Surgical and postoperative evaluations of rectal adenomas excised with a rigid proctoscope

Purpose This study presents the surgical and postoperative results achieved with a rigid proctoscope using the transanal endoscopic technique to excise rectal adenomas. The results are compared to the results obtained with other currently employed transanal techniques. Methods We investigated the medical records of patients who underwent transanal endoscopic operations from April 2000 to June 2018 at two tertiary referral centers for colorectal cancer. Results This study included 99 patients. The mean age was 65.3 ± 13.3 years. The average size of the adenomas was 4.6 ± 2.3 cm, and their average distance to the anal border was 5.6 ± 3.3 cm. The average operative time was 65.3 ± 41.7 min. In 48.5% of the operations, the specimen was fragmented, and in 59.6% of the cases, the microscopic margins were free. The rates of postoperative complications and relapse were 5% and 19%, respectively. The mean follow-up was 80 ± 61.5 months. Conclusions The described proctoscope proved to be a viable technique with results similar to other techniques, with the advantage that it allowed greater accessibility for surgeons. Therefore, its use could be implemented and become widespread in surgical practice.(AU)

Transanal endoscopic operation for rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy

PURPOSE: In this paper we report the oncological outcomes from clinical series of patients with rectal cancer submitted to local excision after neoadjuvant therapy and discuss the indications for local excision in partial clinical responders. METHODS: We analysed a prospective database of 39 patients submitted to a transanal endoscopic operation for rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiation between 2006 and 2015, comparing clinical and pathological variables, perioperative complications, recurrence rate and overall survival. RESULTS: We obtained 15.4% ypT0, 17.9% ypT1, 35.9% ypT2 and 28.2% ypT3. After a median follow-up of 24 months, tumoral recurrence was observed in 4 patients, one of them with isolated pulmonary metastasis. R0 resection was achieved in 79.5%, and postoperative complications were observed in 30.2% patients and no perioperative mortality occur. Compromise surgical margins do not affect recurrence rate, and 94.9% of patients are alive nowadays. CONCLUSION: Local excision could be associated with low recurrence rate and good overall survival. Short hospitalization time and low level of serious complications observed could be an interesting option for patients who would not tolerate a radical procedure or for those who declined a total mesorectal excision. A strict long-term follow-up must be warranted to detect early tumoral recurrence.(AU)

Rectal prolapse as a complication of transrectal NOTES in an experimental porcine model

Background: Rectal prolapse is the protrusion of one or more layers of the rectum through the anal sphincter. Some of the possible causes are tenesmus, endoparasitism and large bowel inflammation. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) consists of advanced techniques to gain access to body cavities through natural openings without skin incision. Different access routes may be used. However, transrectal NOTES has not been often reported. This paper reports a case of rectal prolapse after transrectal NOTES in a porcine model. Case: A healthy, female domestic swine underwent experimental peritoneoscopy through transrectal route. The animal weighed 20 kg and was approximately 90 days old. Under general anesthesia, a pneumoperitoneum was created and, after this, the rectal lining was pulled out and incised so that the endoscope could be introduced into the abdominal cavity. Subsequently, the cavity was deflated and the rectal wall was sutured under direct viewing with single-layer extramucosal sutures closed with 3-0 polyglactin 910 and simple continuous pattern in the muscular region and submucosa. There was edema of the rectal lining with a slight protrusion and was reduced manually. There was prolapse recurrence and a pursestring suture was placed around the anus. The suture ruptured about 72 h after the endoscopic procedure and self-mutilation of the perineal...(AU)

Rectal prolapse as a complication of transrectal NOTES in an experimental porcine model

Background: Rectal prolapse is the protrusion of one or more layers of the rectum through the anal sphincter. Some of the possible causes are tenesmus, endoparasitism and large bowel inflammation. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) consists of advanced techniques to gain access to body cavities through natural openings without skin incision. Different access routes may be used. However, transrectal NOTES has not been often reported. This paper reports a case of rectal prolapse after transrectal NOTES in a porcine model. Case: A healthy, female domestic swine underwent experimental peritoneoscopy through transrectal route. The animal weighed 20 kg and was approximately 90 days old. Under general anesthesia, a pneumoperitoneum was created and, after this, the rectal lining was pulled out and incised so that the endoscope could be introduced into the abdominal cavity. Subsequently, the cavity was deflated and the rectal wall was sutured under direct viewing with single-layer extramucosal sutures closed with 3-0 polyglactin 910 and simple continuous pattern in the muscular region and submucosa. There was edema of the rectal lining with a slight protrusion and was reduced manually. There was prolapse recurrence and a pursestring suture was placed around the anus. The suture ruptured about 72 h after the endoscopic procedure and self-mutilation of the perineal...

Transrectal endoscopy with three different techniques of rectal suture associate: NOTES survival study with liver biopsy in a swine model / Endoscopia transretal para biópsia hepática associada com três diferentes técnicas de sutura retal: estudo da NOTES em modelo experimental suíno

A cirurgia endoscópica por orifícios naturais (NOTES) representa um novo conceito de cirurgia, caracterizada por ausência de incisões abdominais. Os acessos mais comumente usados são o transvaginal e o transgástrico. Entretanto, as rotas transcolônica e transretal representam alternativas promissoras. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar três diferentes técnicas de sutura retal em três suínos submetidos a NOTES transretal para biópsia hepática, avaliando-se concomitantemente as repercussões clínicas e hematológicas. Sob anestesia geral, foi realizada uma incisão transversal no reto para a passagem do endoscópio até a cavidade abdominal em todos os animais para a realização da biópsia hepática. Cada animal recebeu um tipo de sutura retal: sutura em dois planos; reforço com tela de polipropileno ou reforço com membrana de pericárdio bovino. A NOTES transretal em modelo experimental suíno não apresentou implicações clínicas e hematológicas importantes, o que demonstra um acesso alternativo para biópsia hepática. Nenhum animal apresentou sinais de peritonite, aderências ou deiscência de pontos. O uso de reforço com pericárdio bovino para a sutura retal apresenta um atraso na cicatrização quando comparado com a sutura convencional ou com o uso de tela de polipropileno.(AU)

Transrectal endoscopy with three different techniques of rectal suture associate: NOTES survival study with liver biopsy in a swine model / Endoscopia transretal para biópsia hepática associada com três diferentes técnicas de sutura retal: estudo da NOTES em modelo experimental suíno

A cirurgia endoscópica por orifícios naturais (NOTES) representa um novo conceito de cirurgia, caracterizada por ausência de incisões abdominais. Os acessos mais comumente usados são o transvaginal e o transgástrico. Entretanto, as rotas transcolônica e transretal representam alternativas promissoras. O presente estudo objetiva avaliar três diferentes técnicas de sutura retal em três suínos submetidos a NOTES transretal para biópsia hepática, avaliando-se concomitantemente as repercussões clínicas e hematológicas. Sob anestesia geral, foi realizada uma incisão transversal no reto para a passagem do endoscópio até a cavidade abdominal em todos os animais para a realização da biópsia hepática. Cada animal recebeu um tipo de sutura retal: sutura em dois planos; reforço com tela de polipropileno ou reforço com membrana de pericárdio bovino. A NOTES transretal em modelo experimental suíno não apresentou implicações clínicas e hematológicas importantes, o que demonstra um acesso alternativo para biópsia hepática. Nenhum animal apresentou sinais de peritonite, aderências ou deiscência de pontos. O uso de reforço com pericárdio bovino para a sutura retal apresenta um atraso na cicatrização quando comparado com a sutura convencional ou com o uso de tela de polipropileno.(AU)

Resistência à tração de colopexias incisionais realizadas por cirurgia laparoscópica ou celiotomia em cães

In the present study the traction resistance and histological features of incisional colopexys made by open or laparoscopic surgery were evaluated. For this purpose, 15 mongrel dogs were located in two groups. In the GL group (n= 8) the colopexy adhesion was made by a laparoscopic surgery, and in GA group (n= 7) by a celiotomy. For the laparoscopic procedures the dogs were positioned in dorsal decubitus and four trocars were introduced in the left and right position of umbilical region. The incisions produced in descendent colon and in the abdominal wall were sutured in two layers of intracorporeal suturing. In the GA group the colon suture was similar to the realized in GL group. Fourteen days after the surgeries the dogs were killed to collect samples of abdominal wall and colon descendent, which were used in resistance tests and in histological evaluations. The total surgery time and colon fixation time were higher in the GL group (p 0.0001) then GA. The maximum tensile load were similar in both groups (p>0.05), and the rupture force in GL segments was 43.68±16.45N and in GA was 39.70±15.15N. No differences were found in histological examination between GL and GA groups, and in all dogs the fibers of collagen were mature. The results verified for the laparoscopic technique of colopexy, that presented surgical adhesions with similar quality of the provoked by a conventional technique, allow concluding that the laparoscopic procedure may be utilized as an alternative for rectal prolapse treatment in dogs.

No presente estudo, procurou-se avaliar e comparar as características histológicas e as resistências à tração de colopexias incisionais realizadas por cirurgia laparoscópica ou por celiotomia. Foram utilizados 15 cães separados em dois grupos, sendo que no GL, com oito animais, promoveram-se aderências do cólon por cirurgia laparoscópica e, no GA, por celiotomia. Os procedimentos laparoscópicos foram realizados por meio de quatro trocartes dispostos nas regiões umbilical, lateral direita e lateral esquerda, com os cães posicionados em decúbito dorsal. As lesões incisas produzidas no cólon descendente e na parede abdominal foram aposicionadas em duas camadas de sutura intracorpórea. Realizou-se sutura do cólon de forma semelhante nos representantes do GA. Quatorze dias após as cirurgias, os cães foram submetidos à eutanásia para a coleta de segmentos da parede abdominal e do cólon descendente, utilizados nos testes de resistência e nas análises histológicas. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no que se refere ao tempo operatório e de fixação do cólon, sendo tais valores maiores no GL (p 0,0001). As resistências máximas à tração foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre os grupos (p=0,65), verificando-se forças de ruptura de 43,68±16,45N e 39,70±15,15N para o GL e o GA, respectivamente. Os achados histológicos foram semelhantes entre o GL e o GA, sendo que, em todos os casos, as fibras de colágeno depositadas apresentavam-se maturas. A técnica de colopexia incisional laparoscópica possibilita aderências cirúrgicas semelhantes às obtidas por meio do método convencional, podendo ser utilizada como alternativa.

Resistência à tração de colopexias incisionais realizadas por cirurgia laparoscópica ou celiotomia em cães

In the present study the traction resistance and histological features of incisional colopexys made by open or laparoscopic surgery were evaluated. For this purpose, 15 mongrel dogs were located in two groups. In the GL group (n= 8) the colopexy adhesion was made by a laparoscopic surgery, and in GA group (n= 7) by a celiotomy. For the laparoscopic procedures the dogs were positioned in dorsal decubitus and four trocars were introduced in the left and right position of umbilical region. The incisions produced in descendent colon and in the abdominal wall were sutured in two layers of intracorporeal suturing. In the GA group the colon suture was similar to the realized in GL group. Fourteen days after the surgeries the dogs were killed to collect samples of abdominal wall and colon descendent, which were used in resistance tests and in histological evaluations. The total surgery time and colon fixation time were higher in the GL group (p 0.0001) then GA. The maximum tensile load were similar in both groups (p>0.05), and the rupture force in GL segments was 43.68±16.45N and in GA was 39.70±15.15N. No differences were found in histological examination between GL and GA groups, and in all dogs the fibers of collagen were mature. The results verified for the laparoscopic technique of colopexy, that presented surgical adhesions with similar quality of the provoked by a conventional technique, allow concluding that the laparoscopic procedure may be utilized as an alternative for rectal prolapse treatment in dogs.

No presente estudo, procurou-se avaliar e comparar as características histológicas e as resistências à tração de colopexias incisionais realizadas por cirurgia laparoscópica ou por celiotomia. Foram utilizados 15 cães separados em dois grupos, sendo que no GL, com oito animais, promoveram-se aderências do cólon por cirurgia laparoscópica e, no GA, por celiotomia. Os procedimentos laparoscópicos foram realizados por meio de quatro trocartes dispostos nas regiões umbilical, lateral direita e lateral esquerda, com os cães posicionados em decúbito dorsal. As lesões incisas produzidas no cólon descendente e na parede abdominal foram aposicionadas em duas camadas de sutura intracorpórea. Realizou-se sutura do cólon de forma semelhante nos representantes do GA. Quatorze dias após as cirurgias, os cães foram submetidos à eutanásia para a coleta de segmentos da parede abdominal e do cólon descendente, utilizados nos testes de resistência e nas análises histológicas. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos no que se refere ao tempo operatório e de fixação do cólon, sendo tais valores maiores no GL (p 0,0001). As resistências máximas à tração foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre os grupos (p=0,65), verificando-se forças de ruptura de 43,68±16,45N e 39,70±15,15N para o GL e o GA, respectivamente. Os achados histológicos foram semelhantes entre o GL e o GA, sendo que, em todos os casos, as fibras de colágeno depositadas apresentavam-se maturas. A técnica de colopexia incisional laparoscópica possibilita aderências cirúrgicas semelhantes às obtidas por meio do método convencional, podendo ser utilizada como alternativa.

Colopexia incisional por celiotomia ou transparietal auxiliada por laparoscopia em cães

Two groups of dogs, GA (n=8) and GL (n=16) were used to compare the conventional and the transparietal laparsocopic assisted technique for colopexy and to compare with the conventional surgery. In the GA group, the colopexy was proceded by incisional technique trough celiotomy. In the GL group, the colopexy was performed using the transparietal laparoscopic assisted technique. The GL dogs were separated in four subgroups (S1, S2, S3 and S4) with four dogs each. In each subgroup a different stent was used, capton of infusion tube (S1); plastic disks made with NaCl solutions bottles (S2); disks made with rubber (S3) and silicone disks (S4). The time for complete surgery was statically higher in the GL group than GA. Seven GA dogs maintained the colopexy and all of these presented adherences of the omentum in the suture zone. In three GL animals, all of the S4 subgroup the colopexies were not maintained. In all dogs of this subgroup dermatitis and/or cellulites were observed. Best results were obtained in the S3 subgroup dogs. The main histological observations in the 14d-after surgery biopsies in GL animals were related to a higher connective tissue deposition at the colon adherence, and infiltration of this type of tissue into the associated musculature. In the 28d biopsies, no difference was found between groups. In both groups, the collagen fibers presented mature aspect. Concluding, the transparietal laparoscopic assisted technique is viable, however its associated with tissue lesions in the regions in contact with the material used to support the suture. The rubber disk presented better results.

Com a finalidade de desenvolver a técnica de colopexia transparietal auxiliada por laparoscopia e comparar seus resultados com os da incisional por celiotomia, foram utilizados 24 cães separados em dois grupos, denominados GA e GL. No GA, constituído de oito animais, foram realizadas colopexias incisionais por celiotomia. No GL, realizaram-se colopexias transparietais auxiliadas por laparoscopia. Os cães do GL foram separados em quatro subgrupos (S1, S2, S3, S4) com quatro animais cada, sendo utilizado um material diferente para o apoio externo das suturas para cada subgrupo, a citar: equipo de infusão (S1), disco plástico a partir de frasco de Solução de NaCl (S2), disco confeccionado em borracha de câmara de pneu (S3) e disco construído com tubo de silicone (S4). Aos 14 e aos 28 dias de pós-operatório, realizaram-se novos procedimentos laparoscópicos para avaliação das colopexias e coleta das biópsias. O tempo necessário para a realização das cirurgias foi significativamente maior no GL (p=0,02). Em sete cães do GA, constatou-se a manutenção da colopexia, sendo que todos apresentavam aderência do omento na região da sutura abdominal. Já em três animais do GL, todos do S4, as colopexias não foram mantidas. Na totalidade dos cães desse grupo, foram observadas dermatites e/ou celulites, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos no S3. As principais observações nos exames histológicos aos 14 dias nos animais do GL se referem a maior deposição de tecido conjuntivo no local de aderência do cólon e infiltração deste na musculatura esquelética associada. Já aos 28 dias, não se constataram diferenças entre os grupos. Em ambas as situações, as fibras de colágeno apresentavam-se maturas. Conclui-se que a técnica auxiliada por laparoscopia é viável; contudo, está associada à ocorrência de lesões teciduais no local de contato com os materiais de apoio para a sutura. Entre estes, o disco de borracha é o que demonstra melhores resultados.

Colopexia incisional por celiotomia ou transparietal auxiliada por laparoscopia em cães

Two groups of dogs, GA (n=8) and GL (n=16) were used to compare the conventional and the transparietal laparsocopic assisted technique for colopexy and to compare with the conventional surgery. In the GA group, the colopexy was proceded by incisional technique trough celiotomy. In the GL group, the colopexy was performed using the transparietal laparoscopic assisted technique. The GL dogs were separated in four subgroups (S1, S2, S3 and S4) with four dogs each. In each subgroup a different stent was used, capton of infusion tube (S1); plastic disks made with NaCl solutions bottles (S2); disks made with rubber (S3) and silicone disks (S4). The time for complete surgery was statically higher in the GL group than GA. Seven GA dogs maintained the colopexy and all of these presented adherences of the omentum in the suture zone. In three GL animals, all of the S4 subgroup the colopexies were not maintained. In all dogs of this subgroup dermatitis and/or cellulites were observed. Best results were obtained in the S3 subgroup dogs. The main histological observations in the 14d-after surgery biopsies in GL animals were related to a higher connective tissue deposition at the colon adherence, and infiltration of this type of tissue into the associated musculature. In the 28d biopsies, no difference was found between groups. In both groups, the collagen fibers presented mature aspect. Concluding, the transparietal laparoscopic assisted technique is viable, however it’s associated with tissue lesions in the regions in contact with the material used to support the suture. The rubber disk presented better results.

Com a finalidade de desenvolver a técnica de colopexia transparietal auxiliada por laparoscopia e comparar seus resultados com os da incisional por celiotomia, foram utilizados 24 cães separados em dois grupos, denominados GA e GL. No GA, constituído de oito animais, foram realizadas colopexias incisionais por celiotomia. No GL, realizaram-se colopexias transparietais auxiliadas por laparoscopia. Os cães do GL foram separados em quatro subgrupos (S1, S2, S3, S4) com quatro animais cada, sendo utilizado um material diferente para o apoio externo das suturas para cada subgrupo, a citar: equipo de infusão (S1), disco plástico a partir de frasco de Solução de NaCl (S2), disco confeccionado em borracha de câmara de pneu (S3) e disco construído com tubo de silicone (S4). Aos 14 e aos 28 dias de pós-operatório, realizaram-se novos procedimentos laparoscópicos para avaliação das colopexias e coleta das biópsias. O tempo necessário para a realização das cirurgias foi significativamente maior no GL (p=0,02). Em sete cães do GA, constatou-se a manutenção da colopexia, sendo que todos apresentavam aderência do omento na região da sutura abdominal. Já em três animais do GL, todos do S4, as colopexias não foram mantidas. Na totalidade dos cães desse grupo, foram observadas dermatites e/ou celulites, sendo os melhores resultados obtidos no S3. As principais observações nos exames histológicos aos 14 dias nos animais do GL se referem a maior deposição de tecido conjuntivo no local de aderência do cólon e infiltração deste na musculatura esquelética associada. Já aos 28 dias, não se constataram diferenças entre os grupos. Em ambas as situações, as fibras de colágeno apresentavam-se maturas. Conclui-se que a técnica auxiliada por laparoscopia é viável; contudo, está associada à ocorrência de lesões teciduais no local de contato com os materiais de apoio para a sutura. Entre estes, o disco de borracha é o que demonstra melhores resultados.

Endovascular de Fístulas Artériovenosas

The autors present a review of endovascular treatment of congenital and acquired arteriovenous fistulas. Historical review on the use of cateters and stents is presented. Endoscopic treatment of traumatic arteriovenous fistulas are discussed. Experimental models of endoscopic treatment of arteriovenous fistulas are stressed.

Os autores apresentam revisão da literatura sobre o tratamento endovascular das fístulas artériovenosas, congênitas e adquiridas. São discutidos os aspectos históricos do uso dos cateteres e endopróteses. Destaques são dados ao tratamento das fístulas artériovenosas traumáticas via endoscópica. São abordados ainda os modelos experimentais para tratamento endoscópico de fístulas arteriovenosas.

Endovascular de Fístulas Artériovenosas

The autors present a review of endovascular treatment of congenital and acquired arteriovenous fistulas. Historical review on the use of cateters and stents is presented. Endoscopic treatment of traumatic arteriovenous fistulas are discussed. Experimental models of endoscopic treatment of arteriovenous fistulas are stressed.

Os autores apresentam revisão da literatura sobre o tratamento endovascular das fístulas artériovenosas, congênitas e adquiridas. São discutidos os aspectos históricos do uso dos cateteres e endopróteses. Destaques são dados ao tratamento das fístulas artériovenosas traumáticas via endoscópica. São abordados ainda os modelos experimentais para tratamento endoscópico de fístulas arteriovenosas.