Bothrops envenomation in dogs: local and systemic manifestations

Background: Snakebite envenoming is a condition that affects humans and domestic animals worldwide. Identification of the snake species involved in the envenomation is infrequent. Bothrops envenomation presents typical clinicopathological features. This report describes epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of 2 cases of Bothrops envenomation in dogs, including the first case of Bothrops moojeni snake striking a domestic animal in Brazil. Cases: Case 1. A dog was witnessed to have a Bothrops moojeni snakebite on a farm. In the first 24 h, acute lameness, pain, diffuse swelling, focal bleeding at the left forelimb, and increased whole-blood clotting time were observed in the envenomed dog. Polyvalent antivenom was administered in addition to fluid therapy, analgesics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. On the 5th day, the animal presented spontaneous bleeding at the wound site, thrombocytopenia, and increased whole-blood clotting time. An additional dose of polyvalent antivenom was administered, and local treatment at the snakebite site was initiated. After 13 days, the dog showed no clinical or laboratory changes and recovered entirely. Case 2. A mongrel dog was taken for a necropsy to determine the cause of death. Grossly, major findings included swelling in the nasal plane that extended to the neck and dissecting hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue and adjacent musculature. Hemorrhages were observed in the heart, parietal pleura, left forelimb, lumbar region, and perirenal tissue. Marked necrosis and disruption of small blood vessels and lymphatics within the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue were the main microscopic findings close to the snakebite site. Additionally, degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers and dissecting hemorrhage were observed in the head and neck tissues surrounding the snakebite site. Kidneys showed marked interstitial hemorrhage and acute tubular nephrosis. Discussion: Bothrops envenoming is characterized by local (hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis) and systemic (coagulative disorders, systemic hemorrhage, and acute kidney injury) changes due to the effect of the main venom components such as phospholipase A2 and metalloproteinases. These changes are hallmarks for the bothropic envenomation, supporting the diagnosis in cases 1 and 2. In case 1, the dog developed a Bothrops moojeni snakebite envenomation, but the immediate treatment with antivenom allowed a favorable outcome. In case 2, gross and microscopic findings supported the presumptive diagnosis of fatal bothropic envenomation. A marked local reaction such as swelling, pain, bleeding, bruising, and tissue necrosis was observed in case 1. In case 2, the most significant local changes were swelling and edema at the head and neck, hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue, and adjacent musculature. Systemic effects were observed clinically as spontaneous bleeding, thrombocytopenia, increased whole-blood clotting time (Case 1), systemic hemorrhages, and acute tubular nephrosis (Case 2). A proper treatment probably prevented the development of acute renal failure in Case 1. Herein, we show the first case of accidental snakebite envenomation by B. moojeni in a dog in Brazil. Information is scarce on the identification of venomous snake species striking domestic animals. Fast detection of well-determined clinical and pathological findings of Bothrops envenomation is essential for a correct diagnosis, therapeutics, and a good prognosis, even in cases with an unknown history.

Cerebral vascular hamartoma in a Campeiro Bulldog

Background: Vascular hamartomas (VH) are rare or simply underdiagnosed injuries in veterinary medicine and represent a non-neoplastic developmental anomaly disorganization and proliferation of endothelial tissue. VH occur in any region of the body, however in the brain present clinical relevance related with the potential for spontaneous bleeding, adjacent tissue compression and convulsive activity. The aim of these reports is to describe clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical features of a case of cerebrovascular hamartoma and highlight the diagnosis of these rare brain disorder in dogs. Case: A 10-year-old male dog, a Campeiro Bulldog breed presented convulsions episodes and died before an elective surgical procedure for eyelid nodule removal. Three red nodules were observed in the brain, one between the parietal lobe and the left occipital lobe (in the medium suprasylviam sulcus), the other in the caudal region of the corpus callosum and the third one in the cerebellar cortex. Central nervous system, eyelids and most organs and tissues samples were collected, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed for histopathological analysis. Histologically, in the eyelid was detected a sebaceous adenoma. The nervous system samples revealed well-differentiated sizes vascular structures with thin-walled and blood-filled, promoting compression of the brain. Normal neuropile was detected between the vascular structures substantiating cerebral vascular hamartoma diagnosis in the dog. Immunohistochemical assay was conducted with CD31 (monoclonal mouse antibody anti-CD31, Clone JC70A, Dako Corp.) and Von Willebrand factor (monoclonal mouse antibody anti-Von Willebrand factor, Clone F8/86, Dako Corp.) using the biotin–peroxidase–streptavidin method (PolyDetector Plus DAB–HRP, Bio SB) on CNS sections to confirm the vascular origin of the lining cells in the mass….

Cerebral vascular hamartoma in a Campeiro Bulldog

Background: Vascular hamartomas (VH) are rare or simply underdiagnosed injuries in veterinary medicine and represent a non-neoplastic developmental anomaly disorganization and proliferation of endothelial tissue. VH occur in any region of the body, however in the brain present clinical relevance related with the potential for spontaneous bleeding, adjacent tissue compression and convulsive activity. The aim of these reports is to describe clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical features of a case of cerebrovascular hamartoma and highlight the diagnosis of these rare brain disorder in dogs. Case: A 10-year-old male dog, a Campeiro Bulldog breed presented convulsions episodes and died before an elective surgical procedure for eyelid nodule removal. Three red nodules were observed in the brain, one between the parietal lobe and the left occipital lobe (in the medium suprasylviam sulcus), the other in the caudal region of the corpus callosum and the third one in the cerebellar cortex. Central nervous system, eyelids and most organs and tissues samples were collected, fixed in 10% formaldehyde and processed for histopathological analysis. Histologically, in the eyelid was detected a sebaceous adenoma. The nervous system samples revealed well-differentiated sizes vascular structures with thin-walled and blood-filled, promoting compression of the brain. Normal neuropile was detected between the vascular structures substantiating cerebral vascular hamartoma diagnosis in the dog. Immunohistochemical assay was conducted with CD31 (monoclonal mouse antibody anti-CD31, Clone JC70A, Dako Corp.) and Von Willebrand factor (monoclonal mouse antibody anti-Von Willebrand factor, Clone F8/86, Dako Corp.) using the biotin–peroxidase–streptavidin method (PolyDetector Plus DAB–HRP, Bio SB) on CNS sections to confirm the vascular origin of the lining cells in the mass….(AU)

Surto de intoxicação por monensina sódica em equinos associada a consumo de suplemento mineral à base de melaço de cana-de-açúcar / Outbreak of monensin sodium poisoning in horses associated with consumption of mineral supplement based on sugarcane molasses

Background: Sodium monensin is a molecule of the group of ionophores antibiotics (IAs) of the polyether carboxylic typeproduced from the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Cases of IA poisoning in animals usually occur accidentally. Fatal poisoning in horses, a non-target species and with particular sensitivity usually occurs by the consumption ofthese products from the toxic dose of 2-3 mg/kg. This report aims to describe the epidemiological and clinical-pathologicalaspects of an outbreak of ionophore antibiotic poisoning in horses due to the consumption of mineral supplementationindicated for ruminants based on sugarcane molasses.Case: Two horses were necropsied. During necropsy, fragments of various organs were collected and fixed in 10% bufferedformalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The information obtained from the animaltrainer was that 19 horses received approximately 25 kg of low moisture mixture based on sugarcane molasses, enriched withmacro and micro minerals, vitamins and additives containing 1000 mg of monensin/kg in the trough. One day after receivingthe product, five horses began to develop ataxia, reluctance to move, difficulty of accompanying the herd and arising. Out ofthe five, three died after three days of evolution, one after six days (equine 1) and another after 15 days (equine 2) [morbidity 26.31%]. At necropsy, diffuse pallor was observed in the gluteus medius, quadriceps femoris, semimembranosus, bicepsbrachii and deep pectoral muscles. Microscopically the muscle fibers were tumefied with hypereosinophilic sarcoplasmof homogeneous appearance and with loss of striations, pynotic or absent nuclei (necrosis). Multifocal areas of fibers withsarcoplasmic fragmentation were observed, with clusters of irregular eosinophilic debris, flake (floct necrosis) or granule(granular necrosis)...

Surto de intoxicação por monensina sódica em equinos associada a consumo de suplemento mineral à base de melaço de cana-de-açúcar / Outbreak of monensin sodium poisoning in horses associated with consumption of mineral supplement based on sugarcane molasses

Background: Sodium monensin is a molecule of the group of ionophores antibiotics (IAs) of the polyether carboxylic typeproduced from the fermentation of Streptomyces cinnamonensis. Cases of IA poisoning in animals usually occur accidentally. Fatal poisoning in horses, a non-target species and with particular sensitivity usually occurs by the consumption ofthese products from the toxic dose of 2-3 mg/kg. This report aims to describe the epidemiological and clinical-pathologicalaspects of an outbreak of ionophore antibiotic poisoning in horses due to the consumption of mineral supplementationindicated for ruminants based on sugarcane molasses.Case: Two horses were necropsied. During necropsy, fragments of various organs were collected and fixed in 10% bufferedformalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The information obtained from the animaltrainer was that 19 horses received approximately 25 kg of low moisture mixture based on sugarcane molasses, enriched withmacro and micro minerals, vitamins and additives containing 1000 mg of monensin/kg in the trough. One day after receivingthe product, five horses began to develop ataxia, reluctance to move, difficulty of accompanying the herd and arising. Out ofthe five, three died after three days of evolution, one after six days (equine 1) and another after 15 days (equine 2) [morbidity 26.31%]. At necropsy, diffuse pallor was observed in the gluteus medius, quadriceps femoris, semimembranosus, bicepsbrachii and deep pectoral muscles. Microscopically the muscle fibers were tumefied with hypereosinophilic sarcoplasmof homogeneous appearance and with loss of striations, pynotic or absent nuclei (necrosis). Multifocal areas of fibers withsarcoplasmic fragmentation were observed, with clusters of irregular eosinophilic debris, flake (floct necrosis) or granule(granular necrosis)... (AU)

Disseminated tuberculosis in a dog: a putative zooanthroponosis

Background: Zooantroponoses that affect pets are rare. Microorganisms involved in human tuberculosis has great importance to public health and has potentiality to produce reverse zoonoses. Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is in top of the most important infectious diseases related to public health. In dogs, the infection occurs through prolonged exposure to aerosols and respiratory secretions from humans. Canine tuberculosis is little reported and known in Brazil, this work aims to describe the anatomopathological findings of the first case of canine tuberculosis in a 5-year-old dog in the Federal District and alert to the presence of this disease in this region.Case: The dog had history of close contact with its owner, who has been treated for pulmonary tuberculosis six months before. At necropsy scattered multifocal, firm, white to yellow-gray nodules, varying in size (3 mm to 10 mm) involving lungs, kidneys, heart, liver and spleen was observed. In frontal and occipital cerebral cortex, pale-gray circular lesions were detected with the same characteristics. The histological findings were, multifocal to coalescent granulomas, well organized with a central core of necrosis with foci of mineralization, surrounded by histiocytes, epithelioid macrophage, rare Langhans giant cells, some intact and degenerate plasma cells and neutrophils, and a rim of reactive fibroblasts producing fibrous connective tissue. Histological staining with ZN revealed free acid-fast bacilli and in the cytoplasm of macrophages and granulomas in all affected organs. The PCR allowed identification of DNA was extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues using the ReliaPrep™ FFPE gDNA Miniprep System®, according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Promega, EUA). The Speed-Oligo Mycobacteria assay was used to identify the presence of M. tuberculosis complex DNA in tissue samples.[...]

Disseminated tuberculosis in a dog: a putative zooanthroponosis

Background: Zooantroponoses that affect pets are rare. Microorganisms involved in human tuberculosis has great importance to public health and has potentiality to produce reverse zoonoses. Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is in top of the most important infectious diseases related to public health. In dogs, the infection occurs through prolonged exposure to aerosols and respiratory secretions from humans. Canine tuberculosis is little reported and known in Brazil, this work aims to describe the anatomopathological findings of the first case of canine tuberculosis in a 5-year-old dog in the Federal District and alert to the presence of this disease in this region.Case: The dog had history of close contact with its owner, who has been treated for pulmonary tuberculosis six months before. At necropsy scattered multifocal, firm, white to yellow-gray nodules, varying in size (3 mm to 10 mm) involving lungs, kidneys, heart, liver and spleen was observed. In frontal and occipital cerebral cortex, pale-gray circular lesions were detected with the same characteristics. The histological findings were, multifocal to coalescent granulomas, well organized with a central core of necrosis with foci of mineralization, surrounded by histiocytes, epithelioid macrophage, rare Langhans giant cells, some intact and degenerate plasma cells and neutrophils, and a rim of reactive fibroblasts producing fibrous connective tissue. Histological staining with ZN revealed free acid-fast bacilli and in the cytoplasm of macrophages and granulomas in all affected organs. The PCR allowed identification of DNA was extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues using the ReliaPrep™ FFPE gDNA Miniprep System®, according to the manufacturers instructions (Promega, EUA). The Speed-Oligo Mycobacteria assay was used to identify the presence of M. tuberculosis complex DNA in tissue samples.[...](AU)

Prognostic factors in canine mammary carcinomas and HER2 expression relationship / Fatores de prognóstico em carcinomas mamários caninos e sua relação com expressão de HER2

Background: The human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) receptor is a membrane glycoprotein tyrosine kinase. In woman, HER2 expression is diagnosed in 30% of breast carcinomas and it is associated with a worse prognosis, higher rate of recurrence and mortality. In the bitch, the HER2 overexpression in canine mammary tumors is still controversial and the prognostic value remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to verify the HER2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas and relate it to the type and histological grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging. Materials, Methods & Results: Ninety bitches diagnosed with mammary carcinoma were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were bitches with complete clinical examination, thoracic radiographic examination and submitted unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Ninety-nine samples of mammary carcinoma were used and the fragments of tumor and regional lymph nodes were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The lesions were evaluated by two pathologists and classified according to the type and histological grade. HER2 expression was performed by semi-quantitative analysis of the slides according to the HerceptTestTM (Dako) recommended score. Simple carcinomas were the most frequent (51.51%) followed by complex carcinomas (46.47%) and in situ carcinoma (2.02%). [...](AU)

Discrepancy between clinical and postmortem diagnosis of dogs in a veterinary medical teaching hospital

Background: The postmortem examination offers the opportunity to study the processes involved in disease. Although a portion of veterinary medical professionals and students consider the necropsy as a diagnostic tool of purely academic interest, it can provide valuable assistance in formulating health strategies in order to prevent and control animal diseases. The number of necropsies performed in general is higher in universities where the cost is subsidized. In veterinary medicine, studies intended to assess the frequency of necropsy and the discrepancy between clinical and postmortem diagnosis of dogs are rare. The main purpose of the necropsy is to discover the cause of death of dogs, by defining a possible etiology and pathogenesis in order to reach a diagnosis. Material, Methods & Results: We used medical records and necropsy records to define the clinical and postmortem diagnosis, respectively. Data relating to deaths was recorded as the number of euthanized dogs and natural deaths in 2014. From the information cause of death, these were categorized as infectious disease, cardiac, gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, neurological, metabolic or endocrine disease, neoplastic disease, trauma, or systemic disease. We used the Binomial discrepancy in the comparison of the rates between different years and also to verify the association between discrepancy and the [...](AU)

Discrepancy between clinical and postmortem diagnosis of dogs in a veterinary medical teaching hospital

Background: The postmortem examination offers the opportunity to study the processes involved in disease. Although a portion of veterinary medical professionals and students consider the necropsy as a diagnostic tool of purely academic interest, it can provide valuable assistance in formulating health strategies in order to prevent and control animal diseases. The number of necropsies performed in general is higher in universities where the cost is subsidized. In veterinary medicine, studies intended to assess the frequency of necropsy and the discrepancy between clinical and postmortem diagnosis of dogs are rare. The main purpose of the necropsy is to discover the cause of death of dogs, by defining a possible etiology and pathogenesis in order to reach a diagnosis. Material, Methods & Results: We used medical records and necropsy records to define the clinical and postmortem diagnosis, respectively. Data relating to deaths was recorded as the number of euthanized dogs and natural deaths in 2014. From the information cause of death, these were categorized as infectious disease, cardiac, gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, neurological, metabolic or endocrine disease, neoplastic disease, trauma, or systemic disease. We used the Binomial discrepancy in the comparison of the rates between different years and also to verify the association between discrepancy and the [...]

Prognostic factors in canine mammary carcinomas and HER2 expression relationship / Fatores de prognóstico em carcinomas mamários caninos e sua relação com expressão de HER2

Background: The human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) receptor is a membrane glycoprotein tyrosine kinase. In woman, HER2 expression is diagnosed in 30% of breast carcinomas and it is associated with a worse prognosis, higher rate of recurrence and mortality. In the bitch, the HER2 overexpression in canine mammary tumors is still controversial and the prognostic value remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to verify the HER2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas and relate it to the type and histological grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging. Materials, Methods & Results: Ninety bitches diagnosed with mammary carcinoma were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were bitches with complete clinical examination, thoracic radiographic examination and submitted unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Ninety-nine samples of mammary carcinoma were used and the fragments of tumor and regional lymph nodes were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The lesions were evaluated by two pathologists and classified according to the type and histological grade. HER2 expression was performed by semi-quantitative analysis of the slides according to the HerceptTestTM (Dako) recommended score. Simple carcinomas were the most frequent (51.51%) followed by complex carcinomas (46.47%) and in situ carcinoma (2.02%). [...]

Polioencefalomalacia em ruminantes: aspectos etiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos

Polioencefalomalacia é uma doença cosmopolita, multifatorial, que acomete bovinos,bubalinos, caprinos e ovinos. O termo polioencefalomalacia indica um diagnóstico morfológico deamolecimento por necrose (malacia) da substância cinzenta (pólio) do córtex cerebral. As causas de PEMsão variadas, no entanto possuem patogênese semelhante por promoverem alterações irreversíveis nometabolismo das células nervosas que invariavelmente evoluem para morte (necrose). As principaiscausas conhecidas são: deficiência de tiamina, intoxicação por enxofre, meningoencefalite porherpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5), intoxicação por sal associada a privação por água, intoxicação porchumbo, intoxicação por plantas que produzem tiaminases, amprólio e “Uva do Japão”.

Polioencephalomalacia is a cosmopolitan, multifactorial disease that affects cattle,buffaloes, goats and sheep. Polioencephalomalacia is a morphological diagnosis that means necrosis(malacia) in the cerebral cortex causing the softening of the gray matter (polio). Although the etiologicalagents are multiples, they have similar pathogenesis causing irreversible lesions in the metabolism ofnerve cells, leading to the cellular death. Among the main etiological agents are thiamine deficiency,sulfur intoxication, bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) meningoencephalitis, salt intoxication associatedwith water deprivation, lead intoxication, intoxication by plants that produce thiaminases, amprolium andJapanese.

Encefalopatía en gato causada por condicíon simultánea de "shunt" portosistémico y peritonitis infecciosa felina (PIF) no efusiva - reporte de caso / Encefalopathy in cat caused by simultaneous afection of portosystemic "shunt" and non effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) - case report / Encefalopatia em gato causada por afecção simultânea de "shunt" portossistêmico e peritonite infecciosa felina (PIF) não efusiva - relato de caso

Encefalopatías en gatos pueden presentar varias causas, entre ellas, trastornos hepáticos, renales y enfermedades infecciosas. Apesar de diferentes etiologías, es posible que estas encefalopatías ocurran simultáneamente y exacerban los síntomas del animal afectado. La investigación de todas las causas posibles, de acuerdo con la evolución de la situación del animal, es de gran importancia. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de encefalopatía en gato de dos fuentes distintas de forma simultánea, encefalopatía hepática por "shunt" portosistémico e causada por la infección del virus de la peritonitis infecciosa felina no efusiva.(AU)

Encefalopthies in felines may be presented by several causes, among them, hepatic affections, renal affections and infectious diseases. Despite the differentiated etiologies, its possible this encefalopathies occurs in simultaneous form and exacerbate the sintomatology of the stricken animal. The investigation of all the possible causes, according to the evolution of the animal situation, is very important. The aim of this paper is to report a case of a cat presenting encefalophaty by two different origins simultaneously, hepatic encefalophaty by portosystemic "shunt" and caused by non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.(AU)

Encefalopatias em felinos podem se apresentar por várias causas, dentre elas, distúrbios metabólicos e doenças infecciosas. Apesar de etiologias diferenciadas, é possível que essas encefalopatias ocorram de forma simultânea e exacerbam a sintomatologia do animal acometido. A investigação de todas as possíveis causas, de acordo com a evolução do quadro do animal, é de grande importância. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de gato apresentando encefalopatia de duas origens diferentes em simultaneidade, encefalopatia hepática por "shunt" portossistêmico e causada por infecção por vírus da peritonite infecciosa felina não efusiva.

Encefalopatía en gato causada por condicíon simultánea de "shunt" portosistémico y peritonitis infecciosa felina (PIF) no efusiva - reporte de caso / Encefalopathy in cat caused by simultaneous afection of portosystemic "shunt" and non effusive feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) - case report / Encefalopatia em gato causada por afecção simultânea de "shunt" portossistêmico e peritonite infecciosa felina (PIF) não efusiva - relato de caso

Encefalopatías en gatos pueden presentar varias causas, entre ellas, trastornos hepáticos, renales y enfermedades infecciosas. Apesar de diferentes etiologías, es posible que estas encefalopatías ocurran simultáneamente y exacerban los síntomas del animal afectado. La investigación de todas las causas posibles, de acuerdo con la evolución de la situación del animal, es de gran importancia. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de encefalopatía en gato de dos fuentes distintas de forma simultánea, encefalopatía hepática por "shunt" portosistémico e causada por la infección del virus de la peritonitis infecciosa felina no efusiva.

Encefalopthies in felines may be presented by several causes, among them, hepatic affections, renal affections and infectious diseases. Despite the differentiated etiologies, its possible this encefalopathies occurs in simultaneous form and exacerbate the sintomatology of the stricken animal. The investigation of all the possible causes, according to the evolution of the animal situation, is very important. The aim of this paper is to report a case of a cat presenting encefalophaty by two different origins simultaneously, hepatic encefalophaty by portosystemic "shunt" and caused by non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis virus infection.

Encefalopatias em felinos podem se apresentar por várias causas, dentre elas, distúrbios metabólicos e doenças infecciosas. Apesar de etiologias diferenciadas, é possível que essas encefalopatias ocorram de forma simultânea e exacerbam a sintomatologia do animal acometido. A investigação de todas as possíveis causas, de acordo com a evolução do quadro do animal, é de grande importância. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de gato apresentando encefalopatia de duas origens diferentes em simultaneidade, encefalopatia hepática por "shunt" portossistêmico e causada por infecção por vírus da peritonite infecciosa felina não efusiva.

Immunohistochemistry in myocardium of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi / Imunohistoquímica em miocárdio de cães naturamente infectados por Leishmania chagasi

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic and endemic disease, widespread zoonotic infection with a greatimpact on public health. The domestic dog is the main reservoir and also a source of infection for humans in the urbanenvironment. Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a multisystem disease that affects several organs, mainly the heart. The aimof this study was to verify the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi in myocardium of dogs naturally infectedby immunohistochemistry. In addition, to correlate the number of parasitized cells with the intensity of the inflammation,the macroscopic and microscopic lesions.Materials, Methods & Results: It were used 52 dogs positive for leishmaniasis diagnosed by clinical examination, IndirectImmunofluorescence (RIFI), ELISA and cytological analysis of popliteal lymph nodes. The positive animals were euthanized and submitted a necropsy. Following necropsy, the macroscopic analysis was done, and samples from the region ofthe cardiac apex were collected at the transition between the two ventricles. Fragments of heart tissues were fixed in 10%neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The inflammatory process of the myocardiumand lesions semi-quantitatively scored for myocardial injury on a scale of 0 to 3: (0) absent, (1) mild = small focal lesions,(2) moderate = larger, multifocal lesions and (3) severe = affecting most areas with coalescence. On immunostaining,the animal was classified according to the parasite load: - (no microorganism), mild (1-100 microorganisms), moderate(101-300), intense parasitism (> 300). At the macroscopically analysis, 33 animals (63.46%) had at least one lesion. Theconcentric hypertrophy left ventricular was the most...(AU)

Immunohistochemistry in myocardium of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi / Imunohistoquímica em miocárdio de cães naturamente infectados por Leishmania chagasi

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a chronic and endemic disease, widespread zoonotic infection with a greatimpact on public health. The domestic dog is the main reservoir and also a source of infection for humans in the urbanenvironment. Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a multisystem disease that affects several organs, mainly the heart. The aimof this study was to verify the presence of amastigotes of Leishmania chagasi in myocardium of dogs naturally infectedby immunohistochemistry. In addition, to correlate the number of parasitized cells with the intensity of the inflammation,the macroscopic and microscopic lesions.Materials, Methods & Results: It were used 52 dogs positive for leishmaniasis diagnosed by clinical examination, IndirectImmunofluorescence (RIFI), ELISA and cytological analysis of popliteal lymph nodes. The positive animals were euthanized and submitted a necropsy. Following necropsy, the macroscopic analysis was done, and samples from the region ofthe cardiac apex were collected at the transition between the two ventricles. Fragments of heart tissues were fixed in 10%neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The inflammatory process of the myocardiumand lesions semi-quantitatively scored for myocardial injury on a scale of 0 to 3: (0) absent, (1) mild = small focal lesions,(2) moderate = larger, multifocal lesions and (3) severe = affecting most areas with coalescence. On immunostaining,the animal was classified according to the parasite load: - (no microorganism), mild (1-100 microorganisms), moderate(101-300), intense parasitism (> 300). At the macroscopically analysis, 33 animals (63.46%) had at least one lesion. Theconcentric hypertrophy left ventricular was the most...

Reação tóxica sistêmica causada por picadas de abelhas em cães / Systemic toxic reaction due bee stings in dogs

Background: Toxic reactions due bee stings in human, companion animals, food animals and wild animals are sporadically reported. Accidents involving bees have been occurring in urban and rural areas since 1956, when African bees were introduced in Brazil, forming populations of aggressive hybrid Africanized bees. Their sting cause local and systemic reactions, which include dermatologic reactions, anaphylactic reactions and toxic systemic reactions before death. The aim of this article is to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of the toxic systemic reactions of two dogs that suffered a massive bee attack in the Federal District, Brazil.Cases: A 8-year-old female Brazilian mastiff, and one female 6-year-old Belgian shepherd were locked in the kennel when they suffered a massive bee attack. The dogs presented ‘apathy, congested mucous membranes, dyspnea, epistaxis, hemoglobinuria, icterus (one of them) and convulsions. Clinical pathology results showed a strong hemolyzed plasma, azotemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis. Both animals were euthanized due to their critical conditions. At necropsy the dogs showed severe subcutaneous edema in the face, moderate congestion of mucous membranes, hematochezia and hematuria. Both dogs presented kidneys dark brown to blackened colored, urinary bladder replete with dark red fluid, lungs severely congested, intestines with severe mural edema and hyperemia containing bloody fecal matter inside, and the liver of one of the dog moderately icteric. The main histologic findings were the moderate diffuse degeneration of the kidney tubular epithelium with small focal areas of necrosis, countless casts of hemoglobin, granular and hyaline casts inside the renal tubules.[...]

Reação tóxica sistêmica causada por picadas de abelhas em cães / Systemic toxic reaction due bee stings in dogs

Background: Toxic reactions due bee stings in human, companion animals, food animals and wild animals are sporadically reported. Accidents involving bees have been occurring in urban and rural areas since 1956, when African bees were introduced in Brazil, forming populations of aggressive hybrid Africanized bees. Their sting cause local and systemic reactions, which include dermatologic reactions, anaphylactic reactions and toxic systemic reactions before death. The aim of this article is to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of the toxic systemic reactions of two dogs that suffered a massive bee attack in the Federal District, Brazil.Cases: A 8-year-old female Brazilian mastiff, and one female 6-year-old Belgian shepherd were locked in the kennel when they suffered a massive bee attack. The dogs presented ‘apathy, congested mucous membranes, dyspnea, epistaxis, hemoglobinuria, icterus (one of them) and convulsions. Clinical pathology results showed a strong hemolyzed plasma, azotemia, leukocytosis with neutrophilia and monocytosis. Both animals were euthanized due to their critical conditions. At necropsy the dogs showed severe subcutaneous edema in the face, moderate congestion of mucous membranes, hematochezia and hematuria. Both dogs presented kidneys dark brown to blackened colored, urinary bladder replete with dark red fluid, lungs severely congested, intestines with severe mural edema and hyperemia containing bloody fecal matter inside, and the liver of one of the dog moderately icteric. The main histologic findings were the moderate diffuse degeneration of the kidney tubular epithelium with small focal areas of necrosis, countless casts of hemoglobin, granular and hyaline casts inside the renal tubules.[...](AU)

Quadro Clínico de cães com Leishmaniose visceral e sua correlação com a sensibilidade do teste parasitológico

A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) é uma enfermidade sistêmica severa cuja manifestação clínica relaciona-se com o tipo de resposta imunológica expressa pelo animal infectado. É causada por um protozoário do gênero Leishmania, espécie Leishmania chagasi, e tem como principal transmissão, a picada do inseto vetor. Para ter o diagnóstico desta doença realizam-se testes sorológicos e/ou parasitológicos, uma vez que os sinais clínicos são diversos e podem se assemelhar a várias outras doenças infecciosas. Este trabalho teve como intuito verificar quais foram os principais sinais clínicos encontrados em cães sororreagentes para LVC provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) de Uberlândia – MG e realizar exame parasitológico de amostras coletadas em baço e linfonodo poplíteo de cães sororreagentes e correlacionar seu resultado com a sintomatologia apresentada pelo cão. Verificou-se que os principais sinais clínicos ocorreram na pele e anexo (79,41%); linfadenomegalia (52,94%); hepatomegalia (50%); emagrecimento (26,47%); esplenomegalia (23,52%); apatia (23,52%); hipertermia (20,58%); alterações oftálmicas (17,6%) e mucosas hipocoradas (14,70%). Treze dos 34 animais foram positivos no exame parasitológico, sendo que foi mais frequente a visualização de formas amastigotas no baço. Foi verificado que 42% dos animais assintomáticos deram positivos no exame parasitológico, confirmando a importância deste grupo para a disseminação inaparente desta doença.

The Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a severe systemic disease whose clinical manifestation is related to the type of immune response expressed by the infected animal. It is caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, Leishmania chagasi, and the main transmission is by the bite of the insect vector. To make diagnosis of the disease is carried out serologic tests and / or parasitological, because the symptoms are varied and may resemble several other infectious diseases. This study was aimed to check what were the main clinical signs found in dogs seropositive for LVC from the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) of Uberlândia - MG and perform parasitological examination of samples collected from spleen and popliteal lymph node of seropositive dogs and correlate their result with the symptoms presented by the dog. It was found that the main clinical signs occurred in the skin and attached (79.41%); lymphadenopathy (52.94%); hepatomegaly (50%); body score below three (26.47%), splenomegaly (23,52%), apathy (23.52%), hyperthermia (20.58%); ophthalmic problem (17.6%) and pale mucous membranes(14.70%). Thirteen of the 34 animals were positive parasitological examination, and was more frequent viewing of amastigotes in the spleen. It was found that 42% of asymptomatic animals results in positive parasitological examination, confirming the importance of this group for the spread of this disease unapparent.

Quadro Clínico de cães com Leishmaniose visceral e sua correlação com a sensibilidade do teste parasitológico

A Leishmaniose Visceral Canina (LVC) é uma enfermidade sistêmica severa cuja manifestação clínica relaciona-se com o tipo de resposta imunológica expressa pelo animal infectado. É causada por um protozoário do gênero Leishmania, espécie Leishmania chagasi, e tem como principal transmissão, a picada do inseto vetor. Para ter o diagnóstico desta doença realizam-se testes sorológicos e/ou parasitológicos, uma vez que os sinais clínicos são diversos e podem se assemelhar a várias outras doenças infecciosas. Este trabalho teve como intuito verificar quais foram os principais sinais clínicos encontrados em cães sororreagentes para LVC provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) de Uberlândia MG e realizar exame parasitológico de amostras coletadas em baço e linfonodo poplíteo de cães sororreagentes e correlacionar seu resultado com a sintomatologia apresentada pelo cão. Verificou-se que os principais sinais clínicos ocorreram na pele e anexo (79,41%); linfadenomegalia (52,94%); hepatomegalia (50%); emagrecimento (26,47%); esplenomegalia (23,52%); apatia (23,52%); hipertermia (20,58%); alterações oftálmicas (17,6%) e mucosas hipocoradas (14,70%). Treze dos 34 animais foram positivos no exame parasitológico, sendo que foi mais frequente a visualização de formas amastigotas no baço. Foi verificado que 42% dos animais assintomáticos deram positivos no exame parasitológico, confirmando a importância deste grupo para a disseminação inaparente desta doença.(AU)

The Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) is a severe systemic disease whose clinical manifestation is related to the type of immune response expressed by the infected animal. It is caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania, Leishmania chagasi, and the main transmission is by the bite of the insect vector. To make diagnosis of the disease is carried out serologic tests and / or parasitological, because the symptoms are varied and may resemble several other infectious diseases. This study was aimed to check what were the main clinical signs found in dogs seropositive for LVC from the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) of Uberlândia - MG and perform parasitological examination of samples collected from spleen and popliteal lymph node of seropositive dogs and correlate their result with the symptoms presented by the dog. It was found that the main clinical signs occurred in the skin and attached (79.41%); lymphadenopathy (52.94%); hepatomegaly (50%); body score below three (26.47%), splenomegaly (23,52%), apathy (23.52%), hyperthermia (20.58%); ophthalmic problem (17.6%) and pale mucous membranes(14.70%). Thirteen of the 34 animals were positive parasitological examination, and was more frequent viewing of amastigotes in the spleen. It was found that 42% of asymptomatic animals results in positive parasitological examination, confirming the importance of this group for the spread of this disease unapparent.(AU)