Reação imunológica decorrente a transfusão de concentrado de plaquetas em cão / Immunological reaction due to transfusion of platelet concentrate in dog

A transfusão de hemocomponente na medicina veterinária vem aumentando nos últimos anos, com isso aumenta-se também o potencial de reações transfusionais, que eventualmente podem ser fatais. Neste estudo, um cão de 3 meses de idade, fêmea, Sem Raça Definida com diagnóstico de hemoparasitose, realizado a partir de hemograma (anemia regenerativa com visualização de mórula de Ehrlichia canis em leucócitos e trombocitopenia de 80 mil plaquetas/dL) e ultrassonografia (hepatoesplenomegalia), foi encaminhado ao banco de sangue para ser submetido a transfusão de concentrado de plaquetas (CP), visto que apresentava petéquias, sufusões abdominais e havia sofrido alguns episódios de epistaxe. Após exame físico da paciente que se apresentava com parâmetros normais para a espécie, iniciou-se a transfusão do CP pela veia cefálica. Aos 30 minutos do início do procedimento documentou-se sialorréia intensa e eritema cutânea. A transfusão foi interrompida. Aplicou-se 0,5 mg/Kg de dexametasona por via intravenosa, 0,044 mg/Kg de atropina e 0,2 mg/Kg de prometazina ambos por via subcutânea, e em 40 minutos ocorreu normalização dos parâmetros clínicos. A transfusão de concentrado de plaquetas é um procedimento terapêutico e profilático importante no tratamento e prevenção de hemorragias, quando por deficiência numérica ou qualitativa das plaquetas. No entanto, riscos inerentes ao processo devem ser considerados, e expostos ao tutor. Contudo, descrevemos neste relato reação adversa em cão jovem (hipersensibilidade tipo 1) revertida com o uso imediato de corticosteróide associado a um antagonista colinérgico e anti-histaminico.

The transfusion of blood components in veterinary medicine has been increasing in recent years, thereby increasing the potential for transfusion reactions, which can eventually be fatal. In this study, a 3-month-old, female, Non-Breed dog diagnosed with hemoparasitosis, carried out using a complete blood count (regenerative anemia with visualization of Ehrlichia canis morula in leukocytes and thrombocytopenia of 80 thousand platelets/dL) and ultrasonography (hepatosplenomegaly), was referred to the blood bank to undergo a transfusion of platelet concentrate (PC), since she had petechiae, abdominal suffusions and had suffered some episodes of epistaxis. After physical examination of the patient who presented with normal parameters for the species, began the transfusion of PC through the cephalic vein. At 30 minutes from the beginning of the procedure, intense sialorrhea and skin erythema were documented. The transfusion was stopped, and 0.5 mg / kg of dexamethasone was applied intravenously, 0.044 mg / kg of atropine and 0.2 mg / kg of promethazine both subcutaneously. 40 minutes latter occurred normalization of clinical parameters. Platelet concentrate transfusion is an important therapeutic and prophylactic procedure in the treatment and prevention of bleeding, when due to numerical or qualitative platelet deficiency. However, risks inherent to the process must be considered, and exposed to the tutor. In this report, we describe an adverse reaction in a young dog (type 1 hypersensitivity) reversed with the immediate use of corticosteroids associated with a cholinergic and antihistamine antagonist.

Reação imunológica decorrente a transfusão de concentrado de plaquetas em cão / Immunological reaction due to transfusion of platelet concentrate in dog

A transfusão de hemocomponente na medicina veterinária vem aumentando nos últimos anos, com isso aumenta-se também o potencial de reações transfusionais, que eventualmente podem ser fatais. Neste estudo, um cão de 3 meses de idade, fêmea, Sem Raça Definida com diagnóstico de hemoparasitose, realizado a partir de hemograma (anemia regenerativa com visualização de mórula de Ehrlichia canis em leucócitos e trombocitopenia de 80 mil plaquetas/dL) e ultrassonografia (hepatoesplenomegalia), foi encaminhado ao banco de sangue para ser submetido a transfusão de concentrado de plaquetas (CP), visto que apresentava petéquias, sufusões abdominais e havia sofrido alguns episódios de epistaxe. Após exame físico da paciente que se apresentava com parâmetros normais para a espécie, iniciou-se a transfusão do CP pela veia cefálica. Aos 30 minutos do início do procedimento documentou-se sialorréia intensa e eritema cutânea. A transfusão foi interrompida. Aplicou-se 0,5 mg/Kg de dexametasona por via intravenosa, 0,044 mg/Kg de atropina e 0,2 mg/Kg de prometazina ambos por via subcutânea, e em 40 minutos ocorreu normalização dos parâmetros clínicos. A transfusão de concentrado de plaquetas é um procedimento terapêutico e profilático importante no tratamento e prevenção de hemorragias, quando por deficiência numérica ou qualitativa das plaquetas. No entanto, riscos inerentes ao processo devem ser considerados, e expostos ao tutor. Contudo, descrevemos neste relato reação adversa em cão jovem (hipersensibilidade tipo 1) revertida com o uso imediato de corticosteróide associado a um antagonista colinérgico e anti-histaminico.(AU)

The transfusion of blood components in veterinary medicine has been increasing in recent years, thereby increasing the potential for transfusion reactions, which can eventually be fatal. In this study, a 3-month-old, female, Non-Breed dog diagnosed with hemoparasitosis, carried out using a complete blood count (regenerative anemia with visualization of Ehrlichia canis morula in leukocytes and thrombocytopenia of 80 thousand platelets/dL) and ultrasonography (hepatosplenomegaly), was referred to the blood bank to undergo a transfusion of platelet concentrate (PC), since she had petechiae, abdominal suffusions and had suffered some episodes of epistaxis. After physical examination of the patient who presented with normal parameters for the species, began the transfusion of PC through the cephalic vein. At 30 minutes from the beginning of the procedure, intense sialorrhea and skin erythema were documented. The transfusion was stopped, and 0.5 mg / kg of dexamethasone was applied intravenously, 0.044 mg / kg of atropine and 0.2 mg / kg of promethazine both subcutaneously. 40 minutes latter occurred normalization of clinical parameters. Platelet concentrate transfusion is an important therapeutic and prophylactic procedure in the treatment and prevention of bleeding, when due to numerical or qualitative platelet deficiency. However, risks inherent to the process must be considered, and exposed to the tutor. In this report, we describe an adverse reaction in a young dog (type 1 hypersensitivity) reversed with the immediate use of corticosteroids associated with a cholinergic and antihistamine antagonist.(AU)

Antivenom therapy: efficacy of premedication for the prevention of adverse reactions

Antivenoms or antitoxins have been effectively used for more than a century. During this time, these products have always proven to be highly effective in the treatment of infections and envenomations. However, antivenoms did not exhibit good safety results in their initial applications. After many improvements, antivenoms have substantially better safety profiles but still have some side effects. Due to the occurrence of adverse reactions, the practice of using premedication with the intent to decrease side effects has become accepted or mandatory in many countries. The drugs used for premedication belong to the histamine H1 antagonist, glucocorticoid and catecholamine groups. Currently, this practice is being questioned due to low or controversial efficacies in clinical assays. In this article, we discuss the causes of adverse reactions, the mechanisms of drugs that block the undesired effects and the results obtained in clinical trials. Although these three families of drugs could have positive effects on reducing adverse reactions, only adrenaline has demonstrated positive results in clinical assays.(AU)

Antivenom therapy: efficacy of premedication for the prevention of adverse reactions

Antivenoms or antitoxins have been effectively used for more than a century. During this time, these products have always proven to be highly effective in the treatment of infections and envenomations. However, antivenoms did not exhibit good safety results in their initial applications. After many improvements, antivenoms have substantially better safety profiles but still have some side effects. Due to the occurrence of adverse reactions, the practice of using premedication with the intent to decrease side effects has become accepted or mandatory in many countries. The drugs used for premedication belong to the histamine H1 antagonist, glucocorticoid and catecholamine groups. Currently, this practice is being questioned due to low or controversial efficacies in clinical assays. In this article, we discuss the causes of adverse reactions, the mechanisms of drugs that block the undesired effects and the results obtained in clinical trials. Although these three families of drugs could have positive effects on reducing adverse reactions, only adrenaline has demonstrated positive results in clinical assays.

Investigação da ocorrência de reações adversas com uso de coleira impregnada por deltametrina a 4% em cães / Investigation of occurrence of adverse reactions with the use of collar impregnated by deltamethrin 4% in dogs

A deltametrina é um inseticida do grupo dos piretróides tipo II muito utilizada como ectoparasiticida na veterinária em várias formas de aplicação tópica, como banho, spray, solução para aplicação no dorso e coleira. A coleira impregnada com deltametrina a 4% (CD4%), além de sua indicação contra carrapatos, tem sido recomendada também contra as picadas dos flebótomos transmissores da Leishmaniose. Alguns relatos têm sido descritos de ingestão e intoxicação, além de reações cutâneas com o uso da CD4%, porém, até o presente momento não há um estudo controlado sobre a possibilidade destes eventos em cães. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar em cães a ocorrência de reações adversas à CD4%. Foram utilizados 33 cães mantidos em baias coletivas do canil da UNOESTE, divididos em 3 grupos com 11 animais cada, sendo o grupo A de fêmeas adultas (utilização da coleira conforme a indicação do fabricante), grupo B de machos adultos (utilização da coleira não seguindo a indicação do fabricante) e grupo C de fêmeas jovens (utilização da coleira conforme a indicação do fabricante, porém com um período de adaptação). Os animais foram observados com relação às possíveis reações adversas ou alérgicas com preenchimento de ficha clínica e dermatológica diariamente durante 15 dias e depois três vezes por semana até completar 4 meses, tempo recomendado de permanência da coleira com eficácia pelo fabricante. Dos 33 cães, 39,4% (13) retiram a coleira, sendo 9 fêmeas (3 do grupo A e 6 do grupo C) e 4 machos (grupo B). Dos 13 animais que retiram a coleira, 18,2% ingeriram a mesma, 4 fêmeas (grupo C) e 2 machos (grupo B). Nenhum animal apresentou reação alérgica ou adversa à coleira, inclusive naqueles que ingeriram a mesma. Não houve a ocorrência de ectoparasitas durante o período de observação. [...]

Deltamethrin is an insecticide of the group of type II pyrethroids widely used as the ectoparasiticide in various veterinary topical application forms, such as bath, spray solution for application on the back and collar. The impregnated with deltamethrin to 4% (CD4%) collar, and his statement against ticks, has also been recommended against the bites of sandflies transmission of leishmaniasis. Some reports have been described for ingestion and poisoning, and skin reactions with the use of CD4%, but so far there is not a controlled study on the possibility of these events study in dogs. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of adverse reactions to CD4%. Thirty-three dogs kept in collective cages in the kennel UNOESTE, divided into 3 groups of 11 animals each, with group A of adult females (use the collar as indicated by the manufacturer), group B adult male (do not use the collar following the indication of manufacturer) and group C of young females (use the collar as indicated by the manufacturer, but with an adjustment period). The animals were observed with respect to possible adverse or allergic reactions to completion of clinical dermatology and record daily for 15 days and then three times a week until at least 4 months time recommended staying with the leash effectiveness by the manufacturer. Of the 33 dogs, 39.4% (13) remove the collar, 9 females (3 group A and group C 6) and 4 males (group B). Of the 13 animals that pull the collar, 18.2% ingested the same, 4 females (group C) and 2 males (group B). No animal showed adverse or allergic reaction to the collar, even in those who ate the same. There was no occurrence of ectoparasites during the period of observation. [...]

Investigação da ocorrência de reações adversas com uso de coleira impregnada por deltametrina a 4% em cães / Investigation of occurrence of adverse reactions with the use of collar impregnated by deltamethrin 4% in dogs

A deltametrina é um inseticida do grupo dos piretróides tipo II muito utilizada como ectoparasiticida na veterinária em várias formas de aplicação tópica, como banho, spray, solução para aplicação no dorso e coleira. A coleira impregnada com deltametrina a 4% (CD4%), além de sua indicação contra carrapatos, tem sido recomendada também contra as picadas dos flebótomos transmissores da Leishmaniose. Alguns relatos têm sido descritos de ingestão e intoxicação, além de reações cutâneas com o uso da CD4%, porém, até o presente momento não há um estudo controlado sobre a possibilidade destes eventos em cães. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar em cães a ocorrência de reações adversas à CD4%. Foram utilizados 33 cães mantidos em baias coletivas do canil da UNOESTE, divididos em 3 grupos com 11 animais cada, sendo o grupo A de fêmeas adultas (utilização da coleira conforme a indicação do fabricante), grupo B de machos adultos (utilização da coleira não seguindo a indicação do fabricante) e grupo C de fêmeas jovens (utilização da coleira conforme a indicação do fabricante, porém com um período de adaptação). Os animais foram observados com relação às possíveis reações adversas ou alérgicas com preenchimento de ficha clínica e dermatológica diariamente durante 15 dias e depois três vezes por semana até completar 4 meses, tempo recomendado de permanência da coleira com eficácia pelo fabricante. Dos 33 cães, 39,4% (13) retiram a coleira, sendo 9 fêmeas (3 do grupo A e 6 do grupo C) e 4 machos (grupo B). Dos 13 animais que retiram a coleira, 18,2% ingeriram a mesma, 4 fêmeas (grupo C) e 2 machos (grupo B). Nenhum animal apresentou reação alérgica ou adversa à coleira, inclusive naqueles que ingeriram a mesma. Não houve a ocorrência de ectoparasitas durante o período de observação. [...](AU)

Deltamethrin is an insecticide of the group of type II pyrethroids widely used as the ectoparasiticide in various veterinary topical application forms, such as bath, spray solution for application on the back and collar. The impregnated with deltamethrin to 4% (CD4%) collar, and his statement against ticks, has also been recommended against the bites of sandflies transmission of leishmaniasis. Some reports have been described for ingestion and poisoning, and skin reactions with the use of CD4%, but so far there is not a controlled study on the possibility of these events study in dogs. The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of adverse reactions to CD4%. Thirty-three dogs kept in collective cages in the kennel UNOESTE, divided into 3 groups of 11 animals each, with group A of adult females (use the collar as indicated by the manufacturer), group B adult male (do not use the collar following the indication of manufacturer) and group C of young females (use the collar as indicated by the manufacturer, but with an adjustment period). The animals were observed with respect to possible adverse or allergic reactions to completion of clinical dermatology and record daily for 15 days and then three times a week until at least 4 months time recommended staying with the leash effectiveness by the manufacturer. Of the 33 dogs, 39.4% (13) remove the collar, 9 females (3 group A and group C 6) and 4 males (group B). Of the 13 animals that pull the collar, 18.2% ingested the same, 4 females (group C) and 2 males (group B). No animal showed adverse or allergic reaction to the collar, even in those who ate the same. There was no occurrence of ectoparasites during the period of observation. [...](AU)

USO DE ÓLEO ESSENCIAL DE LARANJA NO CONTROLE DO GRAU DE INFECÇÃO PARASITÁRIA EM CORDEIROS

Devido à resistência anti-helmíntica, ocasionada pelo uso indiscriminado dos anti-helmínticos comerciais, buscam-se novas alternativas, como o uso de óleos essenciais. O óleo essencial de laranja (OEL) e seu composto majoritário, limoneno, apresentam bons resultados in vitro com ação anti-helmíntica, porém, estudos in vivo são necessários para possibilitar seu uso no controle de nematoides gastrintestinais. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia do OEL na redução da infecção por parasitos gastrintestinais em cordeiros em crescimento, foram realizadas 3 etapas experimentais, além de um estudo piloto. O estudo piloto foi realizado para testar diferentes formulações quanto à viscosidade, concentração e forma de fornecimento do OEL aos cordeiros. Na avaliação do estudo piloto, com 17 cordeiros, foram observadas reações adversas após ingestão de OEL. As reações mais observadas foram movimentos de balançar de cabeça (88,8%), movimento com a cabeça para trás (51,1%) e ataxia (74,4%), que perduraram por até 2 horas após o fornecimento da dose de 600 mg/kg. Portanto, doses menores ou fracionadas foram testadas no experimento. Na primeira e segunda etapas do experimento, os cordeiros foram distribuídos em grupos sem tratamento (controle), tratados com levamisol (7,5 mg/Kg) e nos grupos de OEL de acordo com a dose a ser fornecida (200mg/kg, 300mg/kg e 400mg/kg, na primeira etapa, e 2x 300mg/kg e 2x 350mg/kg, na segunda etapa). Na terceira etapa do experimento, os cordeiros foram distribuídos nos grupos controle e tratado (2x350mg/kg) e foram abatidos para a contagem de parasitos do abomaso e intestino delgado. As avaliações forem feitas nos dias D0, D3, D7, D10 e D14 por meio da contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) e foi calculada a porcentagem de redução de OPG, que deveria ser superior a 95%. A coprocultura foi realizada nos dias D0 e D14 da primeira e segunda etapas. No D14 da primeira etapa, houve um aumento do OPG de 20,9% e de 100,9% e uma redução de 5,54%, para os grupos de OEL 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg e 400mg/kg, respectivamente. No D3 da segunda etapa, os grupos de OEL apresentaram redução de OPG acima de 96%, porém, no D14 a redução de OPG foi de 0,82% e 77,07%, para os grupos 2x 300mg/kg e 2x 350mg/kg, respectivamente. Em todas as coproculturas, a maior porcentagem de larvas recuperadas foi de Haemonchus sp., variando de 90% a 100%. Na terceira etapa, não houve diferença (P>0,05) nas médias do número de parasitos entre os grupos tratado com OEL e grupo controle. Apesar da redução de OPG acima de 96% no D3, o OEL demonstrou ineficácia nas doses testadas de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos previamente, pois a redução de OPG não persistiu nas demais avaliações e foram recuperadas larvas e parasitos adultos no abate.

Due to the anthelmintic resistance, caused by the indiscriminate use of commercial anthelmintics, new alternatives are sought, such as the use of essential oils. Orange essential oil (OEO) and its major compound, limonene, present good performance in in vitro trials, however, in vivo studies are necessary to enable its use in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of OEO to reduce infection by gastrointestinal parasites in growing lambs, 3 experimental steps were carried out, in addition to a pilot study. The pilot study was carried out to test different formulations regarding viscosity, concentration and forms to supply OEO to lambs. In the evaluation of the pilot study, with 17 lambs, adverse reactions were observed after ingestion of OEO. The most observed reactions were head shaking movements (88.8%), movement with head backwards (51.1%) and ataxia (74.4%), which persisted for up to 2 hours after supply, with the dose of 600 mg/kg. Therefore, smaller or fractional doses were tested in the experiment. In the first and second stages of the experiment, the lambs were distributed in groups without treatment (control), treated with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) and in the OEO groups according to the dose to be provided (200mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 400mg/kg, in the first stage, and 2x 300mg/kg and 2x 350mg/kg, in the second stage). In the third stage of the experiment, lambs were distributed in the control and treated groups (2x350mg/kg) and were slaughtered to count the parasites of the abomasum and small intestine. Assessments were made on days D0, D3, D7, D10 and D14 by counting eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and the percentage of EPG reduction was calculated; the reduction should be greater than 95%. A culture was performed on D0 and D14 days of the first and second steps. In the D14 of the first stage, there was an increase in EPG of 20.9%, 100.9% and a decrease of 5.54%, for the 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 400mg/kg OEO groups, respectively. In the D3 of the second stage, the OEO groups showed a reduction in EPG above 96%, however, in D14 the reduction in EPG was 0.82% and 77.07%, for the 2x 300mg/kg and 2x 350mg/kg, respectively. The highest percentage of recovered larvae from coprocultures was of Haemonchus sp., ranging from 90% to 100%. In the third stage, there was no difference (P> 0.05) in the mean number of parasites between the groups treated with OEO and the control group. Despite the reduction of EPG above 96% in D3, the OEO demonstrated ineffectiveness in the doses tested according to the criteria previously established, as the reduction in EPG did not persist in the other evaluations and larvae and adult parasites were recovered at slaughter.

Risks of vaccination: a review

To be granted a product license, a vaccine must present adequate quality, safety and efficacy. Studies on these criteria often utilize target species in a laboratory setting. Vaccines that had been proven effective during laboratory analysis may not present the same features when sold on a large scale, after encountering field conditions, and furthermore, can even produce complications. Measures are already in place to detect adverse reactions as reported by veterinarians to manufacturers, so that vaccines under suspicion of failing can be identified and investigated. The present review article describes the main problems, specifically adverse reactions and lack of efficacy, that have been encountered following release of vaccines for general use.(AU)

Risks of vaccination: a review

To be granted a product license, a vaccine must present adequate quality, safety and efficacy. Studies on these criteria often utilize target species in a laboratory setting. Vaccines that had been proven effective during laboratory analysis may not present the same features when sold on a large scale, after encountering field conditions, and furthermore, can even produce complications. Measures are already in place to detect adverse reactions as reported by veterinarians to manufacturers, so that vaccines under suspicion of failing can be identified and investigated. The present review article describes the main problems, specifically adverse reactions and lack of efficacy, that have been encountered following release of vaccines for general use.