Effect of the Line and Age of Female Broiler Breeder on Hatchability Performance of Eggs

An experiment was conducted to assess how hatchability performance of eggs is affected by line and age of female broiler breeders. Response variables analyzed were hatchability, infertility, pipping (i.e., pipped shell but not emerged), embryonic mortality (1st, 2nd, and 3rd wk), and embryonic malposition. The trials involved a total of 2,880 fertile eggs from two broiler breeder lines (Ross 308 and Cobb 500) at two different ages (30 and 50 wk). A 2 x 2 factorial design was used, where the broiler breeder line and broiler breeder age were the main effects. The hatchability in the Ross 308 line was higher than the Cobb 500 line, but its infertility was higher than the Ross 308 line. Hatchability in interaction (50 wk age of the hen in the Cobb 500 line) was less, and their infertility was higher. Embryonic mortality, pipping, and embryonic malposition did not present differences for the interaction between factors. The results suggest that hatchability performance of eggs can be improved, if egg management and incubation procedures are adjusted to account for the interaction between broiler breeder line and broiler breeder age.(AU)

Egg Storage Time Affects Incubation Yield and Hatch Window in Pekin Ducks (Anas Boschas)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage time on albumen quality, incubation yield, and hatch window in Pekin ducks (Anas boschas). A total of 1302 eggs were randomly distributed to seven treatments according to the storage time with durations ranging from 1 to 14 days. Each treatment consisted of 186 eggs with a two-day storage interval between treatments. The pH and Haugh unit (HU) of the albumen, egg weight loss during incubation (WL), hatchability (HTCH), incubation duration (ID), hatch window, asymmetry (ASS), percentile kurtosis (PK), and embryonic mortality were analyzed. A linear effect was observed forthe WL, ID, and PK and a quadratic effect forpH, HU, and HTCH over time. No significant effect of storage time was observed on ASS. Post-pipping embryonic mortality was linearly affected by storage time. Prolonging the storage period above 10 days reduces albumen quality and hatchability, delays the hatch of Pekins, and results in a higher percentage of post-pipping mortality.(AU)

Egg Storage Time Affects Incubation Yield and Hatch Window in Pekin Ducks (Anas Boschas)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of storage time on albumen quality, incubation yield, and hatch window in Pekin ducks (Anas boschas). A total of 1302 eggs were randomly distributed to seven treatments according to the storage time with durations ranging from 1 to 14 days. Each treatment consisted of 186 eggs with a two-day storage interval between treatments. The pH and Haugh unit (HU) of the albumen, egg weight loss during incubation (WL), hatchability (HTCH), incubation duration (ID), hatch window, asymmetry (ASS), percentile kurtosis (PK), and embryonic mortality were analyzed. A linear effect was observed forthe WL, ID, and PK and a quadratic effect forpH, HU, and HTCH over time. No significant effect of storage time was observed on ASS. Post-pipping embryonic mortality was linearly affected by storage time. Prolonging the storage period above 10 days reduces albumen quality and hatchability, delays the hatch of Pekins, and results in a higher percentage of post-pipping mortality.

New approaches to diagnose and target reproductive failure in cattle

Abstract Reproductive failure and pregnancy loss in cattle are some of the largest economic burdens to cattle producers and one of most perplexing factors influencing management decisions. Pregnancy loss may occur at any point during gestation with the largest percentage of loss occurring in the first 30 days and, subsequently, decreasing as the pregnancy progresses. Losses may be attributed to numerous factors, predisposed issues or environmental conditions such as nutritional stressors or disease. From a research perspective, determining the exact causes of pregnancy loss or embryonic mortality in cattle have been difficult, due to limitations of accurately determining early gestation pregnancy status. Until methods that precisely determine embryo success early in gestation are available, our understanding of in vivo pregnancy loss will lack clarity necessary to develop management strategies to decrease such loss. In this review, we will briefly discuss the pivotal periods of pregnancy loss affecting beef and dairy cattle, methods and technologies to determine pregnancy status and embryo viability and potential opportunities to decrease reproductive failure.

New approaches to diagnose and target reproductive failure in cattle

Reproductive failure and pregnancy loss in cattle are some of the largest economic burdens to cattle producers and one of most perplexing factors influencing management decisions. Pregnancy loss may occur at any point during gestation with the largest percentage of loss occurring in the first 30 days and, subsequently, decreasing as the pregnancy progresses. Losses may be attributed to numerous factors, predisposed issues or environmental conditions such as nutritional stressors or disease. From a research perspective, determining the exact causes of pregnancy loss or embryonic mortality in cattle have been difficult, due to limitations of accurately determining early gestation pregnancy status. Until methods that precisely determine embryo success early in gestation are available, our understanding of in vivo pregnancy loss will lack clarity necessary to develop management strategies to decrease such loss. In this review, we will briefly discuss the pivotal periods of pregnancy loss affecting beef and dairy cattle, methods and technologies to determine pregnancy status and embryo viability and potential opportunities to decrease reproductive failure.(AU)

Effect of Essential Fatty Acid Proportion in Feed on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

This investigation was carried out to determine the effect of Essential Fatty Acids proportion (EFAs [n-6, n-3]) in feed through the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil on EFA profile in eggs as well as productive and reproductive performance of Japanese quail. We used 120 quail from 7 to 22 weeks of age, in 15 cages in groups of 6 females and 2 males assigned according to the completely randomized design to 3 treatments with 5 replicates. The treatments were n-6:n-3 proportions 10:1 (control), 4:1 and 1:1. FA profile in yolk, feed intake, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality were measured. In the egg yolk, n-6 content was similar in the proportions (p>0.05), while n-3 content increased (p 0.01) as n-6:n-3 ratio decreased in the feed. Feed consumption per quail was similar between treatments (p>0.05). In 4:1 and 1:1 proportion laying percentage was greater, but egg weight was lower (p 0.01). Fertility and hatchability were similar between proportions n-6, n-3 (p>0.68). Early and total embryonic mortality was lower in 10:1 and 4:1 proportion (p 0.01); while intermediate and late mortality was similar (p>0.30). The results of the experiment indicate that the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil, to obtain n-6:n-3 proportion of 1:1, 4:1 and 10:1 does not modify feed consumption, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability; but, 4:1 and 10:1 proportions favor a lower embryonic mortality.(AU)

Effect of Essential Fatty Acid Proportion in Feed on Productive and Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

This investigation was carried out to determine the effect of Essential Fatty Acids proportion (EFAs [n-6, n-3]) in feed through the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil on EFA profile in eggs as well as productive and reproductive performance of Japanese quail. We used 120 quail from 7 to 22 weeks of age, in 15 cages in groups of 6 females and 2 males assigned according to the completely randomized design to 3 treatments with 5 replicates. The treatments were n-6:n-3 proportions 10:1 (control), 4:1 and 1:1. FA profile in yolk, feed intake, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, hatchability, and embryonic mortality were measured. In the egg yolk, n-6 content was similar in the proportions (p>0.05), while n-3 content increased (p 0.01) as n-6:n-3 ratio decreased in the feed. Feed consumption per quail was similar between treatments (p>0.05). In 4:1 and 1:1 proportion laying percentage was greater, but egg weight was lower (p 0.01). Fertility and hatchability were similar between proportions n-6, n-3 (p>0.68). Early and total embryonic mortality was lower in 10:1 and 4:1 proportion (p 0.01); while intermediate and late mortality was similar (p>0.30). The results of the experiment indicate that the mixture of soy, olive, canola or chia oil, to obtain n-6:n-3 proportion of 1:1, 4:1 and 10:1 does not modify feed consumption, laying rate, egg weight, fertility, and hatchability; but, 4:1 and 10:1 proportions favor a lower embryonic mortality.

Embryonic mortality and abortion in goats caused by ingestion of Poincianella pyramidalis / Mortalidade embrionária e aborto em caprinos causados pela ingestão de Poincianella pyramidalis

This study aimed to characterize the embryotoxic, teratogenic and abortifacient effect of Poincianella pyramidalis in goats. Twenty pregnant goats with 18 days of gestation were divided into five groups of four animals each. After collection, the leaves of P. pyramidalis were dried in the shade and crushed. The daily feed provided to the goats was equivalent to 3% of their body weight, being 1% concentrated feed and 2% roughage. In Group 1 (control), the provided roughage was Cynodon dactylon (Tifton) hay; in Groups 2, 3 and 4, 10%, 20% and 80% of the C. dactylon roughage was replaced by dry and ground P. pyramidalis, respectively. In Group 5, all the roughage was replaced by green P. pyramidalis ad libitum, collected daily. Ultrasonographic examination was performed twice a week throughout the pregnancy. Goats in Groups 1, 2 and 3, delivered normal kids. Two goats in Group 4 aborted at 127 and 90 days of gestation. In group 5, three goats showed embryonic death at 25, 30 and 31 days of gestation and the other goat aborted at 39 days of pregnancy. Malformations were not observed. It is suggested that P. pyramidalis, which is very common in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, should be considered as an important cause of reproductive losses in this area. Due to its high palatability, it is important to avoid the ingestion of P. pyramidalis by pregnant and mating goats.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial embriotóxico, abortivo e teratogênico da Poincianella pyramidalis em caprinos. Para tanto foram utilizadas 20 cabras prenhes com 18 dias de gestação, divididas em cinco grupos de quatro animais. Depois da coleta, as folhas de P. pyramidalis era secas a sombra e trituradas. A alimentação diária fornecida aos caprinos foi proporcional a 3% do seu peso vivo, sendo 1% de alimento concentrado e 2% de volumoso. No Grupo 1 (controle), o volumoso fornecido foi apenas feno de Cynodon dactylon (Tifton). Já nos Grupos 2, 3 e 4, 10%, 20% e 80% do volumoso foi substituído por folhas secas e trituradas de P. pyramidalis, respectivamente. No Grupo 5, todo o volumoso foi constituído por P. pyramidalis verde ad libitum, coletadas diariamente. Para o acompanhamento das gestações, exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados duas vezes por semana, durante toda a gestação. As cabras dos Grupos 1, 2 e 3 pariram cabritos normais. Duas cabras no Grupo 4 abortaram, sendo uma com 127 dias de gestação e outra com 90 dias. No grupo 5, três cabras apresentaram morte embrionária no 25º, 30º e 31º dia de gestação e uma cabra abortou no 39º dia de gestação. No presente estudo não foi observada nenhuma malformação. Com esses resultados e considerando a ampla difusão de P. pyramidalis na região semiárida do nordeste Brasileiro sugere-se que esta planta é uma importante causa de perdas reprodutivas na região. Devido a sua alta palatabilidade, recomenda-se evitar a permanência de cabras prenhes em áreas onde ocorre P. pyramidalis.(AU)

Embryonic mortality and abortion in goats caused by ingestion of Poincianella pyramidalis / Mortalidade embrionária e aborto em caprinos causados pela ingestão de Poincianella pyramidalis

This study aimed to characterize the embryotoxic, teratogenic and abortifacient effect of Poincianella pyramidalis in goats. Twenty pregnant goats with 18 days of gestation were divided into five groups of four animals each. After collection, the leaves of P. pyramidalis were dried in the shade and crushed. The daily feed provided to the goats was equivalent to 3% of their body weight, being 1% concentrated feed and 2% roughage. In Group 1 (control), the provided roughage was Cynodon dactylon (Tifton) hay; in Groups 2, 3 and 4, 10%, 20% and 80% of the C. dactylon roughage was replaced by dry and ground P. pyramidalis, respectively. In Group 5, all the roughage was replaced by green P. pyramidalis ad libitum, collected daily. Ultrasonographic examination was performed twice a week throughout the pregnancy. Goats in Groups 1, 2 and 3, delivered normal kids. Two goats in Group 4 aborted at 127 and 90 days of gestation. In group 5, three goats showed embryonic death at 25, 30 and 31 days of gestation and the other goat aborted at 39 days of pregnancy. Malformations were not observed. It is suggested that P. pyramidalis, which is very common in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, should be considered as an important cause of reproductive losses in this area. Due to its high palatability, it is important to avoid the ingestion of P. pyramidalis by pregnant and mating goats.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial embriotóxico, abortivo e teratogênico da Poincianella pyramidalis em caprinos. Para tanto foram utilizadas 20 cabras prenhes com 18 dias de gestação, divididas em cinco grupos de quatro animais. Depois da coleta, as folhas de P. pyramidalis era secas a sombra e trituradas. A alimentação diária fornecida aos caprinos foi proporcional a 3% do seu peso vivo, sendo 1% de alimento concentrado e 2% de volumoso. No Grupo 1 (controle), o volumoso fornecido foi apenas feno de Cynodon dactylon (Tifton). Já nos Grupos 2, 3 e 4, 10%, 20% e 80% do volumoso foi substituído por folhas secas e trituradas de P. pyramidalis, respectivamente. No Grupo 5, todo o volumoso foi constituído por P. pyramidalis verde ad libitum, coletadas diariamente. Para o acompanhamento das gestações, exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados duas vezes por semana, durante toda a gestação. As cabras dos Grupos 1, 2 e 3 pariram cabritos normais. Duas cabras no Grupo 4 abortaram, sendo uma com 127 dias de gestação e outra com 90 dias. No grupo 5, três cabras apresentaram morte embrionária no 25º, 30º e 31º dia de gestação e uma cabra abortou no 39º dia de gestação. No presente estudo não foi observada nenhuma malformação. Com esses resultados e considerando a ampla difusão de P. pyramidalis na região semiárida do nordeste Brasileiro sugere-se que esta planta é uma importante causa de perdas reprodutivas na região. Devido a sua alta palatabilidade, recomenda-se evitar a permanência de cabras prenhes em áreas onde ocorre P. pyramidalis.(AU)

Embryonic mortality and abortion in goats caused by ingestion of Poincianella pyramidalis

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to characterize the embryotoxic, teratogenic and abortifacient effect of Poincianella pyramidalis in goats. Twenty pregnant goats with 18 days of gestation were divided into five groups of four animals each. After collection, the leaves of P. pyramidalis were dried in the shade and crushed. The daily feed provided to the goats was equivalent to 3% of their body weight, being 1% concentrated feed and 2% roughage. In Group 1 (control), the provided roughage was Cynodon dactylon (Tifton) hay; in Groups 2, 3 and 4, 10%, 20% and 80% of the C. dactylon roughage was replaced by dry and ground P. pyramidalis, respectively. In Group 5, all the roughage was replaced by green P. pyramidalis ad libitum, collected daily. Ultrasonographic examination was performed twice a week throughout the pregnancy. Goats in Groups 1, 2 and 3, delivered normal kids. Two goats in Group 4 aborted at 127 and 90 days of gestation. In group 5, three goats showed embryonic death at 25, 30 and 31 days of gestation and the other goat aborted at 39 days of pregnancy. Malformations were not observed. It is suggested that P. pyramidalis, which is very common in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil, should be considered as an important cause of reproductive losses in this area. Due to its high palatability, it is important to avoid the ingestion of P. pyramidalis by pregnant and mating goats.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o potencial embriotóxico, abortivo e teratogênico da Poincianella pyramidalis em caprinos. Para tanto foram utilizadas 20 cabras prenhes com 18 dias de gestação, divididas em cinco grupos de quatro animais. Depois da coleta, as folhas de P. pyramidalis era secas a sombra e trituradas. A alimentação diária fornecida aos caprinos foi proporcional a 3% do seu peso vivo, sendo 1% de alimento concentrado e 2% de volumoso. No Grupo 1 (controle), o volumoso fornecido foi apenas feno de Cynodon dactylon (Tifton). Já nos Grupos 2, 3 e 4, 10%, 20% e 80% do volumoso foi substituído por folhas secas e trituradas de P. pyramidalis, respectivamente. No Grupo 5, todo o volumoso foi constituído por P. pyramidalis verde ad libitum, coletadas diariamente. Para o acompanhamento das gestações, exames ultrassonográficos foram realizados duas vezes por semana, durante toda a gestação. As cabras dos Grupos 1, 2 e 3 pariram cabritos normais. Duas cabras no Grupo 4 abortaram, sendo uma com 127 dias de gestação e outra com 90 dias. No grupo 5, três cabras apresentaram morte embrionária no 25º, 30º e 31º dia de gestação e uma cabra abortou no 39º dia de gestação. No presente estudo não foi observada nenhuma malformação. Com esses resultados e considerando a ampla difusão de P. pyramidalis na região semiárida do nordeste Brasileiro sugere-se que esta planta é uma importante causa de perdas reprodutivas na região. Devido a sua alta palatabilidade, recomenda-se evitar a permanência de cabras prenhes em áreas onde ocorre P. pyramidalis.

Markers of pregnancy: how early can we detect pregnancies in cattle usingpregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and microRNAs?

Pregnancy detection has evolved over the last few decades and the importance of early pregnancy detection is critical to minimize the amount of time a cow spends not pregnant. Embryonic mortality (EM) is generally considered to be the primary factor limiting pregnancy rates in cattle and occurs early (

TIPO DE INCUBADORA, IDADE DA MATRIZ E SEUS EFEITOS SOBRE PARÂMETROS DE INCUBAÇÃO, ESTRESSE OXIDATIVO DO EMBRIÃO, DESEMPENHO E QUALIDADE DA CARNE DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

A qualidade do pinto de um dia é fundamental para o sucesso produtivo de um lote de frangos de corte e muito dependente da qualidade da matriz e do processo de incubação. Já é sabido que tanto a idade da matriz como o tipo de incubadora podem influenciar a eficiência do processo, entretanto, a literatura é carente de informações sobre a relação/interação desses fatores. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do tipo de incubadora (estágio múltiplo e estágio único) e da idade da matriz (35 e 61 semanas) sobre os parâmetros de incubação, estresse oxidativo do embrião, desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. 2.752 ovos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 X 2 (2 idades de matriz e 2 tipos de incubadora). Para as variáveis relacionadas à incubação foram utilizadas 8 repetições (bandejas com 86 ovos) e para o teste de desempenho utilizou-se 7 repetições de 15 aves cada para cada tratamento. Foram avaliadas as variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho da incubação (fertilidade, nascidos totais, nascidos dos férteis, mortalidades embrionárias nos períodos de 0 a 4, 5 a 18, 19 a 21 dias, mortalidade embrionária total e perda de peso dos ovos), ao estresse oxidativo hepático dos embriões (espécies reativas ao oxigênio, substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico, tióis protéicos e NADP Oxidase), desempenho zootécnico (consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e viabilidade), rendimento de carcaça e cortes e qualidade da carne do peito (pH, coloração, capacidade de retenção de água, perdas de peso na cocção e força de cisalhamento). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, em caso de diferença significativa, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05). A idade da matriz afetou negativamente a fertilidade, a mortalidade embrionária e as perdas de peso dos ovos durante a incubação. Porém, os frangos oriundos dessas aves tiveram maior rendimento de peito, consumo de ração e ganho de peso, sem alteração da conversão alimentar. A incubadora de estágio único proporcionou menor estresse oxidativo aos embriões e menores perdas de peso dos ovos durante a incubação, além de melhor desempenho das aves na primeira semana de vida.

The quality of day-old chicks is fundamental for the productive success of a broiler flock, and highly dependent on the quality of the breeder and the incubation process. It is already known that both the age of the breeder and the type of hatchery can influence the efficiency of the process, however, the literature lacks information on the relationship/interaction of these factors. In this context, the main goal of this work was to evaluate the effects of the type of hatchery (multistage and single stage) and the age of the breeder (35 and 61 weeks) on the incubation parameters, embryo oxidative stress, performance, carcass yield/ cuts and quality of poultry meat. A randomized design in a 2 X 2 factorial scheme (2 ages of breeders and 2 types of incubator) was used. For the variables related to incubation, 8 replicates were used (trays with 86 eggs) and for the performance test, 7 replicates of 15 birds each were used for each treatment. Variables related to hatchery yield (percentages of fertile eggs, total hatched, hatched from fertile, embryo mortality in the periods 0 to 4, 5 to 18, 19 to 21 days, total embryo mortality and egg weight loss in the period of hatchery), to hepatic oxidative stress of embryos (species reactive to oxygen, (reactive oxygen species, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, protein thiols and NADP Oxidase), zootechnical performance (feed consumption, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and batch viability), carcass yield/ cuts and quality of breast meat (pH, color, water holding capacity, cooking weight losses and shearing force). The data was submitted to the distribution normality test and then, to analysis of variance (P<0.05). The age of the breeder negatively affected the fertility rate, embryonic mortality, and egg weight losses during incubation. However, broilers from these birds had higher breast yield, feed intake and weight gain, with no change in feed conversion ratio. The single-stage hatchery provided less oxidative stress to the embryos and less egg weight loss during incubation, in addition to better bird performance in the first week of life.

Obstetrícia em bovinos: da concepção ao puerpério / Obstetrics in Cattle: from conception to puerperium

A pecuária bovina brasileira tem apresentado um avanço considerável, contudo ainda enfrenta alguns transtornos quanto a taxas de fertilização, perdas embrionárias e fetais e longos intervalos intra partos, dentre outras causas que comprometem a eficiência reprodutiva. Este artigo abordou os principais fatores que interferem no processo produtivo, desde a concepção até o puerpério, apresentando aqueles ligados à reprodução, ao meio ambiente, à nutrição, à sanidade, à genética, bem como quanto ao manejo. Foi evidenciada a importância do médico veterinário para solucionar os problemas que acometem os bovinos no tocante a área reprodutiva.(AU)

The Brazilian cattle raising has presented a considerable advancement, however still presents some troubles about rates of fertilization, embryonic and fetal losses and long intervals intra partum, among other causes that compromise the reproductive efficiency. This article related the major factors that interfere in the productive process, from conception to puerperium, showing those linked to reproduction, to the environment, to nutrition, to sanity, to genetics, as well as about the management. Was evidenced the importance of veterinary doctor to solve the problems that affect cattle as far as reproductive area.(AU)

Obstetrícia em bovinos: da concepção ao puerpério / Obstetrics in cattle: from conception to puerperium

A pecuária bovina brasileira tem apresentado um avanço considerável, contudo ainda enfrenta alguns transtornos quanto a taxas de fertilização, perdas embrionárias e fetais e longos intervalos intra partos, dentre outras causas que comprometem a eficiência reprodutiva. Este artigo abordou os principais fatores que interferem no processo produtivo, desde a concepção até o puerpério, apresentando aqueles ligados à reprodução, ao meio ambiente, à nutrição, à sanidade, à genética, bem como quanto ao manejo. Foi evidenciada a importância do médico veterinário para solucionar os problemas que acometem os bovinos no tocante a área reprodutiva.

The Brazilian cattle raising has presented a considerable advancement, however still presents some troubles about rates of fertilization, embryonic and fetal losses and long intervals intra partum, among other causes that compromise the reproductive efficiency. This article related the major factors that interfere in the productive process, from conception to puerperium, showing those linked to reproduction, to the environment, to nutrition, to sanity, to genetics,as well as about the management. Was evidenced the importance of veterinary doctor to solve the problems that affect cattle as far as reproductive area.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO REPRODUTIVA DE TARTARUGAS MARINHAS E AVALIAÇÃO ANATOMOPATOLÓGICA DE EMBRIÕES E NATIMORTOS EM BELMONTE BA

As tartarugas marinhas nidificam em locais selecionados pela fêmea, onde dezenas de ovos permanecem agrupados durante o período de incubação. Os genitores não protegem sua prole durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Desta forma, a qualidade dos ovos e o ambiente de incubação determinarão o sucesso de eclosão. O ambiente de incubação com seus fatores bióticos e abióticos é comumente relacionado à mortalidade de filhotes. Contudo, existe uma escassez de informações na literatura sobre as alterações teciduais relacionadas a essa mortalidade, da mesma maneira, as desovas no sul da Bahia são pouco conhecidas. Objetiva-se caracterizar o perfil das desovas das tartarugas marinhas em Belmonte, Bahia e identificar as alterações patológicas presentes nos embriões e natimortos de quatro espécies. A pesquisa ocorreu entre setembro de 2016 e março de 2017 através do monitoramento de praia realizado pelo PAT Ecosmar. Neste período, foram registradas 415 ocorrências reprodutivas em 29 km de praia. Foram colocados termômetros nos ninhos de Lepidochelys olivacea e observou-se que a média de temperatura foi de 32,6 °C. Para análise anatomopatológica coletou-se o coração, fígado, pulmões, rins e musculatura esquelética de natimortos e embriões grandes mortos oriundos de 40 ninhos. Os tecidos foram processados pela técnica convencional para inclusão em parafina e os cortes histológicos obtidos foram corados pela hematoxilina e eosina no laboratório de Histopatologia do HV-UESC. À microscopia as alterações comuns às espécies foram degeneração vacuolar hepática, degeneração vacuolar nos túbulos renais e alterações circulatórias. Sugere-se que a degeneração vacuolar hepática seja normal durante a fase neonatal e que nos túbulos renais pode estar relacionada a episódios de privação de oxigênio dentro do ninho. Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos demais órgãos. Este é o primeiro estudo no Brasil sobre histopatologia dos principais órgãos dos embriões e natimortos de C. caretta, E. imbricata, C. mydas e L. olivacea. São necessários estudos considerando outras variáveis com o intuito de investigar a neomortalidade de tartarugas marinhas. Possibilitando conhecer o status sanitário da população e propor medidas de mitigação.

Sea turtles nest in locations selected by the female, where dozens of eggs remain grouped during the incubation period. The parents do not protect their offspring during embryonic development. In this way, egg quality and incubation environment will determine hatching success. The incubation environment with its biotic and abiotic factors is commonly related to pup mortality. However, there is a scarcity of information in the literature about tissue changes related to this mortality, in the same way, the spawnings in the south of Bahia are little known. The objective of this study was to characterize the spawning profile of sea turtles in Belmonte, Bahia and to identify the pathological changes present in the embryos and stillbirths of four species. The survey took place between September 2016 and March 2017 through the monitoring of the beach conducted by PAT Ecosmar. During this period, 415 reproductive occurrences were registered in 29 km of beach. Thermometers were placed in the nests of Lepidochelys olivacea and it was observed that the average temperature was 32.6 ° C. The heart, liver, lungs, kidneys and skeletal musculature of stillborns and large dead embryos from 40 nests were collected for anatomopathological analysis. The tissues were processed by the conventional technique for paraffin inclusion and the histological sections obtained were stained by hematoxylin and eosin in the HV-UESC Histopathology laboratory. Under microscopy the common alterations to the species were hepatic vacuolar degeneration, vacuolar degeneration in the renal tubules and circulatory changes. It is suggested that hepatic vacuolar degeneration is normal during the neonatal phase and that in renal tubules may be related to episodes of oxygen deprivation within the nest. No significant changes were observed in the other organs. This is the first study in Brazil on the histopathology of the main organs of the embryos and stillbirths of C. caretta, E. imbricata, C. mydas and L. olivacea. Studies are necessary considering other variables with the purpose of investigating the neonatal mortality of sea turtles. Making it possible to know the health status of the population and to propose mitigation measures.

Efeito da classificação dos ovos sobre o rendimento de incubação e os pesos do pinto e do saco vitelino / Effect of egg classification prior to setting on hatchability, embryonic mortality and chick and yolk sac weights

Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar, no primeiro, o efeito da idade da matriz sobre a uniformidade do peso de 1080 ovos e gemas e, no segundo, a influência da classificação de 9260 ovos sobre a eclodibilidade, a mortalidade embrionária e os pesos, absoluto e relativo, do pinto e do saco vitelino. Os tratamentos do experimento I foram ovos das matrizes com 31 (M31), 38 (M38) e 43 (M43) semanas de idade. No segundo, os ovos das matrizes com 31, 38 e 43 semanas foram distribuídos em seis tratamentos; A: ovos com pesos entre 66 e 72g, 33,3 por cento deles originados de matrizes com diferentes idades; B: ovos com pesos entre 58 e 65g, 33,3 por cento deles originados de matrizes com diferentes idades; C: ovos com pesos entre 52 e 57g, 33,3 por cento deles originados de matrizes com diferentes idades; D: ovos com pesos entre 52 e 72g, produzidos por matrizes com 31 semanas; E: ovos com pesos entre 52 e 72g, produzidos por matrizes com 38 semanas; e F: ovos com pesos entre 52 e 72g, produzidos por matrizes com 43 semanas. As aves de M31 produziram ovos com pesos do ovo e da gema mais uniformes que as do M43. Ovos do tratamento A apresentaram a pior eclosão e a maior mortalidade embrionária após 15 dias de incubação, e produziram pintos com maiores pesos absoluto e relativo do saco vitelino.(AU)

Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of broiler breeder age on weight uniformity of 1,080 eggs and yolks, and the effects of 9,216 eggs classified prior to setting on hatchability, embryonic mortality, and the relationship between chick and yolk sac weights. In the first study, the three treatments were eggs from broiler breeders on 31st (M31), 38th (M38), and 43th (M43)-week of age. In the second study, eggs produced by three broiler breeders flocks (31st, 38th, and 43th wk of age) were divided in six treatments; A: eggs weighting from 66 to 72g, 33,3 percent of them produced by broiler breeders of different ages; B: eggs weighting from 58 to 65g, 33,3 percent of them produced by broiler breeders of different ages; C: eggs weighting from 52 to 57g, 33,3 percent of them produced by broiler breeders of different ages; D: eggs from 31-wk-old broiler breeders, weighting from 52 to 72g; E: eggs from 38-wk-old broiler breeders, weighting from 52 to 72g; F: eggs from 43-wk- old broiler breeders weighting from 52 to 72g. Eggs produced by M31 had egg and yolk weights more uniform than the eggs collected from M43. Treatment A had the worst hatchability, higher embryonic mortality after 15 days of incubation, and produced heavier hatched chicks with superior absolute and relative weights of yolk sac.(AU)

Malformações em pequenos ruminantes

Esta tese inclui uma revisão de literatura e dois artigos. O primeiro capítulo é uma revisão que abrange princípios gerais da teratologia, a epidemiologia, o diagnóstico, a clínica e a patologia das malformações em pequenos ruminantes. No artigo que corresponde ao segundo capítulo, foi estudado a teratogenicidade de Mimosa tenuiflora. Quinze ovelhas, distribuídas em dois grupos foram introduzidas em área invadida pela planta. O Grupo 1, com seis ovelhas prenhes, foi introduzido na área experimental 20 dias após o acasalamento. O Grupo 2, formado por nove ovelhas não prenhes e um carneiro, foi introduzido na área experimental no início do experimento. A cada 15 dias eram realizados exames ultrassonográficos para acompanhamento da gestação. No Grupo 1, três ovelhas abortaram, cada uma um feto sem malformações. No Grupo 1, três ovelhas abortaram, cada uma um feto sem malformações. Outra ovelha pariu um cordeiro com hiperflexão dos dois membros pélvicos na região da articulação tarso- metatársica. No grupo 2, uma ovelha abortou um feto sem malformações e cinco pariram cordeiros normais. Três das ovelhas desse grupo não emprenharam durante todo o período experimental, mostrando retornos repetidos ao cio, sugerindo perda embrionária. Concluiu-se que M. tenuiflora, além de causar malformações causa, também, mortalidade embrionária e abortos em ovelhas. No terceiro capitulo, o artigo relata os achados clínicos e patológicos de um caprino com lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelar. No exame físico, esse caprino de 30 dias, apresentava incoordenação e incapacidade de ficar em pé, decúbito esternal permanente, ataxia, ausência do reflexo de ameaça, tremores de intenção e nistagmo. Após 11 dias de internamento o caprino foi eutanasiado e necropsiado. [...] Os achados macroscópicos e histológicos são característicos de lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelar. Lisencefalia é uma doença rara na medicina veterinária e não tinha sido descrita em caprinos.

This thesis includes a review and two papers. The first chapter is a review about general principles of teratology and epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical signs and pathology of malformations in small ruminants. The second chapter is a paper that studied the teratogenicity of Mimosa tenuiflora. Fifteen sheep, divided into two groups, were introduced into an area invaded by the plant. Group 1 consisted of six pregnant ewes that were introduced into the experimental area 20 days after mating. Group 2 consisted of nine non pregnant sheep and a ram introduced into the area at the start of the experiment. Every 15 days each sheep was examined by ultrasound to control pregnancy. In Group 1, three sheep aborted single fetuses without malformations. One sheep delivered two lambs, one with hyperflexion of the proximal inter-phalangeal joint of the right forelimb and another without malformations. Another sheep delivered a lamb with a hyperflexion of both hindlimbs in the region of the tarsal-metatarsal joint. Only one sheep delivered a normal lamb. In Group 2, one sheep aborted a fetus without malformations and five delivered normal lambs. Three sheep of this group returned to estrus repeatedly and did not get pregnant during the mating period, suggesting embryonic loss. It is concluded that M. tenuiflora cause malformations, embryonic mortality and abortion in sheep. In the third chapter, the paper relates a case of lissencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in a goat. The goat presented sternal recumbence, absent menace response, intention tremors, ataxia, and nystagmus. It was euthanized and necropsied after been hospitalized during eleven days. [...] The histologic and gross lesions are characteristic of lissencephaly associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. Lissencephaly is a rare disease in veterinary medicine and had not been reported previously in goats.

Malformações em pequenos ruminantes

Esta tese inclui uma revisão de literatura e dois artigos. O primeiro capítulo é uma revisão que abrange princípios gerais da teratologia, a epidemiologia, o diagnóstico, a clínica e a patologia das malformações em pequenos ruminantes. No artigo que corresponde ao segundo capítulo, foi estudado a teratogenicidade de Mimosa tenuiflora. Quinze ovelhas, distribuídas em dois grupos foram introduzidas em área invadida pela planta. O Grupo 1, com seis ovelhas prenhes, foi introduzido na área experimental 20 dias após o acasalamento. O Grupo 2, formado por nove ovelhas não prenhes e um carneiro, foi introduzido na área experimental no início do experimento. A cada 15 dias eram realizados exames ultrassonográficos para acompanhamento da gestação. No Grupo 1, três ovelhas abortaram, cada uma um feto sem malformações. No Grupo 1, três ovelhas abortaram, cada uma um feto sem malformações. Outra ovelha pariu um cordeiro com hiperflexão dos dois membros pélvicos na região da articulação tarso- metatársica. No grupo 2, uma ovelha abortou um feto sem malformações e cinco pariram cordeiros normais. Três das ovelhas desse grupo não emprenharam durante todo o período experimental, mostrando retornos repetidos ao cio, sugerindo perda embrionária. Concluiu-se que M. tenuiflora, além de causar malformações causa, também, mortalidade embrionária e abortos em ovelhas. No terceiro capitulo, o artigo relata os achados clínicos e patológicos de um caprino com lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelar. No exame físico, esse caprino de 30 dias, apresentava incoordenação e incapacidade de ficar em pé, decúbito esternal permanente, ataxia, ausência do reflexo de ameaça, tremores de intenção e nistagmo. Após 11 dias de internamento o caprino foi eutanasiado e necropsiado. [...] Os achados macroscópicos e histológicos são característicos de lisencefalia e hipoplasia cerebelar. Lisencefalia é uma doença rara na medicina veterinária e não tinha sido descrita em caprinos.(AU)

This thesis includes a review and two papers. The first chapter is a review about general principles of teratology and epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical signs and pathology of malformations in small ruminants. The second chapter is a paper that studied the teratogenicity of Mimosa tenuiflora. Fifteen sheep, divided into two groups, were introduced into an area invaded by the plant. Group 1 consisted of six pregnant ewes that were introduced into the experimental area 20 days after mating. Group 2 consisted of nine non pregnant sheep and a ram introduced into the area at the start of the experiment. Every 15 days each sheep was examined by ultrasound to control pregnancy. In Group 1, three sheep aborted single fetuses without malformations. One sheep delivered two lambs, one with hyperflexion of the proximal inter-phalangeal joint of the right forelimb and another without malformations. Another sheep delivered a lamb with a hyperflexion of both hindlimbs in the region of the tarsal-metatarsal joint. Only one sheep delivered a normal lamb. In Group 2, one sheep aborted a fetus without malformations and five delivered normal lambs. Three sheep of this group returned to estrus repeatedly and did not get pregnant during the mating period, suggesting embryonic loss. It is concluded that M. tenuiflora cause malformations, embryonic mortality and abortion in sheep. In the third chapter, the paper relates a case of lissencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia in a goat. The goat presented sternal recumbence, absent menace response, intention tremors, ataxia, and nystagmus. It was euthanized and necropsied after been hospitalized during eleven days. [...] The histologic and gross lesions are characteristic of lissencephaly associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. Lissencephaly is a rare disease in veterinary medicine and had not been reported previously in goats.(AU)