Morphological Studies on the Testis, Epididymis and Vas Deferens of Al-Ahsa Native Rooster

This study was carried out to investigate the morphological and histological structures of the testis, epididymis and vas deferens of the Al-Ahsa native rooster (ANR). There were two types of ANR; the brown feather one with light yellow shank and the black feather one with grey or dark grey shank. Their body weight was 1840.88± 92.13 g and 1555.66± 82.83g, respectively. The morphology of the testes showed that the black rooster has larger testes than the brown rooster and there was asymmetry in size between the right and left testis in both. They were grey yellowish in color and oval-shaped, situated in the abdomen dorsal to the proventriculus, the liver and the gizzard, cranial to the lungs, caudal to the abdominal sac and ventral to the kidneys. The histology of the testes revealed the capsule, the different cells of the lining epithelium of the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial tissue. The morphology of the epididymis was revealed pseudostratified columnar epithelium, light brown in color with c to L-shaped, located cranial to the testis and extended caudally to continue with vas deferens. The latter has columnar epithelium, light grey in color, run caudally medial to the kidneys and opened in the cloaca.(AU)

Sources of conjugated linoleic acid and lauric acid inoculated into the eggs of quails and its effects on immunity / Fontes de ácido linoléico conjugado e ácido láurico inoculados em ovos de codornas e seus efeitos sobre a imunidade

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of in-egg inoculation with sources of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lauric acid (AL), going by the weight of lymphoid organs and the biochemical profile of the blood of cut quails, from one to 35 days of age. We used 360 quails distributed in a completely randomized design, in six treatments and six replicates of 10 birds per plot. Corn oil (OM) was used to dilute the CLA and AL. The experimental treatments were: healthy eggs (control); eggs inoculated with OM thinner; eggs inoculated with CLA 120 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with CLA 240 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with AL 60 mg / 50 mL OM and eggs inoculated with AL 90 mg / 50 mL OM. The results were analyzed through Program R at the level of 5% significance. To verify the normal distribution of errors, the Shapiro Wilk normality test was applied. At 21 days, an effect of p < 0.05 was observed for the total blood cholesterol content, inoculations with CLA reduced, even as AL increased, regardless of the level. At 35 days, it was found (p < 0.05) that the levels of total cholesterol and AST in the blood decreased with inoculations of CLA and AL at the lower levels, compared to those that did not receive the inoculations. The CLA and AL levels supplemented via egg inoculations did not interfere with the weight of the lymphoid organs (thymus, Fabricius bursa) of the birds, at both ages. Supplementation in eggs of cut quails with CLA 240 mg reduced the total blood cholesterol content compared to CLA 120 mg, at 21 days of age. At 35 days of age, higher concentrations of CLA and AL increased the total cholesterol and AST in the blood of birds and AL had a greater effect on the increase than CLA.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação in ovo com fontes de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e ácido láurico (AL), sobre os órgãos linfoides e o perfil bioquímico do sangue de codornas de corte de um a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 360 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves por parcela. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: ovos íntegros (controle); ovos inoculados com diluidor OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 120 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 240 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com AL 60 mg/50mL OM e ovos inoculados com AL 90 mg/50mL OM. Aos 21 dias observou-se efeito (P<0,05) para teor de colesterol total no sangue, as inoculações com CLA reduzem, enquanto o AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Os resultados foram analisados pelo programa R no nível de significância de 5%. Para verificar a distribuição normal dos erros, foi aplicado o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk. Aos 21 dias, observou-se efeito (P < 0,05) para o teor total de colesterol no sangue, inoculações com CLA reduzida, enquanto a AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Aos 35 dias, verificou-se (P < 0,05) que os níveis de colesterol total e AST no sangue diminuíram com as inoculações de CLA e AL em níveis mais baixos, comparados àqueles que não receberam inoculações. Os níveis de CLA e AL suplementados por inoculações de ovos não interferiram no peso dos órgãos linfoides (timo, bursa de Fabricius) de aves em ambas as idades. A suplementação em ovos de codornas de corte com CLA 240 mg reduz o conteúdo total de colesterol no sangue em comparação com o CLA 120 mg aos 21 dias de idade. Aos 35 dias de idade, concentrações mais altas de CLA e AL aumentam o colesterol total e AST no sangue das aves e o AL tem um efeito maior em aumentar o CLA sanguíneo.

Sources of conjugated linoleic acid and lauric acid inoculated into the eggs of quails and its effects on immunity / Fontes de ácido linoléico conjugado e ácido láurico inoculados em ovos de codornas e seus efeitos sobre a imunidade

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of in-egg inoculation with sources of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lauric acid (AL), going by the weight of lymphoid organs and the biochemical profile of the blood of cut quails, from one to 35 days of age. We used 360 quails distributed in a completely randomized design, in six treatments and six replicates of 10 birds per plot. Corn oil (OM) was used to dilute the CLA and AL. The experimental treatments were: healthy eggs (control); eggs inoculated with OM thinner; eggs inoculated with CLA 120 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with CLA 240 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with AL 60 mg / 50 mL OM and eggs inoculated with AL 90 mg / 50 mL OM. The results were analyzed through Program R at the level of 5% significance. To verify the normal distribution of errors, the Shapiro Wilk normality test was applied. At 21 days, an effect of p < 0.05 was observed for the total blood cholesterol content, inoculations with CLA reduced, even as AL increased, regardless of the level. At 35 days, it was found (p < 0.05) that the levels of total cholesterol and AST in the blood decreased with inoculations of CLA and AL at the lower levels, compared to those that did not receive the inoculations. The CLA and AL levels supplemented via egg inoculations did not interfere with the weight of the lymphoid organs (thymus, Fabricius bursa) of the birds, at both ages. Supplementation in eggs of cut quails with CLA 240 mg reduced the total blood cholesterol content compared to CLA 120 mg, at 21 days of age. At 35 days of age, higher concentrations of CLA and AL increased the total cholesterol and AST in the blood of birds and AL had a greater effect on the increase than CLA.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação in ovo com fontes de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e ácido láurico (AL), sobre os órgãos linfoides e o perfil bioquímico do sangue de codornas de corte de um a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 360 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves por parcela. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: ovos íntegros (controle); ovos inoculados com diluidor OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 120 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 240 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com AL 60 mg/50mL OM e ovos inoculados com AL 90 mg/50mL OM. Aos 21 dias observou-se efeito (P<0,05) para teor de colesterol total no sangue, as inoculações com CLA reduzem, enquanto o AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Os resultados foram analisados pelo programa R no nível de significância de 5%. Para verificar a distribuição normal dos erros, foi aplicado o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk. Aos 21 dias, observou-se efeito (P < 0,05) para o teor total de colesterol no sangue, inoculações com CLA reduzida, enquanto a AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Aos 35 dias, verificou-se (P < 0,05) que os níveis de colesterol total e AST no sangue diminuíram com as inoculações de CLA e AL em níveis mais baixos, comparados àqueles que não receberam inoculações. Os níveis de CLA e AL suplementados por inoculações de ovos não interferiram no peso dos órgãos linfoides (timo, bursa de Fabricius) de aves em ambas as idades. A suplementação em ovos de codornas de corte com CLA 240 mg reduz o conteúdo total de colesterol no sangue em comparação com o CLA 120 mg aos 21 dias de idade. Aos 35 dias de idade, concentrações mais altas de CLA e AL aumentam o colesterol total e AST no sangue das aves e o AL tem um efeito maior em aumentar o CLA sanguíneo.(AU)

Molecular detection and occurrence of equine theileriosis in Arabian horses in Al-Najaf province/Iraq / Detecção molecular e prevalência de teileriose equina em cavalos árabes na província de Al-Najaf/Iraque

This study was designed to detect equine piroplasmosis using the molecular technique in Al-Najaf province during the season that showed an increment in tick activities. Blood samples were collected from 110 horses with more than two signs of piroplasmosis. After DNA extraction, the product was examined by a polymerase chain reaction to amplify 18SrRNA. The results showed that the overall percentage of equine theileriosis was 38.18%. According to gender, the percentage of infection was 43.48% and 29.27% in females and males, respectively. Significant variations appeared between infected horses according to age, and the percentage of infection was 50% and 35.22% in less than 2 years and more than 2 years age, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of infection was 62.5% and 19.35% in animals with and without acariasis, respectively. Significant variations were also seen in equine theileriosis according to geographical areas, and the higher percentage was reported in Hera district (60.87%), while the lowest percentage was in the center of Al-Najaf (21.43%). This difference may be due to different distribution of vector of disease (tick), which may be the availability of the suitable weather that helped in the multiplication of the intermediate vectors. In conclusion, this study proved the variations in the occurrences of equine piroplasmosis according to gender, age, and geographical areas.(AU)

Este estudo foi desenvolvido para detectar piroplasmose equina usando a técnica molecular na província de Al-Najaf durante o período do ano com maior ocorrência de carrapatos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 110 cavalos que apresentaram mais de dois sinais de piroplasmose. Após a extração do DNA, o produto foi examinado por reação em cadeia da polimerase para amplificar o 18SrRNA. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem geral de teileriose equina foi de 38, 18%. De acordo com o sexo, o percentual de infecção foi 43,48% e 29,27% no sexo feminino e masculino, respectivamente. Apareceram variações significativas entre os cavalos infectados de acordo com a idade, e a porcentagem de infecção foi 50% e 35,22% em menos de 2 anos e mais de 2 anos, respectivamente. Além disso, as porcentagens de infecção foram 62, 5% e 19, 35% em animais com e sem acariasis, respectivamente. Também foram observadas variações significativas na teileriose dos equídeos, de acordo com as áreas geográficas, e o maior percentual foi relatado no distrito de Hera (60, 87%), enquanto o menor percentual foi no centro de Al-Najaf (21,43%). Essa diferença pode ser devido à distribuição diferente do vetor da doença (carrapato), que pode ser a disponibilidade do clima adequado que ajuda na multiplicação dos vetores intermediários. Em conclusão, este estudo provou as variações nas ocorrências de piroplasmose eqüina de acordo com sexo, idade e áreas geográficas.(AU)

Molecular detection and occurrence of equine theileriosis in Arabian horses in Al-Najaf province/Iraq / Detecção molecular e prevalência de teileriose equina em cavalos árabes na província de Al-Najaf/Iraque

This study was designed to detect equine piroplasmosis using the molecular technique in Al-Najaf province during the season that showed an increment in tick activities. Blood samples were collected from 110 horses with more than two signs of piroplasmosis. After DNA extraction, the product was examined by a polymerase chain reaction to amplify 18SrRNA. The results showed that the overall percentage of equine theileriosis was 38.18%. According to gender, the percentage of infection was 43.48% and 29.27% in females and males, respectively. Significant variations appeared between infected horses according to age, and the percentage of infection was 50% and 35.22% in less than 2 years and more than 2 years age, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of infection was 62.5% and 19.35% in animals with and without acariasis, respectively. Significant variations were also seen in equine theileriosis according to geographical areas, and the higher percentage was reported in Hera district (60.87%), while the lowest percentage was in the center of Al-Najaf (21.43%). This difference may be due to different distribution of vector of disease (tick), which may be the availability of the suitable weather that helped in the multiplication of the intermediate vectors. In conclusion, this study proved the variations in the occurrences of equine piroplasmosis according to gender, age, and geographical areas.(AU)

Este estudo foi desenvolvido para detectar piroplasmose equina usando a técnica molecular na província de Al-Najaf durante o período do ano com maior ocorrência de carrapatos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 110 cavalos que apresentaram mais de dois sinais de piroplasmose. Após a extração do DNA, o produto foi examinado por reação em cadeia da polimerase para amplificar o 18SrRNA. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem geral de teileriose equina foi de 38, 18%. De acordo com o sexo, o percentual de infecção foi 43,48% e 29,27% no sexo feminino e masculino, respectivamente. Apareceram variações significativas entre os cavalos infectados de acordo com a idade, e a porcentagem de infecção foi 50% e 35,22% em menos de 2 anos e mais de 2 anos, respectivamente. Além disso, as porcentagens de infecção foram 62, 5% e 19, 35% em animais com e sem acariasis, respectivamente. Também foram observadas variações significativas na teileriose dos equídeos, de acordo com as áreas geográficas, e o maior percentual foi relatado no distrito de Hera (60, 87%), enquanto o menor percentual foi no centro de Al-Najaf (21,43%). Essa diferença pode ser devido à distribuição diferente do vetor da doença (carrapato), que pode ser a disponibilidade do clima adequado que ajuda na multiplicação dos vetores intermediários. Em conclusão, este estudo provou as variações nas ocorrências de piroplasmose eqüina de acordo com sexo, idade e áreas geográficas.(AU)

Molecular detection and occurrence of equine theileriosis in Arabian horses in Al-Najaf province/Iraq / Detecção molecular e prevalência de teileriose equina em cavalos árabes na província de Al-Najaf/Iraque

This study was designed to detect equine piroplasmosis using the molecular technique in Al-Najaf province during the season that showed an increment in tick activities. Blood samples were collected from 110 horses with more than two signs of piroplasmosis. After DNA extraction, the product was examined by a polymerase chain reaction to amplify 18SrRNA. The results showed that the overall percentage of equine theileriosis was 38.18%. According to gender, the percentage of infection was 43.48% and 29.27% in females and males, respectively. Significant variations appeared between infected horses according to age, and the percentage of infection was 50% and 35.22% in less than 2 years and more than 2 years age, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of infection was 62.5% and 19.35% in animals with and without acariasis, respectively. Significant variations were also seen in equine theileriosis according to geographical areas, and the higher percentage was reported in Hera district (60.87%), while the lowest percentage was in the center of Al-Najaf (21.43%). This difference may be due to different distribution of vector of disease (tick), which may be the availability of the suitable weather that helped in the multiplication of the intermediate vectors. In conclusion, this study proved the var

Este estudo foi desenvolvido para detectar piroplasmose equina usando a técnica molecular na província de Al-Najaf durante o período do ano com maior ocorrência de carrapatos. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 110 cavalos que apresentaram mais de dois sinais de piroplasmose. Após a extração do DNA, o produto foi examinado por reação em cadeia da polimerase para amplificar o 18SrRNA. Os resultados mostraram que a porcentagem geral de teileriose equina foi de 38, 18%. De acordo com o sexo, o percentual de infecção foi 43,48% e 29,27% no sexo feminino e masculino, respectivamente. Apareceram variações significativas entre os cavalos infectados de acordo com a idade, e a porcentagem de infecção foi 50% e 35,22% em menos de 2 anos e mais de 2 anos, respectivamente. Além disso, as porcentagens de infecção foram 62, 5% e 19, 35% em animais com e sem acariasis, respectivamente. Também foram observadas variações significativas na teileriose dos equídeos, de acordo com as áreas geográficas, e o maior percentual foi relatado no distrito de Hera (60, 87%), enquanto o menor percentual foi no centro de Al-Najaf (21,43%). Essa diferença pode ser devido à distribuição diferente do vetor da doença (carrapato), que pode ser a disponibilidade do clima adequado que ajuda na multiplicação dos vetores inter

Tolerance of Eucalyptus and Pinus seedlings to exchangeable Aluminium

Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.

Tolerance of Eucalyptus and Pinus seedlings to exchangeable Aluminium

Tolerance to acid soil is an important trait of Eucalyptus and Pinus species introduced into commercial forestry plantations in tropical ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the exchangeable Al on growth of the seedlings of two species and one hybrid of Eucalyptus and two species of Pinus. We also wanted to identify the role of the root cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) on Al tolerance. The experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. The soil used was collected from the top layer of a red yellow Oxisol, from the Brazilian savanna region. The treatments consisted of different rates of P and the presence or absence of liming with CaCO3 and MgCO3. The species of Eucalyptus and Pinus showed no growth differences between the treatments. For all species, a higher density of fine roots was found in treatments with lower levels of bases and a higher Al exchangeable concentration. The Pinus species had a higher root CEC than the Eucalyptus species, which had a lower leaf Al concentration. Al concentration in the fine roots was 50 fold greater than in the leaves of all species. Similar to Al, concentrations of Fe, Cu and Zn in the roots were significantly higher than in the leaves in all species. In contrast, higher Mn concentration was found in the leaf tissue. This may lead species of Eucalyptus and Pinus to be more susceptible to Mn than to Al toxicity.(AU)

Spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) in a long-term study of an Amazonian terra firme stream, Leticia - Colombia

Weakly electric fishes continually emit electric organ discharges (EOD) as a means of communication and localization of objects in their surroundings. Depending on water conductivity, the amplitude of the electric field generated is known to increase with decreases in electrical conductivity of the water. In Amazonian terra firme streams, water conductivity is extremely low and fluctuates constantly due to local and regional rains. In this context, the space between freely moving weakly electric fishes may be expected to decrease, on average, with an increase in water conductivity. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the positions at rest of the sand-dwelling fish Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni in a terra firme stream for several days in alternating months, over two years. Based on daily nearest neighbor distances among individual fish in a grid, we found a uniform temporal distribution pattern (which was not affected by water conductivity) indicative of site fidelity. Here we highlight the role of other factors that could influence resting site fidelity.(AU)

Los peces eléctricos emiten continuamente descargas con su órgano eléctrico (DOE) para comunicarse y localizar objetos a su alrededor. Dependiendo de la conductividad del agua, la amplitud del campo eléctrico generado aumenta con una disminución en la conductividad eléctrica del agua. En los arroyos de terra firme amazónicos, la conductividad eléctrica del agua es extremadamente baja y fluctua constantemente dependiendo de las lluvias locales y regionales. Teniendo esto en cuenta, esperamos que el espacio entre peces eléctricos débiles con libertad de movimiento disminuya, en promedio, de acuerdo al incremento en la conductividad del agua. Para evaluar esta hipótesis, registramos bajo condiciones naturales por varios dias en meses alternos y durante dos años las posiciones en reposo del pez Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni en un arroyo de terra firme. Con los valores de registro diario de la distancia al vecino mas cercano en peces individuales dentro de una grilla, encontramos un patrón de distribución temporal uniforme (que no fue afectado por la conductividad del agua) e indicativo de una fidelidad por los sitios de reposo. Entonces, nosotros resaltamos aquí el posible papel que otros factores pueden estar jugando para entender la fidelidad por sus sitios de reposo.(AU)

Spatial and temporal distribution of Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) in a long-term study of an Amazonian terra firme stream, Leticia - Colombia

Weakly electric fishes continually emit electric organ discharges (EOD) as a means of communication and localization of objects in their surroundings. Depending on water conductivity, the amplitude of the electric field generated is known to increase with decreases in electrical conductivity of the water. In Amazonian terra firme streams, water conductivity is extremely low and fluctuates constantly due to local and regional rains. In this context, the space between freely moving weakly electric fishes may be expected to decrease, on average, with an increase in water conductivity. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the positions at rest of the sand-dwelling fish Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni in a terra firme stream for several days in alternating months, over two years. Based on daily nearest neighbor distances among individual fish in a grid, we found a uniform temporal distribution pattern (which was not affected by water conductivity) indicative of site fidelity. Here we highlight the role of other factors that could influence resting site fidelity.(AU)

Los peces eléctricos emiten continuamente descargas con su órgano eléctrico (DOE) para comunicarse y localizar objetos a su alrededor. Dependiendo de la conductividad del agua, la amplitud del campo eléctrico generado aumenta con una disminución en la conductividad eléctrica del agua. En los arroyos de terra firme amazónicos, la conductividad eléctrica del agua es extremadamente baja y fluctua constantemente dependiendo de las lluvias locales y regionales. Teniendo esto en cuenta, esperamos que el espacio entre peces eléctricos débiles con libertad de movimiento disminuya, en promedio, de acuerdo al incremento en la conductividad del agua. Para evaluar esta hipótesis, registramos bajo condiciones naturales por varios dias en meses alternos y durante dos años las posiciones en reposo del pez Gymnorhamphichthys rondoni en un arroyo de terra firme. Con los valores de registro diario de la distancia al vecino mas cercano en peces individuales dentro de una grilla, encontramos un patrón de distribución temporal uniforme (que no fue afectado por la conductividad del agua) e indicativo de una fidelidad por los sitios de reposo. Entonces, nosotros resaltamos aquí el posible papel que otros factores pueden estar jugando para entender la fidelidad por sus sitios de reposo.(AU)

The influence of sex ratio on the reproduction of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, in captivity / Influência da proporção sexual na reprodução do pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, em cativeiro

Because sex ratio in the broodstock can influence the reproductive behaviour of a species, the influence of sex ratio on the reproductive success of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, in captivity was assessed. Pirarucu breeders were stocked in 0.10-0.13 ha earthen ponds at three sex ratios in quadruplicate: one male to one female (1M1F); one male to two females (1M2F); and two males to one female (2M1F). Eight spawning events occurred, seven of them with the 1M1F sex ratio, which was the most successful of the three tested sex ratios.

A proporção sexual de reprodutores pode influenciar o comportamento reprodutivo de uma espécie. Em função disso, avaliou-se o efeito da estocagem de reprodutores em diferentes proporções sexuais no sucesso reprodutivo do pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, em cativeiro. Reprodutores foram estocados em viveiros de 0,10-0,13 ha, distribuídos em três tratamentos (proporções sexuais), com quatro repetições cada: (1M1F) um macho e uma fêmea, (1M2F) um macho e duas fêmeas; e (2M1F) dois machos e uma fêmea. Foram observadas oito desovas, sendo a proporção sexual 1M1F a mais eficiente, apresentando sete desovas. Sugere-se, portanto, que a proporção sexual de um macho para cada fêmea é mais adequada para a reprodução do pirarucu em cativeiro.

The influence of sex ratio on the reproduction of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, in captivity / Influência da proporção sexual na reprodução do pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, em cativeiro

Because sex ratio in the broodstock can influence the reproductive behaviour of a species, the influence of sex ratio on the reproductive success of pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, in captivity was assessed. Pirarucu breeders were stocked in 0.10-0.13 ha earthen ponds at three sex ratios in quadruplicate: one male to one female (1M1F); one male to two females (1M2F); and two males to one female (2M1F). Eight spawning events occurred, seven of them with the 1M1F sex ratio, which was the most successful of the three tested sex ratios.(AU)

A proporção sexual de reprodutores pode influenciar o comportamento reprodutivo de uma espécie. Em função disso, avaliou-se o efeito da estocagem de reprodutores em diferentes proporções sexuais no sucesso reprodutivo do pirarucu, Arapaima gigas, em cativeiro. Reprodutores foram estocados em viveiros de 0,10-0,13 ha, distribuídos em três tratamentos (proporções sexuais), com quatro repetições cada: (1M1F) um macho e uma fêmea, (1M2F) um macho e duas fêmeas; e (2M1F) dois machos e uma fêmea. Foram observadas oito desovas, sendo a proporção sexual 1M1F a mais eficiente, apresentando sete desovas. Sugere-se, portanto, que a proporção sexual de um macho para cada fêmea é mais adequada para a reprodução do pirarucu em cativeiro.(AU)

Population structure of Chinese southwest wheat germplasms resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew using the DArT-seq technique / População de germoplasmas resistentes de trigo empregando a técnica de sequenciamento Dart-seq

Understanding genetic variability in existing wheat accessions is critical for collection, conservation and use of wheat germplasms. In this study, 138 Chinese southwest wheat accessions were investigated by genotyping using two resistance gene makers (Pm21 and Yr26) and DArT-seq technique. Finally, about 50% cultivars (lines) amplified the specific allele for the Yr26 gene (Gwm11) and 40.6% for the Pm21 gene (SCAR1265). By DArT-seq analysis, 30,485 markers (6486 SNPs and 23999 DArTs) were obtained with mean polymorphic information content (PIC) value 0.33 and 0.28 for DArT and SNP marker, respectively. The mean Dice genetic similarity coefficient (GS) was 0.72. Two consistent groups of wheat varieties were identified using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) at the level of both the chromosome 6AS and the whole-genome, respectively. Group I was composed of non-6VS/6AL translocation lines of different origins, while Group II was composed of 6VS/6AL translocation (T6VS/6AL) lines, most of which carried the Yr26 and Pm21 genes and originated from Guizhou. Besides, a model-based population structure analysis revealed extensive admixture and further divided these wheat accessions into six subgroups (SG1, SG2, SG3, SG4, SG5 and SG6), based on their origin, pedigree or disease resistance. This information is useful for wheat breeding in southwestern China and association mapping for disease resistance using these wheat germplasms in future.

O conhecimento da estrutura da população é essencial para o mapeamento de associação de resistência a doenças para a população de trigo. Neste estudo, a técnica de DART-seq™ foi usada para genotipar o genoma inteiro de cultivares de trigo. Finalmente, 30,485 marcadores (6486 SNPs e 23999 dardos) foram obtidos, e dois grupos de variedades de trigo foram identificados por meio de análise principal-coordenadas (PCoA) do nível de todo o genoma e o nível 6AS cromossomo. O grupo I foi composto por linhas não T6VS/6Al de diferentes origens, enquanto o Grupo II foi composto de linhas T6VS/6Al, sendo que da maioria destes realizados os genes Yr26 e PM21 originários de Guizhou.

Population structure of Chinese southwest wheat germplasms resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew using the DArT-seq technique / População de germoplasmas resistentes de trigo empregando a técnica de sequenciamento Dart-seq

Understanding genetic variability in existing wheat accessions is critical for collection, conservation and use of wheat germplasms. In this study, 138 Chinese southwest wheat accessions were investigated by genotyping using two resistance gene makers (Pm21 and Yr26) and DArT-seq technique. Finally, about 50% cultivars (lines) amplified the specific allele for the Yr26 gene (Gwm11) and 40.6% for the Pm21 gene (SCAR1265). By DArT-seq analysis, 30,485 markers (6486 SNPs and 23999 DArTs) were obtained with mean polymorphic information content (PIC) value 0.33 and 0.28 for DArT and SNP marker, respectively. The mean Dice genetic similarity coefficient (GS) was 0.72. Two consistent groups of wheat varieties were identified using principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) at the level of both the chromosome 6AS and the whole-genome, respectively. Group I was composed of non-6VS/6AL translocation lines of different origins, while Group II was composed of 6VS/6AL translocation (T6VS/6AL) lines, most of which carried the Yr26 and Pm21 genes and originated from Guizhou. Besides, a model-based population structure analysis revealed extensive admixture and further divided these wheat accessions into six subgroups (SG1, SG2, SG3, SG4, SG5 and SG6), based on their origin, pedigree or disease resistance. This information is useful for wheat breeding in southwestern China and association mapping for disease resistance using these wheat germplasms in future.(AU)

O conhecimento da estrutura da população é essencial para o mapeamento de associação de resistência a doenças para a população de trigo. Neste estudo, a técnica de DART-seq™ foi usada para genotipar o genoma inteiro de cultivares de trigo. Finalmente, 30,485 marcadores (6486 SNPs e 23999 dardos) foram obtidos, e dois grupos de variedades de trigo foram identificados por meio de análise principal-coordenadas (PCoA) do nível de todo o genoma e o nível 6AS cromossomo. O grupo I foi composto por linhas não T6VS/6Al de diferentes origens, enquanto o Grupo II foi composto de linhas T6VS/6Al, sendo que da maioria destes realizados os genes Yr26 e PM21 originários de Guizhou.(AU)

Organic acid carriers in tolerance to toxic aluminum in wheat / Transportadores de ácidos orgânicos na tolerância ao alumínio tóxico em trigo

Aluminum (Al) toxicity in plants is seen in about 15% of the soils worldwide, restraining yields in arable land. In Brazil, acidic soils limit production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other cereals. Al is toxic for most winter cereals when its concentration increases and soil pH is below 5. One of the main concerns with acidic soil is the increase in the mobility of Al3+ions. Al binds to cell walls in roots, preventing meristematic elongation in sensitive species, causing damage to the root system and results in lower yields. Al3+ forms highly stable complexes with phosphorus (P), limiting its availability to plants, as well as reducing cell division and elongation. To deal with Al toxicity, plants have developed strategies such as organic acid (OA) exudation by roots; this mechanism of detoxification has been well-characterized. OAs, in turn, chelate ions Al3, forming non-toxic compounds that do not penetrate the root system. Some genes responsible for Al tolerance in wheat have been identified, particularly TaALMT1 and TaMATE1B that transport malate and citrate OAs, respectively. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms by which Al damages roots those by which plants are protected, primarily through two genes. We also described the interaction of the ALMT1 gene with P and iron (Fe).(AU)

A toxicidade do alumínio (Al) às plantas é observada em cerca de 15% dos solos no planeta, sendo um fator restritivo à produtividade em terras cultiváveis. No Brasil, os solos ácidos são limitantes à produção de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) e outros cereais. O Al é tóxico para a maioria dos cereais de inverno, quando a sua concentração aumenta e o pH do solo atinge valores inferiores a 5. Uma das principais preocupações sobre o solo ácido é o aumento da mobilidade dos íons Al3+. O Al pode se ligar as paredes celulares das raízes e, como consequência, impedir o alongamento meristemático em espécies sensíveis, provocando danos ao sistema radicular, que resulta em menor desempenho agronômico das plantas. O Al3+ é também capaz de formar complexos altamente estáveis com fósforo (P), limitando sua disponibilidade para as plantas, e também reduzindo a divisão e o alongamento celular. Para lidar com a toxicidade ao Al, as plantas desenvolveram algumas estratégias como a exsudação de ácido orgânicos (AOs) pelas raízes, sendo este mecanismo de destoxificação bem caracterizado. Os AOs, por sua vez, quelam ions Al3+ formando compostos não tóxicos que não penetram no sistema radicular. Alguns genes responsáveis pela tolerância ao Al em trigo foram identificados, com ênfase para TaALMT1 e TaMATE1B, que exsudam os AOs malato e citrato, respectivamente. Nesta revisão, discutimos os mecanismos pelos quais Al danifica raízes, bem como plantas protegem-se, através de dois genes principalmente. Também apresentamos a interação do gene ALMT1 com P e ferro (Fe).(AU)

Effect of Sorghum Based Nutritional Programs on Performance, Carcass Yield and Composition of Breast in Broilers

An experiment was conducted to compare three nutritional programs, which were developed with tannin-free grain sorghum based diets, evaluating performance, carcass yield and bromatological composition of the pectoral muscle of broilers. A total 1360 chicks mixed (50:50), from one to 42 days old Hubbard Flex Broilers, were housed in a completely randomized design consisting of treatments and 10 replicates each, distributed as follows: three programs with whole sorghum grain based diets (nutritional program with daily adjustment, nutritional program with every three days adjustment and nutritional program with four stages and a program with ground and whole sorghum grain based feed (four stages). The cumulative performance was evaluated at, 21 and 42 days, determining feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and viability. At 42 days, the yield of eviscerated carcass, breast (full and boneless), thighs/drumsticks and wings and breast composition were evaluated. Nutritional adjustments showed better feed conversion, did not affect the carcass, commercial cuts yield and had a good breast meat quality. It can be concluded that daily feed programs could be performed in poultry industry with the mixture of whole sorghum grains and concentrates directly on farms contributing to better logistics and feed transportation cost.(AU)

Effect of Sorghum Based Nutritional Programs on Performance, Carcass Yield and Composition of Breast in Broilers

An experiment was conducted to compare three nutritional programs, which were developed with tannin-free grain sorghum based diets, evaluating performance, carcass yield and bromatological composition of the pectoral muscle of broilers. A total 1360 chicks mixed (50:50), from one to 42 days old Hubbard Flex Broilers, were housed in a completely randomized design consisting of treatments and 10 replicates each, distributed as follows: three programs with whole sorghum grain based diets (nutritional program with daily adjustment, nutritional program with every three days adjustment and nutritional program with four stages and a program with ground and whole sorghum grain based feed (four stages). The cumulative performance was evaluated at, 21 and 42 days, determining feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and viability. At 42 days, the yield of eviscerated carcass, breast (full and boneless), thighs/drumsticks and wings and breast composition were evaluated. Nutritional adjustments showed better feed conversion, did not affect the carcass, commercial cuts yield and had a good breast meat quality. It can be concluded that daily feed programs could be performed in poultry industry with the mixture of whole sorghum grains and concentrates directly on farms contributing to better logistics and feed transportation cost.

Aluminum accumulation in two Pfaffia glomerata genotypes and its growth effects / Acumulação de alumínio em dois genótipos de Pfaffia glomerata e seus efeitos no crescimento

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a limiting factor for crop production in acid soils, which cover approximately 60% of the Brazilian territory. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Al on growth and tissue Al concentration of two Pfaffia glomerata accessions (BRA and JB/UFSM). Plantlets were grown in a hydroponic system with five Al concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200mg L-1) for 7 days. Most of the evaluated parameters presented significant interaction between both P. glomerata accessions and Al levels in nutrient solution and, in general, Al treatments negatively affected plant growth, especially roots. Moreover, BRA accession showed higher Al accumulation in its tissues than JB/UFSM and, consequently in BRA accession the growth was impaired substantially. Furthermore, the results suggest that, between P. glomerata accessions studied, BRA is less appropriated for medicinal uses when grown in soils with high Al levels, due to the higher accumulation of tissue Al content.(AU)

A toxidez do alumínio (Al) é um fator limitante da produção agrícola em solos ácidos, os quais cobrem cerca de 60% do território Brasileiro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do Al no crescimento e na concentração de Al nos tecidos de dois acessos de Pfaffia glomerata (BRA e JB/UFSM). As plantas foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico, contendo cinco concentrações de Al (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200mg L-1) por 7 dias. Para a maioria dos parâmetros avaliados, houve interação significativa entre os dois acessos de P. glomerata e as concentrações de Al, sendo que, de modo geral, os tratamentos com Al afetaram negativamente o crescimento das plantas, especialmente as raízes. Além disso, o acesso BRA acumulou mais Al nos tecidos que o acesso JB/UFSM e, consequentemente, os parâmetros de crescimento foram afetados mais significativamente naquele acesso. Portanto, nossos resultados sugerem que, entre os acessos de P. glomerata estudados, BRA é menos indicado para usos medicinais quando cultivado em solos com altos níveis de Al, por acumular mais Al em seus tecidos.(AU)

Nutrição proteica para peixes / Fish protein nutrition

No Brasil a aquicultura tem avançado por conta das diversas espécies de peixes que têm apresentado potencial para a criação comercial, além de apresentar disponibilidade de insumos e difusão de tecnologias voltadas à criação de peixes. Quanto à nutrição proteica, há grandes desafios que deverão ser enfrentados pelos nutricionistas com relação à exigência de aminoácidos nas dietas, devido ao número de espécies com potencial para cultivo. Nesse contexto, o enfoque principal está voltado a obter dados relevantes sobre a nutrição proteica de peixes, considerando as particularidades de cada espécie com relação aos constituintes da dieta que favoreçam o desempenho produtivo nos sistemas de criação. Desse modo, é de extrema importância conhecer os requisitos nutricionais de aminoácidos para cada uma das espécies utilizando-se do conceito de proteína ideal, para que a estimativa das exigências nutricionais possa ser realizada de forma mais simples e menos onerosa.

In Brazil, aquaculture has advanced due to various species of fish that have shown potential forcommercial fish farming, and present availability of inputs and diffusion of technologies aimed atraising fish. Regarding protein nutrition, there are great challenges to be faced by nutritionistsregarding the requirement of amino acids in the diets, due to the number of species with potential forcultivation. In this context, the main focus is directed to obtain relevant data about fish proteinnutrition, considering the particularities of each species in relation to the dietary constituents thatfavor productive performance in farming systems. Thus, it is extremely important to know thenutritional requirements of amino acids for each species using the ideal protein concept, so that theestimation of the nutritional requirements can be performed more simply and less costly.

Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis in young dog with cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle / Epifisiodese tibial proximal em cão imaturo com ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial

Background: Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is one of the most common causes of lameness in dogs. It is usually reported to be of traumatic origin in juvenile dogs, associated with hyperextension and excessive internal rotation of the knee joint. Treatment of immature dogs poses a therapeutic dilemma, because various stabilization techniques could prove inadequate for growing animals. Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis has been proposed for the correction of CCL rupture in immature dogs and involves reducing the tibial plateau angle via partial fusion of the proximal tibia. This report aimed to describe the successful treatment of a juvenile dog with CCL rupture using proximal tibial epiphysiodesis.Case: A 5-month-old dog of the American Staffordshire breed presented with a history of claudication in the left pelvic limb since a week after trauma. During physical examination, the dog exhibited a non-weight-bearing lameness and pain on hyperextension of the knee joint; there were no signs of joint effusion. The drawer and cranial tibial thrust tests were positive only with the knee flex, which was confirmed under sedation. The radiograph showed no change in the affected joint and the tibial plateau angle (TPA) was 22. The patient was suggested exploratory arthrotomy. Proximal tibial epiphysiodesis was performed on confirming partial rupture of the CCL. A 3.5 × 30-mm cortica...(AU)

A ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCCr) é uma das causas mais comuns de claudica- ção em cães [6,14]. A lesão ligamentar pode ser de origem aguda, devido a trauma direto ou, na maioria das vezes, devido à degeneração crônica do ligamento [13]. Ainda que grande parte das insuficiências de LCCr ocorram em cães adultos, a ruptura de LCCr é também relatada em cães jovens, muitas vezes associada à avulsão de inserção do ligamento. Estes cães imaturos tornam-se um dilema terapêutico porque muitas técnicas de estabilização podem ser inadequadas para animais em crescimento [4]. Efeitos positivos produzidos pela osteotomia de nivelamento do platô tibial (TPLO) em rupturas de LCCr foram demonstrados [1,12,17]. No entanto, devido à abertura da placa de crescimento, a TPLO não é indicada em cães imaturos. A técnica de osteotomia em cunha da tíbia (TWO) reduz o ângulo do platô tibial (APT) quando aplicada distal a placa de crescimento de cães imaturos, porém, é um procedimento bastante invasivo e com complicações pós-operatórias relatadas [11]. A técnica de epifisiodese proximal da tíbia foi descrita como terapia para a correção da ruptura de LCCr em cães imaturos, com redução do platô tibial através da fusão parcial da tíbia proximal [16]. O objetivo deste relato é descrever o tratamento bem sucedido de um cão jovem com ruptura de LCCr tratado com a técnica de epifisiodese tibial...(AU)