Larvicidal activity of the crude methanolic extract from leaves of Clibadium surinamense against Aedes aegypti / Ação larvicida do extrato de folhas de Clibadium surinamense sobre Aedes aegypti

ABSTRACT: The continuous use of synthetic insecticides for controlling the arboviral vector Aedes aegypti has led to the natural selection of mosquito populations resistant to different chemical groups. Thus, plant-derived compounds have emerged as a viable alternative for vectorcontrol. This study determined whether the crude methanolic extract (CME) from leaves of Clibadium surinamense has larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti. Third- and fourth-instar Ae. Aegyptilarvae were kept in recipients containing 99 mL of water and 1mL of ethanol-diluted CMEat concentrations of 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm. The control group contained 99 mL of water and 1 mL of ethanol. Three trials were performed in triplicate for each group.After 24 hours of treatment, the LC50 and LC90 values were determined to be 283 and 430 ppm, respectively, according to one-way analysis of variance. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that the CME from leaves of C. surinamense show larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti under laboratory conditions.

RESUMO: O uso contínuo de inseticidas sintéticos para o controle do mosquito vetor de arbovírus, Aedes aegypti, tem levado à seleção natural de populações resistentes a diferentes grupos químicos. Assim, compostos derivados de plantas surgiram como uma alternativa viável para o controle desses vetores. Desse modo, este estudo foi realizado para determinar se o extrato metanólico bruto (CME) das folhas de Clibadium surinamense possui atividade larvicida contra Ae. aegypti. Para isso, Larvas de terceiro e quarto instar de Ae. aegypti foram mantidas em recipientes contendo 99 mL de água e 1 mL de CME diluído em etanol nas concentrações de 250, 500, 750 e 1000 ppm. O grupo controle continha 99 mL de água e 1 mL de etanol. Três ensaios foram realizados em triplicata para cada grupo. Após 24 horas de observação, de acordo com a análise de variância de uma via,os valores de CL50 e CL90 foram de 283 e 430 ppm, respectivamente. Em conclusão, demonstramos pela primeira vez que o CME das folhas de C. surinamense apresenta atividade larvicida contra Ae. aegypti em condições de laboratório.

Larvicidal activity of the crude methanolic extract from leaves of Clibadium surinamense against Aedes aegypti / Ação larvicida do extrato de folhas de Clibadium surinamense sobre Aedes aegypti

The continuous use of synthetic insecticides for controlling the arboviral vector Aedes aegypti has led to the natural selection of mosquito populations resistant to different chemical groups. Thus, plant-derived compounds have emerged as a viable alternative for vectorcontrol. This study determined whether the crude methanolic extract (CME) from leaves of Clibadium surinamense has larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti. Third- and fourth-instar Ae. Aegyptilarvae were kept in recipients containing 99 mL of water and 1mL of ethanol-diluted CMEat concentrations of 250, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm. The control group contained 99 mL of water and 1 mL of ethanol. Three trials were performed in triplicate for each group.After 24 hours of treatment, the LC50 and LC90 values were determined to be 283 and 430 ppm, respectively, according to one-way analysis of variance. In conclusion, we have demonstrated for the first time that the CME from leaves of C. surinamense show larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti under laboratory conditions.

O uso contínuo de inseticidas sintéticos para o controle do mosquito vetor de arbovírus, Aedes aegypti, tem levado à seleção natural de populações resistentes a diferentes grupos químicos. Assim, compostos derivados de plantas surgiram como uma alternativa viável para o controle desses vetores. Desse modo, este estudo foi realizado para determinar se o extrato metanólico bruto (CME) das folhas de Clibadium surinamense possui atividade larvicida contra Ae. aegypti. Para isso, Larvas de terceiro e quarto instar de Ae. aegypti foram mantidas em recipientes contendo 99 mL de água e 1 mL de CME diluído em etanol nas concentrações de 250, 500, 750 e 1000 ppm. O grupo controle continha 99 mL de água e 1 mL de etanol. Três ensaios foram realizados em triplicata para cada grupo. Após 24 horas de observação, de acordo com a análise de variância de uma via,os valores de CL50 e CL90 foram de 283 e 430 ppm, respectivamente. Em conclusão, demonstramos pela primeira vez que o CME das folhas de C. surinamense apresenta atividade larvicida contra Ae. aegypti em condições de laboratório.

Adultrap® trap optimized for collecting vector mosquito eggs, larvae and adults / Armadilha Adultrap® otimizada para coleta de ovos, larvas e adultos de mosquitos vetores

The productivity of the Adultrap® trap was compared to that of modified adultrap traps. Two structural changes were tested, a cover was placed at the entrance of the trap at two different heights. A comparison was also made with traps containing hydrogel to replace the water in the reservoir. The positivity rates of all the trap types were calculated and compared. The hydrogel models were more productive because they collected eggs, larvae, and adults. The trap that removed the protective screen and replaced the water with the hydrogel was 18.5 times larger than the original trap (p = 0.001). There was an increase in the productivity for the total collection of mosquitoes. The collection of eggs, larvae, and adults can contribute to the construction of more robust infestation indices. In addition, it allows for the collection of live specimens and the development of studies.

Comparou-se a produtividade da armadilha Adultrap® com armadilhas Adultrap modificadas. Foram testadas duas mudanças estruturais e foi colocada uma tampa na entrada da armadilha em duas alturas diferentes. Também foi feita uma comparação entre armadilhas contendo água no reservatório e armadilhas contendo hidrogel em substituição à água do reservatório. As taxas de positividade de todos os tipos de armadilha foram calculadas e comparadas. Os modelos com hidrogel foram mais produtivos porque coletaram ovos, larvas e adultos. A armadilha que retirou a tela de proteção e substituiu a água pelo hidrogel, foi 18,5 vezes maior que a armadilha original (P=0,001). Houve aumento na produtividade para a coleta total de mosquitos. A coleta de ovos, larvas e adultos pode contribuir para a construção de índices de infestação mais robustos, além de permitir a coleta de espécimes vivos e o desenvolvimento de estudos.

Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae / Extratos de Momordica charantia L. sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti

Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) is a plant with great medicinal potential, also used as an alternative of mosquitoes control as demonstrated by previous studies. We evaluated the larvicidal activity of crude extracts of ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane from flowers and fruits of M. charantia against Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Flowers and fruits were macerated in methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Bioassays were performed with application of the extracts at final concentrations of 1 - 200 µg/mL in the middle of the third instar larvae of A. aegypti (L3). The results showed high toxicity to ethyl acetate extracts from flowers and fruits at concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, with 97% and 87% of larvae mortality (L3), respectively. Hexane extract demonstrated low toxicity, while methanol extract exhibited 78% larval mortality. The data suggested that the ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and fruits of M. charantia can effectively contribute to larvicidal activity. In addition, purification of M. charantia extracts may lead to a promising larvicidal activity to control the A. aegypti population.

Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) é uma planta com grande potencial medicinal, sendo também uma alternativa no controle de mosquitos conforme demonstrado por estudos prévios. Avaliou-se a atividade larvicida dos extratos brutos de acetato de etila, metanólico e hexânico das folhas, flores e frutos de M. charantia no Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Folhas, flores e frutos foram macerados em metanol, acetato de etila e hexano. Os bioensaios foram realizados com aplicação dos extratos nas concentrações finais de 1-200 µg/mL no meio de criação das larvas de terceiro estádio de A. aegypti (L3). Os resultados obtidos apontaram alta toxicidade para os extratos de acetato de etila das flores e frutos nas concentrações de 200 µg/mL e 100 µg/mL com mortalidade em L3 de 96,7% e 87%, respectivamente. Baixa toxicidade para o extrato hexânico e o extrato metanólico apresentou mortalidade de 78% larval. Os dados sugerem que os extratos de acetato de etila das flores e frutos de M. charantia podem contribuir efetivamente para atividade larvicida no controle da população de A. aegypti.

Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae

Abstract Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) is a plant with great medicinal potential, also used as an alternative of mosquitoes control as demonstrated by previous studies. We evaluated the larvicidal activity of crude extracts of ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane from flowers and fruits of M. charantia against Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Flowers and fruits were macerated in methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Bioassays were performed with application of the extracts at final concentrations of 1 - 200 µg/mL in the middle of the third instar larvae of A. aegypti (L3). The results showed high toxicity to ethyl acetate extracts from flowers and fruits at concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, with 97% and 87% of larvae mortality (L3), respectively. Hexane extract demonstrated low toxicity, while methanol extract exhibited 78% larval mortality. The data suggested that the ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and fruits of M. charantia can effectively contribute to larvicidal activity. In addition, purification of M. charantia extracts may lead to a promising larvicidal activity to control the A. aegypti population.

Resumo Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) é uma planta com grande potencial medicinal, sendo também uma alternativa no controle de mosquitos conforme demonstrado por estudos prévios. Avaliou-se a atividade larvicida dos extratos brutos de acetato de etila, metanólico e hexânico das folhas, flores e frutos de M. charantia no Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Folhas, flores e frutos foram macerados em metanol, acetato de etila e hexano. Os bioensaios foram realizados com aplicação dos extratos nas concentrações finais de 1-200 µg/mL no meio de criação das larvas de terceiro estádio de A. aegypti (L3). Os resultados obtidos apontaram alta toxicidade para os extratos de acetato de etila das flores e frutos nas concentrações de 200 µg/mL e 100 µg/mL com mortalidade em L3 de 96,7% e 87%, respectivamente. Baixa toxicidade para o extrato hexânico e o extrato metanólico apresentou mortalidade de 78% larval. Os dados sugerem que os extratos de acetato de etila das flores e frutos de M. charantia podem contribuir efetivamente para atividade larvicida no controle da população de A. aegypti.

Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae / Extratos de Momordica charantia L. sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti

Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) is a plant with great medicinal potential, also used as an alternative of mosquitoes control as demonstrated by previous studies. We evaluated the larvicidal activity of crude extracts of ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane from flowers and fruits of M. charantia against Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Flowers and fruits were macerated in methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Bioassays were performed with application of the extracts at final concentrations of 1 - 200 µg/mL in the middle of the third instar larvae of A. aegypti (L3). The results showed high toxicity to ethyl acetate extracts from flowers and fruits at concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, with 97% and 87% of larvae mortality (L3), respectively. Hexane extract demonstrated low toxicity, while methanol extract exhibited 78% larval mortality. The data suggested that the ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and fruits of M. charantia can effectively contribute to larvicidal activity. In addition, purification of M. charantia extracts may lead to a promising larvicidal activity to control the A. aegypti population.

Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) é uma planta com grande potencial medicinal, sendo também uma alternativa no controle de mosquitos conforme demonstrado por estudos prévios. Avaliou-se a atividade larvicida dos extratos brutos de acetato de etila, metanólico e hexânico das folhas, flores e frutos de M. charantia no Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Folhas, flores e frutos foram macerados em metanol, acetato de etila e hexano. Os bioensaios foram realizados com aplicação dos extratos nas concentrações finais de 1-200 µg/mL no meio de criação das larvas de terceiro estádio de A. aegypti (L3). Os resultados obtidos apontaram alta toxicidade para os extratos de acetato de etila das flores e frutos nas concentrações de 200 µg/mL e 100 µg/mL com mortalidade em L3 de 96,7% e 87%, respectivamente. Baixa toxicidade para o extrato hexânico e o extrato metanólico apresentou mortalidade de 78% larval. Os dados sugerem que os extratos de acetato de etila das flores e frutos de M. charantia podem contribuir efetivamente para atividade larvicida no controle da população de A. aegypti.

Momordica charantia L. extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae / Extratos de Momordica charantia L. sobre larvas de Aedes aegypti

Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) is a plant with great medicinal potential, also used as an alternative of mosquitoes control as demonstrated by previous studies. We evaluated the larvicidal activity of crude extracts of ethyl acetate, methanol and hexane from flowers and fruits of M. charantia against Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Flowers and fruits were macerated in methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane. Bioassays were performed with application of the extracts at final concentrations of 1 - 200 µg/mL in the middle of the third instar larvae of A. aegypti (L3). The results showed high toxicity to ethyl acetate extracts from flowers and fruits at concentrations of 200 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL, with 97% and 87% of larvae mortality (L3), respectively. Hexane extract demonstrated low toxicity, while methanol extract exhibited 78% larval mortality. The data suggested that the ethyl acetate extracts of flowers and fruits of M. charantia can effectively contribute to larvicidal activity. In addition, purification of M. charantia extracts may lead to a promising larvicidal activity to control the A. aegypti population.(AU)

Mormodica charantia (Curcubitaceae) é uma planta com grande potencial medicinal, sendo também uma alternativa no controle de mosquitos conforme demonstrado por estudos prévios. Avaliou-se a atividade larvicida dos extratos brutos de acetato de etila, metanólico e hexânico das folhas, flores e frutos de M. charantia no Aedes aegypti (Culicidae). Folhas, flores e frutos foram macerados em metanol, acetato de etila e hexano. Os bioensaios foram realizados com aplicação dos extratos nas concentrações finais de 1-200 µg/mL no meio de criação das larvas de terceiro estádio de A. aegypti (L3). Os resultados obtidos apontaram alta toxicidade para os extratos de acetato de etila das flores e frutos nas concentrações de 200 µg/mL e 100 µg/mL com mortalidade em L3 de 96,7% e 87%, respectivamente. Baixa toxicidade para o extrato hexânico e o extrato metanólico apresentou mortalidade de 78% larval. Os dados sugerem que os extratos de acetato de etila das flores e frutos de M. charantia podem contribuir efetivamente para atividade larvicida no controle da população de A. aegypti.(AU)

Survival of the copepod Mesocyclops longisetus during simulations of transport from hatchery to target areas for biological control of mosquito larvae

Copepods have been successfully used in many countries for the biological control of larvae of mosquitoes that vector diseases. In Brazil, this line of research has been focused on the use of the copepod Mesocyclops longisetus (Thiébaud, 1914) for the biological control of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792). The transportation of the copepods from the place where they are reared to where they will be used often involves long distances for extended periods of time. This study assesses the survivorship of M. longisetus during simulation of transport under different conditions. Different loading densities (20, 30, 40, 80, and 120 ind.L) and stirring times (30 minutes, one hour, two hours, and four hours) were tested. Survivorship was high, with 75% of the results equal or higher than 90% survival. Reduced mortality was observed when transportation time was up to 120 minutes and densities were up to 40 ind.L. In higher densities or longer transportation times, the mortality rate was significantly affected.

Survival of the copepod Mesocyclops longisetus during simulations of transport from hatchery to target areas for biological control of mosquito larvae

Copepods have been successfully used in many countries for the biological control of larvae of mosquitoes that vector diseases. In Brazil, this line of research has been focused on the use of the copepod Mesocyclops longisetus (Thiébaud, 1914) for the biological control of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792). The transportation of the copepods from the place where they are reared to where they will be used often involves long distances for extended periods of time. This study assesses the survivorship of M. longisetus during simulation of transport under different conditions. Different loading densities (20, 30, 40, 80, and 120 ind.L) and stirring times (30 minutes, one hour, two hours, and four hours) were tested. Survivorship was high, with 75% of the results equal or higher than 90% survival. Reduced mortality was observed when transportation time was up to 120 minutes and densities were up to 40 ind.L. In higher densities or longer transportation times, the mortality rate was significantly affected.(AU)

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from crepuscular period in an Atlantic Forest area in Southern Brazil / Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) do período crepuscular em área de Floresta Atlântica no sul do Brasil

Crepuscular period is one of the factors that may influence the biting activity of mosquitoes. Many of these insects have a peak activity in this period. The purpose of this study was to investigate the afternoon crepuscular activity of Culicidae in a remaining area of Atlantic Forest in western Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Moreover, the possible influence of abiotic factors, the abundance and species richness were verified. In order to better analyze the influence of crepuscular period in specific composition and abundance of mosquitoes, the dusk was divided into three periods: pre-sunset, sunset and post-sunset. At the end of the study, nine hundred and eight four specimens distributed in 12 genera and 23 species were collected. Trichoprosopon pallidiventer (Lutz, 1905) (59.76%), Aedes crinifer (Theobald, 1903) (8.13%), Ae. scapularis (Rondani, 1848) (5.89%) were the most abundant species. Spring time presented the greatest abundance and species richness. During the study, among the three periods evaluated, pre-sunset had the greatest abundance and post-sunset the lowest. Pre-sunset and sunset had the greatest similarity between species. Regarding to the abiotic factors evaluated seven and 15 days before sampling, they did not present significant correlation for the three most abundant species. However, temperature had a positive correlation to these species. Moreover, the correlation between collected species and its possible role as vectors of etiological agents of diseases was discussed.(AU)

O período crepuscular é um dos fatores que pode influenciar na atividade hematofágica dos mosquitos. Muitos desses insetos iniciam ou terminam suas atividades nesse período. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os Culicidae que ocorrem no crepúsculo vespertino em uma área de Floresta Atlântica no oeste de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Além disso, foi analisada a possível influência de fatores abióticos, bem como abundância e riqueza de espécies. Para melhor avaliar a influência do período crepuscular na composição das espécies e na abundância destas, o crepúsculo foi dividido em três períodos: pré-crepúsculo, crepúsculo e pós-crepúsculo. Ao final do estudo foram coletados 984 exemplares distribuídos em 12 gêneros e 23 espécies. Trichoprosopon pallidiventer (Lutz, 1905) (59,76%), Aedes crinifer (Theobald, 1903) (8,13%) e Ae. scapularis (Rondani, 1848) (5,89%) foram as espécies mais abundantes. A maior abundância e riqueza de espécies se deram na primavera. Dentre os três períodos estudados, o pré-crepúsculo apresentou a maior abundância de mosquitos, em contrapartida, o pós-crepúsculo apresentou a menor abundância. Os períodos pré-crepuscular e crepuscular apresentaram maior similaridade entre si com relação à composição das espécies. Relacionando os fatores abióticos e as três espécies mais abundantes, não foi observada correlação significativa nos dados avaliados nos sete e 15 dias anteriores às coletas. Entretanto, a temperatura apresentou uma correlação positiva para estas três espécies. A relação entre as espécies coletadas e a potencial transmissão de agentes etiológicos causadores de doenças foi comentada.(AU)

Occurrence of immature forms of culicids (Insecta: Diptera) in the northeastern region of Brazil / Ocorrência de formas imaturas de culicídeos (Insecta: Diptera) na região nordeste do Brasil

The Culicidae family is represented by approximately 3,610 species, among which many are involved in transmission of pathogens and parasites, thus presenting great medical-veterinary importance. In Brazil, the state of Pernambuco is considered an endemic area for many diseases vectored by mosquitoes, such as human and canine filariasis, caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria immitis, respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of immature forms of culicids, over an one-year period, in a specific area of northeastern region of Brazil. Culicids larvae were collected from traps located on the ground and in treetops, between october 2012 and september 2013. Ten different species of culicids were identified. The greatest number of larvae were collected in september 2013 and the lowest number in december 2012. Stegomyia (Stegomyia) albopicta (46.45%; 5,908/12,718), Culex (Culex) maxi (35.56%; 4,523/12,718) and Limatus durhamii (12.58%; 1,600/12,718) were the most frequent species. The human and animal populations living in the study area are exposed to culicids and transmission agents throughout the year, especially after the rains. Therefore, control and prevention measures against culicids must be adopted in the study area.

A família Culicidae é representada por aproximadamente 3.610 espécies, dentre as quais muitas estão envolvidas na transmissão de patógenos e parasitos, apresentando assim grande importância médico-veterinária. No Brasil, o Estado de Pernambuco é considerado área endêmica para diversas doenças transmitidas por mosquitos como, por exemplo, as filarioses humana e canina causadas pela Wuchereria bancrofti e Dirofilaria immitis, respectivamente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de formas imaturas de culicídeos durante um ano em uma área do Nordeste do Brasil. Larvas de culicídeos foram coletadas em armadilhas localizadas no solo e copa de árvores, no período de outubro de 2012 a setembro de 2013. Dez diferentes espécies de culicídeos foram identificadas, sendo o maior número de larvas coletadas em setembro de 2013 e o menor número em dezembro de 2012. Stegomyia (Stegomyia) albopicta (46,45%; 5.908/12.718), Culex (Culex) maxi (35,56%; 4.523/12.718) e Limatus durhamii (12,58%; 1.600/12.718) foram as espécies mais frequentes. A população humana e animal residente na área de estudo é exposta aos culicídeos e aos agentes por eles veiculados durante todo o ano, sobretudo após o período de chuvas. Portanto, medidas de controle e prevenção dos culicídeos devem ser adotadas na área estudada.

DINÂMICA POPULACIONAL DE CULICÍDEOS E AVALIAÇÃO DA INFECÇÃO POR Dirofilaria immitis EM Culex quinquefasciatus E CANINOS EM ÁREA DE RESQUÍCIO DE MATA ATLÂNTICA

Dirofilaria immitis tem os cães domésticos e silvestres, como hospedeiros naturais e principais reservatórios, apresentando potencial zoonótico. É transmitida por culicídeos os quais estão envolvidos também na transmissão de outras espécies de filarídeos, arboviroses e malária aos animais e seres humanos. Pernambuco é considerado endêmico para a dirofilariose canina, a filariose humana e arboviroses como a dengue, chikungunya e zika. Estudos revelam aumento da prevalência da dirofilariose canina no Brasil, em decorrência, principalmente, das mudanças ambientais, alteração na temperatura e poluição industrial, influenciando diretamente na atuação dos vetores, portanto, refletindo-se na epidemiologia das demais enfermidades por eles transmitidas. Assim, objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a dinâmica populacional de culicídeos e analisar a infecção por D. immitis em Culex quinquefasciatus e caninos em área de resquício de Mata Atlântica. Amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas de cães domiciliados acima de oito meses de idade, ambos os sexos e raças variadas, procedentes do distrito de Pirapama - Cabo de Santo Agostinho - PE e suas adjacências. Coletas mensais de culicídeos foram realizadas no período de março de 2015 a fevereiro de 2017 utilizando-se armadilhas do tipo CDC. O método de Knott foi utilizado para as amostras sanguíneas, e a PCR com o sangue e culicídeos (30 pools, de 10 espécimes cada). Os dados analisaram-se pelos testes de Qui-quadrado de Pearson, teste Exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson ou de Spearman para avaliar o grau de associação entre as variáveis. Verificou-se 10,9% de positividade ao Knott e 8,3% à PCR, com significância com a raça dos animais. Os mosquitos resultaram negativos à PCR, presentes em todos os meses, independente dos parâmetros climáticos, predominando Cx. quinquefasciatus, além de Aedes albopictus, Limathus durhami, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) strodei e Coquillettidia (Rhynchotaenia) venezuelensis. Conclui-se que a infecção por D. immitis em caninos está presente na área estudada, associada a animais de raça definida, com provável envolvimento da espécie Cx. quinquefasciatus como vetor, além de Ae. albopictus.

Dirofilaria immitis has domestic and wild dogs as natural hosts and main reservoirs, presenting zoonotic potential. It is transmitted by culicids which are also involved in the transmission of other species of filarids, arboviruses and malaria to animals and humans. The State of Pernambuco - Brazil is considered endemic for canine heartworm, human filariasis and arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and zika. Studies show an increase in the prevalence of canine heartworm disease in Brazil, mainly due to environmental changes, changes in temperature and industrial pollution, directly influencing the vectors' performance, thus reflecting on the epidemiology of the other diseases transmitted by them. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the population dynamics of culicids and to analyze the infection by D. immitis in Culex quinquefasciatus and canines in an area of Atlantic Forest remnant. Blood samples were collected from domiciled dogs, over eight months of age, both sexes and varied races, from the district of Pirapama - Cabo de Santo Agostinho - PE and its adjacencies. Monthly collections of culicids were carried out from March 2015 to February 2017 using CDC traps. Knott's method was used for blood samples and PCR with blood and culicids (30 pools of 10 specimens each). Data were analyzed by Pearson's Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney's test. The Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the degree of association between the variables. There were 10.9% positivity to Knott and 8.3% to PCR, with significance to the breed of the animals. The mosquitoes were negative to PCR, present in all months, regardless of climatic parameters, predominating C. quinquefasciatus, in addition to Aedes albopictus, Limathus durhami, Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) strodei and Coquillettidia (Rhynchotaenia) venezuelensis. It is concluded that D. immitis infection in canines is present in the studied area, associated to animals of the defined breed, with probable involvement of the species C. quinquefasciatus as a vector, besides A. albopictus.

Ação larvicida do extrato de folhas de Clibadium surinamense sobre Aedes aegypti.

Aedes aegypti representa uma grande ameaça à saúde pública, e o controle desses vetores é realizado por meio do uso contínuo de inseticidas sintéticos, o que tem provocado a seleção de populações de mosquitos resistentes aos diversos grupos químicos. Assim, os compostos derivados de plantas têm surgido como alternativa viável de combate aos vetores. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de averiguar se o extrato de folhas de Clibadium surinamense tem ação larvicida sobre Ae. aegypti. Para isso, larvas de terceiro e quarto ínstar foram mantidas em recipientes contendo 99mL de água e um mL de extrato diluído em etanol nas concentrações de 1000ppm, 500ppm e 250ppm. O grupo controle continha 99mL de água e um mL de etanol. Foram realizados quatro ensaios em triplicata, e as concentrações letais (CL50 e CL90) em 24 horas de experimento foram de 713ppm e 1,247ppm, respectivamente, determinadas pela análise PROBIT (BioStat PRO Versão 5.9.8). Ao final do experimento, as concentrações de 1000ppm, 500ppm e 250 ppm determinaram taxas de mortalidade de 88%, 72% e 16,6%, respectivamente. O extrato bruto metanólico das folhas de C. surinamense apresentou ação larvicida sobre Ae. aegypti em condições de laboratório.

Aedes aegypti represents a major threat to public health, and the control of these vectors is carried out through the continuous use of synthetic insecticides, which has led to the selection of populations of mosquitoes resistant to various chemical groups. Thus, compounds derived from plants have emerged as a viable alternative to combat vectors. Thus, the objective of this work was to verify if the leaf extract of Clibadium surinamense has larvicidal action on Ae. aegypti. For this, third and fourth instar larvae were kept in containers containing 99mL of water and one mL of extract diluted in ethanol at concentrations of 1000ppm, 500ppm and 250ppm. The control group contained 99mL of water and one mL of ethanol. Four trials were performed in triplicate, and the lethal concentrations (CL50 and CL90) in 24 hours of experiment were 713ppm and 1,247ppm, respectively, determined by the PROBIT analysis (BioStat PRO - Version 5.9.8). At the end of the experiment, concentrations of 1000ppm, 500ppm and 250ppm determined mortality rates of 88%, 72% and 16.6%, respectively. The crude methanolic extract of C. surinamense leaves showed larvicidal action on Ae. aegypti under laboratory conditions.

Culicídeos associados a bovinos de leite, no sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Mosquitoes associated with dairy cattle in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The occurrence of mosquitoes in the authoring environment of dairy cattle was verified in southern Rio Grande do Sul. For collection of specimens, it was installed a Magoon trap, in which during a couple of cattle-approximately six months of age was placed. Samples were collected during 24 hours, twice a month for 12 months. After 24 hours, the cattle were removed from the trap and the insects were collected inside the trap, with the aid of glass bottles, containing, cotton soaked in acetone. The specimens were taken to the Laboratory of Insect Biology, at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, to sorting, counting, sexing and identification. Of the mosquitoes caught, specimens of Culex sp. Ochlerolatus scapularis and Mansonia titillans were present. Culex sp. had the largest number of individuals (39).(AU)

ESTRUTURA DA COMUNIDADE DE CULICIDAE (INSECTA: DIPTERA) EM ÁREA DE MATA ATLÂNTICA DO PARANÁ

Culicídeos são insetos popularmente conhecidos como mosquitos, pernilongos, carapanãs, muriçocas, entre outras denominações, e fazem parte de um grupo de dípteros onde estão incluídas diversas espécies com competência e capacidade vetorial na transmissão de agentes etiológicos ao homem e outros animais, tanto no ambiente urbano como silvestre. Considerando sua importância sanitária, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a estrutura da comunidade de Culicidae em área de preservação na região da planície litorânea em Paranaguá, estado do Paraná. Foram coletados culicídeos com auxílio de aspirador de Nasci entre os meses de junho de 2014 a maio de 2015, excetuando-se os meses de julho e agosto. Foi averiguado se fatores abióticos exerceram influência na abundância de Culicidae através de Análise de Correspondência Canônica. Foram verificadas quais espécies de Culicidae estavam parasitadas por ácaros Acariformes e analisada a variação temporal na morfometria geométrica alar de Anopheles cruzii e Psorophora ferox no período de 2005 e 2014/2015. Para essa última análise foram utilizados culicídeos coletados em 2005 na FEP, bem como os coletados no presente trabalho. Como resultado, foram identificados 1.641 culicídeos até nível específico, distribuídos em dez gêneros e 42 espécies. Foi registrada uma alta riqueza de espécies, em comparação com outros estudos. Os taxa mais abundantes foram Aedes serratus/nubilus, Psorophora ferox e Anopheles cruzii; os dois primeiros foram os que apresentaram maior frequência de ocorrência. Ae. serratus/nubilus apresentou maior abundância em abril e maio; Ps. ferox de janeiro a abril e An. cruzii nos meses de primavera. Os taxa mais parasitados por ácaros foram Ae. serratus/nubilus, Culex vomerifer, Culex pedroi e Culex sacchettae; a porcentagem de parasitismo geral foi 0,6%. A maioria dos ácaros foram detectados aderidos ao abdômen dos culicídeos (n = 25), enquanto que 15 ao tórax. Foram identificados três gêneros de ácaros: Arrenurus, Durenia e Microtrombidium. Constatou-se que, tanto Ps. ferox, quanto An. cruzii não apresentaram variação na forma e tamanho de suas asas em um espaço temporal de dez anos. Entretanto, as duas espécies apresentaram uma alta variabilidade nos anos de coleta, com indivíduos com VIII características similares, bem como com características diferentes. Foi demonstrado que a estrutura da comunidade de Culicidae na FEP pode variar, seja devido a fatores abióticos, sazonais e até mesmo devido a somente determinadas espécies serem encontradas parasitadas por ácaros. Além disso, demonstrou-se que apesar de não haver muita variação no formato e tamanho de asas em períodos longos, sugere-se que há variação sazonal devido à alta variabilidade na morfometria nos anos de coleta.

Mainly known as mosquitoes, culicids are a group of dipterans in which is included several species with competence and vectorial capacity of spreading etiological agents, which can cause diseases to men and others animals, in the urban environment as well as in the wild one. Considering this sanitary importance, this study aimed to investigate the structure of Culicidae community in a preservation area near the litoral of Paraná state, southern Brazil. Mosquitoes were collected with Nasci aspirator between June 2014 and May 2015, except the months of July and August 2014. We verified if the abiotic data exercised influence on the Culicidae abundance through Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Moreover, we analyzed which mosquitoes species were parasitized by mites and if there was temporal variation in the wing geometric morphometrics of Anopheles cruzii and Psorophora ferox, both collected in 2005 at Floresta Estadual do Palmito as well as between 2014 and 2015. As results, we identified 1,641 culicids to species level that were distributed in 10 genera and 42 species. A high species richness was detected and the most abundant taxa were Aedes serratus/nubilus, Psorophora ferox and Anopheles cruzii; the first two taxa also presented high frequency of occurrence. Ae. serratus/nubilus had its major abundance in April and May 2015; Ps. ferox, from January to April 2015 and An. cruzii from October to December 2014. The most parasitized taxa were Ae. serratus/nubilus, Culex vomerifer, Culex pedroi and Culex sacchettae; the general parasitism percentage was 0.6%. The majority of mites attached in the culicids abdomen (n = 25), while 15 attached in the thorax. We identified three mites genera: Arrenurus, Durenia and Microtrombidium. Regarding wing geometric morphometrics, we found no temporal variation in the period with difference of then years for An. cruzii and Ps. ferox. In general, both species had a high variability in the two periods of collection, with individuals that had similar and different features in both periods. We demonstrated that the culicids community structure at FEP may vary, due to abiotic factors, seasonality and because only determined species were found parasitized by mites. Although there was no temporal variation in the wing size and shape in a long-term period, we sugest X that maybe there is seasonal variation mainly because of the high variability in the years of collection.

Biotin-avidin sandwich elisa with specific human isotypes IgG1 and IgG4 for Culicidae mosquito blood meal identification from an epizootic yellow fever area in Brazil

With a view toward investigating the feeding behavior of Culicidae mosquitoes from an area of epizootic yellow fever transmission in the municipalities of Garruchos and Santo Antônio das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, specimens were collected by aspiration from September 2005 to April 2007. The engorged females were submitted to blood meal identification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 142 blood-engorged samples were examined for human or monkey blood through species-specific IgG. Additional tests for specificity utilizing isotypes IgG1 and IgG4 of human monoclonal antibodies showed that only anti-human IgG1 was effective in recognizing blood meals of human origin. The results indicated a significant difference (p = 0.027) in detection patterns in samples of Haemagogus leucocelaenus recorded from human blood meals at Santo Antônio das Missões, which suggests some degree of exposure, since it was an area where epizootic outbreaks have been reported.(AU)

Biotin/avidin sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Culicidae mosquito blood meal identification

The knowledge of mosquitoes Culicidae host feeding patterns is basic to understand the roles of different species and to indicate their importance in the epidemiology of arthropod-borne diseases. A laboratory assay was developed aiming at standardizing the biotin-avidin sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, which was unprecedented for mosquito blood meal identification. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) activity was evaluated by the detection of titers on each sample of the 28 blood-fed Culex quinquefasciatus. In light of the high sensitivity that the technique permits, by means of small quantities of specific antibodies commercially provided and phosphatase substrate which reinforces additional dilutions, human and rat blood meals were readily identified in all laboratory-raised Culex quinquefasciatus tested. The assay was effective to detect human blood meal dilutions up to 1:4,096, which enables the technique to be applied in field studies. Additionally, the present results indicate a significant difference between the detection patterns recorded from human blood meal which corroborate the results of host feeding patterns.

Culicídeos associados a entrenós de bambu e bromélias, com ênfase em Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) na Mata Atlântica, Paraná, Brasil

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) larvae were recorded for the first time in the internodes of bamboo cuts found in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The bamboo, Bambusa sp., was introduced in the area of Imbucuí-Mirim town, across the municipal district of Paranaguá and towards the interior of the Atlantic Forest. A total of 251 larvae of Aedes albopictus (37.9%), Culex (Microculex) spp. (13.9%), Limatus durhami Theobald, 1901 (39.8%), Toxorhynchites sp. (0.4%) and Wyeomyia spp. (8.0%) were collected from bamboo internodes filled with rain and from the terrestrial Bromeliaceae and epiphytas found near the bamboo bushes. Aedes albopictus was found in bamboo internodes containing 30 to 254 ml of rain, sometimes coexisting with Li. durhami. Borders of forest ecosystems should be characterized as risk areas for arbovirosis transmission, since they sustain the circulation of vertebrates and arthropodal hematophagus, not only in the wild but also in the anthropic areas.

Culicídeos associados a entrenós de bambu e bromélias, com ênfase em Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) na Mata Atlântica, Paraná, Brasil

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) larvae were recorded for the first time in the internodes of bamboo cuts found in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The bamboo, Bambusa sp., was introduced in the area of Imbucuí-Mirim town, across the municipal district of Paranaguá and towards the interior of the Atlantic Forest. A total of 251 larvae of Aedes albopictus (37.9%), Culex (Microculex) spp. (13.9%), Limatus durhami Theobald, 1901 (39.8%), Toxorhynchites sp. (0.4%) and Wyeomyia spp. (8.0%) were collected from bamboo internodes filled with rain and from the terrestrial Bromeliaceae and epiphytas found near the bamboo bushes. Aedes albopictus was found in bamboo internodes containing 30 to 254 ml of rain, sometimes coexisting with Li. durhami. Borders of forest ecosystems should be characterized as risk areas for arbovirosis transmission, since they sustain the circulation of vertebrates and arthropodal hematophagus, not only in the wild but also in the anthropic areas.

Culicídeos associados a entrenós de bambu e bromélias, com ênfase em Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) na Mata Atlântica, Paraná, Brasil

Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) larvae were recorded for the first time in the internodes of bamboo cuts found in the Atlantic Forest in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The bamboo, Bambusa sp., was introduced in the area of Imbucuí-Mirim town, across the municipal district of Paranaguá and towards the interior of the Atlantic Forest. A total of 251 larvae of Aedes albopictus (37.9%), Culex (Microculex) spp. (13.9%), Limatus durhami Theobald, 1901 (39.8%), Toxorhynchites sp. (0.4%) and Wyeomyia spp. (8.0%) were collected from bamboo internodes filled with rain and from the terrestrial Bromeliaceae and epiphytas found near the bamboo bushes. Aedes albopictus was found in bamboo internodes containing 30 to 254 ml of rain, sometimes coexisting with Li. durhami. Borders of forest ecosystems should be characterized as risk areas for arbovirosis transmission, since they sustain the circulation of vertebrates and arthropodal hematophagus, not only in the wild but also in the anthropic areas.