Manejo anestésico de um urso pardo (Ursus arctos) cativo submetido a biópsia incisional de nódulo cutâneo / Anesthetic management of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) captive undergoing incisional biopsy of a skin nodule

Background: The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is considered one of the largest terrestrial carnivores, native from temperate forest regions of North America, Europe and Asia. In Brazil, they are founded in captivity and their safe capture and immobilization are obtained with one effective anesthesia for management and surgical and diagnostic procedures. Some anesthetic protocols are described for these purposes, however, there is a lack for data on the anesthetic and adverse effects they have on bears when used. The aim of this case is to report the use and effects of the association of dexmedetomidine with tiletamine and zolazepam in the chemical containment of a captive adult brown bear. Case: A 33-year-old female brown bear, weighing 100 kg, belonging to the Zoobotanic Park of Teresina, Piauí, Brazil, was chemically immobilized for an incisional biopsy of a cutaneous nodule with 1.0 cm diameter in the right face region. The anesthetic protocol included 6 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine associated with 3 mg/kg of tiletamine and zolazepam, administered intramuscularly by dart into the gluteal region of the right pelvic limb. The animal showed moderate ataxia at 5 min and assumed sternal decubitus 7 min after anesthetic administration. The bear's degree of sedation was considered adequate and safe to perform the biopsy at 10 min after administration. Heart rate (47 ± 3 bpm), respiratory rate (17 ± 2 mpm) and rectal temperature (38.7 ± 0.1ºC) were monitored. The bear remained immobile and unconscious throughout the procedure, with intense muscle relaxation, bilateral eyeball rotation, absent lateral palpebral reflex and mild medial reflex and without nystagmus. Complementary sedative doses were not necessary. At the beginning of anesthetic recovery, the bear received 6 µg/kg of atipamezole, intramuscularly. After 25 min of administration of atipamezole, the animal showed signs of recovery in the level of consciousness and reactivity to external stimuli, and assumed the quadrupedal position at 60 min after reverser application. Discussion: Even in captivity, the bears behavior is unpredictable and attack can occur, causing trauma or death to people. For this, the chemical immobilization is important to keep safety of everyone. This procedure was performed using blowgunassisted darts thrown by a staff member who had experience in using this method, who darted accurately and effectively. The latency time observed after administration of the anesthetic protocol used is similar to reported in other studies with bears that also received intramuscular dexmedetomidine and tiletamine and zolazepam and showed intense muscle relaxation and immobility. The doses used contributed to the absence of bradycardia and hypoventilation and, performing the procedure in the morning, when the temperature is milder in the city, minimized the chance of hyperthermia and thermal stress in the animal, not requiring body cooling. The use of dexmedetomidine in chemical containment protocols for short and minimally invasive procedures allows the subsequent use of its antagonist, atipamezole, contributing to a shorter recovery time, return of the animal's degree of consciousness and lower incidence of ataxia after assuming a quadrupedal position. The anesthetic protocol used was considered efficient, providing a quick and gentle chemical containment, adequate anesthetic plan and good anesthetic recovery in an adult brown bear from captivity.

Anestesia geral em jabuti-piranga (Chelonoides carbonaria) para retirada de corpo estranho gástrico / General anesthesia in red-footed tortoise (Chelonoides carbonaria) for gastric foreign body removal

Background: The anatomical, physiological, and pharmacological characteristics of reptiles make anesthesia in chelonians particularly challenging. Specific literature regarding safe anesthetic protocols that provide immobilization, antinociception, amnesia, and unconsciousness are scarce. Thus, this paper aims to report the case of a red-footed tortoise submitted to long-duration general anesthesia to celiotomy for foreign body removal. Case: An adult red-footed tortoise (Chelonoides carbonaria), 5.9 kg, was admitted due to hyporexia after ingesting a metallic fishhook. Serial radiographs confirmed the diagnosis and location of the foreign body in the stomach. The animal was premedicated with 0.03 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, 6 mg/kg ketamine, and 0.4 mg/kg butorphanol intramuscularly. After 90 min we inserted a 22G jugular catheter and proceeded to anesthesia induction with 5 mg/kg propofol. We intubated the animal with a 2.5 mm uncuffed endotracheal and started fluid therapy at a rate of 5 mL/kg/h. Surgical anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 0.21 oxygen, in a non-rebreathing circuit (baraka), under spontaneous breathing. Expired isoflurane was maintained between 3 and 4.5%. Due to reduced respiratory rate and hypercapnia, we opted for implementing manually-assisted positive pressure ventilation. Morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was administered at 10 and 87 min after the beginning of the surgery for further analgesia when the isoflurane requirement increased significantly. We did not detect any alterations in heart and body temperature. Surgical anesthesia lasted 6 h. During anesthesia recovery, voluntary head retraction and coordinated movement of the limbs occurred at 240 and 540 min after the extubation, respectively. In 2 days, the patient returned to voluntary feeding, being very active and responsive to stimulus. The post-surgical hematologic evaluation was unremarkable. Discussion: Pre-anesthetic medication aimed to promote sedation and preemptive analgesia. Due to its minimal cardiorespiratory depression, we chose the combination of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and butorphanol. Dexmedetomidine reduced the ketamine dose and caused sufficient muscle relaxation and immobilization to perform the jugular catheter placement. Butorphanol is an agonist-antagonist opioid; that is why we decided to add it to the protocol for antinociception. However, due to signs of nociceptive response (increased isoflurane requirements and heart rate), and considering the evidence of a predominance of µ receptors in reptiles, we administered low-dose morphine twice during the procedure. Propofol was chosen as an induction agent at a dose sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation. Since reptilians often show apnea in the presence of 100% oxygen, we used a 0.21 oxygen fraction. Despite this, the patient showed respiratory depression. Due to right to left cardiac shunt, sudden changes in the direction of the blood can lead to very rapid changes in the serum concentrations of isoflurane, which leads to frequent oscillations in the anesthetic depth and consequently the need for vaporizer adjustments, which may justify the high expired isoflurane fraction during the procedure. Despite that, physiological parameters were maintained within normal ranges for the species, with slight variations during the surgical procedure. We conclude that the proposed anesthetic protocol is safe for long-duration anesthesia in chelonians, ensuring cardiovascular and respiratory stability. Thus, this report may help veterinarians to perform safe anesthesia in tortoises submitted to invasive surgical procedures.

Anestesia multimodal em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) submetido à hemilaminectomia e estabilização sacrococcígea / Multimodal anaesthesia in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization

Background: Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox(Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicatedin cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding theassociation of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center.Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increasedreflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. Theanimal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal columnof the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia wassupplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten minlater, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane(FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygealstabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35...(AU)

Anestesia multimodal em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) submetido à hemilaminectomia e estabilização sacrococcígea / Multimodal anaesthesia in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization

Background: Several researches have shown the impacts of roads more directly to wildlife in Brazil. The crab-eating fox(Cerdocyon thous) is a frequent run over victim. Dissociative drugs are commonly used, but inhalation anesthesia is indicatedin cases of extensive and prolonged surgeries. Despite their similarity with domestic dogs, the literature is scarce regarding theassociation of new anesthetic techniques and protocols in wild canids. The aim of this paper was to report the viability of multimodal anesthesia in a crab-eating fox, victim of running over, undergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygeal stabilization.Case: An adult male specimen of crab-eating fox was rescued after being run over and taken to a wild animal screening center.Physical examination showed superficial and deep pain, lack of support for the pelvic limbs and proprioception, increasedreflexes, and reduced tail mobility. Chemical restraint with intramuscular (IM) tiletamine-zolazepam (6.0 mg/kg) and morphine (0.5 mg/kg) was performed. Meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg IM) and enrofloxacin (5.0 mg/kg IM) were also administered. Theanimal was sequentially admitted to the veterinary hospital. Radiographic images showed compaction of the spinal columnof the T10 and T11 thoracic vertebrae and the sacrococcygeal region. Sixty min after chemical restraint, the anesthesia wassupplemented with IM tiletamine-zolazepam (4.5 mg/kg), and fluid therapy with 0.9% NaCl (10 mL/kg/h) was started. Ten minlater, intravenous propofol dose-effect (2.5 mg/kg) was administered and general anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane(FiO2 = 1.0). Thirty min after the induction of anesthesia, the animal was urdergoing hemilaminectomy and sacrococcygealstabilization. Constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg/kg/h) and ketamine (0.6 mg/kg/h) were started. Lidocaine (7.0 mg/kg) and bupivacaine (2.0 mg/kg) were administered into the surgical site on the T10 and T11 vertebrae at 35...

Anestesia geral em Sapajus nigritus (Macaco-prego) / General anesthesia in Sapajus nigritus (black capuchin)

Background: The black capuccin (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the most abundant primate specimens in Brazil. Amongpopulation control techniques, vasectomy can be used once it maintains the animals leading behavior in the group throughhormonal presence, production of spermatogenic series, and copula. However, due to their escape behavior, agitation, inaddition to the impossibility of knowing the physiological state of these animals beforehand, their capture poses a considerable challenge. Thus, chemical restraint is indispensable and the use of effective and safe anesthetic protocols to animalintegrity is of paramount importance. In this scenario, the present study aims to report the anesthesia of a black capuccinsubmitted to vasectomy.Case: A 1-year-old male, 1.1 kg monkey (Sapajus nigritus) was admitted at a Veterinary Hospital after being found onthe ground in a natural reserve in the town of Assis Chateaubriand, in the west of Parana State. After clinical evaluation,the patient was submitted to vasectomy as a birth control method, before his return to the natural area, which presentedoverpopulation of the species. After preanesthetic examinations, the animal was considered healthy, and thus, premedicatedwith the combination of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. Anesthetic inductionwith propofol was performed to effect. Laringeal desensitization was achieved with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg), which allowed orotracheal intubation through direct visualization. Anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane in a 0.5 oxygenfraction and spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathing circuit. The spermatic cord and the skin were desensitizedwith lidocaine (4 mg/kg). During the procedure, the animal was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, systolicblood pressure, body temperature, end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and end tidal isoflurane. The animal also received 10 mL/kg/h ringer...(AU)

Anestesia geral em Sapajus nigritus (Macaco-prego) / General anesthesia in Sapajus nigritus (black capuchin)

Background: The black capuccin (Sapajus nigritus) is one of the most abundant primate specimens in Brazil. Amongpopulation control techniques, vasectomy can be used once it maintains the animal’s leading behavior in the group throughhormonal presence, production of spermatogenic series, and copula. However, due to their escape behavior, agitation, inaddition to the impossibility of knowing the physiological state of these animals beforehand, their capture poses a considerable challenge. Thus, chemical restraint is indispensable and the use of effective and safe anesthetic protocols to animalintegrity is of paramount importance. In this scenario, the present study aims to report the anesthesia of a black capuccinsubmitted to vasectomy.Case: A 1-year-old male, 1.1 kg monkey (Sapajus nigritus) was admitted at a Veterinary Hospital after being found onthe ground in a natural reserve in the town of Assis Chateaubriand, in the west of Parana State. After clinical evaluation,the patient was submitted to vasectomy as a birth control method, before his return to the natural area, which presentedoverpopulation of the species. After preanesthetic examinations, the animal was considered healthy, and thus, premedicatedwith the combination of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg), intramuscularly. Anesthetic inductionwith propofol was performed to effect. Laringeal desensitization was achieved with 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg), which allowed orotracheal intubation through direct visualization. Anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane in a 0.5 oxygenfraction and spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathing circuit. The spermatic cord and the skin were desensitizedwith lidocaine (4 mg/kg). During the procedure, the animal was monitored for pulse oximetry, electrocardiogram, systolicblood pressure, body temperature, end tidal CO2 (ETCO2), and end tidal isoflurane. The animal also received 10 mL/kg/h ringer...

Avaliação da analgesia pós-operatória da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina quando utilizada na medicação pré-anestésica em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva / Evaluation of postoperative analgesia of dexmedetomidine alone or associated to morphine as premedicants in bitches undergoing ovariosalpingohisterectomy

Background: Elective ovariossalpingohysterectomy is a common surgery that causes mild to moderate pain. Aiming at the treatment of pain in these patients, analgesia should be balanced from pre-anesthetic, transoperative and postoperative medication, with-2-agonists and opioids being commonly used, especially dexmedetomidine that has sedation, relaxation muscle and analgesia.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and associated withmorphine when used in the preanesthetic medication of bitches submitted to elective ovarian oysterectomy using the modifiedGlasgow pain scale and the Melbourne pain scale.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty bitches were used in this study, all of them submitted to ovarian oysterectomy, and were clinically healthy according to laboratory and clinical exams. During the experiment, bitches were randomly distributed into two groups,which received preanesthetic medication (MPA) with 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine alone (GD) or associated with 0.3 mg/kg morphine(GDM) intramuscularly (IM). In both groups, anesthetic induction with dose-effect propofol was performed and maintained withisoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the weightof the animal and maintained on spontaneous ventilation. After stabilization of the patient the surgery was started, which lasted 45min. The bitches were evaluated by the Modified Glasgow Scale (GSM), the Melbourne Scale (MS) and the Dobbins Sedation Scale(DS), previously administered MPA (T0) and the others performed in 1h (T1), 2h (T2), 4h (T3), 8h (T4), 12h (T5) and 24h (T6) afterextubation. If the GSM score was greater than the value of 3.3 an analgesic rescue of 0.5 mg/kg of morphine intramuscularly would beadministered. An increase in the scoring of pain scales in both groups can be observed from the T1, with significant difference only ofthe...(AU)

Avaliação da analgesia pós-operatória da dexmedetomidina isolada e associada à morfina quando utilizada na medicação pré-anestésica em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva / Evaluation of postoperative analgesia of dexmedetomidine alone or associated to morphine as premedicants in bitches undergoing ovariosalpingohisterectomy

Background: Elective ovariossalpingohysterectomy is a common surgery that causes mild to moderate pain. Aiming at the treatment of pain in these patients, analgesia should be balanced from pre-anesthetic, transoperative and postoperative medication, with-2-agonists and opioids being commonly used, especially dexmedetomidine that has sedation, relaxation muscle and analgesia.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the postoperative analgesic efficacy of dexmedetomidine alone and associated withmorphine when used in the preanesthetic medication of bitches submitted to elective ovarian oysterectomy using the modifiedGlasgow pain scale and the Melbourne pain scale.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty bitches were used in this study, all of them submitted to ovarian oysterectomy, and were clinically healthy according to laboratory and clinical exams. During the experiment, bitches were randomly distributed into two groups,which received preanesthetic medication (MPA) with 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine alone (GD) or associated with 0.3 mg/kg morphine(GDM) intramuscularly (IM). In both groups, anesthetic induction with dose-effect propofol was performed and maintained withisoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen administered through a calibrated vaporizer and appropriate anesthetic system based on the weightof the animal and maintained on spontaneous ventilation. After stabilization of the patient the surgery was started, which lasted 45min. The bitches were evaluated by the Modified Glasgow Scale (GSM), the Melbourne Scale (MS) and the Dobbins Sedation Scale(DS), previously administered MPA (T0) and the others performed in 1h (T1), 2h (T2), 4h (T3), 8h (T4), 12h (T5) and 24h (T6) afterextubation. If the GSM score was greater than the value of 3.3 an analgesic rescue of 0.5 mg/kg of morphine intramuscularly would beadministered. An increase in the scoring of pain scales in both groups can be observed from the T1, with significant difference only ofthe...

Bloqueio do plexo braquial com uso de neuroestimulador em coruja-orelhuda (Asio clamator) submetida à amputação de asa / Brachial plexus block with use of a neurostimulator in a striped owl (Asio clamator) undergoing wing amputation

Background: The use of distinct drugs and techniques for establishing balanced anesthesia protocols has shown promisingresults in birds. The techniques of locoregional block can be incorporated to these protocols, thereby providing intra- andpost-operative analgesia and reducing the requirement for general anesthesia. Additionally, the use of neurostimulatorsincreases the chances of success and reduces the risk of toxicity; however, there are limited reports in the literature of itsapplicability in wild birds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the brachial plexus block technique guidedusing a neurolocalizer in a striped owl (Asio clamator) submitted for right wing amputation.Case: A striped owl weighing 400 g with a history of exposed fracture of the right wing was supplied by the clinical sectorat the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. Following hydration and stabilization of vital signs, theanimal was referred to the surgical center for amputation of the limb. Dexmedetomidine (10 µg.kg−1 IM) was administeredas premedication, and after 20 min, anesthetic induction was performed using sevoflurane (FiO2 = 100%) via a mask followed by maintenance using the same drug. The animal was positioned in a left lateral decubitus position with access to thebrachial plexus determined by palpation and identification of the border of the following muscles: pectoral, cranial branchof the brachial biceps, and dorsal branch of the ventral serratus. The brachial plexus nerves are situated in the subcutaneous site craniodorsal to the axillary depression. For the block, a neurolocalizer was used, fixing the positive electrode toapproximately 5 cm from the needle insertion site (21G × 2’”) in the axillary depression, which remained connected to theneurostimulator by the second electrode. At first, the needle was attached to the peripheral nerve stimulator using a pulsefrequency of 1 Hz with an...

Bloqueios dos nervos ciático e femoral guiado por neuroestimulador em Chinchilla lanigera submetida a osteossíntese de tíbia / Nerve stimulator-guided ciatic and femoral nerve block during tibial osteosynthesis in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: Nociceptive stimulation in orthopedic surgery requires effective pain management to ensure trans andpostoperative patient comfort. Several techniques can be used for this, and multimodal analgesia protocols such as guidedlocoregional blocks provide a balanced effect, as they enable the use of low-dose anesthetics and offer rapid recovery. Thebenefits of specific nerve blocks in domestic animals are well known; however, there are few reports that have ascertainedtheir safety in wild species. This report is aimed at describing the successful use of neurolocalizer-guided sciatic andfemoral nerve blocks during tibial osteosyntheses in a chinchilla.Case: A 9-month-old chinchilla weighing 0.56 kg was referred for surgery for proximal and mid-diaphyseal tibia fracturesresulting from trauma. Following preanesthetic evaluation, the animal received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (15 µgkg1) as preanesthetic medication. Sedation was apparent after 15 min and was verified by a decreased activity, the animalallowing manipulation, absence of the eyelid and righting reflexes, and limb movement after clamping removal of limbafter clamping. After achieving sedation, anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0), suppliedthrough a nasoral mask. Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with the aid of a neurostimulator. A needle wasinserted into the femoral triangle, cranial to the femoral artery, and into the depression between the sciatic tuberosity andthe greater femoral trochanter. The neurostimulator was set at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz, pulse duration of 0.1 ms andinitial current of 0.6 mA. The needle was advanced toward the nerves until muscle contractions were observed, and thecurrent was gradually reduced until contractions were manifested at a minimum current...

Bloqueios dos nervos ciático e femoral guiado por neuroestimulador em Chinchilla lanigera submetida a osteossíntese de tíbia / Nerve stimulator-guided ciatic and femoral nerve block during tibial osteosynthesis in Chinchilla lanigera

Background: Nociceptive stimulation in orthopedic surgery requires effective pain management to ensure trans andpostoperative patient comfort. Several techniques can be used for this, and multimodal analgesia protocols such as guidedlocoregional blocks provide a balanced effect, as they enable the use of low-dose anesthetics and offer rapid recovery. Thebenefits of specific nerve blocks in domestic animals are well known; however, there are few reports that have ascertainedtheir safety in wild species. This report is aimed at describing the successful use of neurolocalizer-guided sciatic andfemoral nerve blocks during tibial osteosyntheses in a chinchilla.Case: A 9-month-old chinchilla weighing 0.56 kg was referred for surgery for proximal and mid-diaphyseal tibia fracturesresulting from trauma. Following preanesthetic evaluation, the animal received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (15 µgkg1) as preanesthetic medication. Sedation was apparent after 15 min and was verified by a decreased activity, the animalallowing manipulation, absence of the eyelid and righting reflexes, and limb movement after clamping removal of limbafter clamping. After achieving sedation, anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0), suppliedthrough a nasoral mask. Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with the aid of a neurostimulator. A needle wasinserted into the femoral triangle, cranial to the femoral artery, and into the depression between the sciatic tuberosity andthe greater femoral trochanter. The neurostimulator was set at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz, pulse duration of 0.1 ms andinitial current of 0.6 mA. The needle was advanced toward the nerves until muscle contractions were observed, and thecurrent was gradually reduced until contractions were manifested at a minimum current...(AU)

Bloqueio do plexo braquial com uso de neuroestimulador em coruja-orelhuda (Asio clamator) submetida à amputação de asa / Brachial plexus block with use of a neurostimulator in a striped owl (Asio clamator) undergoing wing amputation

Background: The use of distinct drugs and techniques for establishing balanced anesthesia protocols has shown promisingresults in birds. The techniques of locoregional block can be incorporated to these protocols, thereby providing intra- andpost-operative analgesia and reducing the requirement for general anesthesia. Additionally, the use of neurostimulatorsincreases the chances of success and reduces the risk of toxicity; however, there are limited reports in the literature of itsapplicability in wild birds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the brachial plexus block technique guidedusing a neurolocalizer in a striped owl (Asio clamator) submitted for right wing amputation.Case: A striped owl weighing 400 g with a history of exposed fracture of the right wing was supplied by the clinical sectorat the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. Following hydration and stabilization of vital signs, theanimal was referred to the surgical center for amputation of the limb. Dexmedetomidine (10 µg.kg−1 IM) was administeredas premedication, and after 20 min, anesthetic induction was performed using sevoflurane (FiO2 = 100%) via a mask followed by maintenance using the same drug. The animal was positioned in a left lateral decubitus position with access to thebrachial plexus determined by palpation and identification of the border of the following muscles: pectoral, cranial branchof the brachial biceps, and dorsal branch of the ventral serratus. The brachial plexus nerves are situated in the subcutaneous site craniodorsal to the axillary depression. For the block, a neurolocalizer was used, fixing the positive electrode toapproximately 5 cm from the needle insertion site (21G × 2”) in the axillary depression, which remained connected to theneurostimulator by the second electrode. At first, the needle was attached to the peripheral nerve stimulator using a pulsefrequency of 1 Hz with an... (AU)

Sedative and electrocardiographic effects of low dose dexmedetomidine in healthy cats / Efeitos sedativos e eletrocardiográficos da baixa dose de dexmedetomidina em gatos saudáveis

In feline veterinary practice sedation is often needed to perform diagnostic or minimally invasive procedures, minimize stress, and facilitate handling. The mortality rate of cats undergoing sedation is significantly higher than dogs, so it is fundamental that the sedatives provide good cardiovascular stability. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist utilized in cats to provide sedation and analgesia, although studies have been utilized high doses, and markedly hemodynamic impairments were reported. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate how the sedative and electrocardiographic effects of a low dose of DEX performing in cats. Eleven healthy cats were recruited; baseline sedative score, systolic arterial pressure, electrocardiography, and vasovagal tonus index (VVTI) were assessed, and repeated after ten minutes of DEX 5μg/kg intramuscularly (IM). A smooth sedation was noticed, and emesis and sialorrhea were common adverse effects, observed on average seven minutes after IM injection. Furthermore, electrocardiographic effects of a low dose of DEX mainly include decreases on heart rate, and increases on T-wave amplitude. The augmentation on VVTI and appearance of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, as well as sinus bradycardia in some cats, suggesting that DEX enhances parasympathetic tonus in healthy cats, and therefore will be best avoid in patients at risk for bradycardia.(AU)

Na rotina clínica da medicina veterinária felina a sedação é frequentemente requerida para realização de procedimentos diagnósticos ou minimamente invasivos, para minimizar o estresse e facilitar o manuseio dos pacientes. A taxa de mortalidade de gatos submetidos à sedação é mais elevada do que em cães, por esse motivo, é fundamental que os sedativos confiram estabilidade hemodinâmica. A dexmedetomidina (DEX) é um α2-agonista utilizado em felinos para promover sedação e analgesia, porém os estudos têm utilizado doses elevadas, e com isso prejuízos hemodinâmicos importantes foram relatados. O objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar os efeitos sedativos e eletrocardiográficos da baixa dose de DEX em gatos. Para tal, onze felinos saudáveis foram recrutados, foram obtidos valores basais para escore de sedação, pressão arterial sistólica e eletrocardiografia, além do índice de tônus vaso vagal (ITVV). Após dez minutos da aplicação intramuscular (IM) de DEX 5μg/kg todos os exames foram repetidos. Após a DEX, sedação suave foi detectada, e a êmese e sialorreia foram efeitos adversos comuns, observados em média 7 minutos após a injeção IM. Ademais, os principais efeitos eletrocardiográficos foram redução na frequência cardíaca e aumento na amplitude da onda T. O ITVV mais elevado e surgimento de arritmia sinusal respiratória, bem como bradicardia sinusal em alguns gatos, sugerem que a DEX eleva o tônus parassimpático, e por esse motivo deve ser utilizada com cautela em pacientes com predisposição à bradicardia.(AU)

Sedative and electrocardiographic effects of low dose dexmedetomidine in healthy cats / Efeitos sedativos e eletrocardiográficos da baixa dose de dexmedetomidina em gatos saudáveis

In feline veterinary practice sedation is often needed to perform diagnostic or minimally invasive procedures, minimize stress, and facilitate handling. The mortality rate of cats undergoing sedation is significantly higher than dogs, so it is fundamental that the sedatives provide good cardiovascular stability. Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist utilized in cats to provide sedation and analgesia, although studies have been utilized high doses, and markedly hemodynamic impairments were reported. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate how the sedative and electrocardiographic effects of a low dose of DEX performing in cats. Eleven healthy cats were recruited; baseline sedative score, systolic arterial pressure, electrocardiography, and vasovagal tonus index (VVTI) were assessed, and repeated after ten minutes of DEX 5μg/kg intramuscularly (IM). A smooth sedation was noticed, and emesis and sialorrhea were common adverse effects, observed on average seven minutes after IM injection. Furthermore, electrocardiographic effects of a low dose of DEX mainly include decreases on heart rate, and increases on T-wave amplitude. The augmentation on VVTI and appearance of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, as well as sinus bradycardia in some cats, suggesting that DEX enhances parasympathetic tonus in healthy cats, and therefore will be best avoid in patients at risk for bradycardia.(AU)

Na rotina clínica da medicina veterinária felina a sedação é frequentemente requerida para realização de procedimentos diagnósticos ou minimamente invasivos, para minimizar o estresse e facilitar o manuseio dos pacientes. A taxa de mortalidade de gatos submetidos à sedação é mais elevada do que em cães, por esse motivo, é fundamental que os sedativos confiram estabilidade hemodinâmica. A dexmedetomidina (DEX) é um α2-agonista utilizado em felinos para promover sedação e analgesia, porém os estudos têm utilizado doses elevadas, e com isso prejuízos hemodinâmicos importantes foram relatados. O objetivo desta investigação foi avaliar os efeitos sedativos e eletrocardiográficos da baixa dose de DEX em gatos. Para tal, onze felinos saudáveis foram recrutados, foram obtidos valores basais para escore de sedação, pressão arterial sistólica e eletrocardiografia, além do índice de tônus vaso vagal (ITVV). Após dez minutos da aplicação intramuscular (IM) de DEX 5μg/kg todos os exames foram repetidos. Após a DEX, sedação suave foi detectada, e a êmese e sialorreia foram efeitos adversos comuns, observados em média 7 minutos após a injeção IM. Ademais, os principais efeitos eletrocardiográficos foram redução na frequência cardíaca e aumento na amplitude da onda T. O ITVV mais elevado e surgimento de arritmia sinusal respiratória, bem como bradicardia sinusal em alguns gatos, sugerem que a DEX eleva o tônus parassimpático, e por esse motivo deve ser utilizada com cautela em pacientes com predisposição à bradicardia.(AU)

Uso e efeitos da dexmedetomidina na anestesia de ratos e camundongos / Use and effects of dexmedetomidine in rats and mice anesthesia

O uso de agonistas dos receptores α-2 adrenérgicos possui ampla difusão no campo da medicina veterinária, tendo a xilazina como principal representante deste grupo anestésico. A dexmedetomidina, um isômero da medetomidina, demonstra altíssima especificidade aos adrenorreceptores α-2 e com isso vem ganhando espaço devido a seus potentes efeitos analgésicos e anestésicos e sua utilização em ratos e camundongos. Seu uso é justificado tanto como agente isolado, bem como associado a outros fármacos, visando reduzir as doses e os efeitos indesejados. A praticidade da existência de um reversor específico, o atipamezole, juntamente com a disponibilidade de administração por diversas vias, faz da dexmedetomidina uma droga adequada para utilização em roedores. Sua resposta é dose-dependente, e, por isso, deve-se avaliar cautelosamente o tipo de anestesia desejada previamente à sua administração. A dexmedetomidina demostra uma série de efeitos anti-inflamatórios e protetores sistêmicos, visto que inibe citocinas pró-inflamatórias. No entanto, tais mecanismos de ação ainda não foram completamente elucidados. A especificidade da dexmedetomidina aliada a seu potente potencial analgésico e anestésico, além de seus efeitos secundários como anti-inflamatório e protetor sugerem sua utilização na anestesia de ratos e camundongos de forma segura.(AU)

The use of α-2 agonist adrenoreceptors is widespread in veterinary, and xilazine represents the major role of the group. Dexmedetomidine, a medetomidine isomer, is highly specific to the α-2 adrenoreceptors and due to analgesic and anesthetic effects, its use in rats and mice can be seen as single agent or associated with other drugs, to reduce dose and minimize the side effects. The convenience of having a specific revert drug, atipamezole, makes dexmedetomidine a safe drug to be administered to rodents, besides the possibility of being administered by multiple ways. The response of dexmedetomidine is dose-dependent and, because of that, the anesthesia protocol should be careful evaluated before its administration. Besides, the drug shows several anti-inflammatory and protective effects decurrent of its use, inhibiting pro-inflammatory citokines, but the mechanisms havent been completely elucidated. The high specifity of dexmedetomidine associated to the analgesic and anesthetic effects, plus its secondary effects as anti-inflammatory and protector suggests a safe use in rats and mice anesthesia.(AU)

Uso e efeitos da dexmedetomidina na anestesia de ratos e camundongos / Use and effects of dexmedetomidine in rats and mice anesthesia

O uso de agonistas dos receptores α-2 adrenérgicos possui ampla difusão no campo da medicina veterinária, tendo a xilazina como principal representante deste grupo anestésico. A dexmedetomidina, um isômero da medetomidina, demonstra altíssima especificidade aos adrenorreceptores α-2 e com isso vem ganhando espaço devido a seus potentes efeitos analgésicos e anestésicos e sua utilização em ratos e camundongos. Seu uso é justificado tanto como agente isolado, bem como associado a outros fármacos, visando reduzir as doses e os efeitos indesejados. A praticidade da existência de um reversor específico, o atipamezole, juntamente com a disponibilidade de administração por diversas vias, faz da dexmedetomidina uma droga adequada para utilização em roedores. Sua resposta é dose-dependente, e, por isso, deve-se avaliar cautelosamente o tipo de anestesia desejada previamente à sua administração. A dexmedetomidina demostra uma série de efeitos anti-inflamatórios e protetores sistêmicos, visto que inibe citocinas pró-inflamatórias. No entanto, tais mecanismos de ação ainda não foram completamente elucidados. A especificidade da dexmedetomidina aliada a seu potente potencial analgésico e anestésico, além de seus efeitos secundários como anti-inflamatório e protetor sugerem sua utilização na anestesia de ratos e camundongos de forma segura.

The use of α-2 agonist adrenoreceptors is widespread in veterinary, and xilazine represents the major role of the group. Dexmedetomidine, a medetomidine isomer, is highly specific to the α-2 adrenoreceptors and due to analgesic and anesthetic effects, it’s use in rats and mice can be seen as single agent or associated with other drugs, to reduce dose and minimize the side effects. The convenience of having a specific revert drug, atipamezole, makes dexmedetomidine a safe drug to be administered to rodents, besides the possibility of being administered by multiple ways. The response of dexmedetomidine is dose-dependent and, because of that, the anesthesia protocol should be careful evaluated before its administration. Besides, the drug shows several anti-inflammatory and protective effects decurrent of its use, inhibiting pro-inflammatory citokines, but the mechanisms haven’t been completely elucidated. The high specifity of dexmedetomidine associated to the analgesic and anesthetic effects, plus its secondary effects as anti-inflammatory and protector suggests a safe use in rats and mice anesthesia.

INFLUÊNCIA DE DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS DE MEDICAÇÃO PRÉ-ANESTÉSICA NOS PARÂMETROS CARDIORRESPIRATÓRIOS DE CADELAS SUBMETIDAS À CIRURGIA ELETIVA

A busca da anestesia balanceada na prática veterinária vem se atualizando de acordo com os anos, mas ainda não se tem um único protocolo superior. Uma vez que os protocolos variam nas suas estabilidades hemodinâmicas, o presente estudo retrospectivo tem o objetivo de comparar os parâmetros de frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e fração expirada de CO2 (EtCO2) de cadelas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia no Hospital Veterinário Professor Ricardo Alexandre Hippler nos anos de 2019 e 2020, a partir de fichas de acompanhamento anestésico. Foram avaliadas 24 fichas, que tiveram como protocolo de medicação pré-anestésica (mpa), via intramuscular (IM), acepromazina ou dexmedetomidina combinadas com metadona ou morfina e divididas em três grupos, acepromazina/morfina (AMO), acepromazina/metadona (AME) e dexmedetomidina/metadona (DME), todos os animais tiveram isoflurano como manutenção anestésica e propofol como indutor, com o objetivo de determinar qual o protocolo tem a menor chance de desenvolver intercorrências como bradicardia, hipotensão e hipocapnia. Os valores médios e desvio padrão de cada parâmetro e grupo foram considerados para a comparação. Os resultados quando comparados os grupos em pares foram feitos a partir da técnica estatística de regressão logística múltipla e os três grupos entre si a partir de ordinary one-way ANOVA. Os resultados médios para o parâmetro de FC foram de 74±15 bpm para o grupo AMO, 73±18 bpm para AME e 77±17 bpm para DME, quanto à pressão arterial sistólica, 98±14 mmHg para AMO, 109±15 mmHg para AME e 116±23 para DME, e por fim, para EtCO2, 39±6 mmHg para AMO, 40±5 mmHg para AME e 35±8 mmHg para DME. Sendo assim, o grupo composto por acepromazina e metadona é o que apresenta a menor chance de apresentar intercorrências trans cirúrgicas, apesar de não existir diferença significante entre os resultados.

The search for balanced anesthesia in veterinary practice has been updated over the years, but there is still no single superior protocol. Since the protocols vary in their hemodynamic stabilities, this retrospective study aims to compare the parameters of heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and expired fraction of CO2 (EtCO2) of female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy in the Veterinary Hospital Professor Ricardo Alexandre Hippler in the years 2019 and 2020, based on anesthetic follow-up records. Twenty-four records were evaluated, which had pre-anesthetic medication (mpa), intramuscular (IM), acepromazine or dexmedetomidine combined with methadone or morphine and divided into three groups, acepromazine/morphine (AMO), acepromazine/methadone (AME) and dexmedetomidine/methadone (DME), all animals had isoflurane as maintenance anesthetic and propofol as inducer, in order to determine which protocol has the lowest chance of developing complications such as bradycardia, hypotension and hypocapnia. The mean values and standard deviations of each parameter and group were considered for comparison. The results when comparing the groups in pairs were performed using the statistical technique of multiple logistic regression and the three groups against each other using ordinary one-way ANOVA. The mean results for the HR parameter were 74±15 bpm for the AMO group, 73±18 bpm for AME and 77±17 bpm for DME, for systolic blood pressure, 98±14 mmHg for AMO, 109±15 mmHg for AME and 116±23 for DME, and finally, for EtCO2, 39±6 mmHg for AMO, 40±5 mmHg for AME and 35±8 mmHg for DME. Thus, the group consisting of acepromazine and methadone is the one with the lowest chance of having trans-surgical complications, although there is no significant difference between the results.

Avaliação cardiorrespiratória dos efeitos da anestesia inalatória em capivaras (Hydrocoaerus hydrochaeris) submetidas à cirurgia contraceptiva pela técnica convencional e videocirurgia

A capivara é um roedor, hospedeiro do carrapato-estrela (Amblyomma cayennensis) e potencial disseminador da Febre Maculosa Brasileira. Por se adaptar facilmente a diversos ambientes e possuir alta capacidade reprodutiva, o controle populacional de alguns grupos de capivara pode se fazer necessário, sendo que os métodos mais adequados, considerando-se as características hierárquicas da espécie e a patogenia da febre maculosa, são a vasectomia e ligadura tubária. Sabendo-se das dificuldades na manutenção anestésica, da falta de literatura relacionada à anestesia nessa espécie e que as técnicas videolaparocópicas geralmente apresentam vantagens sobre as correspondentes abertas convencionais, objetiva-se avaliar a utilização da anestesia inalatória para os procedimentos de salpingectomia e deferentectomia em capivaras submetidas a duas diferentes abordagens pela técnica convencional e por videocirurgia. Foi realizado um estudo piloto com 32 animais capturados com peso médio de 53,9 ± 10,97 kg (32,3 - 69 kg). Todos os animais apresentaram instabilidade respiratória durante o procedimento cirúrgico, com valores de CO2 expirado chegando a 68 mmHg (62 ± 5 mmHg). Não houve necessidade de intervenção medicamentosa durante o procedimento cirúrgico, já que os animais apresentaram grau de relaxamento muscular e antinociceptivo satisfatórios com manutenção no isofluorano. Todos os animais apresentaram acúmulo de conteúdo gasoso intestinal, sendo necessária a canulação do ceco para diminuir a pressão abdominal, o qual foi tratado após introdução de cateter nº16. Em relação ao estudo experimental, 16 capivaras foram contidas quimicamente com a associação de cetamina (6,8 ± 1,6 mg/kg) com dexmedetomidina (7,9 ± 2 mcg/kg) e mantidas com isofluorano associado ou não a fármacos analgésicos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de frequência cardíaca (FC) e ritmos cardíacos, pressão arterial sistólica, média e diastólica (PAS, PAM e PAD), temperatura retal, frequência respiratória (f), a tensão de dióxido no final da expiração (ETCO2 - mmHg) bem como as concentrações inspiradas e expiradas de isofluorano, a saturação da oxihemoglobina no sangue periférico (SpO2) nos momentos Basal, Incisão de Pele, Tracionamento, Sutura e Final. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue arterial no momento após a captura, anterior a oxigenação, anterior a intubação e ao término do procedimento cirúrgico, para obtenção dos valores de potencial hidrogeniônico no sangue arterial (pH), pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial (PaCO2 - mmHg), pressão parcial de oxigênio no sangue arterial (PaO2 - mmHg), concentração plasmática de íon bicarbonato (HCO3 - - mmol/L), déficit de base (BE - mmol/L) e níveis séricos de lactato. O protocolo de contenção química proposto permitiu grau de relaxamento e sedação satisfatórios, permitindo coleta de amostras sanguíneas e paramentação dos animais para os procedimentos cirúrgico e anestésico. Em relação ao procedimento cirúrgico, a técnica convencional interferiu menos na dinâmica anestésica, apesar de não haverem diferenças significativas entre os parâmetros hemogasométricos, PAS, PAM, PAD, fração expirada de isofluorano e débito cardíaco, o monitoramento e a necessidade de diminuir a pressão intra-abdominal se fez necessário. Houve diferença principalmente em relação à frequência respiratória, e os animais do grupo Vídeo requereram maior necessidade de ventilação mecânica (P = 0,01328). Também não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao requerimento de fentanil. Com os dados obtidos, foi possível observar a importância da utilização de anestesia inalatória para a espécie em procedimentos invasivos de longa duração, permitindo maior estabilidade durante o período trans-cirúrgico sem a necessidade de reaplicação farmacológica.

Capybara is a rodent, host of the tick (Amblyomma cayennensis) and potential disseminator of Brazilian Macular Fever. By adapting easily to diverse environments and having a high reproductive capacity, the population control of some groups of capybara may be necessary, and the most appropriate methods, considering the hierarchical characteristics of the species and the pathogenesis of spotted fever, are the vasectomy and tubal ligation. Difficulties in anesthesia maintenance, the lack of literature related to anesthesia in this species and the fact that video-surgical techniques generally have advantages over the conventional open correspondents, the objective is to evaluate the use of inhalation anesthesia for salpingectomy and deferentectomy procedures in capybaras submitted to two different approaches by conventional technique and video-surgery. A pilot study was carried out with 32 animals captured with an average weight of 53.9 ± 10.97 kg (32.3 - 69 kg). All animals presented respiratory instability during the surgical procedure, with values of CO2 expired reaching 68 mmHg (62 ± 5 mmHg). There was no need for medication intervention during the surgical procedure, since all patients presented satisfactory muscular and antinociceptive relaxation with maintenance of isoflurane. All animals had an accumulation of intestinal gaseous contents and the cannulation of the cecum was necessary to reduce abdominal pressure which was treated after the introduction of catheter # 16. Regarding the experimental study, 16 capybaras were chemically contained with the association of ketamine (6.8 ± 1.6 mg/kg) with dexmedetomidine (7.9 ± 2 mcg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane associated or not with analgesic drugs. Heart rate (HR) and heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), rectal temperature, respiratory rate (f), end-expired dioxide tension (ETCO2 - mmHg) as well as inspiratory and expired concentrations of isoflurane and the inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2 -%), oxyhemoglobin saturation in the peripheral blood (SpO2) at Basal, Skin Incision, Traction, Suture and Final moments. Samples of arterial blood will be collected at the moment after intubation and at the end of the surgical procedure, in order to obtain the values of arterial hydrogenation potential (pH), arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2 - mmHg), partial pressure of arterial blood oxygen concentration (PaO2 - mmHg), plasma bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3 - mmol / L), and baseline (BE - mmol / L) deficits. The proposed chemical restraint protocol allowed a satisfactory degree of relaxation and sedation, allowing the collection of blood samples and the preparation of the animals for surgical and anesthetic procedures. Regarding the surgical procedure, the conventional technique interfered less in the anesthetic dynamics, although there were no significant differences between the hemogasometric parameters, SBP, MAP, DBP, expired fraction of isoflurane and cardiac output, monitoring and the need to reduce intraabdominal pressure. There was a difference mainly regarding respiratory rate, and the animals in the Video group required greater need for mechanical ventilation (P = 0.01328). There was also no difference between groups regarding the requirement for fentanyl. With the data obtained, it was possible to observe the importance of using inhalation anesthesia for the species in long-term invasive procedures, allowing greater stability during the trans-surgical period without the need for pharmacological reapplication.

EFEITOS DA DEXMEDETOMIDINA ASSOCIADA A DIFERENTES OPIOIDES SOBRE A PRESSÃO INTRAOCULAR (PIO) DE BEAGLES

Cabrini, Tatiana Monici. Efeitos da dexmedetomidina associada à diferentes opioides 120 sobre a pressão intraocular (PIO) de beagles. 2019. Dissertação (Mestrado Ciência Ani121 mal) Franca - SP. 122 123 A dexmedetomidina é um fármaco agonista alfa 2-adrenérgico utilizado isolado ou em 124 associação aos analgésicos opioides para promover sedação e analgesia, podendo indu125 zir variações na pressão intraocular (PIO) dose-dependentes por intervalo de tempo 126 ainda pouco relatados em cães. Objetivou-se avaliar, comparativamente, os efeitos da 127 dexmedetomidina isolada ou associada a opioides sobre a PIO de cães. Utilizaram-se 128 seis Beagles (2 machos e 4 fêmeas), adultos, hígidos, pesando 15,9 ± 2,9 kg. Os cães 129 foram condicionados durante 30 dias aos examinadores, ao ambiente e à rotina experi130 mental e distribuídos aleatoriamente em 7 tratamentos experimentais, recebendo a 131 mesma dose de dexmedetomindina (0,01 mg/kg). As associações foram realizadas em 132 mesma seringa ajustando-se o volume final para 2 mL e o músculo quadrícipes adotado 133 para administração intramuscular. Os grupos foram designados conforme os tratamen134 tos recebidos em estudo cego: GD dexmedetomidina; GDB - dexmedetomidina e bu135 torfanol (0,1 mg/kg); GDM - dexmedetomidina e meperidina (5 mg/kg); GDME - 136 dexmedetomidina e metadona (0,5 mg/kg); GDMO dexmedetomidina e morfina (0,5 137 mg/kg); GDN - dexmedetomidina e nalbufina (0,5 mg/kg); e GDT dexmedetomidina e 138 tramadol (5 mg/kg). A PIO foi aferida pela tonometria de aplanação no tempo T0 e a 139 intervalos de 15 minutos até 120 minutos após administração dos fármacos. Os resul140 tados foram analisados pelo teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e análise de variân141 cia (ANOVA) com teste de Dunnett para avaliação ao longo do tempo e o teste de 142 Tukey para comparação entre tratamentos (p<0,05). Houve redução significativa da 143 PIO comparativamente ao T0 nos tempos T30-T120 nos grupos GD e GDM. No 144 GDME, a redução foi observada de T15-T90 e, em GDB, GDN e GDT, houve redução 145 da PIO em todos os tempos de avaliação comparativamente a T0. Não houve alteração 146 da PIO no grupo GDMO em todos os momentos de avaliação. Os valores médios da 147 PIO do grupo GDME foram superiores aos demaistratamentos nostempos T105 e T120 148 e não diferiram de T0. Todas as associações utilizadas promoveram redução da PIO de 149 maneira semelhante, dentro dos limites fisiológicos para a espécie, à exceção da asso150 ciação entre dexmedetomidina e morfina que não induziu alterações durante 120 minu

Cabrini, Tatiana Monici. Effects of dexmedetomidine associated with different opioids 164 on beagles intraocular pressure (IOP). 2019. Thesis (Master of Animal Scienc) - Uni165 versity of Franca, Franca - SP. 166 167 168 Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist drug used alone or in combination 169 with opioid analgesics to promote sedation and analgesia, and may induce dose-de170 pendent variations in intraocular pressure (IOP) over time not yet reported in dogs. The 171 objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of dexmedetomidine 172 alone or associated with opioids on dogs IOP. Six healthy adult Beagles (2 males and 173 4 females) weighing 15.9 ± 2.9 kg were used.The dogs were conditioned for 30 days to 174 the examiners, the environment and the experimental routine and randomly assigned to 175 6 experimental treatments, which received the same dose of dexmedetomindine (0.01 176 mg / kg). Associations were performed in the same syringe by adjusting the final vol177 ume to 2 mL and the quadriceps muscle adopted for intramuscular administration. The 178 groups were assigned according to the treatments received in a blind study: GD - dex179 medetomidine; GDB - dexmedetomidine and butorphanol (0.1 mg / kg); GDM - dex180 medetomidine and meperidine (5 mg / kg); GDME - dexmedetomidine and methadone 181 (0.5 mg / kg); GDMD dexmedetomidine and morphine (0.5 mg / kg); GDN - dexme182 detomidine and nalbuphine (0.5 mg / kg); and GDT dexmedetomidine and tramadol (5 183 mg / kg). IOP was measured by applanation tonometry at time T0 and at intervals of 15 184 minutes to 120 minutes after drug administration. The results were analyzed by 185 Shapiro-Wilk normality test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett test for 186 evaluation over time and Tukey test for comparison between treatments (p <0.05). 187 There was a significant reduction in IOP compared to T0 at times T30-T120 in the GD 188 and GDM groups. In GDME, the reduction was observed from T15-T90 and, in GDB, 189 GDN and GDT, there was a reduction in IOP at all evaluation times compared to T0. 190 There was no change in IOP in the GDMO group at all evaluation times.The mean IOP 191 values of the GDME group were higher than the other treatments at times T105 and 192 T120 and did not differ from T0. All associations used promoted similar IOP reduction, 193 within physiological limits for the species, except for the association between dexme194 detomidine and morphine that did not induce changes for 120 minutes

AVALIAÇÃO DA CONTENÇÃO QUÍMICA E RECUPERAÇÃO ANESTÉSICA DE CERVÍDEOS NEOTROPICAIS SUBMETIDOS A DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS ANESTÉSICOS

Objetivou-se avaliar a contenção química e a recuperação anestésica de cervídeos neotropicais submetidos a diferentes protocolos anestésicos. No primeiro estudo, dez veados-catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) foram contidos quimicamente com 7 mg/kg de cetamina associada à 1 mg/kg de xilazina (CX) ou 0,2 mg/kg de detomidina (CD) ou 0,02 mg/kg de dexmedetomidina (CDx) administrados pela via intramuscular. A indução anestésica foi avaliada por meio da escala visual analógica (VAS) e as variáveis cardiorrepiratórias, hemogasométricas, lactato e glicose séricos foram registradas. No segundo estudo, 17 animais de oito espécies de cervídeos foram contidos quimicamente com 7 mg/kg de cetamina e 1 mg/kg de xilazina pela via intramuscular e submetidos a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano. Foram monitoradas frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f), saturação de oxigênio na hemoglobina (SpO2) e temperatura retal (TR). A recuperação anestésica foi avaliada por meio da VAS e escala descritiva qualitativa em ambos estudos. Os dados foram analisados para normalidade usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e comparados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido de Dunn ou ANOVA seguido de Tukey. Todos os dados foram submetidos a análise multivariada de correspondência múltipla (ACM). No primeiro estudo, os animais tratados com CX foram associados à hipoxemia (SpO2 entre 61 e 74%), os tratados com CD associados com hipertensão (iPAM entre 118 e 159 mmHg) e os tratados com CDx associados a taquicardia (FC entre 80 e 126 bpm). Um animal tratado com CX e outro com CD foram eutanasiados após apresentarem edema pulmonar hemorrágico durante a recuperação anestésica. Os animais tratados com CD, durante a recuperação, apresentaram atitude geral levemente excitada, posição quadrupedal apoiando-se nas paredes e com quedas repetidas, sendo considerada de pior qualidade quando comparada com os animais tratados com CX e CDx. No segundo estudo, a FC de Blastocerus dichotomus (40 [31-95] bpm) e Ozotocerus bezoarticus (40 [38-45] bpm) foi menor entre as espécies. A f foi menor em B. dichotomus (20 [6-28] mpm) e Odocoileus virginianus (20 [20- 22] mpm). A TR foi menor (36,1 [35,6-37,5] °C) em O. bezoarticus que em Mazama americana (38,1 [36,8-38,8] °C). A mediana (mínimo-máximo) da VAS de recuperação foi de 8,2 (4,7-9,4) em animais da espécie B. dichotomus, 8,8 (5,3-10) em M. gouazoubira, 8,7 (5,8-9,7) em M. americana, 9 (8,5-9,6) em Mazama nana, 7,9 (6,9-9,8) em Mazama nemorivaga, 6,9 (6,3-8,1) em Mazama bororo, 8 (6,6-8,9) em O. virginianus e 7,6 (6,2-9) em O. bezoarticus. Cervídeos da espécie M. bororo, M. gouazoubira e M. nemorivaga tiveram recuperação anestésica com incoordenação e queda. Conclui-se que o protocolo de contenção química obtido com a associação de cetamina e dexmedetomidina é o mais indicado nas condições deste estudo. Os cervídeos das espécies M. gouazoubira, M. nemorivaga e M. bororo tiveram recuperação de pior qualidade quando comparados com as espécies B. dichotomus, O. virginianus, O. bezoarticus, M. americana e M. nana.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical restraint and anesthetic recovery of neotropical deer submitted to different anesthetic protocols. In the first study, 10 brown brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) were chemically contained with 7 mg/kg ketamine and associated to 1 mg/kg xylazine (CX) or 0.2 mg/kg detomidine (CD) or 0.02 mg/kg dexmedetomidine (CDx) administered intramuscularly. Anesthetic induction was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) and cardiorespiratory, hemogasometric, lactate and serum glucose variables were recorded. In the second study, 17 animals of eight deer species were chemically restrained with 7 mg/kg ketamine and 1 mg/kg xylazine, administered intramuscularly, followed by isofluorane inhalant anesthesia. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (f), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and rectal temperature (RT) were monitored. Anesthetic recovery was assessed by VAS and qualitative descriptive scale in both studies. Data were analyzed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test and compared by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn or ANOVA followed by Tukey. Data were submitted to multivariate multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). In the first study, animals treated with CX were associated hypoxemia (SpO2 between 61 and 74%), animals treated with CD were associated hypertension (iPAM between 118 and 159 mmHg), and animals treated with CDx were associated tachycardia (FC between 80 and 126 beats minute). One animal treated with CX and one treated with CD were euthanized after presenting hemorrhagic pulmonary edema during anesthetic recovery. The anesthetic recovery of animals treated with CD was associated with a slightly excited attitude, quadrupedal position leaning against the walls and repeated falls being considered of poorer quality when compared to the animals treated with CX and CDx. In the second study, HR for Blastocerus dichotomus (40 [31-95] beats minute) and Ozotocerus bezoarticus (40 [38-45] beats minute) was lower among species. The f was lower for B. dichotomus (20 [6-28] breaths minute) and Odocoileus virginianus (20 [20-22] breaths minute). RT was lower (36.1 [35.6- 37.5] °C) for O. bezoarticus than for Mazama americana (38.1 [36.8-38.8] °C). The median (minimum-maximum) VAS recovery score was 8.2 (4.7-9.4) for B. dichotomus, 8.8 (5.3-10) for M. gouazoubira, 8.7 (5.8-9.7) for M. americana, 9 (8.5-9.6) for Mazama nana, 7.9 (6.9-9.8) for Mazama nemorivaga, 6.9 (6.3-8.1) for Mazama bororo, 8 (6.6-8.9) for O. virginianus and 7.6 (6.2-9) for O. bezoarticus. The deer species M. bororo, M. gouazoubira and M. nemorivaga had anesthetic recovery with incoordination and fall. It was concluded that the chemical restraint protocol obtained with the combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine is the most indicated in the conditions of this study. The deer of the species M. gouazoubira, M. nemorivaga and M. bororo had recovery of worse quality when compared with the species B. dichotomus, O. virginianus, O. bezoarticus, M. americana and M. nana.