Effect of feeding crude or treated tung meal (Aleurites fordii) in the diet of Rhamdia quelen on growth, digestive enzymes and biochemical parameters / Efeitos da alimentação de farelo de tungue (Aleurites fordii) bruto ou tratado na dieta de Rhamdia quelen sobre o crescimento, enzimas digestivas e parâmetros bioquímicos

This study evaluated the addition of tung (Aleurites fordii) meal to the feed of Rhamdia quelen, as an alternative to animal protein sources. Silver catfish juveniles were fed different diets which included crude tung meal, chemically treated tung meal and a control without tung meal. The chemical treatment was based on the sequential application of acid and alcohol solutions and reduced the phytic acid from 1.63 to 0.61% and condensed tannin content from 0.025 to 0.018%. The nutritional response of fish to these ingredients was evaluated over nine weeks, based on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and biochemical responses. After nine weeks, the diet containing crude tung meal caused reduced growth (weight: -57.9%; total length: -21.09%; specific growth rate: -99.74%). This diet also reduced acid protease and lipase activities, decreased concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma and decreased liver glycogen and glucose concentrations. However, after nine weeks, fish fed with treated tung meal showed higher growth (weight, total length and specific growth rate similar to control) and reduced metabolic changes, possibly due to the removal of antinutrients and toxic substances. At the 32% level of inclusion, the chemically treated tung meal can be considered an alternative protein source for silver catfish.

Este estudo avaliou a adição de farelo de tungue (Aleurites fordii) na dieta de Rhamdia quelen, como uma alternativa à fontes de proteína animal. Juvenis de jundiá foram alimentados com diferentes dietas incluídas de farelo de tungue bruto, farelo quimicamente tratado e uma dieta controle sem farelo de tungue. O tratamento químico foi baseado na aplicação sequencial de soluções ácida e alcoólica e reduziu o conteúdo de ácido fítico de 1,63% para 0,61% e o conteúdo de taninos condensados de 0,025% para 0,018%. A resposta nutricional dos peixes à estes ingredientes foi avaliada ao longo de nove semanas, baseado no crescimento, atividade de enzimas digestivas e respostas bioquímicas. Após nove semanas, a dieta contendo farelo de tungue bruto causou reduzido crescimento (peso: -57,9%; comprimento total: -21,09%; taxa de crescimento específico: -99,74%). Esta dieta também reduziu a atividade de protease ácida e lipase, reduziu concentrações de glicose, colesterol e triglicerídeos no plasma e concentrações de glicogênio e glicose no fígado. No entanto, após nove semanas, os peixes alimentados com farelo de tungue tratado mostraram maior crescimento (peso, comprimento total e taxa de crescimento específico igual ao controle) e poucas alterações metabólicas, possivelmente devido a remoção de antinutrientes e substâncias tóxicas. Ao nível de 32% de inclusão, o farelo de tungue quimicamente tratado pode ser considerado uma fonte de proteína alternativa para o jundiá.

Effect of feeding crude or treated tung meal (Aleurites fordii) in the diet of Rhamdia quelen on growth, digestive enzymes and biochemical parameters / Efeitos da alimentação de farelo de tungue (Aleurites fordii) bruto ou tratado na dieta de Rhamdia quelen sobre o crescimento, enzimas digestivas e parâmetros bioquímicos

This study evaluated the addition of tung (Aleurites fordii) meal to the feed of Rhamdia quelen, as an alternative to animal protein sources. Silver catfish juveniles were fed different diets which included crude tung meal, chemically treated tung meal and a control without tung meal. The chemical treatment was based on the sequential application of acid and alcohol solutions and reduced the phytic acid from 1.63 to 0.61% and condensed tannin content from 0.025 to 0.018%. The nutritional response of fish to these ingredients was evaluated over nine weeks, based on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and biochemical responses. After nine weeks, the diet containing crude tung meal caused reduced growth (weight: -57.9%; total length: -21.09%; specific growth rate: -99.74%). This diet also reduced acid protease and lipase activities, decreased concentrations of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma and decreased liver glycogen and glucose concentrations. However, after nine weeks, fish fed with treated tung meal showed higher growth (weight, total length and specific growth rate similar to control) and reduced metabolic changes, possibly due to the removal of antinutrients and toxic substances. At the 32% level of inclusion, the chemically treated tung meal can be considered an alternative protein source for silver catfish.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a adição de farelo de tungue (Aleurites fordii) na dieta de Rhamdia quelen, como uma alternativa à fontes de proteína animal. Juvenis de jundiá foram alimentados com diferentes dietas incluídas de farelo de tungue bruto, farelo quimicamente tratado e uma dieta controle sem farelo de tungue. O tratamento químico foi baseado na aplicação sequencial de soluções ácida e alcoólica e reduziu o conteúdo de ácido fítico de 1,63% para 0,61% e o conteúdo de taninos condensados de 0,025% para 0,018%. A resposta nutricional dos peixes à estes ingredientes foi avaliada ao longo de nove semanas, baseado no crescimento, atividade de enzimas digestivas e respostas bioquímicas. Após nove semanas, a dieta contendo farelo de tungue bruto causou reduzido crescimento (peso: -57,9%; comprimento total: -21,09%; taxa de crescimento específico: -99,74%). Esta dieta também reduziu a atividade de protease ácida e lipase, reduziu concentrações de glicose, colesterol e triglicerídeos no plasma e concentrações de glicogênio e glicose no fígado. No entanto, após nove semanas, os peixes alimentados com farelo de tungue tratado mostraram maior crescimento (peso, comprimento total e taxa de crescimento específico igual ao controle) e poucas alterações metabólicas, possivelmente devido a remoção de antinutrientes e substâncias tóxicas. Ao nível de 32% de inclusão, o farelo de tungue quimicamente tratado pode ser considerado uma fonte de proteína alternativa para o jundiá.(AU)

Duckweed in Irrigation Water as a Replacement of Soybean Meal in the Laying Hens Diet

ABSTRACT Water lentils (Duckweed [DW])(Lemna gibba), in irrigation ponds, was evaluated by replacing two levels of soybean meal (SBM) on performance and egg quality of laying hens of 54 weeks of age. A total of 72 white Lohmann laying hens were randomly allocated into 3 treatments with 6 replicates/treatment, 4 hens/replicate in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: control group (DW0%) with (SBM) as the main source of protein, T1 (DW10%) and T2 (DW20%), where duckweed replaced 10% and 20% of SBM for 9 weeks. No significant differences were observed among the dietary treatments in body weight change, feed conversion ratio, egg weight and mortality rate. Replacement with (DW20%) decreased (p 0.05) feed intake, egg laying rate and egg mass. The dry albuminin (DW10%) decreased (p 0.05) from 7 to 9 weeks and in the total period. Yolk pigmentation was highly (p 0.001) improved by the replacement. Blood spots were increased (p 0.05) with (DW20%). Duckweed grown in good quality irrigation water can replace up to 10% of the SBM as a source of protein without adverse effects on hen performance and egg quality in addition to profitability.

Duckweed in Irrigation Water as a Replacement of Soybean Meal in the Laying Hens Diet

Water lentils (Duckweed [DW])(Lemna gibba), in irrigation ponds, was evaluated by replacing two levels of soybean meal (SBM) on performance and egg quality of laying hens of 54 weeks of age. A total of 72 white Lohmann laying hens were randomly allocated into 3 treatments with 6 replicates/treatment, 4 hens/replicate in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: control group (DW0%) with (SBM) as the main source of protein, T1 (DW10%) and T2 (DW20%), where duckweed replaced 10% and 20% of SBM for 9 weeks. No significant differences were observed among the dietary treatments in body weight change, feed conversion ratio, egg weight and mortality rate. Replacement with (DW20%) decreased (p 0.05) feed intake, egg laying rate and egg mass. The dry albuminin (DW10%) decreased (p 0.05) from 7 to 9 weeks and in the total period. Yolk pigmentation was highly (p 0.001) improved by the replacement. Blood spots were increased (p 0.05) with (DW20%). Duckweed grown in good quality irrigation water can replace up to 10% of the SBM as a source of protein without adverse effects on hen performance and egg quality in addition to profitability.(AU)

Duckweed in Irrigation Water as a Replacement of Soybean Meal in the Laying Hens Diet

Water lentils (Duckweed [DW])(Lemna gibba), in irrigation ponds, was evaluated by replacing two levels of soybean meal (SBM) on performance and egg quality of laying hens of 54 weeks of age. A total of 72 white Lohmann laying hens were randomly allocated into 3 treatments with 6 replicates/treatment, 4 hens/replicate in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: control group (DW0%) with (SBM) as the main source of protein, T1 (DW10%) and T2 (DW20%), where duckweed replaced 10% and 20% of SBM for 9 weeks. No significant differences were observed among the dietary treatments in body weight change, feed conversion ratio, egg weight and mortality rate. Replacement with (DW20%) decreased (p 0.05) feed intake, egg laying rate and egg mass. The dry albuminin (DW10%) decreased (p 0.05) from 7 to 9 weeks and in the total period. Yolk pigmentation was highly (p 0.001) improved by the replacement. Blood spots were increased (p 0.05) with (DW20%). Duckweed grown in good quality irrigation water can replace up to 10% of the SBM as a source of protein without adverse effects on hen performance and egg quality in addition to profitability.

Fish meal obtained from the processing of Rhamdia quelen: an alternative protein source / Farinha de peixe obtida do processamento de Rhamdia quelen: uma fonte proteica alternativa

The study of alternative protein sources is very important to lower the cost of aquafeeds. In this study, the use of waste from the processing of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) in the diet of juveniles of this species was evaluated. This feed was used in a recirculation system with 16 polypropylene tanks (280 L), each one containing 50 fish (initial weight = 5.50 ± 0.09 g). Fish were tested on four diets (37% crude protein and 3200 kcal kg-1 digestible energy): a control diet composed of swine meat and bone meal, one with meal made from silver catfish carcasses with viscera, a diet of meal from carcasses without viscera, and a diet of fish meal made from the whole fish. The data measured were final weight, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, daily weight gain, and protein retention rate of fishes on different diets. Overall higher final weight (50.5 g), specific growth rate (3.9% day-1), feed conversion (1.3:1), and deposition of body protein (6.3 g) was observed for fish fed with the diet containing carcass meal from silver catfish with viscera than on the other diets. The incorporation of waste meal from the processing of silver catfish into the diet is viable for achieving fish growth.

O estudo de fontes de proteínas alternativas é muito importante para reduzir o custo de dietas aquícolas. Neste estudo foi avaliada a utilização de resíduos do processamento de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na dieta de juvenis desta espécie. Deste modo, foi utilizado sistema de recirculação com 16 tanques de polipropileno (280 L), cada um com 50 peixes (peso inicial = 5,5 ± 0,09 g). Foram testadas quatro dietas (37% de proteína bruta e 3.200 kcal-1 kg de energia digestível): dieta controle, composta por farinha de carne e ossos suína, substituída por farinha de peixe, composta por peixe inteiro (jundiá), farinha de carcaças de jundiá com vísceras e dieta com farinha de carcaças de jundiá sem vísceras. Foi avaliado, o peso final, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de conversão alimentar, ganho de peso diário e taxa de retenção de proteína. Observou-se maior peso final (50,5 g), taxa de crescimento específico (3,9% dia-1), conversão alimentar (1,3:1), deposição de proteína corporal (6,3 g) para os peixes alimentados com as dietas compostas por farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras. A incorporação de farinha de resíduos do processamento de jundiás na dieta é viável para o crescimento dos peixes.

Fish meal obtained from the processing of Rhamdia quelen: an alternative protein source / Farinha de peixe obtida do processamento de Rhamdia quelen: uma fonte proteica alternativa

The study of alternative protein sources is very important to lower the cost of aquafeeds. In this study, the use of waste from the processing of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) in the diet of juveniles of this species was evaluated. This feed was used in a recirculation system with 16 polypropylene tanks (280 L), each one containing 50 fish (initial weight = 5.50 ± 0.09 g). Fish were tested on four diets (37% crude protein and 3200 kcal kg-1 digestible energy): a control diet composed of swine meat and bone meal, one with meal made from silver catfish carcasses with viscera, a diet of meal from carcasses without viscera, and a diet of fish meal made from the whole fish. The data measured were final weight, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, daily weight gain, and protein retention rate of fishes on different diets. Overall higher final weight (50.5 g), specific growth rate (3.9% day-1), feed conversion (1.3:1), and deposition of body protein (6.3 g) was observed for fish fed with the diet containing carcass meal from silver catfish with viscera than on the other diets. The incorporation of waste meal from the processing of silver catfish into the diet is viable for achieving fish growth.(AU)

O estudo de fontes de proteínas alternativas é muito importante para reduzir o custo de dietas aquícolas. Neste estudo foi avaliada a utilização de resíduos do processamento de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na dieta de juvenis desta espécie. Deste modo, foi utilizado sistema de recirculação com 16 tanques de polipropileno (280 L), cada um com 50 peixes (peso inicial = 5,5 ± 0,09 g). Foram testadas quatro dietas (37% de proteína bruta e 3.200 kcal-1 kg de energia digestível): dieta controle, composta por farinha de carne e ossos suína, substituída por farinha de peixe, composta por peixe inteiro (jundiá), farinha de carcaças de jundiá com vísceras e dieta com farinha de carcaças de jundiá sem vísceras. Foi avaliado, o peso final, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de conversão alimentar, ganho de peso diário e taxa de retenção de proteína. Observou-se maior peso final (50,5 g), taxa de crescimento específico (3,9% dia-1), conversão alimentar (1,3:1), deposição de proteína corporal (6,3 g) para os peixes alimentados com as dietas compostas por farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras. A incorporação de farinha de resíduos do processamento de jundiás na dieta é viável para o crescimento dos peixes.(AU)

FARINHA DE INSETOS COMO FONTE PROTEICA EM DIETAS PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar farinhas de insetos como fontes proteicas alternativas, nas dietas de frangos de corte, foram realizados dois experimentos. O experimento 1, foi realizado para determinar a digestibilidade das farinhas de insetos: larvas de tenébrio e ninfas de grilo preto. Foram utilizadas 63 aves, da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Composto por três dietas, sete repetições. Os tratamentos foram obtidos pela substituição de 20% de cada farinha a dieta referência. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas. O conhecimento da composição química e digestibilidade da farinha de tenébrio e de ninfas de grilo preto, indicam que as mesmas podem ser substituídas como fonte de energia e proteína em dietas para frangos de corte. O segundo experimento foi realizado com a farinha de larvas de Hermetia illucens (FLHI). Em que Foram realizados dois ensaios, no primeiro, foram utilizados 42 frangos da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foi formulada uma dieta referência, para atender as exigências dos animais em uma dieta teste com substituição de 20% da farinha de larvas Hermetia illucens (FLHI) à dieta referência. Foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas para determinação da energia metabolizável e digestibilidade dos nutrientes da farinha. Para o ensaio de desempenho foram utilizados 140 frangos de corte machos, da linhagem Ross. Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos, 5 repetições, 7 aves por unidade experimental. O qual foi conduzido para as determinações do desempenho, digestibilidade, bem como a morfometria intestinal das aves, as rações continham 5%, 10 % e 15% da farinha de larvas de Hermetia illucens em substituição ao farelo de soja. A Farinha de larvas de Hermetia illucens (FLHI), apresenta elevada concentração em nutrientes e alta digestibilidade aparente para gordura e energia. A substituição de até 15% farinha de larvas de Hermetia illucens por farelo de soja em rações para frangos de corte na fase de 1 a 21 dias não prejudica o desempenho dos animais e melhora a digestibilidade de alguns nutrientes. O uso da farinha de larvas de Hermetia illucens como substituto do farelo de soja tem potencial para ser usado como fonte de proteína na alimentação de frangos de corte.

This work was developed to evaluate insect meal as alternative protein sources, in the diets of broilers, two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 was carried out to determine the digestibility of insect flies: tenébrio larvae and black cricket nymphs. Sixty - three birds of the Ross lineage were used in a completely randomized design. Comprising three diets, seven replicates. The treatments were obtained by replacing 20% of each flour with the reference diet. The total excreta collection method was used. The knowledge of the chemical composition and digestibility of the flour of tenébrio and nymphs of black cricket, indicate that they can be substituted as a source of energy and protein in diets for broilers. The second experiment was carried out with the larvae meal of Hermetia illucens (FLHI). Two trials were carried out, in the first one, 42 Ross broilers were used, distributed in a completely randomized design. A reference diet was formulated to meet the requirements of the animals in a test diet with replacing of 20% of the Hermetia illucens larvae meal (FLHI) to the reference diet. The method of total excreta collection was used to determine the metabolizable energy and digestibility of the nutrients of the flour. For the performance test, male broilers of the Ross lineage were used. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 treatments, 5 replicates, 7 birds per experimental unit. The diets contained 5%, 10% and 15% of the larvae meal of Hermetia illucens in replacement of the soybean meal, which was conducted for determination of performance, digestibility and intestinal morphometry. The larvae flour of Hermetia illucens (FLHI), presents high concentration in nutrients and high apparent digestibility for fat and energy. The replacement of up to 15% Hermetia illucens larvae meal by soybean meal in rations for broilers in the 1 to 21 days stage does not affect the performance of the animals and improves the digestibility of some nutrients. The use of hermetia illucens larvae meal as a substitute for soybean meal has the potential to be used as a source of protein in the feeding of chickens.

SUBSTITUIÇÃO DA FARINHA DE PEIXE POR HIDROLISADO PROTEICO DE PEIXE EM RAÇÕES PARA O CAMARÃO MARINHO Litopenaeus vannamei NA FASE DE BERÇÁRIO

A depleção dos estoques pesqueiros associada a crescente demanda da aquicultura por farinha de peixe para fabricação de rações tem ocasionado a elevação de seu custo. Na busca de meios para tornar a aquicultura menos dependente da pesca, diversas matérias primas alternativas estão sendo utilizadas na fabricação de rações para peixes e crustáceos. No presente estudo foram utilizadas carcaças de tilápia provenientes de indústrias de filetamento de pescado na fabricação de hidrolisados proteicos de peixe e sua posterior incorporação em rações para pós-larvas de camarões marinhos. Foram produzidos dois hidrolisados de peixe (HPP) com tempos de hidrólise de uma (HPP 1) e duas horas (HPP 2). Foi utilizada a protease comercial alcalase na reação. Os hidrolisados produzidos foram caracterizados estruturalmente e nutricionalmente. Foram determinados os graus de hidrólise, os perfis eletroforéticos, zimograma, composição centesimal e teores de aminoácidos e ácidos graxos. Os graus de hidrólise obtidos variaram de 34,01 a 48 %. Foram detectados peptídios de 10 a 250 kDa e foram observados 4 bandas no zimograma, para cada hidrolisado, cujos pesos variaram de 75 a 250 kDa. Os teores de proteína bruta dos hidrolisados foram de 68,04% (HPP 1) e 70,69 % (HPP 2). Em seguida foram elaboradas 7 rações experimentais que continham substituições graduais de farinha de peixe nas proporções de 0% (controle), 10, 20 e 30 % pelos hidrolisados HPP1 e HPP2 totalizando sete dietas formuladas (0%, H110%, H120%, H130%, H210%, H220% e H230%). Essas rações foram fornecidas para camarões marinhos na fase inicial de pós-larva 12 durante 45 dias. Ao término do cultivo foi avaliado o desempenho zootécnico dos camarões alimentados com as rações formuladas. Foi constatado que os camarões alimentados com as rações contendo o HPP 2 tiveram melhores crescimentos que os demais tratamentos, provando que o hidrolisado pode ser utilizado em rações para pós larvas de Litopenaeus vannamei substituindo em 15 % a farinha de peixe.

The depletion of fisheries combined with growing demand from aquaculturists for fish meal to manufacture feed has led to increased costs for this product. In the search for ways to make aquaculture less dependent on fisheries, several alternative raw materials are being used to manufacture feed for fish and crustaceans. In this study we used tilapia carcasses from fish filleting operations to produce fish protein hydrolysates and subsequently incorporated them into feed for marine post-larval shrimp. Two fish protein hydrolysates were produced (FPH) with hydrolysis times of 1 (FPH1) and 2 hours (FPH2). The commercial protease alcalase was used in the reaction. The hydrolysates obtained were subjected to structural and nutritional analysis. The following data were determined: degree of hydrolysis, electrophoretic profile, zymography, composition (to the hundredth), and levels of amino acids and fatty acids. The degree of hydrolysis obtained ranged from 34.01 to 48%. Peptides from 10 to 250 kDa were detected, and 4 bands were observed in the zymography for each hydrolysate, with weights ranging from 75 to 250 kDa. The levels of crude protein hydrolysates were 68.04% (FPH1) and 70.69% (FPH2). Next, experimental feeds were prepared containinggradual substitutions of fish meal with the hydrolysates FPH1 and FPH2 in the proportions of 0% (control), 10%, 20%, and 30%, totaling seven formulated feeds (0%, H110%, H120%, H130%, H210%, H220%, and H230%). These feeds were fed to marine shrimp in the initial post-larvae phase 12 for 45 days. At the end of the crop, the performance of the shrimp fed the experimental feed was evaluated. We found that the shrimp fed the formulations containing FPH2 had better growth than the other treatments, proving that hydrolysate can be used in feed for post-larvae stage Litopenaeus vannamei, replacing 15% of fish meal.