Thecoma in an elderly crioulo mare

Background: Ovarian enlargement in mares can either be a physiological or pathological condition associated with neoplastic or non-neoplastic causes. Neoplasia is more prominent in elderly than young horses. Granulosa cell tumors are the most common neoplastic cause of ovarian enlargement, and thecoma is the rarest. Thecoma is a benign ovarian stromal neoplasia originating from the sexual cords of the embryonic gonad and can affect the production of steroid hormones, leading to changes in behavior and the estrous cycle. If only one ovary is affected, after unilateral ovariectomy, usually the mare can still be used for reproductive purposes. Herein, we report a case of ovarian thecoma in an elderly Crioulo mare. Case: A 15-year-old Crioulo mare was evaluated due to progressive weight loss. The mare presented a low body score, and on physical examination, all parameters were within reference limits. Hematological examination revealed anemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and neutrophilia. Serum biochemistry examination were within the physiological limits. Rectal palpation revealed an increase in volume in the left ovary (4.3 × 2.9 × 3 cm), smooth consistency and no associated pain in either of the ovaries. Rectal ultrasonography revealed a heterogeneous pattern, suggesting a neoplasm. As a treatment modality and for definitive diagnosis, the mare underwent a unilateral flank ovariectomy laparoscopically in the quadrupedal position. On histopathological evaluation of the left ovary, the sample showed cysts associated with proliferating spindle cells arranged in a solid arrangement, occasionally forming eddies, in addition to hemosiderosis, with clear cytoplasm and lipid vacuoles. Macroscopically, the ovary presented with a regular surface, smooth to firm consistency, a homogeneous brownish appearance with blackened foci, and brownish fluid-filled cysts. These findings confirmed thecoma of the left ovary in the mare. Discussion: Ovarian enlargement in mares can be associated to the presence of neoplasia. Clinical signs of ovarian neoplasms can be nonspecific; therefore, to achieve a definitive diagnosis, it is imperative to evaluate and compare the patient's history, physical examination, and results of complementary examinations. Excessive production of hormones lead to behavioral changes in mares with ovarian tumors, such as masculinized or aggressive behavior, and anestrus persistence. Thecomas may or may not interfere with steroid production and levels. On ultrasound examination, ovarian neoplasms may present similar echogenicity patterns. Histopathological evaluation is the best diagnostic approach after an ovariectomy. The prognosis of ovariectomy is considerably successful with the mare regaining reproductive health, although some mares may become infertile, with a small, inactive contralateral ovary. Thecoma is a rare neoplasm in horses; however, owing to its potential to cause altered reproductive functions, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis in mares with increased ovarian volume.

Detection of paratuberculosis in dairy cows from southern Brazil / Detecção da paratuberculose em vacas leiteiras no sul do Brasil

Bovine paratuberculosis causes chronic, incurable diarrhea and weight loss, resulting in decreased cattle production. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), an obligate intracellular mycobactin-dependent mycobacterium that replicates slowly in the host and has heightened environmental resistance. In countries where the disease is found and the damage has been quantified, direct and indirect economic losses are extremely high. Local epidemiological data is of paramount importance for the implementation of control programs. Our objective was to verify whether paratuberculosis is present in commercial dairy herds in different mesoregions of RS. Therefore, a prospective, cross-sectional and observational study was performed on dairy cattle from five mesoregions of the RS state, Brazil. Milk samples taken from individual cows on commercial farms were tested using indirect ELISA tests and classified as negative, suspicious, or positive. In herds containing at least one positive cow, we conducted convenience sampling of feces directly from the rectal ampulla to identify MAP through PCR. Of the 362 cows tested, 20 were seroreactive for paratuberculosis from two mesoregions. The PCR tests were all positive; cows with a negative ELISA and positive PCR results probably indicate that the MAP was ingested and eliminated without causing infection. We found that paratuberculosis is likely endemic in the northwest and northeast mesoregions.

A paratuberculose bovina causa diarreia crônica e incurável, perda de peso e resulta em diminuição da produção. A doença é causada pelo Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), micobactéria intracelular obrigatória, dependente de micobactina, que se replica lentamente no hospedeiro e possui elevada resistência ambiental. Nos países onde a doença é encontrada e os danos foram quantificados, as perdas econômicas diretas e indiretas são extremamente altas. Os dados epidemiológicos locais são de suma importância para a implementação de programas de controle. Nosso objetivo foi verificar se a paratuberculose está presente em rebanhos leiteiros comerciais em diferentes mesorregiões do RS. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, transversal e observacional em bovinos leiteiros de cinco mesorregiões do estado do RS, Brasil. Amostras de leite individuais, provenientes de vacas leiteiras de fazendas comerciais foram testadas com ELISA indireto e classificadas como negativas, suspeitas ou positivas. Em rebanhos contendo pelo menos uma vaca positiva, realizamos amostragem por conveniência, em que foram coletadas fezes diretamente da ampola retal, para identificar MAP por meio da PCR. Das 362 vacas testadas, 20 foram sororreativas para paratuberculose, oriundas de duas mesorregiões. Os testes de PCR foram todos positivos. Vacas com resultado negativo no teste ELISA e PCR positivo provavelmente indicam que o MAP foi ingerido e eliminado sem causar infecção. Sugere-se que a paratuberculose é provavelmente endêmica nas mesorregiões noroeste e nordeste.

Bacterial communities in artisanal raw bovine milk cheeses from the southern region of Brazil / Comunidades bacterianas em queijos artesanais de leite bovino cru da região sul do Brasil

The production of artisanal cheeses made with raw bovine milk has grown in the southern region of Brazil. It is important to obtain information about the risks of this practice, especially concerning food safety. In this study, next-generation sequencing was used to identify and characterize the bacterial communities of artisanal raw milk cheeses. We analyzed one pool of five raw milk samples (control group M1) from different dairy farms and nine pools (M2-M10) of 45 artisanal raw milk cheeses.The characterization of the bacterial communities included 199 species distributed across 59 different genera dispersed among the samples. Among the genera observed, 11 were classified as beneficial to the aroma, flavour, colour, and texture of the cheese. Thirty-one genera were classified as harmful to these characteristics. Another 17 were classified as potential pathogens for animals and humans, including Aeromonas, Bacillus, Cronobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and bacteria of the coliform group, including E. coli and Klebsiella. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the number of bacterial communities identified between the control group (M1) and the two pools of artisanal raw milk cheeses (M2 and M8). This study demonstrated that next-generation sequencing provides in-depth information on the composition of the microbiota in artisanal raw milk cheeses, characterizing bacterial communities, identifying the wide microbial diversity, and identifying microbial benefits and risks.

Devido ao aumento da produção de queijos artesanais com leite bovino cru na região sul do Brasil, é importante obter informações sobre os riscos desta prática, principalmente no que se refere à segurança do alimento. Neste estudo foi utilizada a técnica de Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) para identificar e caracterizar comunidades bacterianas de queijos artesanais de leite cru. Foram analisados um pool de cinco amostras de leite cru como grupo controle (M1) de diferentes propriedades leiteiras localizadas na região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, e nove pools (M2-M10) de 45 queijos artesanais de leite cru. A caracterização das comunidades bacterianas incluiu 199 espécies distribuídas em 59 gêneros diferentes dispersos entre as amostras. Dentre os gêneros observados, 11 foram classificados como benéficos ao aroma, sabor, cor e textura do queijo, enquanto 31 gêneros foram classificados como prejudiciais a essas características. Outros 17 foram classificados como potenciais patogênicos para animais e humanos, incluindo Aeromonas, Bacillus, Cronobacter, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, bactérias do grupo coliforme como Escherichia coli e Klebsiella. Houve diferença significativa (P < 0,05) entre o número de comunidades bacterianas identificadas no grupo controle (M1) e dois pools de queijos artesanais de leite cru (M2 e M8). Este estudo demonstra que o NGS fornece informações detalhadas sobre a composição da microbiota em queijos artesanais de leite cru, caracterizando comunidades bacterianas, identificando a ampla diversidade microbiana, os benefícios e riscos microbianos.

Cryopreservation of jaguar (Panthera onca) sperm cells using different cryoprotectants and different thawing temperatures

The cryopreservation of jaguar semen must be improved to produce high-quality biobanking doses. Until now, the rare studies of semen freezing in the species have only evaluated glycerol, always with a significant reduction in sperm quality in thawed semen. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of three cryoprotectants, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), and methanol (MET), in the cryopreservation of jaguar semen in an LDL-based extender, as well as the effect of thawing temperature on dosage quality. Five mature males with a history of reproduction were used. On the males, an infrared thermal image (IRT) was captured, the spicules and testes were analyzed, and the CASA system was used to evaluate the quality of fresh and thawed sperm. The superficial IRT was 4.6 ± 1.2 °C cooler than the anal sphincter, and the semen measured between 27.3 and 28.7 °C shortly after exiting the urethra. The total motility of fresh sperm was 55.3 ± 22.6%, and progressive motility was 36.3 ± 18%. The total motility of thawed sperm was 5.28 ± 2.51%, 4.49 ± %2.49, and 0.51 ± 0.62% for DMSO, GLY, and MET, respectively. DMSO and GLY performed better than MET, and there was no difference in thawing temperature (37°C 30 s vs. 50°C 12 s). All animals exhibit a considerable level of morphological changes in sperm. Low amounts of total and progressive motility were found in the thawed sperm. Males with a high level of sperm morphological changes were found to be fertile, but the lone male with normospermia was infertile. Thus, we contest the applicability of the commonly used morphological classification for bovines to felid species.(AU)

Investigação metagenômica em queijos tipo coloniais, produzidos com leite pasteurizado e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Metagenomic investigation in colonial cheese produced with pasteurized milk and sold in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Investigación metagenómica en quesos de tipo colonial, producidos con leche pasteurizada y comercialziados en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Leite e derivados são alimentos muito susceptíveis a ataques de micro-organismos. Sua fiscalização no Brasil está a cargo das Inspeções Municipais, Estaduais ou Federais, sendo a verificação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos uma atividade de extrema importância. Este estudo utilizou a análise metagenômica para investigar sequencias genéticas microbianas em 12 marcas de queijo tipo colonial produzidos sob diferentes regimes de fiscalização pública, e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois municípios distintos. Foi identificado DNA de micro-organismos pertencentes a quatro filos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes, sequências genéticas de micro-organismos patogênicos ou prejudiciais à tecnologia do leite foram evidenciados, com os gêneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pseudomonas ocorrrendo em 100% das amostras avaliadas. Outras bactérias de importância em saúde pública, como as pertencentes à Família Enterobacteriaceae e o gênero Staphylococcus foram detectados e são discutidos. À comparação das medianas de detecção nos 3 níveis de fiscalização, quando da avaliação por pares, evidenciou-se diferença estatística entre as esferas municipal e federal (PT= 0,03), com maior mediana registrada em nível municipal. À avaliação entre os municípios, não foi evidenciada diferença significativa (PMW= 0,81). Sugere-se melhor qualidade microbiológica do queijo, e/ou leite utilizado como matéria-prima, pertencentes à produção submetida à Inspeção Federal em relação à Municipal.

Milk and dairy products are very susceptible foods to microorganism attacks. Its control in Brazil is submitted to Municipal, State or Federal Inspections, and verification of the hygienic-sanitary quality of food is an extremely important activity. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate microbial genetic sequences in 12 brands of colonial cheese produced under different Public Inspection regimes and selled in two different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. DNA from microorganisms belonging to four microbial Phyla have been identified: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Among the most relevant results, genetic sequences of pathogenic microorganisms or harmful to milk technology were evidenced, with Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomona sbacterias occurring in 100% of the evaluated samples. Other public health important bacterias, such as those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. were detected and discussed. Comparing the detection medians in the 3 levels of inspection by peer evaluation, a statistical difference was highlighted between the Municipal and Federal levels (PT= 0,03), with the highest median recorded at Municipal level. It is suggested better microbiological quality of cheese, and / or milk used as raw material, when they belong to the production submitted to the Federal Inspection in relation to Municipal one.

La leche y los derivados son alimentos muy susceptibles a los ataques de microorganismos. Su fiscalización en Brasil es responsabilidad de las inspecciones municipales, estatales o federales, y la verificación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de los alimentos es una actividad extremadamente importante. Este estudio utilizó el análisis metagenómico para investigar secuencias genéticas microbianas en 12 marcas de queso colonial com produción sometida a diferentes regímenes de inspección pública, y comercializadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en dos municipios diferentes. Se han identificado ADN de microorganismos pertenecientes a cuatro filamentos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se evidenciaron secuencias genéticas de microorganismos patógenos o nocivos para la tecnología de la leche,com detección de los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus y Pseudomonas en el 100% de las muestras evaluadas. Se detectaron y discutieron otras bacterias de importancia para la salud pública, como las que pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el género Staphylococcus. La comparación de las medianas de detección en los 3 niveles de inspección, cuando la evaluación por pares, mostró una diferencia estadística entre los niveles municipales y federales (PT= 0,03), con la mediana más alta registrada a nivel municipal. En la evaluación entre los municipios, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (PMW= 0.81). Se sugiere una mejor calidad microbiológica del queso, y / o leche utilizada como materia prima, perteneciente a la producción sometida a la Inspección Federal en relación con el Municipal.

Investigação metagenômica em queijos tipo coloniais, produzidos com leite pasteurizado e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Metagenomic investigation in colonial cheese produced with pasteurized milk and sold in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Investigación metagenómica en quesos de tipo colonial, producidos con leche pasteurizada y comercialziados en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Leite e derivados são alimentos muito susceptíveis a ataques de micro-organismos. Sua fiscalização no Brasil está a cargo das Inspeções Municipais, Estaduais ou Federais, sendo a verificação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos uma atividade de extrema importância. Este estudo utilizou a análise metagenômica para investigar sequencias genéticas microbianas em 12 marcas de queijo tipo colonial produzidos sob diferentes regimes de fiscalização pública, e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois municípios distintos. Foi identificado DNA de micro-organismos pertencentes a quatro filos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes, sequências genéticas de micro-organismos patogênicos ou prejudiciais à tecnologia do leite foram evidenciados, com os gêneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pseudomonas ocorrrendo em 100% das amostras avaliadas. Outras bactérias de importância em saúde pública, como as pertencentes à Família Enterobacteriaceae e o gênero Staphylococcus foram detectados e são discutidos. À comparação das medianas de detecção nos 3 níveis de fiscalização, quando da avaliação por pares, evidenciou-se diferença estatística entre as esferas municipal e federal (PT= 0,03), com maior mediana registrada em nível municipal. À avaliação entre os municípios, não foi evidenciada diferença significativa (PMW= 0,81). Sugere-se melhor qualidade microbiológica do queijo, e/ou leite utilizado como matéria-prima, pertencentes à produção submetida à Inspeção Federal em relação à Municipal.(AU)

Milk and dairy products are very susceptible foods to microorganism attacks. Its control in Brazil is submitted to Municipal, State or Federal Inspections, and verification of the hygienic-sanitary quality of food is an extremely important activity. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate microbial genetic sequences in 12 brands of colonial cheese produced under different Public Inspection regimes and selled in two different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. DNA from microorganisms belonging to four microbial Phyla have been identified: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Among the most relevant results, genetic sequences of pathogenic microorganisms or harmful to milk technology were evidenced, with Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomona sbacterias occurring in 100% of the evaluated samples. Other public health important bacterias, such as those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. were detected and discussed. Comparing the detection medians in the 3 levels of inspection by peer evaluation, a statistical difference was highlighted between the Municipal and Federal levels (PT= 0,03), with the highest median recorded at Municipal level. It is suggested better microbiological quality of cheese, and / or milk used as raw material, when they belong to the production submitted to the Federal Inspection in relation to Municipal one.(AU)

La leche y los derivados son alimentos muy susceptibles a los ataques de microorganismos. Su fiscalización en Brasil es responsabilidad de las inspecciones municipales, estatales o federales, y la verificación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de los alimentos es una actividad extremadamente importante. Este estudio utilizó el análisis metagenómico para investigar secuencias genéticas microbianas en 12 marcas de queso colonial com produción sometida a diferentes regímenes de inspección pública, y comercializadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en dos municipios diferentes. Se han identificado ADN de microorganismos pertenecientes a cuatro filamentos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se evidenciaron secuencias genéticas de microorganismos patógenos o nocivos para la tecnología de la leche,com detección de los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus y Pseudomonas en el 100% de las muestras evaluadas. Se detectaron y discutieron otras bacterias de importancia para la salud pública, como las que pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el género Staphylococcus. La comparación de las medianas de detección en los 3 niveles de inspección, cuando la evaluación por pares, mostró una diferencia estadística entre los niveles municipales y federales (PT= 0,03), con la mediana más alta registrada a nivel municipal. En la evaluación entre los municipios, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (PMW= 0.81). Se sugiere una mejor calidad microbiológica del queso, y / o leche utilizada como materia prima, perteneciente a la producción sometida a la Inspección Federal en relación con el Municipal.(AU)

Can detomidine replace medetomidine for pharmacological semen collection in domestic cats?

Among the different methods used for semen collection from domestic cats, the pharmacological collection by urethral catheterization becomes disruptive. Medetomidine is the elected α2-adrenoceptor agonist for that, but in several countries, it is not commercially available. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of detomidine compared to medetomidine in collecting semen by urethral catheterization in domestic cats. Urethral catheterization was performed on 13 mongrel cats using a disposable semi-rigid tomcat urinary catheter. Of the 19 semen collections performed with medetomidine induction, 94.7% were successful, while with detomidine induction, only 56.3% of 16 were successful. The values semen samples variables were as follows for volume - 10.56 ± 0.4 vs 8.88 ± 0.5 mL, motility - 171.67 ± 0.79 vs 49.77 ± 3.45%, vigor 4.1 ± 0.03 vs 3.10 ± 0.1 and concentration - 3.24 ± 0.19 vs 2.15 ± 0.13 ×109 sperm/mL respectively for medetomidine and detomidine group. The failure in semen collections with detomidine was mainly due to azoospermic samples, poor urethral relaxation, insufficient volume, or contamination of urine. The sperm concentration was also lower in the detomidine group (P<0.05) when compared to medetomidine. However, when the volume of semen collected was compared, we found no statistical differences. Despite its low performance in collecting semen from cats, detomidine may be an alternative when medetomidine is not accessible.(AU)

A rare case of heteropaternal twin calves after natural mating in Brazil

Twin birth is a complex condition observed in most livestock animals, when the female gives birth to two or more offspring, generally out of the same mating. In cattle, it is a rare condition (3 to 5%) and depends on the genetic background and environmental factors. Twin birth is a result of multiple ovulations, being more common in dairy rather than in beef cattle. Calves could be monozygous or dizygous, with the same or of different sexes. When twins are born with different sexes, a sexual condition called Freemartinism occurs in between 90 to 97% of pregnancies, causing infertility in the female calf. Knowing that the twin rate is rare in commercial beef cattle, here we present an even rarer case of twin birth from two different sires after natural mating, also called heteropaternal superfecundation.

A rare case of heteropaternal twin calves after natural mating in Brazil

Twin birth is a complex condition observed in most livestock animals, when the female gives birth to two or more offspring, generally out of the same mating. In cattle, it is a rare condition (3 to 5%) and depends on the genetic background and environmental factors. Twin birth is a result of multiple ovulations, being more common in dairy rather than in beef cattle. Calves could be monozygous or dizygous, with the same or of different sexes. When twins are born with different sexes, a sexual condition called Freemartinism occurs in between 90 to 97% of pregnancies, causing infertility in the female calf. Knowing that the twin rate is rare in commercial beef cattle, here we present an even rarer case of twin birth from two different sires after natural mating, also called heteropaternal superfecundation.(AU)

Chemoprophylaxis for babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle: case report / Quimioprofilaxia para babesiose e anaplasmose em bovinos: relato de caso

Cattle tick fever (CTF) causes significant economic losses in the livestock sector. The pathogenic action of the hemoparasites is associated with anemia, weight loss, abortion and reduced productivity, which result with animal death. Programs to prevent CTF involve several procedures, including immunization, chemoprophylaxis and use of ectoparasiticides, together with the vector control in the environment. The objective of this study was to report an acute outbreak of CTF in a group of 157 Hereford cattle from a farm without presence of the vector, that were moved to a farm in the same state with a high tick infestation (Rhipicephalus microplus). On the day before the transportation, the animals received a chemoprophylaxis with imidocarb dipropionate (3 mg/kg, SC), which was repeated 21 days after the first application. After 42 days, some animals showed signs compatible with CTF, which was confirmed through clinical examination, necropsy, histopathological and hemoparasitological analyses. The morbidity rate was 37.6% and the mortality rate was 24.8%. Calves that were recently weaned were the group most affected with the tick fever, morbidity (100% and mortality (73%). Chemoprophylaxis in association with use of ectoparasiticides was not sufficient to control the outbreak of the disease.(AU)

A tristeza parasitária bovina (TPB) gera importantes perdas econômicas na bovinocultura mundial. A ação patogênica dos hemoparasitas resulta em anemia, perda de peso, abortos e diminuição da produtividade, culminando, muitas vezes, em óbito dos animais. Um programa de prevenção para TPB necessita de medidas integradas, como a imunização, quimioprofilaxia e utilização de ectoparasiticidas, em conjunto com ações que visem ao controle ambiental dos vetores. Este artigo tem em vista o relato de um surto de TPB em uma fazenda de produção de bovinos de corte e com alta infestação do carrapato (Rhipicephalus microplus). A fazenda adquiriu 157 animais puros de origem, da raça Hereford, proveniente de uma fazenda sem presença do vetor. No dia anterior ao transporte, os animais receberam quimioprofilaxia com dipropionato de imidocarb (3mg/Kg/SC), repetindo-se 21 dias após a primeira aplicação. Aos 42 dias, alguns bezerros manifestaram sinais clínicos compatíveis com TPB, sendo confirmado pelo exame clínico, necropsia, análises histopatológicas e hemoparasitológicas. A morbidade foi de 37,6% (59/157), e a letalidade de 24,8% (39/157). A categoria de bezerros recém desmamados foi a mais acometida, com morbidade de 100% (52/52) e letalidade de 73% (38/52). A quimioprofilaxia associada à utilização de ectoparasiticidas foram insuficientes para evitar a ocorrência do surto da enfermidade.(AU)

Identificação e distribuição dos agentes causadores da pleurisia na suinocultura brasileira / Identification and distribution of causative agents of pleurisy in the brazilian pig farming

Background: Pleurisy is defined as an inflammation of the pleural membranes, usually caused by bacterial infections. It is considered the second most common reason for condemnations of swine carcass during slaughter. Prior to slaughter, pleurisy can causes discomfort to the animals, and during the slaughter, the carcass from affected animals, has to be trimmed, reducing the value to both the farmer and the plant, increasing the costs of disposal, and line speeds are reduced, increasing processing costs. The objective of this study was to verify the prevalence and to identify the bacterial agents associated with pleurisy lesions in pigs.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, were used tissue samples from 4,536 piglets collected from the main swine producing regions of Brazil between the years 2013/2014. Samples were collected from animals that presented respiratory, enteric or nervous symptoms. Samples were sent to pathology and bacteriology examinations in a commercial laboratory. The pathogen isolates were classified according to the agent Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), Streptococcus suis (S. Suis), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB) stage of development and regional location of the case. Data were analyzed based on the frequency according to the age group using Fisher-test. Of the total number of animals with clinical cases investigated in this study, 10.63% of them presented pleurisy lesions. When investigating the pleurisy frequency among the states or regions, we have observed that the state of Santa Catarina had the higher prevalence of pleurisy with 35.06% of cases, followed by the state of Minas Gerais with 35.31%, Rio Grande do Sul with 17.22% Paraná with 9.75% and the Midwest region had the lower prevalence with 6.02% of cases. Out of the total isolates, HPS were isolated in 55.0% of the total; P. multocida 31.0%; S. suis 7.0%; APP 6.0% and BB 1.0%.[...]

Identificação e distribuição dos agentes causadores da pleurisia na suinocultura brasileira / Identification and distribution of causative agents of pleurisy in the brazilian pig farming

Background: Pleurisy is defined as an inflammation of the pleural membranes, usually caused by bacterial infections. It is considered the second most common reason for condemnations of swine carcass during slaughter. Prior to slaughter, pleurisy can causes discomfort to the animals, and during the slaughter, the carcass from affected animals, has to be trimmed, reducing the value to both the farmer and the plant, increasing the costs of disposal, and line speeds are reduced, increasing processing costs. The objective of this study was to verify the prevalence and to identify the bacterial agents associated with pleurisy lesions in pigs.Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, were used tissue samples from 4,536 piglets collected from the main swine producing regions of Brazil between the years 2013/2014. Samples were collected from animals that presented respiratory, enteric or nervous symptoms. Samples were sent to pathology and bacteriology examinations in a commercial laboratory. The pathogen isolates were classified according to the agent Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), Streptococcus suis (S. Suis), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and Bordetella bronchiseptica (BB) stage of development and regional location of the case. Data were analyzed based on the frequency according to the age group using Fisher-test. Of the total number of animals with clinical cases investigated in this study, 10.63% of them presented pleurisy lesions. When investigating the pleurisy frequency among the states or regions, we have observed that the state of Santa Catarina had the higher prevalence of pleurisy with 35.06% of cases, followed by the state of Minas Gerais with 35.31%, Rio Grande do Sul with 17.22% Paraná with 9.75% and the Midwest region had the lower prevalence with 6.02% of cases. Out of the total isolates, HPS were isolated in 55.0% of the total; P. multocida 31.0%; S. suis 7.0%; APP 6.0% and BB 1.0%.[...](AU)

Osteoblastic nasal osteosarcoma in a Wagyu bovine / Osteossarcoma osteoblástico nasal em um bovino Wagyu

Background: Osteosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor with a wide variety of histological patterns. It is the primary bone neoplasia diagnosed in most domestic animal clinic, but rare in farm animals. The tumor develops both the appendicular skeleton as the axial skeleton, the latter being less affected. Generally it has a fast, painful and infiltrative grow, being observed metastasis. This study aims to report a case of metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma in the nasal bone of a bovine, diagnosed at the Animal Pathology Laboratory at the University of Passo Fundo (UPF), featuring its pathological and immunohistochemical aspects. Case: A 5 year old Wagyu female beef cattle, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo. The animal had swelling in the left nasal plan, dyspnoea and anorexia. It was held cytology and biopsy which revealed malignant mesenchymal neoplasm compatible with osteosarcoma. The clinical picture has worsened and the animal died. At necropsy, the left nasal plane, had ulcerated tumor mass measuring 15x12.5x7.5 cm, hard and firm consistency with whitish color that seeped up to the turbinates and sinuses. In the lung, there were numerous nodules of tumor appearance, adhered to the parietal pleura, similar to bone tissue. In the histopathological analysis, proliferation of neoplastic cells located in the deep dermis was observed [...]

Osteoblastic nasal osteosarcoma in a Wagyu bovine / Osteossarcoma osteoblástico nasal em um bovino Wagyu

Background: Osteosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal tumor with a wide variety of histological patterns. It is the primary bone neoplasia diagnosed in most domestic animal clinic, but rare in farm animals. The tumor develops both the appendicular skeleton as the axial skeleton, the latter being less affected. Generally it has a fast, painful and infiltrative grow, being observed metastasis. This study aims to report a case of metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma in the nasal bone of a bovine, diagnosed at the Animal Pathology Laboratory at the University of Passo Fundo (UPF), featuring its pathological and immunohistochemical aspects. Case: A 5 year old Wagyu female beef cattle, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Passo Fundo. The animal had swelling in the left nasal plan, dyspnoea and anorexia. It was held cytology and biopsy which revealed malignant mesenchymal neoplasm compatible with osteosarcoma. The clinical picture has worsened and the animal died. At necropsy, the left nasal plane, had ulcerated tumor mass measuring 15x12.5x7.5 cm, hard and firm consistency with whitish color that seeped up to the turbinates and sinuses. In the lung, there were numerous nodules of tumor appearance, adhered to the parietal pleura, similar to bone tissue. In the histopathological analysis, proliferation of neoplastic cells located in the deep dermis was observed [...](AU)

The effect of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis exposure on animal health

Background: Johne's disease is an incurable wasting condition that affects ruminant and non-ruminant animals. Each year, Johne's is responsible for losses in the billions of dollars in the United States cattle industry alone. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the microorganism responsible for Johne's disease. MAP can spread very fast among animals, and this patogen has been isolated across the world and in several different animal species including humans. Therefore, MAP is classified as having a major impact on both animal and human health, and therefore the economy. MAP has also been associated with Crohn's disease in humans, which necessitates great concerns regarding public health. The objective of this literature review is to identify problems and challenges associated with this illness and highlight possible approaches to minimize the economic losses and the incidence of Johne's, two avenues to reduce human exposure with this pathogen. Review: Following ingestion and exposure to MAP, the bacterium will infect the host through the ileum and than it will proliferate inside of host-cells; MAP can therefore be considered an intracellular parasite. After infection, this pathogen goes to a latency period that can be from months to several years without causing the presence of clinical signs in the host. This bacteria can cause an inflammatory response in the intestine, decreasing the ability of the animal to absorb nutrients. Depending on the level of infection bacteria strain and the genetic composition of the animal, individuals can become or not infected, if infected they can shed variable levels of MAP into the environment, increasing the exposure to other animals. Thus, it is of importance to eliminate MAP infected animals from herds ; aiming to reduce the environment contamination with this bacteria. Several chromosomal regions have been associated and linked with MAP infection in cattle. It is proposed that Johne's disease has a polygenic effect with multiple genes involved in the process of susceptibility and tolerance to the disease. Selection for animals that are tolerant to Johne's disease has also been proposed, whereby tolerance was defined as the ratio of MAP tissue infection and MAP fecal shedding. Animals that are shedding low or no levels of MAP in the environment were considered tolerant, thus are preferred in comparison with the ones that are eliminating high levels of MAP. Some positional and functional candidate genes have being identified and explored. The major problem with genetic studies with Johne's disease is the correct classification of the phenotype. ELISA, PCR and fecal culture are methods of testing for Johne's disease but variation exists regarding the degree of accuracy and effectiveness for each test, as discussed further within this review. Discussion: In this study, we presented the importance of preventive control of MAP transmission amongst animals and humans, respectively. Several approaches to reduce the incidence of this illness among animals were evaluated; however the number of infected animals is still increasing annually, especially within dairy herds. Genetic selection for animals that are less susceptible might be one solution to reduce the spread and contamination of other animals with these bacteria. This necessitates the better understanding of the genes involved with host-immune-defense mechanisms for development of an accurate selection method. Questions related to the zoonotic potential of MAP, the causative agent of Johne's disease, and Crohn's disease in humans is still of great concern to the population, therefore efforts to control and eradicate this disease are needed.

The effect of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis exposure on animal health / The effect of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis exposure on animal health

Background: Johnes disease is an incurable wasting condition that affects ruminant and non-ruminant animals. Each year, Johnes is responsible for losses in the billions of dollars in the United States cattle industry alone. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the microorganism responsible for Johnes disease. MAP can spread very fast among animals, and this patogen has been isolated across the world and in several different animal species including humans. Therefore, MAP is classified as having a major impact on both animal and human health, and therefore the economy. MAP has also been associated with Crohns disease in humans, which necessitates great concerns regarding public health. The objective of this literature review is to identify problems and challenges associated with this illness and highlight possible approaches to minimize the economic losses and the incidence of Johnes, two avenues to reduce human exposure with this pathogen. Review: Following ingestion and exposure to MAP, the bacterium will infect the host through the ileum and than it will proliferate inside of host-cells; MAP can therefore be considered an intracellular parasite. After infection, this pathogen goes to a latency period that can be from months to several years without causing the presence of clinical signs in the host. This bacteria can cause an inflammatory response in

Background: Johnes disease is an incurable wasting condition that affects ruminant and non-ruminant animals. Each year, Johnes is responsible for losses in the billions of dollars in the United States cattle industry alone. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the microorganism responsible for Johnes disease. MAP can spread very fast among animals, and this patogen has been isolated across the world and in several different animal species including humans. Therefore, MAP is classified as having a major impact on both animal and human health, and therefore the economy. MAP has also been associated with Crohns disease in humans, which necessitates great concerns regarding public health. The objective of this literature review is to identify problems and challenges associated with this illness and highlight possible approaches to minimize the economic losses and the incidence of Johnes, two avenues to reduce human exposure with this pathogen. Review: Following ingestion and exposure to MAP, the bacterium will infect the host through the ileum and than it will proliferate inside of host-cells; MAP can therefore be considered an intracellular parasite. After infection, this pathogen goes to a latency period that can be from months to several years without causing the presence of clinical signs in the host. This bacteria can cause an inflammatory response in

Uso de antioxidantes para melhorar a eficiência reprodutiva de rebanho bovino submetido a protocolo de sincronização com progesterona (p4) / Use of antioxidants to improve the pregnancy rate in beef cattle submitted to a synchronization protocol with progesterone (p4)

Progestágenos para a sincronização de estro têm sido utilizados como rotina em propriedades com melhor controle reprodutivo. A produção de radicais livres, estresse oxidativo, está relacionada com os níveis de progesterona circulante. O estresse oxidativo é responsável pela agressão à membrana celular, causando lise e a formação de lipoperóxidos. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o efeito compensatório de antioxidantes (vitaminas C e E) associados ao implante de progesterona exógena (P4), utilizada em protocolos de sincronização de estro em fêmeas bovinas. Vinte e cinco fêmeas bovinas foram divididas aleatoriamente em cinco grupos: 1) controle sem implante de P4; 2) implante de P4; 3) implante de P4 + vitamina C e E; 4) implante de P4 + vitamina E; 5) implante de P4 + vitamina C. Avaliaram-se a lipoperoxidação lipídica, através da mensuração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS), e a enzima glutationa peroxidase (GSHpx), nos dias zero e sete do protocolo de sincronização de estro. A utilização de vitamina E, neste experimento, apresentou uma maior taxa de prenhez; entretanto, existe a necessidade de validar esses resultados, antes que seu uso seja preconizado em fêmeas bovinas sincronizadas com P4.

Estrus synchronization with progesterone is commonly used in farms with better reproductive control. Free radicals production, i.e. oxidative stress, is associated with progesterone levels. The oxidative stress is responsible for aggression to the cellular membrane, leading to a lise and lipoperoxide formation. In this work, the antioxidant compensatory effect (Vitamins C and E) associated with the exogenous progesterone implant (P4), used in estrus synchronization protocols in cattle, was evaluated. Twenty-five cows were randomly selected in 5 different groups: 1) control without P4, 2) control with P4, 3) P4 + vitamin C and E, 4) P4 + vitamin E, 5) P4 + vitamin C. The lipid lipoperoxidation was measured trough Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS) and Glutatione Peroxidase enzyme (GSHpx) at days 0 and 7 of the estrus synchronization protocol. The use of vitamin E, in this experiment, showed a better pregnancy rate, however, the results must be validated before orienting the use of the vitamin in cows synchronized with P4.

Uso de antioxidantes para melhorar a eficiência reprodutiva de rebanho bovino submetido a protocolo de sincronização com progesterona (p4) / Use of antioxidants to improve the pregnancy rate in beef cattle submitted to a synchronization protocol with progesterone (p4)

Progestágenos para a sincronização de estro têm sido utilizados como rotina em propriedades com melhor controle reprodutivo. A produção de radicais livres, estresse oxidativo, está relacionada com os níveis de progesterona circulante. O estresse oxidativo é responsável pela agressão à membrana celular, causando lise e a formação de lipoperóxidos. Neste trabalho, buscou-se avaliar o efeito compensatório de antioxidantes (vitaminas C e E) associados ao implante de progesterona exógena (P4), utilizada em protocolos de sincronização de estro em fêmeas bovinas. Vinte e cinco fêmeas bovinas foram divididas aleatoriamente em cinco grupos: 1) controle sem implante de P4; 2) implante de P4; 3) implante de P4 + vitamina C e E; 4) implante de P4 + vitamina E; 5) implante de P4 + vitamina C. Avaliaram-se a lipoperoxidação lipídica, através da mensuração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA-RS), e a enzima glutationa peroxidase (GSHpx), nos dias zero e sete do protocolo de sincronização de estro. A utilização de vitamina E, neste experimento, apresentou uma maior taxa de prenhez; entretanto, existe a necessidade de validar esses resultados, antes que seu uso seja preconizado em fêmeas bovinas sincronizadas com P4.(AU)

Estrus synchronization with progesterone is commonly used in farms with better reproductive control. Free radicals production, i.e. oxidative stress, is associated with progesterone levels. The oxidative stress is responsible for aggression to the cellular membrane, leading to a lise and lipoperoxide formation. In this work, the antioxidant compensatory effect (Vitamins C and E) associated with the exogenous progesterone implant (P4), used in estrus synchronization protocols in cattle, was evaluated. Twenty-five cows were randomly selected in 5 different groups: 1) control without P4, 2) control with P4, 3) P4 + vitamin C and E, 4) P4 + vitamin E, 5) P4 + vitamin C. The lipid lipoperoxidation was measured trough Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBA-RS) and Glutatione Peroxidase enzyme (GSHpx) at days 0 and 7 of the estrus synchronization protocol. The use of vitamin E, in this experiment, showed a better pregnancy rate, however, the results must be validated before orienting the use of the vitamin in cows synchronized with P4.(AU)

Ovariosalpingohisterectomia vídeo-assistida ou convencional em cadelas com o uso de Ligasure atlas™

In this study the authors compared two different procedures of ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH) in dogs. For that, 18 dogs were randomly assigned into 2 different groups: group I (GI) in which the OSH was performed by celiotomy and group II (GII) in which it was a video-assisted procedure using two portals positioned in the umbilical and pre pubic regions, under dorsal recumbence position. In both groups the method of hemostasis was the Ligasure atlas®. The authors did not observe significant differences between both methods for the surgical time or complications during and after the surgical procedure and blood loss. It was concluded that OSH using video-assisted surgery with two portals and the conventional technique, both using Ligasure atlas® are safe, fast and effective to be used in dogs.

Procurou-se comparar duas técnicas de ovariosalpingohisterectomia (OSH): vídeo-assistida com dois portais e convencional em cadelas, ambas com o uso de equipamento Ligasure atlas®. Para tanto, foram utilizados 18 animais separados em dois grupos, sendo no primeiro grupo realizada a OSH por celiotomia e no segundo pelo acesso vídeo-assistido. Os procedimentos videocirúrgicos foram realizados por meio de dois trocartes dispostos nas regiões umbilical e pré-púbica, com os cães posicionados em decúbito dorsal. Em ambos os grupos, o único método de hemostasia empregado foi o Ligasure atlas®. Não houve diferença significativa acerca do tempo operatório, das complicações trans e pós-operatórias e das perdas sanguíneas. Conclui-se que a OSH vídeo-assistida com o uso de dois portais e Ligasure atlas® e a técnica convencional com o emprego do mesmo equipamento são rápidas, seguras e efetivas em cadelas.