Soil-applied Zn effect on soil fractions

The interaction of Zn with soil compartments influences its bioavailability and uptake by plants. In this study, rice and soybean were cultivated under greenhouse conditions with the aim of evaluating Zn bioavailability and fractionation in a clayey-textured Typic Hapludox as a function of Zn rates (4 or 8 mg kg 1 Zn). The experiment was conducted until grain filling. Two soil subsamples (t 1 and t 2 ) that referred to the seeding and flowering stages, were collected and compared with two single extraction schemes, DTPA (Zn DTPAt1 and Zn DTPAt2 ) and Mehlich-1 (Zn Mt1 and Zn Mt2 ) for Zn available contents. Zn fractionation was carried out with t 2 soil subsamples for the testing of the following fractions: exchangeable Zn (Zn Exc ), Zn bound to carbonates (Zn Carb ), Zn bound to organic matter (Zn OM ), Zn bound to oxides (Zn Oxi ) and residual Zn (Zn res ). Zn applied to soil increased the Zn concentration in labile fractions in decreasing order as follows: Zn Exc > Zn OM > Zn Carb . There was no difference between the lesser or unavailable fractions, Zn Oxi and Zn res, when there was no correlation between the rates either with total accumulated Zn in plants (Zna total ), or the contents extracted by DTPA or Mehlich-1. Total cumulative Zn content in rice and soybean affected by the ZnCl 2 rates applied were positively correlated with Zn content extracted by both solutions. Both extractant solutions presented positive correlation between available contents of Zn with Zn bound to labile fractions.

Soil-applied Zn effect on soil fractions

The interaction of Zn with soil compartments influences its bioavailability and uptake by plants. In this study, rice and soybean were cultivated under greenhouse conditions with the aim of evaluating Zn bioavailability and fractionation in a clayey-textured Typic Hapludox as a function of Zn rates (4 or 8 mg kg 1 Zn). The experiment was conducted until grain filling. Two soil subsamples (t 1 and t 2 ) that referred to the seeding and flowering stages, were collected and compared with two single extraction schemes, DTPA (Zn DTPAt1 and Zn DTPAt2 ) and Mehlich-1 (Zn Mt1 and Zn Mt2 ) for Zn available contents. Zn fractionation was carried out with t 2 soil subsamples for the testing of the following fractions: exchangeable Zn (Zn Exc ), Zn bound to carbonates (Zn Carb ), Zn bound to organic matter (Zn OM ), Zn bound to oxides (Zn Oxi ) and residual Zn (Zn res ). Zn applied to soil increased the Zn concentration in labile fractions in decreasing order as follows: Zn Exc > Zn OM > Zn Carb . There was no difference between the lesser or unavailable fractions, Zn Oxi and Zn res, when there was no correlation between the rates either with total accumulated Zn in plants (Zna total ), or the contents extracted by DTPA or Mehlich-1. Total cumulative Zn content in rice and soybean affected by the ZnCl 2 rates applied were positively correlated with Zn content extracted by both solutions. Both extractant solutions presented positive correlation between available contents of Zn with Zn bound to labile fractions.(AU)

Copper and zinc quantification in contaminated soil as evaluated by chemical extractants

Trace elements are potentially toxic to the environment. Their toxicity in soils relies on their type of chemical associations. Hence it is important to determine the chemical form they occur in the soils in order to assess their quantities. The objective the present work was to evaluate the possibility of using the concentrations of Cu and Zn in different soil fractions and the total concentration as predictors of their quantification by comparing the classical extractants DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl. Comparisons were made also with the concentrations of absorbed by rice and soybean in contaminated soil. Seven soil samples with a different degree of contamination were studied using a randomized experimental design, with four replicates. By using an ICP-OES we analyzed the concentrations of Cu and Zn in the diagnostic leafs, at the end of the cycle (LCE) and several of its content in the soil: available extracted with the DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl extractants, soluble+exchangeable contents, bound to organic matter, to oxides and the total content. For both, soybean and rice, the concentrations of Cu and Zn extracted from the sequential extraction was found to be correlated with the concentration in LCE. For soybean, Zn concentration extracted with DTPA was correlated with the total concentration, while Cu concentration extracted with three extractors, DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl, correlated with the total concentration, probably due to the high concentration of Cu and Zn in this soil. For rice, both Cu and Zn concentration as extracted by the three extracting solutions correlated with the concentration of all the fractions and with the total concentration.

Os elementos traços são potencialmente tóxicos para o meio ambiente. Estas toxicidades dependem de suas associações químicas. Por isso a determinação da forma química destes elementos no solo é importante para quantificá-lo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de se utilizar teores de Cu e Zn nas diferentes frações do solo para prognosticar suas disponibilidades. Para isso, compararam-se as mesmas com soluções extratoras clássicas, como DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, e com teores absorvidos por plantas de arroz e soja em materiais de solos contaminados. Foram estudadas sete amostras de solos com diferentes graus de contaminação empregando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Utilizando a técnica de ICP-OES, foram avaliados teores de Cu e Zn em folha diagnóstico e folha em final de ciclo (LCE) e no solo: teores disponíveis utilizando as soluções extratoras DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, teores nas frações de solo solúvel+trocável, ligados à matéria orgânica e ligados a óxidos e o teor total. Para a soja e arroz, os teores de Cu e Zn extraídos do fracionamento correlacionaram significativamente com os teores obtidos na LCE. Para a soja, os teores de Zn extraídos com DTPA apresentaram alta correlação com os teores totais, enquanto que os teores de Cu extraídos pelos três extratores, DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, correlacionaram com o teor total, provavelmente devido aos altos teores de Cu e Zn neste solo. Para o arroz, os teores de Cu e Zn extraídos pelas três soluções correlacionaram com teores em todas as frações e com o teor total.

Copper and zinc quantification in contaminated soil as evaluated by chemical extractants

Trace elements are potentially toxic to the environment. Their toxicity in soils relies on their type of chemical associations. Hence it is important to determine the chemical form they occur in the soils in order to assess their quantities. The objective the present work was to evaluate the possibility of using the concentrations of Cu and Zn in different soil fractions and the total concentration as predictors of their quantification by comparing the classical extractants DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl. Comparisons were made also with the concentrations of absorbed by rice and soybean in contaminated soil. Seven soil samples with a different degree of contamination were studied using a randomized experimental design, with four replicates. By using an ICP-OES we analyzed the concentrations of Cu and Zn in the diagnostic leafs, at the end of the cycle (LCE) and several of its content in the soil: available extracted with the DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl extractants, soluble+exchangeable contents, bound to organic matter, to oxides and the total content. For both, soybean and rice, the concentrations of Cu and Zn extracted from the sequential extraction was found to be correlated with the concentration in LCE. For soybean, Zn concentration extracted with DTPA was correlated with the total concentration, while Cu concentration extracted with three extractors, DTPA, Mehlich-1 and HCl, correlated with the total concentration, probably due to the high concentration of Cu and Zn in this soil. For rice, both Cu and Zn concentration as extracted by the three extracting solutions correlated with the concentration of all the fractions and with the total concentration.

Os elementos traços são potencialmente tóxicos para o meio ambiente. Estas toxicidades dependem de suas associações químicas. Por isso a determinação da forma química destes elementos no solo é importante para quantificá-lo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de se utilizar teores de Cu e Zn nas diferentes frações do solo para prognosticar suas disponibilidades. Para isso, compararam-se as mesmas com soluções extratoras clássicas, como DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, e com teores absorvidos por plantas de arroz e soja em materiais de solos contaminados. Foram estudadas sete amostras de solos com diferentes graus de contaminação empregando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Utilizando a técnica de ICP-OES, foram avaliados teores de Cu e Zn em folha diagnóstico e folha em final de ciclo (LCE) e no solo: teores disponíveis utilizando as soluções extratoras DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, teores nas frações de solo solúvel+trocável, ligados à matéria orgânica e ligados a óxidos e o teor total. Para a soja e arroz, os teores de Cu e Zn extraídos do fracionamento correlacionaram significativamente com os teores obtidos na LCE. Para a soja, os teores de Zn extraídos com DTPA apresentaram alta correlação com os teores totais, enquanto que os teores de Cu extraídos pelos três extratores, DTPA, Mehlich-1 e HCl, correlacionaram com o teor total, provavelmente devido aos altos teores de Cu e Zn neste solo. Para o arroz, os teores de Cu e Zn extraídos pelas três soluções correlacionaram com teores em todas as frações e com o teor total.

Pb-phytoextraction by maize in a Pb-EDTA treated Oxisol

One of the most viable strategies to restore metal contaminated soils is the introduction of plants specialized in their accumulation or able to tolerate very high metal concentrations. This research evaluated: i. the maize as a Pb-accumulator plant; ii. the effects of EDTA-chelating agent for Pb-uptake by maize; iii. amending effect of EDTA on the soil Pb-availability using different extracts. Treatments consisted of Pb rates (100; 200; 350; 1,200 and 2,400 mg kg-1) applied to a Rhodic Hapludox in the form of Pb3(NO)2 with (0.5 g kg-1) and without EDTA. Lead concentrations were determined in maize plant shoots. Soil available Pb was obtained using DTPA, Mehlich-3 and saturation solutions methods. Ionic speciation in the soil solution was performed using the software Visual-Minteq. Although a low t value was found (t 0.70), Pb concentration were high (>1,500 mg kg-1 of Pb) in maize shoots regardless of EDTA addition. Maize plants treated with EDTA had lower dry matter yield, mainly due to toxic levels of Fe and Al of the Oxisol. All extracting solutions were effective to determine available Pb in soil samples, but the saturation extract is a more difficult and time consuming procedure. At low and medium Pb levels, the plants grew less on EDTA, therefore the phytoextration process was less efficient. The addition of EDTA to the soil is not recommended with the purpose of increasing Pb absorption by maize plants.

Uma das estratégias mais viáveis para a descontaminação de solos é a introdução de plantas especializadas na acumulação ou que toleram altas concentrações de metais. Nesse estudo avaliaram-se: i. o potencial acumulador de Pb de plantas de milho; ii. os efeitos do EDTA na absorção de Pb pelo milho; iii. o efeito do EDTA na disponibilidade de Pb utilizando diferentes extratores. Os tratamentos consistiram em doses de Pb (100; 200; 350; 1.200 and 2.400 mg kg-1) aplicados em um Latossolo na forma de Pb3(NO)2 com (0.5 g kg-1) e sem EDTA. A concentração de Pb foi determinada na parte aérea das plantas de milho, e no solo determinou-se o Pb disponível pelos métodos DTPA, Mehlich-3 e pasta de saturação. A especiação iônica da solução do solo foi determinada utilizando-se o software Visual-Minteq. Embora tenha sido encontrado um baixo valor t (t 0.70), a concentração de Pb na parte aérea do milho foi alta (>1.500 mg kg-1), independente da adição de EDTA. As plantas de milho que receberam EDTA apresentaram redução na massa seca, principalmente devido aos níveis tóxicos de Fe e Al do Latossolo. Todas as soluções extratoras utilizadas foram eficientes em determinar o Pb disponível nas amostras de solo, mas a pasta de saturação foi o processo mais trabalhoso. Em baixa e média concentração de Pb no solo as plantas cresceram menos com EDTA, portanto a fitoextração foi menos eficiente. Não é recomendada a adição de EDTA no solo buscando aumentar a absorção de Pb pelas plantas de milho.

Pb-phytoextraction by maize in a Pb-EDTA treated Oxisol

One of the most viable strategies to restore metal contaminated soils is the introduction of plants specialized in their accumulation or able to tolerate very high metal concentrations. This research evaluated: i. the maize as a Pb-accumulator plant; ii. the effects of EDTA-chelating agent for Pb-uptake by maize; iii. amending effect of EDTA on the soil Pb-availability using different extracts. Treatments consisted of Pb rates (100; 200; 350; 1,200 and 2,400 mg kg-1) applied to a Rhodic Hapludox in the form of Pb3(NO)2 with (0.5 g kg-1) and without EDTA. Lead concentrations were determined in maize plant shoots. Soil available Pb was obtained using DTPA, Mehlich-3 and saturation solutions methods. Ionic speciation in the soil solution was performed using the software Visual-Minteq. Although a low t value was found (t 0.70), Pb concentration were high (>1,500 mg kg-1 of Pb) in maize shoots regardless of EDTA addition. Maize plants treated with EDTA had lower dry matter yield, mainly due to toxic levels of Fe and Al of the Oxisol. All extracting solutions were effective to determine available Pb in soil samples, but the saturation extract is a more difficult and time consuming procedure. At low and medium Pb levels, the plants grew less on EDTA, therefore the phytoextration process was less efficient. The addition of EDTA to the soil is not recommended with the purpose of increasing Pb absorption by maize plants.

Uma das estratégias mais viáveis para a descontaminação de solos é a introdução de plantas especializadas na acumulação ou que toleram altas concentrações de metais. Nesse estudo avaliaram-se: i. o potencial acumulador de Pb de plantas de milho; ii. os efeitos do EDTA na absorção de Pb pelo milho; iii. o efeito do EDTA na disponibilidade de Pb utilizando diferentes extratores. Os tratamentos consistiram em doses de Pb (100; 200; 350; 1.200 and 2.400 mg kg-1) aplicados em um Latossolo na forma de Pb3(NO)2 com (0.5 g kg-1) e sem EDTA. A concentração de Pb foi determinada na parte aérea das plantas de milho, e no solo determinou-se o Pb disponível pelos métodos DTPA, Mehlich-3 e pasta de saturação. A especiação iônica da solução do solo foi determinada utilizando-se o software Visual-Minteq. Embora tenha sido encontrado um baixo valor t (t 0.70), a concentração de Pb na parte aérea do milho foi alta (>1.500 mg kg-1), independente da adição de EDTA. As plantas de milho que receberam EDTA apresentaram redução na massa seca, principalmente devido aos níveis tóxicos de Fe e Al do Latossolo. Todas as soluções extratoras utilizadas foram eficientes em determinar o Pb disponível nas amostras de solo, mas a pasta de saturação foi o processo mais trabalhoso. Em baixa e média concentração de Pb no solo as plantas cresceram menos com EDTA, portanto a fitoextração foi menos eficiente. Não é recomendada a adição de EDTA no solo buscando aumentar a absorção de Pb pelas plantas de milho.

Schistosomiasis haematobia in Brazilian patients: clinical and renal functional evaluation with 99mTc-DTPA

The present study was carried out at the Army Central Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from September 2000 to December 2001, employing diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc-DTPA) to evaluate the renal function of nineteen symptomatic patients infected with S. haematobium during a peace mission in Mozambique. Results evidenced that the most frequent clinical manifestations were hematuria (68.4 percent) and low back pain (68.4 percent) and 73.7 percent patients had altered dynamic renal scintigraphy expressed by an increase in the excretory phase independently of the symptoms duration; furthermore, none of them had mechanical obstructive pattern. Schistosoma haematobium glomerulopathy could be considered a pathological finding without correlation with the disease clinical manifestations.(AU)

Schistosomiasis haematobia in Brazilian patients: clinical and renal functional evaluation with 99mTc-DTPA

The present study was carried out at the Army Central Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from September 2000 to December 2001, employing diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc-DTPA) to evaluate the renal function of nineteen symptomatic patients infected with S. haematobium during a peace mission in Mozambique. Results evidenced that the most frequent clinical manifestations were hematuria (68.4%) and low back pain (68.4%) and 73.7% patients had altered dynamic renal scintigraphy expressed by an increase in the excretory phase independently of the symptoms duration; furthermore, none of them had mechanical obstructive pattern. Schistosoma haematobium glomerulopathy could be considered a pathological finding without correlation with the disease clinical manifestations.

Zinc availability for corn grown on an oxisol amended with flue dust

The costs related to the construction and maintenance of industrial landfills, and the environmental risks that they may represent, have increased the interest of several types of industries in studying the possibility of applying residues to agricultural soils. This study evaluates the efficiency of flue dust as a zinc source for corn, and the zinc availability for corn evaluated by four methods. A greenhouse experiment carried out at Campinas, SP, Brazil, evaluated the effect of two zinc sources (flue dust and zinc sulphate), at three rates (5, 50 and 150 mg dm-3), in one soil (Rhodic Hapludox) under two pH conditions (5.0 and 6.0). The treatments were arranged in a randomized factorial scheme design with three replications. Zinc availability indexes were determined by the pH 7.3 DTPA, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3 methods. The free Zn2+ activity in soil solution was calculated by the MINTEQ computer model. The extraction methods and the activity of the free ion Zn2+ were equally reliable to evaluate zinc availability in the soil amended with flue dust. More than 70% of the total Zn present in the saturation extract was in the free ion form, and the remainder was mainly complexed to SO4(2-) and OH-, independent of soil pH. Flue dust is a zinc supplier to plants. All tested methods were efficient in evaluating Zn availability for corn, independently of soil pH.

Os custos com a construção e manutenção de aterros industriais e os riscos ambientais que podem representar têm aumentado o interesse de vários tipos de indústrias em estudar a viabilidade de aplicação de resíduos no solo agrícola. Este trabalho avalia a eficiência do pó de aciaria quanto ao suprimento de zinco para o milho e a disponibilidade desse metal comparada por quatro métodos de extração. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em Campinas, SP, Brasil, avaliando o efeito de duas fontes de zinco (pó de aciaria e sulfato de zinco), em três doses (5, 50 e 150 mg dm-3) e um solo (Latossolo Vermelho) com dois valores de pH (5,0 e 6,0). Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial com três repetições. A disponibilidade de zinco foi determinada por DTPA pH 7.3, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3 e a atividade do Zn2+ livre na solução do solo foi calculada pelo modelo MINTEQ. Nos dois valores de pH estudados, tanto a atividade do Zn2+ como os três métodos de extração foram igualmente eficientes em avaliar a disponibilidade de zinco para as plantas em solos tratados com pó de aciaria. Mais que 70% do Zn total presente no extrato de saturação estava como íon livre e o restante complexado com SO4(2-) e OH-, independente do pH do solo. O pó de aciaria é uma fonte de zinco para as plantas. Todos os métodos testados foram eficientes em estimar a disponibilidade de Zn para o milho, independente do pH

Zinc availability for corn grown on an oxisol amended with flue dust

The costs related to the construction and maintenance of industrial landfills, and the environmental risks that they may represent, have increased the interest of several types of industries in studying the possibility of applying residues to agricultural soils. This study evaluates the efficiency of flue dust as a zinc source for corn, and the zinc availability for corn evaluated by four methods. A greenhouse experiment carried out at Campinas, SP, Brazil, evaluated the effect of two zinc sources (flue dust and zinc sulphate), at three rates (5, 50 and 150 mg dm-3), in one soil (Rhodic Hapludox) under two pH conditions (5.0 and 6.0). The treatments were arranged in a randomized factorial scheme design with three replications. Zinc availability indexes were determined by the pH 7.3 DTPA, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3 methods. The free Zn2+ activity in soil solution was calculated by the MINTEQ computer model. The extraction methods and the activity of the free ion Zn2+ were equally reliable to evaluate zinc availability in the soil amended with flue dust. More than 70% of the total Zn present in the saturation extract was in the free ion form, and the remainder was mainly complexed to SO4(2-) and OH-, independent of soil pH. Flue dust is a zinc supplier to plants. All tested methods were efficient in evaluating Zn availability for corn, independently of soil pH.

Os custos com a construção e manutenção de aterros industriais e os riscos ambientais que podem representar têm aumentado o interesse de vários tipos de indústrias em estudar a viabilidade de aplicação de resíduos no solo agrícola. Este trabalho avalia a eficiência do pó de aciaria quanto ao suprimento de zinco para o milho e a disponibilidade desse metal comparada por quatro métodos de extração. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em Campinas, SP, Brasil, avaliando o efeito de duas fontes de zinco (pó de aciaria e sulfato de zinco), em três doses (5, 50 e 150 mg dm-3) e um solo (Latossolo Vermelho) com dois valores de pH (5,0 e 6,0). Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial com três repetições. A disponibilidade de zinco foi determinada por DTPA pH 7.3, Mehlich-1 e Mehlich-3 e a atividade do Zn2+ livre na solução do solo foi calculada pelo modelo MINTEQ. Nos dois valores de pH estudados, tanto a atividade do Zn2+ como os três métodos de extração foram igualmente eficientes em avaliar a disponibilidade de zinco para as plantas em solos tratados com pó de aciaria. Mais que 70% do Zn total presente no extrato de saturação estava como íon livre e o restante complexado com SO4(2-) e OH-, independente do pH do solo. O pó de aciaria é uma fonte de zinco para as plantas. Todos os métodos testados foram eficientes em estimar a disponibilidade de Zn para o milho, independente do pH

Extração e fitodisponibilidade de metais em resposta à adição de lodo de esgoto no solo

To evaluate environmental risk of sludge application in agriculture, a greenhouse experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, to compare the efficiency of extractors in the availability of heavy metals to plants, in soil treated with sewage sludge. The effect of the sludge was also evaluated combined or not with P, K and PK, on the accumulation of metals in the shoot. Soil samples, collected from the 0-20 cm layer of a Typic Hapludalf were placed in pots and mixed with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Mg ha-1 (dry-basis) of sludge. Thirty days after incubation, soil samples were taken from each pot for determination of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb (extracted by HCl 0.1 mol L-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA pH 7.3). Two Rates of phosphate as were applied (0 and 100 Mg ha-1) as well as two rates of potassium (0 and 100 Mg ha-1). Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown for 50 days, collected and submitted to heavy metal determination. The application of sewage sludge increased the amounts of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn accumulated in plants, whereas the addition of potassium increased dry matter yield and decreased the accumulation of Zn. The pH reduction and soil native metal influenced the availability of Mn. All extractors were efficient in predicting the Zn and Cu availability to plants. For Mn and Fe the most efficient solutions were: HCl and Mehlich-3, HCl and DTPA, respectively. For the other metals, none of the extractors was efficient.

Diante dos riscos ambientais relacionados ao uso agrícola de lodo de esgoto contendo metais foi realizado um experimento, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do lodo, combinado ou não com P, K e PK, sobre o acúmulo de metais na parte aérea das plantas e comparar a eficiência de extratores na fitodisponibilidade de metais. Amostras da camada de 0-20 cm de um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo eutrófico foram transferidas para vasos e tratadas com doses equivalentes a 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 Mg ha-1 de lodo (base seca). Após 30 dias de incubação, determinou-se os teores de Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr e Pb (extraídos por HCl 0,1 mol L-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA pH 7,3), procedeu-se aplicação de duas doses de P (0 e 100 mg kg-1) e duas dose de K (0 e 100 mg kg-1). Cultivaram-se plantas de milho (Zea mays L.) durante 50 dias, coletando-se a parte aérea para determinação de metais. A aplicação de lodo aumentou o teor de Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu no solo e o acúmulo pelas plantas, enquanto a complementação do resíduo com potássio aumentou a produção de matéria seca e diminuiu o acúmulo de Zn. A redução do pH e o Mn nativo do solo influenciaram no aumento da disponibilidade Mn. Todos os extratores foram eficientes para predição da fitodisponibilidade de Zn e Cu. Para o Mn e Fe, os mais eficientes foram: HCl e Mehlich-3, HCl e DTPA, respectivamente. Para os demais metais, os extratores se mostraram pouco eficientes.

Extração e fitodisponibilidade de metais em resposta à adição de lodo de esgoto no solo

To evaluate environmental risk of sludge application in agriculture, a greenhouse experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, to compare the efficiency of extractors in the availability of heavy metals to plants, in soil treated with sewage sludge. The effect of the sludge was also evaluated combined or not with P, K and PK, on the accumulation of metals in the shoot. Soil samples, collected from the 0-20 cm layer of a Typic Hapludalf were placed in pots and mixed with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Mg ha-1 (dry-basis) of sludge. Thirty days after incubation, soil samples were taken from each pot for determination of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr and Pb (extracted by HCl 0.1 mol L-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA pH 7.3). Two Rates of phosphate as were applied (0 and 100 Mg ha-1) as well as two rates of potassium (0 and 100 Mg ha-1). Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown for 50 days, collected and submitted to heavy metal determination. The application of sewage sludge increased the amounts of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn accumulated in plants, whereas the addition of potassium increased dry matter yield and decreased the accumulation of Zn. The pH reduction and soil native metal influenced the availability of Mn. All extractors were efficient in predicting the Zn and Cu availability to plants. For Mn and Fe the most efficient solutions were: HCl and Mehlich-3, HCl and DTPA, respectively. For the other metals, none of the extractors was efficient.

Diante dos riscos ambientais relacionados ao uso agrícola de lodo de esgoto contendo metais foi realizado um experimento, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do lodo, combinado ou não com P, K e PK, sobre o acúmulo de metais na parte aérea das plantas e comparar a eficiência de extratores na fitodisponibilidade de metais. Amostras da camada de 0-20 cm de um Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo eutrófico foram transferidas para vasos e tratadas com doses equivalentes a 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 Mg ha-1 de lodo (base seca). Após 30 dias de incubação, determinou-se os teores de Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr e Pb (extraídos por HCl 0,1 mol L-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA pH 7,3), procedeu-se aplicação de duas doses de P (0 e 100 mg kg-1) e duas dose de K (0 e 100 mg kg-1). Cultivaram-se plantas de milho (Zea mays L.) durante 50 dias, coletando-se a parte aérea para determinação de metais. A aplicação de lodo aumentou o teor de Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu no solo e o acúmulo pelas plantas, enquanto a complementação do resíduo com potássio aumentou a produção de matéria seca e diminuiu o acúmulo de Zn. A redução do pH e o Mn nativo do solo influenciaram no aumento da disponibilidade Mn. Todos os extratores foram eficientes para predição da fitodisponibilidade de Zn e Cu. Para o Mn e Fe, os mais eficientes foram: HCl e Mehlich-3, HCl e DTPA, respectivamente. Para os demais metais, os extratores se mostraram pouco eficientes.

Copper, nickel and zinc phytoavailability in an oxisol amended with sewage sludge and liming

Contents of heavy metal on agricultural soils have been raised by land applications of sewage sludge and may constitute a hazard to plants, animals and humans. A field experiment was carried out from 1983 to 1987, to evaluate the long-term effect of sewage sludge application, with and without liming, on heavy metal accumulation and availability in a Rhodic Hapludox soil grown with maize (HMD 7974 hybrid). Trials were set up in a completely randomized blocks design with four replications. Each block was split in two bands, one with and another without liming. The sludge was applied in each band at rates: 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 Mg ha-1 (dry basis) in a single application; and 40, 60 and 80 Mg ha-1 split in two, three and four equal yearly applications, respectively. The soil was sampled for chemical analysis each year after harvest. Soil samples were analysed for Cu, Ni and Zn in extracts obtained with DTPA and Mehlich-3 solutions, and in extracts obtained by digestion with nitric-perchloric acid (total metal contents), using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer. In general, Zn, Cu and Ni concentrations in DTPA and Mehlich-3 extracts increased linearly with sludge application. Total Cu and Zn concentrations increased when sludge was applied, whereas total Ni concentrations were not affected. Both extractants were suitable to evaluate Cu and Zn availability to corn in the soil treated with sewage sludge. Liming reduced the DTPA extractability of Zn. DTPA-extractable Cu concentrations were not significantly affected by liming. Mehlich-3-extractable Cu and Zn concentrations increased with liming. Only DTPA extractant indicated reduction of Ni concentrations in the soil after liming.

A reciclagem agrícola do lodo de esgoto tem provocado o acúmulo de metais pesados no solo e na água, podendo atingir níveis tóxicos e causar danos às plantas cultivadas, aos animais e ao homem, por meio da cadeia trófica. Foi desenvolvido um experimento, em condições de campo entre 1983 e 1987, onde foram avaliados os efeitos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto por quatro anos, com e sem calagem, sobre a acumulação e disponibilidade de metais pesados em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico cultivado com milho (HMD 7974). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Cada bloco foi dividido em duas faixas nas quais foram aplicados os tratamentos com e sem calcário, e em cada faixa foi aplicado o lodo nas seguintes doses: 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 Mg ha-1 (material seco) de lodo de esgoto, em aplicação única; e as doses de 40, 60 e 80 Mg ha-1, parceladas em dois, três e quatro anos, respectivamente. A fitodisponibilidade dos metais foi avaliada pelos extratores DTPA e Mehlich-3. Os teores extraíveis de Cu, Ni e Zn no solo aumentaram linearmente com as doses de lodo de esgoto, para os dois extratores usados. A adição de lodo de esgoto elevou os teores totais de Cu e Zn, mas não afetou os teores de Ni no solo. Os extratores DTPA e Mehlich-3 foram igualmente eficientes na predição da fitodisponibilidade de Cu e Zn. A adição de calcário reduziu a extratabilidade de Zn-DTPA, não alterou a de Cu-DTPA e aumentou os teores de Cu e Zn extraíveis do solo por Mehlich-3. Somente o extrator DTPA mostrou a redução do teor de Ni extraível do solo com a adição de calcário.

Copper, nickel and zinc phytoavailability in an oxisol amended with sewage sludge and liming

Contents of heavy metal on agricultural soils have been raised by land applications of sewage sludge and may constitute a hazard to plants, animals and humans. A field experiment was carried out from 1983 to 1987, to evaluate the long-term effect of sewage sludge application, with and without liming, on heavy metal accumulation and availability in a Rhodic Hapludox soil grown with maize (HMD 7974 hybrid). Trials were set up in a completely randomized blocks design with four replications. Each block was split in two bands, one with and another without liming. The sludge was applied in each band at rates: 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 Mg ha-1 (dry basis) in a single application; and 40, 60 and 80 Mg ha-1 split in two, three and four equal yearly applications, respectively. The soil was sampled for chemical analysis each year after harvest. Soil samples were analysed for Cu, Ni and Zn in extracts obtained with DTPA and Mehlich-3 solutions, and in extracts obtained by digestion with nitric-perchloric acid (total metal contents), using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer. In general, Zn, Cu and Ni concentrations in DTPA and Mehlich-3 extracts increased linearly with sludge application. Total Cu and Zn concentrations increased when sludge was applied, whereas total Ni concentrations were not affected. Both extractants were suitable to evaluate Cu and Zn availability to corn in the soil treated with sewage sludge. Liming reduced the DTPA extractability of Zn. DTPA-extractable Cu concentrations were not significantly affected by liming. Mehlich-3-extractable Cu and Zn concentrations increased with liming. Only DTPA extractant indicated reduction of Ni concentrations in the soil after liming.

A reciclagem agrícola do lodo de esgoto tem provocado o acúmulo de metais pesados no solo e na água, podendo atingir níveis tóxicos e causar danos às plantas cultivadas, aos animais e ao homem, por meio da cadeia trófica. Foi desenvolvido um experimento, em condições de campo entre 1983 e 1987, onde foram avaliados os efeitos da aplicação de lodo de esgoto por quatro anos, com e sem calagem, sobre a acumulação e disponibilidade de metais pesados em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico cultivado com milho (HMD 7974). O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Cada bloco foi dividido em duas faixas nas quais foram aplicados os tratamentos com e sem calcário, e em cada faixa foi aplicado o lodo nas seguintes doses: 0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 Mg ha-1 (material seco) de lodo de esgoto, em aplicação única; e as doses de 40, 60 e 80 Mg ha-1, parceladas em dois, três e quatro anos, respectivamente. A fitodisponibilidade dos metais foi avaliada pelos extratores DTPA e Mehlich-3. Os teores extraíveis de Cu, Ni e Zn no solo aumentaram linearmente com as doses de lodo de esgoto, para os dois extratores usados. A adição de lodo de esgoto elevou os teores totais de Cu e Zn, mas não afetou os teores de Ni no solo. Os extratores DTPA e Mehlich-3 foram igualmente eficientes na predição da fitodisponibilidade de Cu e Zn. A adição de calcário reduziu a extratabilidade de Zn-DTPA, não alterou a de Cu-DTPA e aumentou os teores de Cu e Zn extraíveis do solo por Mehlich-3. Somente o extrator DTPA mostrou a redução do teor de Ni extraível do solo com a adição de calcário.

Measurement o f glomerular filtration in dog using 51Cr-EDTA and 113mlnDTPA / Medida da filtração glomerular no cão pelo 51Cr-EDTA e 113mIn-DTPA

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured in 15 normal dogs using 51Cr-EDTA and 113mIn-DTPA, by a single injection technique. The results of GFR measurements was 3,01 (S.D.±0,71) ml/min/kg body weight, and 70.44 (S.D.±19,60) ml/min/m2 surface area. Difference in GFR (means) between the measurement by 51Cr-EDTA and 113mln-DTPA and between the male and female group was not statistically significant (P 0,05).

Em 15 cães clinicamente normais foi medida a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) pela técnica de injeção única, com 51Cr-ETA e 113mln-DTPA. A média e desvio padrão das determinações da TFG forma de 3,01 ± 0,71 ml/min/kg de peso e de 70,44 ± 19,60 ml/min/m2 de área corporal. Não foi verificada significância estatística entre as médias das medidas pelo 51Cr-EDTA e oelo 113mIn-DTPA e entre as médias dos grupos segundo o sexo e peso.

Measurement o f glomerular filtration in dog using 51Cr-EDTA and 113mlnDTPA / Medida da filtração glomerular no cão pelo 51Cr-EDTA e 113mIn-DTPA

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured in 15 normal dogs using 51Cr-EDTA and 113mIn-DTPA, by a single injection technique. The results of GFR measurements was 3,01 (S.D.±0,71) ml/min/kg body weight, and 70.44 (S.D.±19,60) ml/min/m2 surface area. Difference in GFR (means) between the measurement by 51Cr-EDTA and 113mln-DTPA and between the male and female group was not statistically significant (P 0,05).

Em 15 cães clinicamente normais foi medida a taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) pela técnica de injeção única, com 51Cr-ETA e 113mln-DTPA. A média e desvio padrão das determinações da TFG forma de 3,01 ± 0,71 ml/min/kg de peso e de 70,44 ± 19,60 ml/min/m2 de área corporal. Não foi verificada significância estatística entre as médias das medidas pelo 51Cr-EDTA e oelo 113mIn-DTPA e entre as médias dos grupos segundo o sexo e peso.

Ação do ácido trissódio-cálcio-dietileno-triaminopentaacético (CaNa3DTPA) nas lesões de isquemia-reperfusão em membro posterior de rato

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to elucidate whether calcium trinatrium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (CaNa3DTPA), a hydrophilic extracelular chelator with some imunological and anti-inflammatory properties, protects skeletal muscle submitted to ischemia/reperfusion. METHODS: Fifty two male Wistar rats were randomly allocated in the following groups:G1-CTAN- control anesthesia whithout surgery. G2-CTCIR - control surgery without ischemia. G3-IRCT and G3-IRDTPA: four hours ischemia and two hours reperfusion. The animals of group 3 were treated with saline and those of the group 4, treated with CaNa3DTPA. Parameters were: foot circumference, rats weight, plasmatic creatine-phosphokinase (CPK), muscular malondialdehyde (MDA), and optic microscopy of muscle cells. RESULTS: There was a significant post-ischemic increase in foot circumference in G3-IRCT. CPK measurements were significantly increased in G3-IRCT and G3-IRDTPA, when compared to G1-CTAN and G2-CTCIR, but there were no differences between G3-IRCT and G3-IRDTPA. MDA was increased in the left no-ischemic muscles in G3-IRCT, when compared to contralateral muscles of G3-IRCT and of G1-CTAN.The histological evaluation showed inflammatory cell infiltrate in G3-IRDTPA and edema in G3-IRCT. The glycogen recovery was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: There was less edema in the animals with ischemia-reperfusion treated group, but CaNa3DTPA don't protect muscle cells from injury in relations with CPK, MDA managements and histological alterations.

OBJETIVO: Ação do ácido trissódio-cálcio-dietileno-triaminopentaacético (CaNa3DTPA), quelante de ferro com ação ainda anti-viral, antiinflamatória e imunológica, na atenuação de lesões de reperfusão em músculos esqueléticos de ratos. MÉTODOS: 52 ratos Wistar, pesando 188±22g, foram anestesiados e submetidos a semi-amputação de membro posterior direito (MPD), poupando-se o fêmur, artéria e veia femorais. Foram então randomizados e distribuídos: G1-CTAN - controle anestesia, sem cirurgia e sem isquemia; G2-CTCIR - controle cirurgia, sem isquemia; G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA - com isquemia (4 hora) e reperfusão ( 2 horas). O G3-IRCT foi tratado, ao final da isquemia, com cloreto de sódio 0,9% e G3-IRDTPA com (CaNa3DTPA).Parâmetros: Circunferência do pé direito e peso do rato, dosagem sérica de CPK, dosagem de malonaldeído e microscopia óptica de músculos soleus bilateral. RESULTADOS: Aumento da circunferência nos G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA (significante no G3-IRCT quando comparado ao G1-CTAN); CPK elevado nos G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA comparados aos controles; MDA mais alto no membro contralateral do G3-IRDTPA, comparado ao MPD do G3-IRDTPA e ao G1-CTAN; maior edema intersticial em G3-IRCT, maior infiltrado inflamatório em G3-IRDTPA e recuperação dos níveis de glicogênio semelhantes em G3-IRCT e G3-IRDTPA. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do menor edema no G3-IRDTPA comparado ao G3-IRCT, o CaNa3DTPA não alterou CPK sérico, MDA muscular e morfologia muscular dos animais.