Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp / Evidências das aves de vida livre como transmissoras de Salmonella spp

This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão acerca da Salmonella spp. em aves de vida livre e o potencial delas como disseminadores para animais domésticos, homem e meio ambiente. Casos na literatura relatando Salmonella spp. têm sido descritos em diversas espécies de aves silvestres da família Passeridae e Fringilidae em países da América do Norte e Europa, sendo Salmonella ser. Typhimurium o sorotipo relatado mais frequentemente. A presença de patógenos como Salmonella spp. pode ser influenciada por fatores como dieta, ambiente onde vive, contaminação por antibióticos, infecção por organismos patogênicos e padrões de migração. Pesquisas envolvendo as aves silvestres que vivem em ambiente urbanizado são importantes, pois as aves podem possibilitar a transmissão de patógenos zoonóticos que têm maior prevalência em áreas urbanas devido a mecanismos de ação humana. Com base nas informações coletadas, conclui-se que as aves silvestres continuam sendo importantes na disseminação de patógenos em diversas regiões geográficas, podendo afetar o homem, animais domésticos e outras aves silvestres.(AU)

Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp / Evidências das aves de vida livre como transmissoras de Salmonella spp

This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão acerca da Salmonella spp. em aves de vida livre e o potencial delas como disseminadores para animais domésticos, homem e meio ambiente. Casos na literatura relatando Salmonella spp. têm sido descritos em diversas espécies de aves silvestres da família Passeridae e Fringilidae em países da América do Norte e Europa, sendo Salmonella ser. Typhimurium o sorotipo relatado mais frequentemente. A presença de patógenos como Salmonella spp. pode ser influenciada por fatores como dieta, ambiente onde vive, contaminação por antibióticos, infecção por organismos patogênicos e padrões de migração. Pesquisas envolvendo as aves silvestres que vivem em ambiente urbanizado são importantes, pois as aves podem possibilitar a transmissão de patógenos zoonóticos que têm maior prevalência em áreas urbanas devido a mecanismos de ação humana. Com base nas informações coletadas, conclui-se que as aves silvestres continuam sendo importantes na disseminação de patógenos em diversas regiões geográficas, podendo afetar o homem, animais domésticos e outras aves silvestres.(AU)

Feral pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli / Pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli

This study aimed to review the scientific literature for information about free-living pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. Rock doves are currently adapted to the urban environment and distributed all over the world. These birds carry microorganisms that are pathogenic for man and other animals, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Among these microorganisms, Salmonella is a pathogenic genus that cause severe economic losses and it is zoonotic, causing foodborne infections in humans. In addition, Escherichia coli is an worrisome species involved in the poultry industry. However, this micro-organism is also a risk to the public health, considering pathotypes that are known to cause diseases in man have been isolated from feral pigeons. The infections caused by these bacteria depend on virulence factors that provide the necessary tools to develop the disease. These factors are encoded by genes that may be found in pathogenicity islands inside the bacterial genome. In addition, pigeons may harbor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which may pass this characteristic to other strains, and present a risk to the public health as well. In conclusion, pigeons are reservoirs of strains of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli that may present high levels of resistance to antibiotics.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar na literatura científica informações sobre os pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli. Os pombos, atualmente adaptados ao meio urbano, encontram-se distribuídos por todo o mundo e carreiam micro-organismos patogênicos ao homem e a outros animais, podendo ser um dos responsáveis pela disseminação de bactérias, fungos, vírus e parasitas. Entre esses micro-organismos, a Salmonella é um patógeno que gera grande preocupação para a economia e para a saúde pública mundial, uma vez que cria transtornos para a indústria avícola quando ocorrem a contaminação dos plantéis e, consequentemente, o risco para a saúde humana por conta de surtos de toxi-infecções alimentares causados por essa bactéria. Outra bactéria preocupante para a indústria avícola e para a saúde pública é a Escherichia coli, uma vez que alguns patotipos patogênicos para o homem já foram isolados de pombos de vida livre. O desenvolvimento de infecções por essas bactérias depende de fatores que são codificados por genes de virulência que podem ser encontrados nas ilhas de patogenicidade de cepas patogênicas. Os pombos podem também albergar cepas com carga genética resistente a antibióticos, passíveis de serem transmitidas a outras bactérias e, portanto, de trazer riscos para a saúde pública. Dessa forma, com base nessas informações, conclui-se que os pombos são reservatórios de cepas de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, que podem apresentar elevado potencial de virulência, com altos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Feral pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli / Pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli

This study aimed to review the scientific literature for information about free-living pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. Rock doves are currently adapted to the urban environment and distributed all over the world. These birds carry microorganisms that are pathogenic for man and other animals, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Among these microorganisms, Salmonella is a pathogenic genus that cause severe economic losses and it is zoonotic, causing foodborne infections in humans. In addition, Escherichia coli is an worrisome species involved in the poultry industry. However, this micro-organism is also a risk to the public health, considering pathotypes that are known to cause diseases in man have been isolated from feral pigeons. The infections caused by these bacteria depend on virulence factors that provide the necessary tools to develop the disease. These factors are encoded by genes that may be found in pathogenicity islands inside the bacterial genome. In addition, pigeons may harbor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which may pass this characteristic to other strains, and present a risk to the public health as well. In conclusion, pigeons are reservoirs of strains of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli that may present high levels of resistance to antibiotics.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar na literatura científica informações sobre os pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli. Os pombos, atualmente adaptados ao meio urbano, encontram-se distribuídos por todo o mundo e carreiam micro-organismos patogênicos ao homem e a outros animais, podendo ser um dos responsáveis pela disseminação de bactérias, fungos, vírus e parasitas. Entre esses micro-organismos, a Salmonella é um patógeno que gera grande preocupação para a economia e para a saúde pública mundial, uma vez que cria transtornos para a indústria avícola quando ocorrem a contaminação dos plantéis e, consequentemente, o risco para a saúde humana por conta de surtos de toxi-infecções alimentares causados por essa bactéria. Outra bactéria preocupante para a indústria avícola e para a saúde pública é a Escherichia coli, uma vez que alguns patotipos patogênicos para o homem já foram isolados de pombos de vida livre. O desenvolvimento de infecções por essas bactérias depende de fatores que são codificados por genes de virulência que podem ser encontrados nas ilhas de patogenicidade de cepas patogênicas. Os pombos podem também albergar cepas com carga genética resistente a antibióticos, passíveis de serem transmitidas a outras bactérias e, portanto, de trazer riscos para a saúde pública. Dessa forma, com base nessas informações, conclui-se que os pombos são reservatórios de cepas de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, que podem apresentar elevado potencial de virulência, com altos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Osteogênese Imperfeita em cão jovem da raça pinscher / Osteogenesis Imperfect in an young pinscher dog

Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a severe genetic disease rarely described in veterinary medicine. This multisystemic condition is caused by a defect in the production and metabolization of collagen, which implicates in bone fragility. This disease has been described in cattle, sheep, domestic felines, mouse and dogs of different breeds, including collie, golden retriever, beagle, dachshund and chow chow. Animals affected by this condition present multiple fractures without previous occurrence of trauma. Therefore, this report aimed to describe a case of osteogenesis imperfecta type III in a miniature pinscher dog.Case: A 1-year-old male miniature pinscher dog, was admitted for clinical evaluation in Fortaleza, Brazil, with a history of spontaneous fractures without known causes. This animal was maintained indoors, fed on dry feed and presented recurrent events of claudication and pain. In the physical examination, the individual walked solely with the forelimbs, avoiding the use of the hind limbs and presented pain behavior. Bulging of the skull was observed laterally, which promoted a triangular appearance of head and face. Fontanelles were soft, and the eyes presented blueish sclera and corneal opacity. Teeth were small, translucid, fragile and deformed. Radiography images revealed bulging of the calvaria and persistent fontanelles with open cranial sutures. In addition, cranial convolutions were less clear, which was compatible with hydrocephalus. Dental roots were narrow, short and presented partial pulp obliteration. The radiographic contrast of the dentin was low with a reduction of periapical radiolucency. Bone radiopacity was low in the bones of the abdomen and pelvis, in addition to femur. Metaphysis of the right tibia was enlarged and angular. Multiple fractures were identified in the pelvis with the formation of opaque bony calluses and bone marrow sclerosis. Physiological parameters and blood test results were unaltered.[...]

Osteogênese Imperfeita em cão jovem da raça pinscher / Osteogenesis Imperfect in an young pinscher dog

Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a severe genetic disease rarely described in veterinary medicine. This multisystemic condition is caused by a defect in the production and metabolization of collagen, which implicates in bone fragility. This disease has been described in cattle, sheep, domestic felines, mouse and dogs of different breeds, including collie, golden retriever, beagle, dachshund and chow chow. Animals affected by this condition present multiple fractures without previous occurrence of trauma. Therefore, this report aimed to describe a case of osteogenesis imperfecta type III in a miniature pinscher dog.Case: A 1-year-old male miniature pinscher dog, was admitted for clinical evaluation in Fortaleza, Brazil, with a history of spontaneous fractures without known causes. This animal was maintained indoors, fed on dry feed and presented recurrent events of claudication and pain. In the physical examination, the individual walked solely with the forelimbs, avoiding the use of the hind limbs and presented pain behavior. Bulging of the skull was observed laterally, which promoted a triangular appearance of head and face. Fontanelles were soft, and the eyes presented blueish sclera and corneal opacity. Teeth were small, translucid, fragile and deformed. Radiography images revealed bulging of the calvaria and persistent fontanelles with open cranial sutures. In addition, cranial convolutions were less clear, which was compatible with hydrocephalus. Dental roots were narrow, short and presented partial pulp obliteration. The radiographic contrast of the dentin was low with a reduction of periapical radiolucency. Bone radiopacity was low in the bones of the abdomen and pelvis, in addition to femur. Metaphysis of the right tibia was enlarged and angular. Multiple fractures were identified in the pelvis with the formation of opaque bony calluses and bone marrow sclerosis. Physiological parameters and blood test results were unaltered.[...](AU)

Natural coinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in a feral pigeon (Columba livia)

Background: Rock pigeon (Columba livia) is an exotic and invasive species of the Columbidae family found in several cities around the world, including Brazilian cities, and close to humans. This species is found in large populations often in public locations, where people may have contact. Several studies have demonstrated the isolation of human pathogens from these birds. However, there are scarce studies describing infections by Gram-negative bacteria to which pigeons are susceptible. Therefore, this report aimed to describe a case of natural coinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in a feral pigeon. Case: A sick feral pigeon was delivered at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. Due to poor prognosis, the individual was euthanized with ketamine via intravenous injection and submitted to necropsy, in which samples were collected for microbiological and histopathological procedure. The procedure was performed aseptically and samples were collected from intestine, liver, spleen, heart and lung. Bacterial isolation was performed with culture media selective for Gram negative bacteria and strains were identified biochemically. Histopathological examination was performed with conventional method and slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. DNA from E. coli isolates was extracted with simples boiling method and submitted to uniplex conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnose diarrheagenic pathotypes with specific primers for the following genes: aaiC, aatA, eaeA, stx1, stx2, eltB, estA and ipaH. Escherichia coli was isolated from the intestine, liver, spleen and lung, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was present in liver, spleen and lung. E. coli strains from liver and spleen were positive for the aaiC gene, which is a diagnostic gene for Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) pathotype. […](AU)

Natural coinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in a feral pigeon (Columba livia)

Background: Rock pigeon (Columba livia) is an exotic and invasive species of the Columbidae family found in several cities around the world, including Brazilian cities, and close to humans. This species is found in large populations often in public locations, where people may have contact. Several studies have demonstrated the isolation of human pathogens from these birds. However, there are scarce studies describing infections by Gram-negative bacteria to which pigeons are susceptible. Therefore, this report aimed to describe a case of natural coinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in a feral pigeon. Case: A sick feral pigeon was delivered at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. Due to poor prognosis, the individual was euthanized with ketamine via intravenous injection and submitted to necropsy, in which samples were collected for microbiological and histopathological procedure. The procedure was performed aseptically and samples were collected from intestine, liver, spleen, heart and lung. Bacterial isolation was performed with culture media selective for Gram negative bacteria and strains were identified biochemically. Histopathological examination was performed with conventional method and slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. DNA from E. coli isolates was extracted with simples boiling method and submitted to uniplex conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnose diarrheagenic pathotypes with specific primers for the following genes: aaiC, aatA, eaeA, stx1, stx2, eltB, estA and ipaH. Escherichia coli was isolated from the intestine, liver, spleen and lung, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was present in liver, spleen and lung. E. coli strains from liver and spleen were positive for the aaiC gene, which is a diagnostic gene for Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) pathotype. […]

Obstrução intestinal associada à ingestão de corpos estranhos em tartaruga-de-espora-africana (Centrochelys sulcata) / Intestinal obstruction associated with ingestion of foreign bodies in African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata)

The ingestion of foreign bodies by captive reptiles is related to the maintenance of these animals in unsuitable places. This report refers to the description of ingestion cases of weird foreign bodies by one African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), from keepers in Ceará, Brazil. The animal is housed freely with other animals, when it came to so sudden death without previous clinical care. Macroscopic changes were: Hydropericardium ascites with reddish exudate hemorrhagic, gastroenteritis metallic object and ulcers in the stomach, food compression and undigested plastic bag in the small intestine. The presence of the metallic object produces the lining of the stomach laceration and bleeding. Exacerbating the situation by compaction of food and plastic bag. We conclude that the ingestion of foreign bodies especially metal objects can trigger fatal consequences to the turtles and the care with environment management and nutrition are important points in prevention.

Obstrução intestinal associada à ingestão de corpos estranhos em tartaruga-de-espora-africana (Centrochelys sulcata) / Intestinal obstruction associated with ingestion of foreign bodies in African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata)

The ingestion of foreign bodies by captive reptiles is related to the maintenance of these animals in unsuitable places. This report refers to the description of ingestion cases of weird foreign bodies by one African spurred tortoise (Centrochelys sulcata), from keepers in Ceará, Brazil. The animal is housed freely with other animals, when it came to so sudden death without previous clinical care. Macroscopic changes were: Hydropericardium ascites with reddish exudate hemorrhagic, gastroenteritis metallic object and ulcers in the stomach, food compression and undigested plastic bag in the small intestine. The presence of the metallic object produces the lining of the stomach laceration and bleeding. Exacerbating the situation by compaction of food and plastic bag. We conclude that the ingestion of foreign bodies especially metal objects can trigger fatal consequences to the turtles and the care with environment management and nutrition are important points in prevention.(AU)

Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance / Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli, responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.

Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública / Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli , responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.(AU)

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli , which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.(AU)

Isolation of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from psittacine: public health importance / Isolamento de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli de psittaciformes: relevância em saúde pública

The illegal wildlife trade is widespread among several countries, and Brazil is one of the most frequently involved due to its great territorial extension and large diversity of animal species. Birds are the main target, and among them the Psittaciformes order, which are removed indiscriminately from nature, is one of the most frequently traded due to their intelligence and great communicating skills. However, the conditions in which these birds are captured and maintained in captivity favor several diseases, among them the ones caused by some Enterobacteriaceae. In this family, the most frequently associated bacteria to illnesses and deaths in psittacine are Salmonella and Escherichia coli, which cause salmonellosis and colibacillosis, respectively. Therefore, this study presents a review of the literature concerning these enterobacteria in Psittaciformes, emphasizing the zoonotic potential of these bacteria.(AU)

O tráfico de animais selvagens consiste numa atividade ilegal exercida em diversas partes do mundo, e o Brasil, em função de sua grande extensão territorial e vasta biodiversidade, é um país bastante atingido por essa prática. O grupo de animais em perigo que mais se destaca é o das aves e, entre elas, as da ordem Psittaciformes. Essas são as mais traficadas por serem consideradas inteligentes e possuidoras de grandes habilidades de comunicação. Por isso, são retiradas indiscriminadamente da natureza. No entanto, as condições em que essas aves são capturadas e mantidas em cativeiro favorecem o aparecimento de diversas enfermidades, entre elas as causadas pelas enterobactérias. As bactérias que mais causam mortes e problemas em psitacídeos são as do gênero Salmonella e Escherichia coli, responsáveis pela salmonelose e pela colibacilose, respectivamente. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre essas enterobactérias em Psittaciformes, ressaltando o potencial zoonótico desses agentes.(AU)

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O: 6, 8) in broiler chickens

Background: The third largest poultry flock in Northeast Brazil is located in Ceará State. Some pathogens are commonly disseminated in broiler chicken flocks, such as the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Among these, some strains of Escherichia coli are frequently associated with different pathological manifestations in domestic animals, while bacteria from the genus Salmonella are considered the most frequent enteric pathogens reported causing foodborne infections in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples were collected from July-2014 to March-2015 in ten broiler chicken farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil, with birds in pre-slaughter age. From each farm, 100 individual cloacal swabs were randomly collected from broilers independent of clinical status. Distinct methodologies were used in order to provide optimal isolation conditions for both the bacterial species. For Escherichia coli, the methodology consisted in enrichment with BHI broth, plating in EMB agar and biochemical identification, after which some isolates were maintained in nutrient agar for antimicrobial resistance evaluation. For the isolation of [...](AU)

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O: 6, 8) in broiler chickens

Background: The third largest poultry flock in Northeast Brazil is located in Ceará State. Some pathogens are commonly disseminated in broiler chicken flocks, such as the bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family. Among these, some strains of Escherichia coli are frequently associated with different pathological manifestations in domestic animals, while bacteria from the genus Salmonella are considered the most frequent enteric pathogens reported causing foodborne infections in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli strains isolated from broiler chickens in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: Samples were collected from July-2014 to March-2015 in ten broiler chicken farms located in the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza city, Brazil, with birds in pre-slaughter age. From each farm, 100 individual cloacal swabs were randomly collected from broilers independent of clinical status. Distinct methodologies were used in order to provide optimal isolation conditions for both the bacterial species. For Escherichia coli, the methodology consisted in enrichment with BHI broth, plating in EMB agar and biochemical identification, after which some isolates were maintained in nutrient agar for antimicrobial resistance evaluation. For the isolation of [...]

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of enterobacteria isolated from psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade

Background: The psittacine are birds frequently commercialized in illegal wildlife trade and when apprehended by the responsible public departments are often found in poor sanitary conditions. In these cases, these birds become susceptible to several pathogens, such as the enterobacteria, which some are important poultry pathogens and other bacterial species may be found in the intestinal microbiota, but may also cause intestinal and extraintestinal opportunistic infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine from the illegal wildlife trade and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the isolated samples.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 167 individual cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy psittacines, who were housed in the local Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens - CETAS) in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Initially, samples were submitted to the microbiological procedure, with the following steps: preenrichment, selective enrichment and plating. Biochemical tests were used to the identify the species of enterobacteria. The samples with biochemical profile of Salmonella spp. were submitted to slide agglutination test using polyvalent “O” serum anti-Salmonella. To perform the antibiotic susceptibility testing, all the strains isolated were cultured in BHI broth, and then streaked in MacConkey agar. After this step, colonies were inoculated in tubes containing sterile saline solution. Then, the diluted cultures were plated with the aid of sterile swabs on plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar. Then, the following antimicrobial discs were added to the plates: ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline and azithromycin.[...](AU)

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of enterobacteria isolated from psittaciformes of illegal wildlife trade

Background: The psittacine are birds frequently commercialized in illegal wildlife trade and when apprehended by the responsible public departments are often found in poor sanitary conditions. In these cases, these birds become susceptible to several pathogens, such as the enterobacteria, which some are important poultry pathogens and other bacterial species may be found in the intestinal microbiota, but may also cause intestinal and extraintestinal opportunistic infections. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota of psittacine from the illegal wildlife trade and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profiles in the isolated samples.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 167 individual cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy psittacines, who were housed in the local Wildlife Rehabilitation Center (Centro de Triagem de Animais Selvagens - CETAS) in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Initially, samples were submitted to the microbiological procedure, with the following steps: preenrichment, selective enrichment and plating. Biochemical tests were used to the identify the species of enterobacteria. The samples with biochemical profile of Salmonella spp. were submitted to slide agglutination test using polyvalent “O” serum anti-Salmonella. To perform the antibiotic susceptibility testing, all the strains isolated were cultured in BHI broth, and then streaked in MacConkey agar. After this step, colonies were inoculated in tubes containing sterile saline solution. Then, the diluted cultures were plated with the aid of sterile swabs on plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar. Then, the following antimicrobial discs were added to the plates: ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, streptomycin, gentamycin, sulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, polymyxin B, tetracycline and azithromycin.[...]

Presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil

Background: Salmonellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and is a worldwide-considered major zoonosis with arisk for the public health due to the capacity of dissemination between animals and nature. In the poultry industry, day-old chicksmay acquire the infection at the hatchery through contact with fomites and eggshells with the presence of contaminated feces,favoring the animal infection and may become a source of infection to other birds in the lot, as well as to several other animals,including man. The aim of this study was to verify the presence of Salmonella spp. in one-day-old chicks from hatcheries in themetropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: A transversal study with a convenience sampling was performed in 510 day-old chicks acquiredfrom five hatcheries located in the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, Brazil. From each hatchery, 102 day-old chicks were analyzed at the Laboratory of Ornithological Studies (LABEO) of the State University of Ceará. Individual cloacal swab sampleswere collected immediately after arrival, following euthanasia by cervical dislocation for organ sampling, comprised of a poolof livers and yolk sacs of three birds per sample. Organ and cloacal samples were incubated in pre-enrichment using bufferedpeptone water 0.1%, following selective enrichment with the broths: Tetrathionate, Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite-Cystine.After incubation, samples were streaked in Brilliant Green agar added Novobiocin (40 µg/mL) and MacConkey agar. For all themicrobiological procedures, samples were incubated at 35 to 37°C for 18 to 24 h. Suspect colonies were identified by biochemical tests and confirmed with polyvalent O anti-Salmonella serum. Salmonella isolates were submitted to disk-diffusion method(Kirby-Bauer) following the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. With the...(AU)

Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil / Survey of Enterobacteriaceae in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities of the state of Ceará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. and Serratia sp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonella was isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.(AU)

Pesquisa de enterobactérias em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios do Ceará, Brasil / Survey of Enterobacteriaceae in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities of the state of Ceará, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar as enterobactérias presentes em patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) de propriedades localizadas em quatro municípios no estado do Ceará. Para isso, 47 esfregaços cloacais foram realizados, e 65 amostras de fezes de patos criados em propriedades localizadas nos municípios de Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio e Cascavel foram coletadas. As amostras foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico. No pré-enriquecimento, todas as amostras de fezes e dos esfregaços cloacais coletados foram alocadas em água peptonada tamponada 0,1%. Para o enriquecimento seletivo, alíquotas da água peptonada com as amostras foram transferidas para tubos contendo Rappaport-Vassilliadis e Selenito-Cistina. Placas de Verde-Brilhante e MacConkey foram semeadas com o conteúdo dos tubos do enriquecimento. Colônias suspeitas escolhidas com base em características morfológicas foram semeadas em provas bioquímicas (TSI: Tríplice Açúcar Ferro; LIA: Ágar Lisina Ferro; e SIM: Sulfeto, Indol, Motilidade). As bactérias foram identificadas com base nas características bioquímicas. Foi detectado, a partir do exame microbiológico, que as enterobactérias mais prevalentes isoladas das amostras de esfregaços cloacais e de fezes foram Citrobactersp., Proteus sp. e Enterobacter sp. Em menor frequência ocorreram Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Shigella sp., Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. e Serratia sp. De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, concluiu-se que a microbiota intestinal dos patos avaliados não apresentava Salmonella sp., gênero bacteriano comumente associado a esta espécie de ave; entretanto, observou-se que a fauna microbiana era constituída pelas principais enterobactérias comuns a outras espécies de aves, sendo algumas potencialmente patogênicas aos animais e aos seres humanos.(AU)

This study aimed to isolate and identify members of the Enterobacteriaceae that were present in domestic ducks (Cairina moschata) from properties located in four cities in the State of Ceará, Brazil. Therefore, 65 stool samples and 47 cloacal swabs were collected from farms located in the following cities: Fortaleza, Boa Água, Eusébio and Cascavel. The samples were submitted to bacteriological processing. In pre-enrichment, all of the stool and swab samples were cultured in buffered peptone water 0.1%. For selective enrichment, aliquots from the tubes of the prior step after incubation were transferred to tubes containing Rappaport-Vassiliadis and Selenite Cystine broths. Plates with MacConkey and Brilliant Green agars were streaked with the content from the enrichment tubes after incubation. Colonies were chosen based on their morphological characteristics for the biochemical tests (TSI: Triple-Sugar-Iron; LIA: Lysine-Iron-Agar; and SIM: Sulfide-indole-motility). The bacteria were identified based on their biochemical characteristics. The mostly isolated bacteria were Citrobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Enterobacter sp. In a lower frequency, isolated enterobacteria were Klebsiella sp., Hafnia sp., Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella sp., Providencia sp. and Serratia sp. With the methodology applied, no Salmonella was isolated from the evaluated ducks, which is a genus commonly associated with this avian species; however the microbiota were composed by the main enterobacteria that are common to other species of birds, some of which are potentially pathogenic both to animals and humans.(AU)