Study on the Major Genes Related with Fat Deposition in Liver and Abdominal Fat of Different Breeds of Chicken

Fat deposition is higher in fast growing chickens than in slow growing chickens. The liver is the major organ for lipogenesis and fat deposition in chickens, although genetic background, age, and gender also influence fat deposition. In the present study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying fat deposition in liver and abdominal fat. We determined the expression abundances of the key genes regulating fat metabolism in fast-growing (FG) broilers (Cobb) and slow-growing (SG) broilers (HS1) and found that ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c and PLIN1genes were expressed in the abdominal fat and liver tissues of FG and SG. ANOVA analysis showed that the breed, age, and tissue factors influenced the expressions of ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c, and PLIN1 genes in the liver and abdominal fat of FG and SG. Also, the expressions of PPARγ and PLIN1 in the liver of SG were higher than that of FG. The results suggest that the differences in adipocyte development and adipose deposition between breeds are due to genetic factors.(AU)

Performance and egg quality of Japanese quail fed diets containing microalgae Schizochytrium sp

A trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. on performance, yolk lipid profile, and egg quality of Japanese quail. A flock of 210 quail was distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg of feed) and six replications with seven birds per cage. Performance and egg quality were not affected, except for a quadratic effect on yolk color, which reached the maximum value with the inclusion of 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg. There was linear reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids and a linear increase of polyunsaturated:saturated and polyunsaturated:monounsaturated ratios and n-6. The content of n-3 showed a minimum value with the inclusion of 6.5 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was maximized with the addition of 10.5 g of microalgae/kg. As for the sensory attributes color, aroma, and overall impression, there was linear increase with the addition of increasing levels of microalgae. The inclusion of up to 40 g of microalgae Schizochytrium sp./kg in the diet of Japanese quail did not present changes in the performance nor in the egg quality but accentuated the yolk color, promoted the fortification of n-3 in the eggs, and still provided excellent sensorial acceptance. The egg fortification can add value to the product, increasing the producer remuneration and improving the nutritional quality of the diet for humans.

Substitution of ractopamine by safflower or coconut oil as an additive in finishing pig diets / Substituição da ractopamina por óleo de cártamo ou óleo de coco como aditivos em dietas para suínos em terminação

The objective of this study was to explore the substitution of ractopamine by coconut or safflower oil in finishing pig diets. The study included 24 crossbred barrows weighing 78.00 ± 8.76 kg distributed in a randomized block design with four treatments and six replicates composed of: basal ration (BR), BR + 10 ppm ractopamine, BR + four 1 g capsules of safflower oil, and BR + four 1 g capsules of coconut oil. Performance evaluation showed that safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil supplementation had a significant effect (P 0.05) on weight gain and feed conversion. Carcass-related variables were also affected by the treatments (P 0.05), with fat thickness 3 (FT3) reduced by the use of safflower oil, ractopamine, and coconut oil. Rib eye area was positively affected (P 0.05) by diet, with ractopamine, coconut oil, and safflower oil supplementation treatments showing higher values than control diet treatment. The diets also affected fatty acid profiles (P 0.05), with decreased myristic acid content in animals supplemented with ractopamine and safflower oil and increased deposition of palmitoleic and oleic acids in animals supplemented with coconut oil and safflower oil, respectively. Results suggested that both safflower oil and coconut oil can be used as substitutes for ractopamine.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a substituição da suplementação da ractopamina pelo uso dos óleos de coco ou cártamo nas dietas de suínos em terminação. Foram utilizados 24 suínos machos castrados mestiços com peso médio de 78,00±8,76 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, contendo quatro tratamentos e seis repetições compostos por: Ração Basal (RB); RB + 10 ppm de ractopamina; RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de cártamo e RB + 4 cápsulas de 1 grama cada de óleo de coco. Na avaliação do desempenho foi observado o efeito (P 0,05) da suplementação das dietas com óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. As variáveis relacionadas com as carcaças também foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (P 0,05), sendo a espessura de toucinho 3 (ET3) reduzida pelo uso do óleo de cártamo, ractopamina e coco. Na avaliação da área de olho de lombo foram observados efeitos positivos (P 0,05), com maiores valores para os tratamentos suplementados com ractopamina, óleo de coco e com óleo de cártamo, quando comparados com a dieta controle. As dietas também afetaram o perfil dos ácidos graxos (P 0,05) de forma positiva, com a redução do ácido míristico do toucinho nas dietas com ractopamina e óleo de cártamo e aumento na deposição dos ácidos graxos palmitoleico e oleico do lombo nas dietas suplementadas com óleo de coco e cártamo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que tanto o óleo de coco quanto o de cártamo podem ser utilizados como substitutos da ractopamina.(AU)

Purified glycerin diets for broilers from 8 to 42 days old / Glicerina purificada em dietas para frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade

Here we evaluate the technical viability of including purified glycerin in balanced diets for broilers from 8 to 42 days old. For this, we used 160 8-day-old broiler chickens from the Cobb 500® lineage, distributed in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (0, 2, 4, and 6% of purified glycerin inclusion) and four replicates of ten birds. We evaluated feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, final weight, organs biometry (heart, liver, gizzard and small intestine), carcass yield, special cuts yields (thigh, drumstick, and breast), meat color, and protein and fat deposition in the breast muscle. The purified glycerin inclusion levels in diets influenced (p < 0.05) weight gain, feed conversion, and broiler weight at 42 days, with no effect (p > 0.05) on feed intake (FI). Similarly, there was no effect (p > 0.05) on carcass and special cuts yields. The purified glycerin inclusion levels did not influence (p > 0.05) the relative gizzard weight, nor the relative small intestine weight and length. However, the purified glycerin inclusion levels did affect the relative heart and liver weights (p < 0.05). The purified glycerine inclusion levels in diets did not affect (p > 0.05) lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*) values, pH, or protein deposition, but did increases (p < 0.05) fat deposition in breast muscle. Based on our findings, we propose that the inclusion of 6% purified glycerin in diets is technically feasible for broilers of 8 to 42 days old.(AU)

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a viabilidade técnica da inclusão de glicerina purificada em dietas balanceadas para frangos de corte, dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 160 pintos de corte, com 8 dias, da linhagem Cobb 500®, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com quatro tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão de glicerina purificada) e quatro repetições de dez aves. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso final, biometria dos órgãos (coração, fígado, moela e intestino delgado), rendimento de carcaça, rendimentos de cortes nobres (coxa, sobrecoxa e peito), coloração e a deposição de proteína e deposição de gordura da carne do peito. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas influenciaram (p < 0,05) o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e o peso das aves aos 42 dias, não havendo efeito (p > 0,05) sobre o consumo de ração. Da mesma forma, não houve efeito (p > 0,05) sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes nobres. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada não influenciaram (p > 0,05) os pesos relativos da moela, nem o peso relativo e/ou comprimento do intestino delgado. Entretanto, observou-se efeito (p < 0,05) sobre o peso relativo do coração e fígado. Os níveis de inclusão de glicerina purificada nas dietas não afetaram (p > 0,05) os valores de luminosidade (L*), vermelho (a*), amarelo (b*), pH e a deposição de proteína, mas, aumentou de maneira linear (p < 0,05) a deposição de gordura da carne de peito. A inclusão de até 6% de glicerina purificada nas dietas mostrou-se tecnicamente viável para frangos de corte dos 8 aos 42 dias de idade.(AU)

Performance and carcass yield of broilers fed crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers and litter moisture. 960 broilers of 21-42 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with six crude glycerin inclusion levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%), with eight replicates containing 20 broiler chickens per experimental unit. There was a quadratic effect (p<0.05) for weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio from 21 to 42 days of age. Higher levels of crude glycerin in diets increased (40.24%, p<0.05) the litter moisture and reduced (6.04%, p<0.05) the viability of of the birds. There were no effects (p>0.05) on carcass yield, breast, or liver percentages. However, there was an increase (6.17%, p<0.05) in leg yield and a decrease in (p<0,05, 7.05%) the drumstick yield. For the wing yield and abdominal fat, a quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed. The protein and fat deposition rates, as well as the dry matter content of the carcass, showed a quadratic effect (p<0.05) due to the inclusion levels of crude glycerin. Crude glycerin may be used in broiler diets from 21 to 42 days, at up to 6% without harming the performance of the broilers, the yield and carcass quality, litter moisture, and the viability of broilers. It is recommended that crude glycerin can be fed at 5.63% from 21 to 42 days, while for lower feed conversion it is recommended that the level of 3.72% is used.(AU)

Performance and carcass yield of broilers fed crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of crude glycerin at differing inclusion levels on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers and litter moisture. 960 broilers of 21-42 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with six crude glycerin inclusion levels (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%), with eight replicates containing 20 broiler chickens per experimental unit. There was a quadratic effect (p0.05) on carcass yield, breast, or liver percentages. However, there was an increase (6.17%, p<0.05) in leg yield and a decrease in (p<0,05, 7.05%) the drumstick yield. For the wing yield and abdominal fat, a quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed. The protein and fat deposition rates, as well as the dry matter content of the carcass, showed a quadratic effect (p<0.05) due to the inclusion levels of crude glycerin. Crude glycerin may be used in broiler diets from 21 to 42 days, at up to 6% without harming the performance of the broilers, the yield and carcass quality, litter moisture, and the viability of broilers. It is recommended that crude glycerin can be fed at 5.63% from 21 to 42 days, while for lower feed conversion it is recommended that the level of 3.72% is used.

Alternative Transcription of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in the Liver Is Associated with Fatness of Chickens

ABSTRACT The expression of four transcription variant of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene (PPARG) (XM_015292931.1; XM_015292932.1; XM_015292933.1 and NM_001001460.1) in the liver of broilers was measured and its correlation with abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat content was investigated. The study was conducted with 92 slow-growing crossbred chickens (Cobb males x indigenous Green-legged Partridge female chickens) divided into fat and lean groups, according to their abdominal fat yield. The NM_001001460.1 transcriptwas upregulated with ratio of means 4.26 (p0.01) in the fat group in relation to the lean group. Expression of this transcript was highly correlated with relative abdominal fat content (0.71, p0.01) and abdominal fat weight (0.59, p0.01). Two SNPs are located in putative transcription factor binding sites. Mutation -991C>A disrupts PPAR while mutation -884C>T disrupts C/EBP putative binding site. The gene expression analysis of PPARg showed that the expression of the transcripts (NM_001001460.1) was more than four times higher in fat than in lean chickens. These results point out that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma NM_001001460.1 transcript could be candidate gene for determination of abdominal fat deposition in the chickens.

Alternative Transcription of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in the Liver Is Associated with Fatness of Chickens

The expression of four transcription variant of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene (PPARG) (XM_015292931.1; XM_015292932.1; XM_015292933.1 and NM_001001460.1) in the liver of broilers was measured and its correlation with abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat content was investigated. The study was conducted with 92 slow-growing crossbred chickens (Cobb males x indigenous Green-legged Partridge female chickens) divided into fat and lean groups, according to their abdominal fat yield. The NM_001001460.1 transcriptwas upregulated with ratio of means 4.26 (p0.01) in the fat group in relation to the lean group. Expression of this transcript was highly correlated with relative abdominal fat content (0.71, p0.01) and abdominal fat weight (0.59, p0.01). Two SNPs are located in putative transcription factor binding sites. Mutation -991C>A disrupts PPAR while mutation -884C>T disrupts C/EBP putative binding site. The gene expression analysis of PPARg showed that the expression of the transcripts (NM_001001460.1) was more than four times higher in fat than in lean chickens. These results point out that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma NM_001001460.1 transcript could be candidate gene for determination of abdominal fat deposition in the chickens.(AU)

Alternative Transcription of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in the Liver Is Associated with Fatness of Chickens

The expression of four transcription variant of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene (PPARG) (XM_015292931.1; XM_015292932.1; XM_015292933.1 and NM_001001460.1) in the liver of broilers was measured and its correlation with abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat content was investigated. The study was conducted with 92 slow-growing crossbred chickens (Cobb males x indigenous Green-legged Partridge female chickens) divided into fat and lean groups, according to their abdominal fat yield. The NM_001001460.1 transcriptwas upregulated with ratio of means 4.26 (p0.01) in the fat group in relation to the lean group. Expression of this transcript was highly correlated with relative abdominal fat content (0.71, p0.01) and abdominal fat weight (0.59, p0.01). Two SNPs are located in putative transcription factor binding sites. Mutation -991C>A disrupts PPAR while mutation -884C>T disrupts C/EBP putative binding site. The gene expression analysis of PPARg showed that the expression of the transcripts (NM_001001460.1) was more than four times higher in fat than in lean chickens. These results point out that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma NM_001001460.1 transcript could be candidate gene for determination of abdominal fat deposition in the chickens.

Influência do frame size nas características de crescimento e composição da carcaça e seus respectivos parâmetros genéticos em um rebanho sob seleção da raça nelore

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho classificar bovinos da raça Nelore de acordo com frame size afim de comparar características morfológicas e de carcaça, além de estimar os parâmetros genéticos destes atributos. Os dados foram provenientes dos arquivos de uma fazenda comercial e as características avaliadas foram peso ajustado ao sobreano (PESO490), perímetro torácico (PT490), altura do posterior (AP490), escores visuais de estrutura corporal (EC), musculosidade (MUS) e precocidade (PRE). As características de carcaça, avaliadas por meio de ultrassonografia, foram área de olho de lombo (AOL), espessura da gordura subcutânea (EGS), relação entre a altura e largura da AOL (RATIO), o marmoreio (MAR) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea na garupa (EGP8), AOL e EGS em relação ao peso do animal, apresentadas para cada 100 kg de peso vivo (AOL100 e EGS100) e área de olho de lombo ajustado para 450kg de peso vivo (AOL450). O escore de frame size dos animais foi calculado por meio da fórmula proposta por BIF2010. As categorias criadas de escore de frame foram pequeno (P), médio (M) e grande (G) para cada sexo. Os grupos de contemporâneos foram formandos por ano de nascimento, estação de nascimento, o grupo de manejo da mãe, o grupo manejo ao sobreano do animal e o mês do ultrassom. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e ao teste Tukey a 5% de significância. Os componentes de variância foram estimados pelo método de Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita, por meio do modelo animal tri-carácter, utilizando-se o PESO490 como âncora. Nos machos, a classe G apresentou maior AOL (72,51 cm2). A classe P apresentou maior AOL100 (16,20 cm2), AOL450 (71,59 cm2), marmoreio (2,10), EGS100 (0,62 mm) e maiores médias de escores para precocidade (4,64) e musculatura (4,48). O RATIO apresentou maiores médias para as classes extremas P e G. A classe G apresentou maiores médias para os escores visuais de estrutura corporal (4,9), para medida morfométrica de perímetro torácico (179,56) e de ganho de peso diário (0,711 kg). Para as classes de fêmeas, a classe G apresentou maior AOL (60,45 cm2), sendo a classe P que apresentou maior AOL100 (16,78 cm2). As classes M e G apresentaram maior RATIO. As classes P e M apresentaram maior marmoreio (2,82 e 2,72), EGS 100 (1,15 e 1,12 mm), EGP8 (6,55 e 6,68 mm) e para os escores de musculatura (4,39 e 4,22). A classe P apresentou maior nota de precocidade com a média de 4,72. Para o escore de estrutura corporal, PT490 e GPD a classe de maior média foi a classe G, com valores de 4,64, 169,23 cm e 0,524 kg respectivamente. Com relação aos parâmetros genéticos, a maior herdabilidade foi de 0,45 para as características PESO490 e MARMOREIO, seguida de 0,38 para AOL e PT490. As demais herdabilidades de 0,23 a 0,35. Para as correlações genéticas, o PESO490 correlacionou positivamente com AP490 (0,63), PT490 (0,82), AOL (0,52), FRAME (0,55) e EC (0,48). Os escores de musculatura e precocidade correlacionaram entre si forte e positivamente (0,84). O escore de estrutura corporal apresentou correlação próxima de zero com musculatura (-0,01) e precocidade (-0,07), porém a correlação de estrutura corporal com PT490 foi positiva, com valor de 0,63. O escore de 6 precocidade apresentou correlação positiva porém de baixa magnitude com as características de deposição de gordura na carcaça, sendo elas EGS (0,16), EGS100 (0,16), EGP8 (0,40) e marmoreio (0,24). O AOL correlacionou-se geneticamente de forma positiva com AOL100 (0,54) e AOL450 (0,84). O frame size apresentou correlações genéticas positivas com AP490 (0,99), PT490 (0,51), EC (0,65) e negativa com PRE (-0,55). O MARMOREIO correlacionou-se de forma positiva com EGP8 (0,50), EGS (0,41) e EGS100 (0,42). As correlações genéticas de EGP8 com precocidade (0,40) e musculatura (0,42) foram positivas. O Frame size influencia na composição das carcaças de bovinos machos e fêmeas de raça Nelore. Assim, o frame size pode ser usado como critério de seleção para selecionar animais mais precoces e que ao mesmo tempo não percam em deposição de musculatura na carcaça.

The objective of this study was to classify Nellore cattle according to frame score in order to compare morphological and carcass characteristics and estimate the genetic parameters of these attributes. The data were collected from archives of a commercial farm and with resources evaluated as weight adjusted to the year (PESO490), thoracic perimeter (PT490), posterior height (AP490), visual scores of the body structure (CE), muscularity (MUS) and precocity (PRE). Carcass characteristics, assessed by ultrasound, rib eye area (AOL), subcutaneous fat thickness (EGS), relationship between AOL height and width (RATIO), or marbling (MAR) and croup fat intensity subcutaneous (EGP8), AOL and EGS in relation to the animal's weight, being applied to each 100 kg of weight (AOL100 and EGS100) and the eye area adjusted to 450 kg of weight (AOL450). The score for the frame size of the animals was calculated using the formula proposed by BIF2010. As categories used to score small (P), medium (M) and large (G) pictures for each sex. The groups of contemporaries were formed by year of birth, season of birth, mother's management group, animal's yearling management group and ultrasound month. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test at 5% significance. The variation components were estimated using the Maximum Restricted Likelihood method, using the tri-character animal model, using PESO490 as an anchor. In males, a class G P had a highe AOL (72.51 cm2). Class P presents higher AOL100 (16.20 cm2), AOL450 (71.59 cm2), marbling (2.10), EGS100 (0.62 mm) and higher scoring media for precocity (4.64) and musculature (4.48). The RATIO shows the highest medias for extreme classes P and G. Class G shows the highest medias for visual scores of body structure (4.9), for morphometric measurements of thoracic perimeter (179.56) and daily weight gain (0.711 kg). For female classes, class G has the highest AOL (60.45 cm2), with class P having the highest AOL100 (16.78 cm2). As classes M and G describe greater RATIO. In classes P and M, greater marbling (2.82 and 2.72), EGS 100 (1.15 and 1.12 mm), EGP8 (6.55 and 6.68 mm) and for muscle scores (4.39 and 4.22). Class P has the highest precocity score with an average of 4.72. To score the body structure, PT490 and GPD the highest middle class was class G, with values of 4.64, 169.23 cm and 0.524 kg, respectively. With regard to genetic parameters, the highest heritability was 0.45 for the resources PESO490 and MARMOREIO, followed by 0.38 for AOL and PT490. Like other heritabilities from 0.23 to 0.35. For genetic correlations, PESO490 was positively correlated with AP490 (0.63), PT490 (0.82), AOL (0.52), FRAME (0.55) and CE (0.48). Muscle scores and early correlation between strong and positive (0.84). The body structure score showed a correlation close to zero with musculature (-0.01) and precocity (-0.07), but the correlation of body structure with PT490 was positive, with a value of 0.63. The precocity score has a positive but low magnitude correlation with the characteristics of fat composition in the carcass, namely EGS (0.16), EGS100 (0.16), EGP8 (0.40) and more (0.24). AOL was positively correlated with AOL100 (0.54) and AOL450 (0.84). The size of the condition shows positive genetic correlations with AP490 (0.99), PT490 (0.51), CE (0.65) and negative with PRE (-0.55). MARBLING correlated positively with EGP8 (0.50), EGS (0.41) and EGS100 (0.42). The genetic correlations of EGP8 with precocity (0.40) and musculature (0.42) were positive. The frame size influences the composition of the carcasses of bovine and Nellore males. Thus, the size of the frame can be used as a selection criterion to select earlier animals that at the same 8 time does not occur in the deposition of musculature in the carcass. Keywords: Fat deposition. Genetic Correlation. Heritability. Precocity.

Deposição de nutrientes em rã-touro na fase de engorda / Nutrient deposition in bullfrogs during the fattening phase

Descriptions of nutrient deposition are important to determine the nutritional requirements of animals. The objective of this study was to describe nutrient deposition in the body and legs and the dietary intake of protein and fat of bullfrogs during the fattening phase using Gompertz and logistic models, and to evaluate feed efficiency. A total of 2,375 froglets with an initial weight of 7.03 ± 0.16 g were housed in five fattening pens. The animals were fed a commercial diet containing 40% crude protein. Frogs and their legs were weighed and sampled at intervals of 14 days for the determination of nutrient composition. On the basis of the model selection criteria, the logistic model was the most adequate to describe nutrient deposition in the body and legs of bullfrogs and the dietary intake of protein and fat. With respect to nutrient deposition in the body, the estimated values for nutrient weight at maturity (Wm) and the time when the maximum rate of deposition was attained (t*) were 244.3 g and 106 days, 55.2 g and 113 days, 30.9 g and 124 days, and 8.6 g and 99 days for water, protein, fat and ashes, respectively. For nutrient deposition in the legs, these values were 77.6 g and 111 days, 14.5 g and 104 days, 1.4 g and 86 days, and 3.7 g and 119 days, respectively. The protein efficiency of the bullfrog diet was low (36.76%), whereas the efficiency offat utilization was high (140.9%), indicating the need to develop an ideal diet for bullfrogs.(AU)

As descrições da deposição dos nutrientes são importantes para auxiliar na determinação das exigências nutricionais para os animais. A partir do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a deposição dos nutrientes no corpo e nas pernas da rã-touro, bem como o consumo proteico e de gordura da dieta, através dos modelos de Gompertz e Logístico, e avaliar a eficiência da dieta para rã-touro na fase da engorda. Foram utilizados 2.375 imagos de rã-touro com peso inicial de 7,03 ± 0,16 g, alojados em cinco baias de engorda. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta comercial com 40% de proteína bruta. A cada 14 dias, foram realizadas pesagens e amostragens das rãs e de suas pernas, para obtenção da composição dos nutrientes. A partir dos critérios de avaliação, o modelo Logístico foi o mais adequado para descrever a deposição de nutrientes no corpo e pernas das rãs, bem como o consumo de proteína e gordura da dieta. Os valores estimados de peso dos nutrientes à maturidade (Pm) e o tempo onde a taxa de deposição foi máxima (t*) para água, proteína, gordura e cinzas do corpo da rã-touro foram: 244,3 g e 106 dias; 55,2 g e 113 dias; 30,9 g e 124 dias; 8,6 g e 99 dias, respectivamente. Para as pernas, os valores foram: 77,6 g e 111 dias; 14,5 g e 104 dias; 1,4 g e 86 dias; 3,7 g e 119 dias, respectivamente. A dieta comercial apresentou uma baixa eficiência proteica (36,76%) e alta eficiência da utilização da gordura(140,9%) para rã-touro, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de uma dieta ideal para a mesma.(AU)

Deposição de nutrientes em rã-touro na fase de engorda / Nutrient deposition in bullfrogs during the fattening phase

Descriptions of nutrient deposition are important to determine the nutritional requirements of animals. The objective of this study was to describe nutrient deposition in the body and legs and the dietary intake of protein and fat of bullfrogs during the fattening phase using Gompertz and logistic models, and to evaluate feed efficiency. A total of 2,375 froglets with an initial weight of 7.03 ± 0.16 g were housed in five fattening pens. The animals were fed a commercial diet containing 40% crude protein. Frogs and their legs were weighed and sampled at intervals of 14 days for the determination of nutrient composition. On the basis of the model selection criteria, the logistic model was the most adequate to describe nutrient deposition in the body and legs of bullfrogs and the dietary intake of protein and fat. With respect to nutrient deposition in the body, the estimated values for nutrient weight at maturity (Wm) and the time when the maximum rate of deposition was attained (t*) were 244.3 g and 106 days, 55.2 g and 113 days, 30.9 g and 124 days, and 8.6 g and 99 days for water, protein, fat and ashes, respectively. For nutrient deposition in the legs, these values were 77.6 g and 111 days, 14.5 g and 104 days, 1.4 g and 86 days, and 3.7 g and 119 days, respectively. The protein efficiency of the bullfrog diet was low (36.76%), whereas the efficiency offat utilization was high (140.9%), indicating the need to develop an ideal diet for bullfrogs.

As descrições da deposição dos nutrientes são importantes para auxiliar na determinação das exigências nutricionais para os animais. A partir do exposto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever a deposição dos nutrientes no corpo e nas pernas da rã-touro, bem como o consumo proteico e de gordura da dieta, através dos modelos de Gompertz e Logístico, e avaliar a eficiência da dieta para rã-touro na fase da engorda. Foram utilizados 2.375 imagos de rã-touro com peso inicial de 7,03 ± 0,16 g, alojados em cinco baias de engorda. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta comercial com 40% de proteína bruta. A cada 14 dias, foram realizadas pesagens e amostragens das rãs e de suas pernas, para obtenção da composição dos nutrientes. A partir dos critérios de avaliação, o modelo Logístico foi o mais adequado para descrever a deposição de nutrientes no corpo e pernas das rãs, bem como o consumo de proteína e gordura da dieta. Os valores estimados de peso dos nutrientes à maturidade (Pm) e o tempo onde a taxa de deposição foi máxima (t*) para água, proteína, gordura e cinzas do corpo da rã-touro foram: 244,3 g e 106 dias; 55,2 g e 113 dias; 30,9 g e 124 dias; 8,6 g e 99 dias, respectivamente. Para as pernas, os valores foram: 77,6 g e 111 dias; 14,5 g e 104 dias; 1,4 g e 86 dias; 3,7 g e 119 dias, respectivamente. A dieta comercial apresentou uma baixa eficiência proteica (36,76%) e alta eficiência da utilização da gordura(140,9%) para rã-touro, sendo necessário o desenvolvimento de uma dieta ideal para a mesma.

Replacement of animal protein with vegetable protein in the diets of Astyanax altiparanae / Substituição de proteína animal por proteína vegetal em dietas para lambari-do-raboamarelo Astyanax altiparanae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing animal protein with vegetable protein sources on the productive performance of Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Five experimental diets were formulated with increasing replacement levels of animal protein by vegetable protein. A total of 9000 individuals (initial mean weight 1.18 ± 0.12 g, initial mean length 2.1 ± 0.3 cm) were distributed in 20 net cages (1 m3) with a density of 450 ind. m-3. Cages were randomly placed in a pond (180 m2, 1.5 m deep, 10% water renewal per day). After 63 days of cultivation, total count and individual biometrics from 20% of each experimental unit were taken. Mean weight, total length, survival, feed conversion, biomass weight gain and proximate body composition were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The reduction in the formulation cost achieved by increasing levels of vegetable protein compensated the slight decrease in biomass gain. Besides that, inclusion of vegetable protein resulted in greater fat deposition, suggesting future exploration of A. altiparanae as a functional food.(AU)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição de fontes de proteína animal por fontes proteicas vegetais no desempenho produtivo do Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Cinco dietas experimentais foram formuladas com níveis crescentes de substituição de proteína animal por proteína vegetal. Foi distribuído o total de 9.000 indivíduos (peso médio inicial 1,18 ± 0,12 g, comprimento médio inicial 2,1 ± 0,3 cm) em 20 tanques-rede (1 m3 ; 450 ind. m-3). Os tanques-rede foram aleatoriamente dispostos em um viveiro (180 m2 , profundidade: 1,5 m, renovação de água: 10% ao dia). Após 63 dias de cultivo, foi realizada a contagem total dos indivíduos e biometria individual de 20% de cada unidade experimental. Foram avaliados peso e comprimento médios, sobrevivência, conversão alimentar, ganho em biomassa e composição corporal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. A diminuição alcançada no custo de formulação pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de proteína de origem vegetal mais que compensou a ligeira diminuição no ganho em biomassa. Ademais, a inclusão de proteína vegetal resultou em maior deposição lipídica, sugerindo exploração futura de A. altiparanae como alimento funcional.(AU)

Replacement of animal protein with vegetable protein in the diets of Astyanax altiparanae / Substituição de proteína animal por proteína vegetal em dietas para lambari-do-raboamarelo Astyanax altiparanae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing animal protein with vegetable protein sources on the productive performance of Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Five experimental diets were formulated with increasing replacement levels of animal protein by vegetable protein. A total of 9000 individuals (initial mean weight 1.18 ± 0.12 g, initial mean length 2.1 ± 0.3 cm) were distributed in 20 net cages (1 m3) with a density of 450 ind. m-3. Cages were randomly placed in a pond (180 m2, 1.5 m deep, 10% water renewal per day). After 63 days of cultivation, total count and individual biometrics from 20% of each experimental unit were taken. Mean weight, total length, survival, feed conversion, biomass weight gain and proximate body composition were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. The reduction in the formulation cost achieved by increasing levels of vegetable protein compensated the slight decrease in biomass gain. Besides that, inclusion of vegetable protein resulted in greater fat deposition, suggesting future exploration of A. altiparanae as a functional food.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da substituição de fontes de proteína animal por fontes proteicas vegetais no desempenho produtivo do Astyanax altiparanae (lambari-do-rabo-amarelo). Cinco dietas experimentais foram formuladas com níveis crescentes de substituição de proteína animal por proteína vegetal. Foi distribuído o total de 9.000 indivíduos (peso médio inicial 1,18 ± 0,12 g, comprimento médio inicial 2,1 ± 0,3 cm) em 20 tanques-rede (1 m3 ; 450 ind. m-3). Os tanques-rede foram aleatoriamente dispostos em um viveiro (180 m2 , profundidade: 1,5 m, renovação de água: 10% ao dia). Após 63 dias de cultivo, foi realizada a contagem total dos indivíduos e biometria individual de 20% de cada unidade experimental. Foram avaliados peso e comprimento médios, sobrevivência, conversão alimentar, ganho em biomassa e composição corporal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. A diminuição alcançada no custo de formulação pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de proteína de origem vegetal mais que compensou a ligeira diminuição no ganho em biomassa. Ademais, a inclusão de proteína vegetal resultou em maior deposição lipídica, sugerindo exploração futura de A. altiparanae como alimento funcional.

Threonine levels for piglets diet (6 to 16 kg) kept under different degrees of immune system activation / Níveis de treonina em dietas para leitões (6 a 16 kg) submetidos a diferentes graus de ativação do sistema imune

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary threonine levels and immune system activation on performance and carcass characteristics of weaning pigs. A total of 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.31 ± 1.23kg, were used in a randomized blocks experimental design, in a 5x2 factorial scheme five levels of total threonine (0.85; 0.95; 1.05; 1.15; 1.25%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the threonine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. Threonine levels and immune system activation did not affect the performance of the animals. Threonine levels linearly affected the percentage of water and fat in the carcass and daily deposition of fat. The level of total threonine 0.85%, corresponding to 4.29g daily intake of threonine, and a threonine: lysine ratio of 55%, provide the requirement performance and carcass for piglets from six to 16kg. No harmful effect on animal performance was caused by the activation of the immune system.(AU)

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de treonina da dieta e da ativação do sistema imune sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 20,3 dias e peso inicial de 5,31 ± 1,23kg. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de treonina total (0,85; 0,95; 1,05; 1,15; 1,25%) e dois níveis de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), com quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre o nível de treonina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. Os níveis de treonina e a ativação do sistema imune não afetaram os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados. Os níveis de treonina afetaram de forma linear a porcentagem de água e gordura na carcaça e a deposição diária de gordura. Conclui-se que o nível de treonina total de 0,85%, correspondendo a um consumo diário de treonina de 4,29 g/dia, e uma relação treonina: lisina de 55%, atende a exigência de leitões dos seis aos 16kg, sendo que a ativação do sistema imune não causou qualquer efeito negativo sobre o desempenho dos animais.(AU)

Níveis de treonina em dietas para leitões (6 a 16 kg) submetidos a diferentes graus de ativação do sistema imune

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary threonine levels and immune system activation on performance and carcass characteristics of weaning pigs. A total of 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.31 ± 1.23kg, were used in a randomized blocks experimental design, in a 5x2 factorial scheme five levels of total threonine (0.85; 0.95; 1.05; 1.15; 1.25%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the threonine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. Threonine levels and immune system activation did not affect the performance of the animals. Threonine levels linearly affected the percentage of water and fat in the carcass and daily deposition of fat. The level of total threonine 0.85%, corresponding to 4.29g daily intake of threonine, and a threonine: lysine ratio of 55%, provide the requirement performance and carcass for piglets from six to 16kg. No harmful effect on animal performance was caused by the activation of the immune system.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de treonina da dieta e da ativação do sistema imune sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 20,3 dias e peso inicial de 5,31 ± 1,23kg. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de treonina total (0,85; 0,95; 1,05; 1,15; 1,25%) e dois níveis de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), com quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre o nível de treonina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. Os níveis de treonina e a ativação do sistema imune não afetaram os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados. Os níveis de treonina afetaram de forma linear a porcentagem de água e gordura na carcaça e a deposição diária de gordura. Conclui-se que o nível de treonina total de 0,85%, correspondendo a um consumo diário de treonina de 4,29 g/dia, e uma relação treonina: lisina de 55%, atende a exigência de leitões dos seis aos 16kg, sendo que a ativação do sistema imune não causou qualquer efeito negativo sobre o desempenho dos animais.

Threonine levels for piglets diet (6 to 16 kg) kept under different degrees of immune system activation / Níveis de treonina em dietas para leitões (6 a 16 kg) submetidos a diferentes graus de ativação do sistema imune

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary threonine levels and immune system activation on performance and carcass characteristics of weaning pigs. A total of 360 piglets, 180 males and 180 females, weaned at 20.3 days of age and initial weight of 5.31 ± 1.23kg, were used in a randomized blocks experimental design, in a 5x2 factorial scheme five levels of total threonine (0.85; 0.95; 1.05; 1.15; 1.25%) and two forms of immune system activation (vaccinated and unvaccinated), with four replications and nine animals per experimental unit. There was no interaction between the threonine levels and the degree of activation of the immune system of animals for all parameters evaluated. Threonine levels and immune system activation did not affect the performance of the animals. Threonine levels linearly affected the percentage of water and fat in the carcass and daily deposition of fat. The level of total threonine 0.85%, corresponding to 4.29g daily intake of threonine, and a threonine: lysine ratio of 55%, provide the requirement performance and carcass for piglets from six to 16kg. No harmful effect on animal performance was caused by the activation of the immune system.

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de treonina da dieta e da ativação do sistema imune sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram utilizados 360 leitões, 180 machos e 180 fêmeas, desmamados com idade média de 20,3 dias e peso inicial de 5,31 ± 1,23kg. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de treonina total (0,85; 0,95; 1,05; 1,15; 1,25%) e dois níveis de ativação do sistema imune (vacinados e não vacinados), com quatro repetições e nove animais por unidade experimental. Não houve interação entre o nível de treonina e o grau de ativação do sistema imune dos animais para todos os parâmetros avaliados. Os níveis de treonina e a ativação do sistema imune não afetaram os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados. Os níveis de treonina afetaram de forma linear a porcentagem de água e gordura na carcaça e a deposição diária de gordura. Conclui-se que o nível de treonina total de 0,85%, correspondendo a um consumo diário de treonina de 4,29 g/dia, e uma relação treonina: lisina de 55%, atende a exigência de leitões dos seis aos 16kg, sendo que a ativação do sistema imune não causou qualquer efeito negativo sobre o desempenho dos animais.

Consumo alimentar residual e sua relação com medidas de desempenho e eficiência e características in vivo da carcaça de cordeiros / The residual feed intake and its relationship with performance and efficiency measures and in vivo carcass characteristics of lambs

Avaliou-se o consumo alimentar residual (CAR) e a conversão alimentar (CA) de 20 cordeiros, com o objetivo de estimar as correlações entre essas variáveis com medidas de desempenho e com características in vivo da carcaça. Os animais tiveram o consumo de MS (CMS) mensurado por 65 dias e foram pesados a cada 13 dias para obtenção do ganho médio diário (GMD). Foram considerados o peso vivo inicial (PVI), o peso vivo final (PVF), o peso metabólico (PM), o GMD, a taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), a taxa de Kleiber (TK), a CA, o CMS e o CMS em percentual do PV (CMSPV). As avaliações de carcaça foram realizadas por ultrassom. O CAR se mostrou correlacionado com o CMS (+0,81), o CMSPV (+0,90) e a CA (+0,63). Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre CA e GMD; CA e TCR; CA e TK; e CA e PVI (-0,63, -0,74, -0,75 e +0,51, respectivamente). O CAR e a CA não se mostraram correlacionados com características de carcaça, e, da mesma forma, não houve diferença entre as classes de CAR para essas variáveis. Confirmou-se o potencial do CAR como medida de eficiência alimentar para cordeiros em confinamento, sem existência de relações com o ganho de peso e o tamanho corporal e sem alterações na composição da carcaça.(AU)

The residual feed intake (RFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 20 lambs was evaluated in order to estimate the correlations between these traits and performance measures and with in vivo carcass characteristics. The animals had their dry matter intake (DMI) measured over 65 days and they were weighed every 13 days to determine the average daily weight gain (ADG). Initial body weight (IBW), final body weight (FBW), metabolic weight (MW), ADG, relative growth rate (RGR), Kleiber ratio (KR), FCR, DMI and DMI in BW percentual (BWDMI) were considered. The carcass evaluation was performed by ultrasound. The RFI was correlated with the DMI (+0.81), BWDMI (+0.90) and with FCR (+0.63). Significant correlations were found between FCR and ADG; FCR and RGR; and FCR and KR; and FCR and IBW (-0.63, -0.74, -0.75 and +0.51 respectively). The RFI and the FCR were not correlated with carcass traits and similarly there was no difference between the RFI-classes for these variables. It was proved the RFI has potential as a measure of feed efficiency for housed lambs, without the existence of relations with weight gain and body size of animals and without changes in carcass composition.(AU)

Association of CSSM066 and ILSTS011 microsatellite markers and thyroglobulin gene SNP with backfat in Canchim cattle

Canchim, a synthetic breed of cattle derived from the Charolais and Zebu group has been used in the beef-cattle industry in Brazil as an alternative for intensifying production. One of the main concerns with this breed is its poor fat deposition and consequently, there is an effort to increase the performance for this trait. The thyroglobulin gene is located in a QTL region for fat deposition, and reports describe the influence of a polymorphism in the 5´ leader sequence of that gene on marbling and subcutaneous fat thickness. This study analyzed the association of this polymorphism in the thyroglobulin gene, as well as of two flanking microsatellite markers, CSSM066 and ILSTS011, with backfat thickness in 987 Canchim beef cattle. The CSSM066 and ILSTS011 microsatellite markers have a effect on fat thickness in the studied populations. However, this trait did not have association with the polymorphism of the thyroglobulin gene, which suggests that other genes of bovine chromosome 14 may be responsible for the variation in this trait.

Association of CSSM066 and ILSTS011 microsatellite markers and thyroglobulin gene SNP with backfat in Canchim cattle

Canchim, a synthetic breed of cattle derived from the Charolais and Zebu group has been used in the beef-cattle industry in Brazil as an alternative for intensifying production. One of the main concerns with this breed is its poor fat deposition and consequently, there is an effort to increase the performance for this trait. The thyroglobulin gene is located in a QTL region for fat deposition, and reports describe the influence of a polymorphism in the 5´ leader sequence of that gene on marbling and subcutaneous fat thickness. This study analyzed the association of this polymorphism in the thyroglobulin gene, as well as of two flanking microsatellite markers, CSSM066 and ILSTS011, with backfat thickness in 987 Canchim beef cattle. The CSSM066 and ILSTS011 microsatellite markers have a effect on fat thickness in the studied populations. However, this trait did not have association with the polymorphism of the thyroglobulin gene, which suggests that other genes of bovine chromosome 14 may be responsible for the variation in this trait.