Electromyographic evaluation of early stage results of exoscopic microdecompressive spinal surgery in dogs

Background: Spinal surgical interventions are generally used in the treatment of various spinal pathologiessuch as vertebral fracture, luxation-subluxation, congenital vertebral deformities, discal hernia, infection andtumor. Minimally invasive spinal surgery contributes to rapid recovery by reducing iatrogenic muscle damageand postoperative pain. In minimally invasive spinal surgery, a new hybrid imaging technique, the exoscope,has been developed in the last decade. The purpose of this study was to report efficacy of the exoscopic microdecompressive spinal surgery (MDSS) and its early postoperative electromyography (EMG) results in dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: The material of this study consisted of the owned 10 dogs with spinal cordinjury resulted from the different etiologies. On the basis of examinations, medical support (fluid therapy, corticosteroid, etc.) was applied to the required dogs. Exoscopic MDSS was performed under general anesthesia indogs. The neurologic, radiologic and EMG examination were completed at pre- and postoperative periods. EMGresults at postoperative 1st week showed increased conduction velocity and amplitudes in 3 cases. There was nosignificant change in a case. And, there was a slight slowdown in conduction velocity and significant decreasein amplitudes in a case. At postoperative 4th week, ther was increased conduction velocity and amplitudes in 8cases and needle EMG showed that spontan muscle activity was normal...

Electromyographic evaluation of early stage results of exoscopic microdecompressive spinal surgery in dogs

Background: Spinal surgical interventions are generally used in the treatment of various spinal pathologiessuch as vertebral fracture, luxation-subluxation, congenital vertebral deformities, discal hernia, infection andtumor. Minimally invasive spinal surgery contributes to rapid recovery by reducing iatrogenic muscle damageand postoperative pain. In minimally invasive spinal surgery, a new hybrid imaging technique, the exoscope,has been developed in the last decade. The purpose of this study was to report efficacy of the exoscopic microdecompressive spinal surgery (MDSS) and its early postoperative electromyography (EMG) results in dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: The material of this study consisted of the owned 10 dogs with spinal cordinjury resulted from the different etiologies. On the basis of examinations, medical support (fluid therapy, corticosteroid, etc.) was applied to the required dogs. Exoscopic MDSS was performed under general anesthesia indogs. The neurologic, radiologic and EMG examination were completed at pre- and postoperative periods. EMGresults at postoperative 1st week showed increased conduction velocity and amplitudes in 3 cases. There was nosignificant change in a case. And, there was a slight slowdown in conduction velocity and significant decreasein amplitudes in a case. At postoperative 4th week, ther was increased conduction velocity and amplitudes in 8cases and needle EMG showed that spontan muscle activity was normal...(AU)

Tibial and fibular nerves evaluation using intraoperative electromyography in rats

PURPOSE:To evaluate a new model of intraoperative electromyographic (EMG) assessment of the tibial and fibular nerves, and its respectives motor units in rats.METHODS:Eight Wistar rats underwent intraoperative EMG on both hind limbs at two different moments: week 0 and week 12. Supramaximal electrical stimulation applied on sciatic nerve, and compound muscle action potential recorded on the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) and the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDLM) through electrodes at specifics points. Motor function assessment was performaced through Walking Track Test.RESULTS:Exposing the muscles and nerves for examination did not alter tibial (p=0.918) or fibular (p=0.877) function between the evaluation moments. Electromyography of the GM, innervated by the tibial nerve, revealed similar amplitude (p=0.069) and latency (p=0.256) at week 0 and at 12 weeks, creating a standard of normality. Meanwhile, electromyography of the EDLM, innervated by the fibular nerve, showed significant differences between the amplitudes (p=0.003) and latencies (p=0.021) at the two different moments of observation.CONCLUSION:Intraoperative electromyography determined and quantified gastrocnemius muscle motor unit integrity, innervated by tibial nerve. Although this study was not useful to, objectively, assess extensor digitorum longus muscle motor unit, innervated by fibular nerve.(AU)

Electromyographic analysis of the gait cycle phases of boxer dogs / Análise eletromiográfica do ciclo de marcha em cães da raça boxer

Systematic studies involving technologies such as surface electromyography (sEMG) may provide important data that enable veterinarians to recognize musculoskeletal, ligamentous, and neurological alterations. The aim of this study was to describe the gait cycle phases and the timing of muscle activation in healthy Boxer dogs during gait by means of sEMG. The gait cycle of seven Boxer dogs was evaluated and sEMG was recorded from the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachiocephalic, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and superficial gluteal muscles of the right hemibody. Circular monopolar Ag/AgCl electrodes were attached to the mean point between the motor point and the muscle insertion. The electromyographic signals were collected by an active interface with 20-fold gain in a bipolar differential configuration using a 16-channel signal conditioner (EMG Systems Brasil), while the dogs walked on a treadmill at a speed of 2m/s. Pearson's correlation was used for the statistical analysis. A positive correlation was found between the rectus femoris and biceps brachii (r= 0.81); superficial gluteal and triceps brachii (r= 0.69); semitendinosus-semimembranosus and biceps brachii (r= 0.76); and rectus femoris and semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle groups (r=0.99). The biceps brachii and brachiocephalic muscles work in tandem to position the thoracic limb during the gait cycle, while the semitendinosus-semimembranosus group flexes the knee and, simultaneously with the quadriceps that flexes the hip, prevents the contact of the pelvic limb with the ground during the swing phase. The body is propelled forward by the triceps brachii muscle, which extends the elbow and flexes the shoulder at the final contact, while the superficial gluteal muscle extends the hip.(AU)

Estudos sistemáticos que envolvem uso de tecnologias, como a eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs), podem fornecer dados importantes que capacitam os clínicos a diferenciar as alterações musculoesqueléticas, ligamentares ou neurológicas. Objetiva-se com este trabalho descrever as fases da marcha canina e o momento de ativação dos músculos de cães saudáveis da raça Boxer durante a marcha, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície. Avaliou-se a marcha de sete cães da raça Boxer, e o sinal elétrico da eletromiografia de superfície foi coletado do bíceps braquial, do tríceps braquial, do braquiocefálico, do reto femoral, do semitendinoso/semimembranoso e do glúteo superficial do hemicorpo direito. Os eletrodos monopolares circulares de prata com cloreto de prata (Ag/AgCl) foram posicionados no ponto médio entre a placa motora e a inserção desses músculos. Os sinais eletromiográficos foram capturados e adquiridos por uma interface ativa com ganho de 20x em configuração diferencial bipolar e por um condicionador de sinais (EMG Systems Brasil) de 16 canais, enquanto os cães caminharam em esteira com velocidade de 2m/s. Para análise estatística, foi aplicado teste de correlação de Pearson. Verificou-se correlação positiva entre os músculos retofemoral e bíceps braquial (r= 0,81); glúteo superficial e tríceps braquial (r= 0,69); semitendinoso/semimembranoso e bíceps braquial (r= 0,76); e entre o músculo reto femoral e o grupo muscular semitendinoso e semimembranoso (r=0,99). Os músculos bíceps braquial e braquiocefálico do mesmo membro trabalham em sinergia para posicionar o membro torácico durante o ciclo de marcha, enquanto o grupo muscular semitendinoso/semimembranoso flexiona o joelho e, simultaneamente com o quadríceps, que flexiona o quadril, impede que o membro pélvico entre em contato com o solo no balanço. Para impulsionar o corpo à frente, o músculo tríceps braquial estende o cotovelo e flexiona o ombro no contato final e o glúteo superficial estende o quadril.(AU)

Electromyographic analysis of the gait cycle phases of boxer dogs / Análise eletromiográfica do ciclo de marcha em cães da raça boxer

Systematic studies involving technologies such as surface electromyography (sEMG) may provide important data that enable veterinarians to recognize musculoskeletal, ligamentous, and neurological alterations. The aim of this study was to describe the gait cycle phases and the timing of muscle activation in healthy Boxer dogs during gait by means of sEMG. The gait cycle of seven Boxer dogs was evaluated and sEMG was recorded from the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachiocephalic, rectus femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and superficial gluteal muscles of the right hemibody. Circular monopolar Ag/AgCl electrodes were attached to the mean point between the motor point and the muscle insertion. The electromyographic signals were collected by an active interface with 20-fold gain in a bipolar differential configuration using a 16-channel signal conditioner (EMG Systems Brasil), while the dogs walked on a treadmill at a speed of 2m/s. Pearson's correlation was used for the statistical analysis. A positive correlation was found between the rectus femoris and biceps brachii (r= 0.81); superficial gluteal and triceps brachii (r= 0.69); semitendinosus-semimembranosus and biceps brachii (r= 0.76); and rectus femoris and semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscle groups (r=0.99). The biceps brachii and brachiocephalic muscles work in tandem to position the thoracic limb during the gait cycle, while the semitendinosus-semimembranosus group flexes the knee and, simultaneously with the quadriceps that flexes the hip, prevents the contact of the pelvic limb with the ground during the swing phase. The body is propelled forward by the triceps brachii muscle, which extends the elbow and flexes the shoulder at the final contact, while the superficial gluteal muscle extends the hip.(AU)

Estudos sistemáticos que envolvem uso de tecnologias, como a eletromiografia de superfície (EMGs), podem fornecer dados importantes que capacitam os clínicos a diferenciar as alterações musculoesqueléticas, ligamentares ou neurológicas. Objetiva-se com este trabalho descrever as fases da marcha canina e o momento de ativação dos músculos de cães saudáveis da raça Boxer durante a marcha, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície. Avaliou-se a marcha de sete cães da raça Boxer, e o sinal elétrico da eletromiografia de superfície foi coletado do bíceps braquial, do tríceps braquial, do braquiocefálico, do reto femoral, do semitendinoso/semimembranoso e do glúteo superficial do hemicorpo direito. Os eletrodos monopolares circulares de prata com cloreto de prata (Ag/AgCl) foram posicionados no ponto médio entre a placa motora e a inserção desses músculos. Os sinais eletromiográficos foram capturados e adquiridos por uma interface ativa com ganho de 20x em configuração diferencial bipolar e por um condicionador de sinais (EMG Systems Brasil) de 16 canais, enquanto os cães caminharam em esteira com velocidade de 2m/s. Para análise estatística, foi aplicado teste de correlação de Pearson. Verificou-se correlação positiva entre os músculos retofemoral e bíceps braquial (r= 0,81); glúteo superficial e tríceps braquial (r= 0,69); semitendinoso/semimembranoso e bíceps braquial (r= 0,76); e entre o músculo reto femoral e o grupo muscular semitendinoso e semimembranoso (r=0,99). Os músculos bíceps braquial e braquiocefálico do mesmo membro trabalham em sinergia para posicionar o membro torácico durante o ciclo de marcha, enquanto o grupo muscular semitendinoso/semimembranoso flexiona o joelho e, simultaneamente com o quadríceps, que flexiona o quadril, impede que o membro pélvico entre em contato com o solo no balanço. Para impulsionar o corpo à frente, o músculo tríceps braquial estende o cotovelo e flexiona o ombro no contato final e o glúteo superficial estende o quadril.(AU)

Electroneuromyographic evaluation in healthy cats and in those submitted to the nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism / Avaliação eletroneuromiográfica em gatos normais e submetidos ao hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional

The aim of this study was to evaluate the motor nerve conduction velocity, neuromuscular transmission, and electromyography at rest in healthy cats (group I) and in cats submitted to the nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (group II). Ten mongrel cats, six males and four females, aged between 4 and 5 months and average body weight of 1.67 kg were used to establish normal pattern (group I). Ten mongrel cats, five males and five females, initial age between 2 and 3 months, old and initial body weight of 820 grams were used in group II. After 10 days of adaptation period, the group II animals were fed with raw heart beef for 60 days to induce the nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism. It was possible to conclude that the motor nerve conduction velocity, and electromyographic findings of insertional and spontaneous activities of cats with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism showed similar pattern to healthy cats at the same age. Using repetitive stimulation at 3Hz it was observed global tendency to decrement of the compound muscle action potentials, and using repetitive stimulation at 10Hz a tendency to decrement or increment occurred; though, the variations were at normal limit.

O trabalho teve por objetivos estudar a condução nervosa motora e a transmissão neuromuscular e eletromiografia de repouso em gatos normais (grupo I), submetidos a hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (grupo II). Para estudo normativo (grupo I), foram utilizados 10 gatos, aparentemente saudáveis, sem raça definida, sendo seis machos e quatro fêmeas, com idades entre 4 e 5 meses e peso médio de 1,67kg. No grupo II, empregaram-se 10 gatos, sem raça definida, sendo cinco machos e cinco fêmeas, com idade aproximada inicial entre 2 e 3 meses e peso inicial médio de 820 gramas. Após um período de adaptação de 10 dias, foram alimentados por 60 dias com coração bovino moído e cru, visando a indução de hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional. Foi possível concluir que latência, amplitude e velocidade de condução nervosa motora e os achados eletromiográficos das atividades insercional e espontânea de gatos com hiperparatireoisdismo secundário nutricional, apresentaram um padrão similar aos de gatos normais da mesma idade. Para estimulações repetitivas a 3Hz, observou-se tendência global a decremento dos potenciais de ação musculares compostos e a 10 Hz houve tendência de incremento ou decremento; entretanto, tais variações apresentaram-se dentro dos limites de normalidade.

The use of electroneuromyography in Veterinary Medicine / Utilização de eletroneuromiografia em Medicina Veterinária

Although history, clinical findings, and neurological exams can be used to determine an interim diagnosis of neurological diseases, final confirmation usually requires additional diagnostic tests. This article describes electrodiagnostic tests such as electromyography and nerve stimulation studies, which have become an invaluable tool to evaluate muscles, neuromuscular junctions, peripheral nerves and the spinal cord.

Apesar de a história clínica associada aos achados do exame físico e neurológico permitirem o diagnóstico de uma doença neurológica, muitas vezes a confirmação do quadro necessita de exames complementares específicos. Este artigo descreve os testes eletrodiagnósticos que tem sido utilizados para avaliar a musculatura esquelética, as junções neuromusculares, os nervos periféricos e a medula espinhal, tais como a eletromiografia e os estudos de estimulação nervosa.

The use of electroneuromyography in Veterinary Medicine / Utilização de eletroneuromiografia em Medicina Veterinária

Although history, clinical findings, and neurological exams can be used to determine an interim diagnosis of neurological diseases, final confirmation usually requires additional diagnostic tests. This article describes electrodiagnostic tests such as electromyography and nerve stimulation studies, which have become an invaluable tool to evaluate muscles, neuromuscular junctions, peripheral nerves and the spinal cord.

Apesar de a história clínica associada aos achados do exame físico e neurológico permitirem o diagnóstico de uma doença neurológica, muitas vezes a confirmação do quadro necessita de exames complementares específicos. Este artigo descreve os testes eletrodiagnósticos que tem sido utilizados para avaliar a musculatura esquelética, as junções neuromusculares, os nervos periféricos e a medula espinhal, tais como a eletromiografia e os estudos de estimulação nervosa.

Avaliação bispectral das associações anestésicas: atropina-cetamina-xilazina, levomepromazina-tilemina zolazepan e levomepromazina-cetamina-midazolam em cães / Bispectral evaluation of the anesthetic associations: atropine-ketamine-xylazine, levomepromazine-tiletamine-zolazepan and levomepromazine-ketamine-midazolam in dogs

Avaliou-se o comportamento bispectral e eletromiográfico de 30 cães anestesiados com atropina-xilazina-cetamina, levomepromazina-tiletamina-zolazepam e levomepromazina-cetamina-midazolam. A monitoração foi realizada em momentos distribuídos entre: M0, imediatamente da medicação pré-anestésica e imediatamente anterior à administração da associação anestésica; e M2 a M7, realizados em intervalos de 10 minutos após a administração da associação anestésica. Os resultados observados indicaram que os fármacos dissociativos apresentam pouca influência sobre a redução do índice bispectral, sendo o mesmo flutuante em função da estimulação do paciente no período transanestésico(AU)

The bispectral and electromyographic behavior studied in 30 mongrel dogs, 10 submitted to atropine-xilazine-ketamine, 10 to levomepromazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and 10 to levomepromazine-ketamine-midazolam. The monitoring was done in 8 moments: M0, immediately before the pre-anesthetic medication; M1, immediately after the pre-anesthetic medication and before the anesthetic association; and M2 to M7 in each 10 minutes intervals. The results showed low influence of the dissociative medications on the bispectral index reduction, indicating variations in bispectral index due to animal manipulation during the trans-anesthetic period(AU)

Avaliação bispectral das associações anestésicas: atropina-cetamina-xilazina, levomepromazina-tilemina zolazepan e levomepromazina-cetamina-midazolam em cães / Bispectral evaluation of the anesthetic associations: atropine-ketamine-xylazine, levomepromazine-tiletamine-zolazepan and levomepromazine-ketamine-midazolam in dogs

Avaliou-se o comportamento bispectral e eletromiográfico de 30 cães anestesiados com atropina-xilazina-cetamina, levomepromazina-tiletamina-zolazepam e levomepromazina-cetamina-midazolam. A monitoração foi realizada em momentos distribuídos entre: M0, imediatamente da medicação pré-anestésica e imediatamente anterior à administração da associação anestésica; e M2 a M7, realizados em intervalos de 10 minutos após a administração da associação anestésica. Os resultados observados indicaram que os fármacos dissociativos apresentam pouca influência sobre a redução do índice bispectral, sendo o mesmo flutuante em função da estimulação do paciente no período transanestésico

The bispectral and electromyographic behavior studied in 30 mongrel dogs, 10 submitted to atropine-xilazine-ketamine, 10 to levomepromazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and 10 to levomepromazine-ketamine-midazolam. The monitoring was done in 8 moments: M0, immediately before the pre-anesthetic medication; M1, immediately after the pre-anesthetic medication and before the anesthetic association; and M2 to M7 in each 10 minutes intervals. The results showed low influence of the dissociative medications on the bispectral index reduction, indicating variations in bispectral index due to animal manipulation during the trans-anesthetic period