de aumento de 45 vezes. Após a data de ocorrência da IP, 10 plantas foram coletadas diariamente para a análise da DP através do "ponto de algodão". A soma térmica foi calculada considerando a temperatura basal de 11ºC. As maiores diferenças entre as datas de ocorrência da IP e DP foram de 8 e 6 dias, e de 116,4 e 73,7ºC dia. Na maior parte dos resultados, as diferenças variaram entre 2 e 8 dias, e entre 23,8 e 116,4ºC dia. Concluiu-se que o período máximo que a IP antecede a DP é de oito dias, correspondendo a 116,4ºC dia, não sendo influenciado pela época de semeadura nem pelo comprimento de ciclo das cultivares.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the number of days and degree-days in which panicle initiation (PI) takes place before panicle differentiation (PD) for rice cultivars with different developmental cycle duration. A field experiment was carried out in a lowland area, in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. The experiment consisted of three sowing dates and four rice cultivars ('IRGA 421', 'BRS Querência', 'IRGA 424' and 'SCSBRS Tio Taka') during two growing seasons (2011/12 and 2012/13), in a complete randomized block design with four replications. The date of PD was estimated from the tables contained in STEINMETZ et al. (2010) and around 14 days before the estimated date of PD. Ten plants were sampled daily to determine PI in a laboratory under a 45 times magnifying glass. After PI, 10 plants were sampled daily to determine PD using the "cotton ball" stage as a marker. Thermal sum was calculated considering the basal temperature of 11ºC. The greatest differences between the dates of occurrence between PI and PD were 8 and 6 days, and 116.4 and 73.7ºC day. Most of the differences varied between 2 and 8 days, and between 23.8 and 116.4ºC day. It was concluded that the maximum period that PI takes place before the PD is eight days, corresponding to 116.4ºC day, being influenced neither by sowing date nor by the length of cultivars cycle.(AU)

Estimating the development of landrace and improved maize cultivars as a function of air temperature / Estimativa do desenvolvimento de cultivares crioulas e melhoradas de milho em função da temperatura do ar

The objective of this study was to determine the maximum development rates for the phases of emergence, vegetative and reproductive, and to test the performance of the Wang and Engel (WE) model for simulating the development of landrace and improved maize cultivars sown on different dates. Model calibration was with data collected from a field experiment with a sowing date on December 13, 2014, and the model was tested with independent data from experiments with five sowing dates (August 20 and November 4, 2013, February 3 and August 15, 2014, and January 7, 2015) in Santa Maria, RS. The experiment was a complete randomized block design with four replicates. The dates of emergence (EM), silking (R1), and physiological maturity (R6) of two landraces ('Cinquentinha' and 'Bico de ouro') and two improved maize cultivars ('BRS Planalto' and 'AS 1573PRO') were recorded. Maximum daily developmental rates varied among cultivars from 0.2400 to 0.3411 d-1 for the emergence phase, from 0.0213 to 0.0234 d-1 for the vegetative phase, and from 0.0254 to 0.0298 d-1 for the reproductive phase. The WE model adequately estimated the developmental stages of landraces and improved maize cultivars with a mean error of 3.7 days. The cardinal temperatures used in the WE model were appropriate to estimate the developmental stages of landraces and improved maize cultivars.(AU)

O objetivo neste trabalho foi obter as taxas máximas de desenvolvimento para as fases de emergência, vegetativa e reprodutiva, e testar o desempenho do modelo de Wang e Engel (WE) para estimar o desenvolvimento de cultivares crioulas e melhoradas de milho em diferentes datas de semeadura. A calibração foi realizada com dados de um experimento de campo semeado em 13/12/2014, e a validação com dados independentes de experimentos semeados em 20/08/2013, 04/11/2013, 03/02/2014, 15/08/2014 e 07/01/2015 em Santa Maria, RS. O delineamento foi blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram registradas as datas de emergência (EM), espigamento (R1) e maturidade fisiológica (R6) de duas cultivares crioulas ('Cinquentinha' e 'Bico de ouro') e duas melhoradas ('BRS Planalto' e 'AS 1573PRO'). As taxas máximas de desenvolvimento diário diferiram entre as cultivares variando de 0,2400 a 0,3411 dia-1 para a fase de emergência, de 0,0213 a 0,0234 dia-1 para a fase vegetativa e de 0,0254 a 0,0298 dia-1 para a fase reprodutiva. O modelo WE estimou adequadamente os estágios de desenvolvimento de cultivares crioulas e melhoradas de milho, com um erro médio de 3,7 dias. As temperaturas cardinais utilizadas no modelo WE são apropriadas para estimar os estágios de desenvolvimento de cultivares crioulas e melhoradas de milho.(AU)

Mecanismos de aclimatação das plantas à elevada concentração de CO2 / Acclimation mechanisms to elevated CO2 in plants

O metabolismo vegetal sofre alterações com o aumento da concentração de CO2na atmosfera terrestre. Inicialmente, a taxa fotossintética aumenta pela maior disponibilidade de CO2, após determinado tempo de exposição, observa-se algumas adaptações a fim de retornar ao equilíbrio inicial, caracterizando a aclimatação. O objetivo desta revisão foi descrever os mecanismos responsáveis pela aclimatação das plantas à elevada concentração de CO2 na atmosfera. Num curto prazo, enzimas e outras substâncias importantes para a fotossíntese começam a ficar escassas pelo metabolismo acelerado. Além disso, o amido excedente da elevada taxa fotossintética acumula-se no interior de cloroplasto­s, podendo prejudicar a fotossíntese. Num período mais longo de exposição, observa-se um decréscimo da vantagem produtiva do ambiente com elevado CO2e uma distribuição da biomassa, que favorece as partes vegetativas. A aclimatação no longo prazo está relacionada com a capacidade de o vegetal aumentar seus compartimentos de armazenamento.

The plant metabolism is altered with increasing of CO2concentration in the atmosphere. Initially the photosynthetic rate increases by the greater CO2available, after some time there is some adaptations in order to return to the initial equilibrium, characterizing acclimation. The objective of this review was to describe the acclimation mechanisms in plants to elevated CO2concentration. In the short term, enzymes and other important substances for photosynthesis are scarce by accelerated metabolism. In addition, excess starch of high photosynthetic rate, accumulated within chloroplasts can impair photosynthesis. A longer period there is a decrease in productive advantage on high CO2environment and biomass distribution that favors vegetative parts. Acclimation in the long term is related to the plant ability to increase its storage compartments.

Mecanismos de aclimatação das plantas à elevada concentração de CO2 / Acclimation mechanisms to elevated CO2 in plants

O metabolismo vegetal sofre alterações com o aumento da concentração de CO2na atmosfera terrestre. Inicialmente, a taxa fotossintética aumenta pela maior disponibilidade de CO2, após determinado tempo de exposição, observa-se algumas adaptações a fim de retornar ao equilíbrio inicial, caracterizando a aclimatação. O objetivo desta revisão foi descrever os mecanismos responsáveis pela aclimatação das plantas à elevada concentração de CO2 na atmosfera. Num curto prazo, enzimas e outras substâncias importantes para a fotossíntese começam a ficar escassas pelo metabolismo acelerado. Além disso, o amido excedente da elevada taxa fotossintética acumula-se no interior de cloroplasto­s, podendo prejudicar a fotossíntese. Num período mais longo de exposição, observa-se um decréscimo da vantagem produtiva do ambiente com elevado CO2e uma distribuição da biomassa, que favorece as partes vegetativas. A aclimatação no longo prazo está relacionada com a capacidade de o vegetal aumentar seus compartimentos de armazenamento.(AU)

The plant metabolism is altered with increasing of CO2concentration in the atmosphere. Initially the photosynthetic rate increases by the greater CO2available, after some time there is some adaptations in order to return to the initial equilibrium, characterizing acclimation. The objective of this review was to describe the acclimation mechanisms in plants to elevated CO2concentration. In the short term, enzymes and other important substances for photosynthesis are scarce by accelerated metabolism. In addition, excess starch of high photosynthetic rate, accumulated within chloroplasts can impair photosynthesis. A longer period there is a decrease in productive advantage on high CO2environment and biomass distribution that favors vegetative parts. Acclimation in the long term is related to the plant ability to increase its storage compartments.(AU)

Tendências das séries históricas do índice de calor no município de Santa Maria - RS / Trends of historical series of the heat index in Santa Maria - RS, Brazil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo calcular e analisar as séries históricas mensais do Índice de Calor (IC) para Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, no período de 1968 a 2011. As variáveis meteorológicas utilizadas neste trabalho foram pressão atmosférica, temperatura do bulbo seco e temperatura do bulbo úmido, no horário das 9h (12UTC), 15h (18UTC) e 21h (00UTC). Foi realizada análise de tendência das séries históricas para o valor absoluto e a média mensais do IC através do teste de Mann-Kendall e análise de regressão linear simples para quantificar a tendência, com nível de significância de 95% (=0,05). Para o valor máximo, no horário das 15h (18UTC), as séries históricas para os meses de janeiro e abril apresentaram acréscimo no valor do índice de calor na magnitude de 0,76°C década-1 e 0,92°C década-1, respectivamente. No horário das 21h (00 UTC), os meses de abril e novembro apresentaram aumento de 0,43°C década-1 e 0,55°C década-1, respectivamente. Porém os meses de maio e agosto apresentaram diminuição de 0,69°C década-1 e 0,31°C década-1, respectivamente.(AU)

The objective of this study was to calculate and analyze the monthly time series of the Heat Index (HI) for Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, during the period from 1968 to 2011. The meteorological variables used in this study were atmospheric pressure, dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb temperature at 9am (12UTC), 3pm (18UTC) and 9pm (00UTC). Analysis was performed using the highest absolute and the annual average value of the HI. Trends were tested with the Mann-Kendal test and the magnitude of the trend with the linear regression analysis at 95% (=0.05). At 3pm (18UTC), the historical series of monthly maximum Heat Index in January and April had an increase of 0.76°C decade-1and 0.92°C decade-1, respectively. At 9pm (00UTC), April and November presented an increase of 0.43°C decade-1 e 0.55°C decade-1, respectively. However, May and August showed a decrease of 0.69°C decade-1 and 0.31°C decade-1, respectively.(AU)

Transpiration and leaf growth of potato clones in response to soil water deficit

Potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. Tuberosum) crop is particularly susceptible to water deficit because of its small and shallow root system. The fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) approach has been widely used in the evaluation of plant responses to water deficit in different crops. The FTSW 34 threshold (when stomatal closure starts) is a trait of particular interest because it is an indicator of tolerance to water deficit. The FTSW threshold for decline in transpiration and leaf growth was evaluated in a drying soil to identify potato clones tolerant to water deficit. Two greenhouse experiments were carried out in pots, with three advanced clones and the cultivar Asterix. The FTSW, transpiration and leaf growth were measured on a daily basis, during the period of soil drying. FTSW was an efficient method to separate potato clones with regard to their response to water deficit. The advancedclones SMINIA 02106-11 and SMINIA 00017-6 are more tolerant to soil water deficit than the cultivar Asterix, and the clone SMINIA 793101-3 is more tolerant only under high solar radiation.

Transpiration and leaf growth of potato clones in response to soil water deficit

Potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. Tuberosum) crop is particularly susceptible to water deficit because of its small and shallow root system. The fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) approach has been widely used in the evaluation of plant responses to water deficit in different crops. The FTSW 34 threshold (when stomatal closure starts) is a trait of particular interest because it is an indicator of tolerance to water deficit. The FTSW threshold for decline in transpiration and leaf growth was evaluated in a drying soil to identify potato clones tolerant to water deficit. Two greenhouse experiments were carried out in pots, with three advanced clones and the cultivar Asterix. The FTSW, transpiration and leaf growth were measured on a daily basis, during the period of soil drying. FTSW was an efficient method to separate potato clones with regard to their response to water deficit. The advancedclones SMINIA 02106-11 and SMINIA 00017-6 are more tolerant to soil water deficit than the cultivar Asterix, and the clone SMINIA 793101-3 is more tolerant only under high solar radiation.(AU)