Temporary hyperpigmentation as a complication of fixing the FreeStyle Libre sensor in a cat: a case report / Hiperpigmentação temporária como complicação da fixação do sensor FreeStyle Libre em um gato: relato de caso

This report described temporary hyperpigmentation occurring in a cat after use of the FreeStyle® Libre sensor by applying three different adhesive glues. The device was continuously used as an aid for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Histopathological examination revealed mild focal chronic active dermatitis. While the coat color change occurred due to inflammation and did not affect the device functioning, owners should be alerted to the possibility of this complication.

Este relato de caso descreveu a hiperpigmentação temporária que ocorreu em um gato após o uso do sensor FreeStyle® Libre, no qual foram aplicadas três colas adesivas diferentes. O dispositivo foi usado continuamente como auxiliar no tratamento do diabetes mellitus. O exame histopatológico revelou dermatite crônica ativa focal leve. Embora a mudança de cor da pelagem tenha ocorrido devido à inflamação e não tenha afetado o funcionamento do dispositivo, os proprietários devem ser alertados para a possibilidade dessa complicação.

Utilization of enbucrylate adhesive in the treatment of a corneal ulcer in a horse

Background: Ulcerative keratitis is a common condition in horses, and may leading to vision loss. The high incidence of corneal ulceration in horses is a consequence of several factors, including the large, prominent, laterally positioned eyes, naturally aggressive physical activity, and ubiquitous exposure to bacterial and fungal pathogens. Many surgical techniques have been proposed for the repair of corneal perforation, including conjunctival flaps, keratoplastic procedures, xenografts and biological grafts. In addition, cyanoacrylate adhesives may be used for the treatment of corneal ulcers up to 3 mm in diameter. Cyanoacrylate adhesives have been used to treat small partial corneal lacerations, descemetoceles, deep stromal corneal ulcers, and recurrent corneal erosions, in both human and veterinary ophthalmology. These adhesives allow not only corneal re-epithelialization, with complete sloughing of the glue, but also negative fluorescein retention. In this report, we describe a case of a deep corneal ulcer in a horse that was treated successfully with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. Case: A two-month-old female Quarter Horse was referred to the Ophthalmology Section of the Veterinary Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, presenting a deep corneal ulcer. The ophthalmic examination revealed ocular discomfort, epiphora, conjunctival hyperemia and a corneal ulcer measuring 3 mm in the left eye of the animal. Surgical repair was performed using an n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive. The patient allowed the procedure to be carried out under topical anesthesia alone. The postoperative treatment involved broadspectrum antibiotic (ciprofl oxacin chloridrate 0.35%) and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory solution (sodium diclofenac 0.1%), administered six times a day for two weeks. In addition, atropine sulphate 1% was applied once a day for five days to induce pupillary dilation. After three weeks of follow-up, the cyanoacrylate adhesive became dislodged from the corneal bed. A fluorescein test was carried out to evaluate the presence of the corneal defect and there was no evidence of the ulcer. The time required for total resolution of the vascularization, which typically leaves a small leukoma, was six weeks. Discussion: The objectives of the treatment included prevention of structural loss, which would compromise globe integrity, resolution of any underlying causes and contributory infectious diseases, improving the patient's comfort by minimizing the development of scar tissue, and maximizing corneal clarity. Although many corneal ulcers are superficial and may heal quickly, a progressive or deep ulcer requires more aggressive therapy. In general, corneal ulcers that involve one-half to two-thirds of the depth of the corneal stroma should be repaired surgically because of the risk of perforation. However, the application of cyanoacrylate adhesives aids corneal healing, by establishing an artificial barrier against polymorphonuclear leucocytes and their enzymes, decreasing stromal melting, and having a bacteriostatic effect on Gram-positive organisms. The choice of surgical method was based on the fact that the adhesive can be applied with topical anesthesia, in its indication for deep ulcers up to 3 mm in diameter, and its advantages in the re-epithelization of the cornea in humans and other animals. In the present case, the use of n-2-butyl-cyanioacrylate offered an effective alternative for the management of a deep corneal defect.

Utilization of Enbucrylate adhesive in the treatment of a corneal ulcer in a horse / Utilization of Enbucrylate adhesive in the treatment of a corneal ulcer in a horse

Background: Ulcerative keratitis is a common condition in horses, and may leading to vision loss. The high incidence of corneal ulceration in horses is a consequence of several factors, including the large, prominent, laterally positioned eyes, naturally aggressive physical activity, and ubiquitous exposure to bacterial and fungal pathogens. Many surgical techniques have been proposed for the repair of corneal perforation, including conjunctival fl aps, keratoplastic procedures, xenografts and biological grafts. In addition, cyanoacrylate adhesives may be used for the treatment of corneal ulcers up to 3 mm in diameter. Cyanoacrylate adhesives have been used to treat small partial corneal lacerations, descemetoceles, deep stromal corneal ulcers, and recurrent corneal erosions, in both human and veterinary ophthalmology. These adhesives allow not only corneal re-epithelialization, with complete sloughing of the glue, but also negative fluorescein retention. In this report, we describe a case of a deep corneal ulcer in a horse that was treated successfully with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive.Case: A two-month-old female Quarter Horse was referred to the Ophthalmology Section of the Veterinary Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, presenting a deep corneal ulcer. The ophthalmic examination revealed ocular discomfort, epiph

Background: Ulcerative keratitis is a common condition in horses, and may leading to vision loss. The high incidence of corneal ulceration in horses is a consequence of several factors, including the large, prominent, laterally positioned eyes, naturally aggressive physical activity, and ubiquitous exposure to bacterial and fungal pathogens. Many surgical techniques have been proposed for the repair of corneal perforation, including conjunctival fl aps, keratoplastic procedures, xenografts and biological grafts. In addition, cyanoacrylate adhesives may be used for the treatment of corneal ulcers up to 3 mm in diameter. Cyanoacrylate adhesives have been used to treat small partial corneal lacerations, descemetoceles, deep stromal corneal ulcers, and recurrent corneal erosions, in both human and veterinary ophthalmology. These adhesives allow not only corneal re-epithelialization, with complete sloughing of the glue, but also negative fluorescein retention. In this report, we describe a case of a deep corneal ulcer in a horse that was treated successfully with cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive.Case: A two-month-old female Quarter Horse was referred to the Ophthalmology Section of the Veterinary Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, presenting a deep corneal ulcer. The ophthalmic examination revealed ocular discomfort, epiph

Influência da gramatura na resistência da linha de cola aos esforços de cisalhamento em painéis compensados de Copaifera duckei Dawyer e Eperua oleifera Ducke

The wood as a source of organic material responds in different ways to different treatments her employees, including the application of glue which depends on its moisture content, tending to reach a moisture content in dynamic equilibrium with relative humidity of the atmosphere. Currently we use blades with moisture levels of between 5 and 15% according to the type of resin used. This study evaluated the effect of 04 weights (270, 330, 364 and 390 g/m²) in the production of panels using offset the species: Copaifera ducker Dawyer and Eperua oleifera Ducke. The species were removed from the area of sustainable forest management Gethal Plywood Industry Ltd. located in Manicoré-Am. The slides were produced with thickness of 2.2 mm. The variables of the pressing cycle of were controlled by following the technical guidelines set by the manufacturer of resin. The property was assessed to resilience of the line of glue, with samples of the hood and the kernels in drought conditions and post-boil. Statistical analysis was applied an experimental design with in a factorial arrangement of treatments. Confronting the average values of voltage collapse and the percentage of failure in wood obtained in this research, test and post-boiling dry, with the literature, it appears that the panels assessed meet the established criteria, may be indicated for use inside and outside Because according to EN 314-2 (1993) the average voltage collapse along with the percentage of failure in the wood are at an acceptable standard of behavior.

A madeira por ser um material de origem orgânica responde de várias maneiras aos diversos produtos nela empregados, inclusive a aplicação de cola a qual depende do seu teor de umidade, tendendo a atingir um teor de umidade em equilíbrio dinâmico com a umidade relativa da atmosfera. Atualmente utilizam-se lâminas com teores de umidade entre 5 e 15% de acordo com o tipo de resina utilizada. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de 04 gramaturas (270; 330; 364 e 390 g/m²) na produção de painéis compensados utilizando as espécies: Copaifera duckei Dawyer e Eperua oleifera Ducke. As espécies utilizadas foram retiradas da área de manejo florestal sustentável da Gethal Indústria de Madeira Compensada Ltda localizada em Manicoré-Am. As lâminas foram produzidas com espessuras de 2,2 mm. As variáveis do ciclo de prensagem foram controladas seguindo as orientações técnicas estabelecidas pelo fabricante da resina. Foi avaliada a resistência da linha de cola, com amostras da capa e do miolo em condições seca e pós-fervura. Para análise estatística foi aplicado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em esquema fatorial dos tratamentos. Confrontando os valores médios da tensão de ruptura e a percentagem de falha na madeira obtidos nesta pesquisa, ensaio seco e pós-fervura, com os da literatura, foi verificado que os painéis avaliados atendem aos critérios estabelecidos, podendo ser indicados para uso interior e exterior, pois de acordo com a Norma EN 314-2 (1993) o valor médio da tensão de ruptura em conjunto com a porcentagem de falha na madeira encontram-se em um padrão aceitável de comportamento.

Influência da gramatura na resistência da linha de cola aos esforços de cisalhamento em painéis compensados de Copaifera duckei Dawyer e Eperua oleifera Ducke / Effects of amount of adhesive spread on the glue line shear strength in the plywood of Copaifera duckei Dawyer and Eperua oleifera Ducke

A madeira por ser um material de origem orgânica responde de várias maneiras aos diversos produtos nela empregados, inclusive a aplicação de cola a qual depende do seu teor de umidade, tendendo a atingir um teor de umidade em equilíbrio dinâmico com a umidade relativa da atmosfera. Atualmente utilizam-se lâminas com teores de umidade entre 5 e 15 por cento de acordo com o tipo de resina utilizada. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de 04 gramaturas (270; 330; 364 e 390 g/m²) na produção de painéis compensados utilizando as espécies: Copaifera duckei Dawyer e Eperua oleifera Ducke. As espécies utilizadas foram retiradas da área de manejo florestal sustentável da Gethal Indústria de Madeira Compensada Ltda localizada em Manicoré-Am. As lâminas foram produzidas com espessuras de 2,2 mm. As variáveis do ciclo de prensagem foram controladas seguindo as orientações técnicas estabelecidas pelo fabricante da resina. Foi avaliada a resistência da linha de cola, com amostras da capa e do miolo em condições seca e pós-fervura. Para análise estatística foi aplicado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em esquema fatorial dos tratamentos. Confrontando os valores médios da tensão de ruptura e a percentagem de falha na madeira obtidos nesta pesquisa, ensaio seco e pós-fervura, com os da literatura, foi verificado que os painéis avaliados atendem aos critérios estabelecidos, podendo ser indicados para uso interior e exterior, pois de acordo com a Norma EN 314-2 (1993) o valor médio da tensão de ruptura em conjunto com a porcentagem de falha na madeira encontram-se em um padrão aceitável de comportamento.

The wood as a source of organic material responds in different ways to different treatments her employees, including the application of glue which depends on its moisture content, tending to reach a moisture content in dynamic equilibrium with relative humidity of the atmosphere. Currently we use blades with moisture levels of between 5 and 15 percent according to the type of resin used. This study evaluated the effect of 04 weights (270, 330, 364 and 390 g/m²) in the production of panels using offset the species: Copaifera ducker Dawyer and Eperua oleifera Ducke. The species were removed from the area of sustainable forest management Gethal Plywood Industry Ltd. located in Manicoré-Am. The slides were produced with thickness of 2.2 mm. The variables of the pressing cycle of were controlled by following the technical guidelines set by the manufacturer of resin. The property was assessed to resilience of the line of glue, with samples of the hood and the kernels in drought conditions and post-boil. Statistical analysis was applied an experimental design with in a factorial arrangement of treatments. Confronting the average values of voltage collapse and the percentage of failure in wood obtained in this research, test and post-boiling dry, with the literature, it appears that the panels assessed meet the established criteria, may be indicated for use inside and outside Because according to EN 314-2 (1993) the average voltage collapse along with the percentage of failure in the wood are at an acceptable standard of behavior.

Influência da gramatura na resistência da linha de cola aos esforços de cisalhamento em painéis compensados de Copaifera duckei Dawyer e Eperua oleifera Ducke

The wood as a source of organic material responds in different ways to different treatments her employees, including the application of glue which depends on its moisture content, tending to reach a moisture content in dynamic equilibrium with relative humidity of the atmosphere. Currently we use blades with moisture levels of between 5 and 15% according to the type of resin used. This study evaluated the effect of 04 weights (270, 330, 364 and 390 g/m²) in the production of panels using offset the species: Copaifera ducker Dawyer and Eperua oleifera Ducke. The species were removed from the area of sustainable forest management Gethal Plywood Industry Ltd. located in Manicoré-Am. The slides were produced with thickness of 2.2 mm. The variables of the pressing cycle of were controlled by following the technical guidelines set by the manufacturer of resin. The property was assessed to resilience of the line of glue, with samples of the hood and the kernels in drought conditions and post-boil. Statistical analysis was applied an experimental design with in a factorial arrangement of treatments. Confronting the average values of voltage collapse and the percentage of failure in wood obtained in this research, test and post-boiling dry, with the literature, it appears that the panels assessed meet the established criteria, may be indicated for use inside and outside Because according to EN 314-2 (1993) the average voltage collapse along with the percentage of failure in the wood are at an acceptable standard of behavior.

A madeira por ser um material de origem orgânica responde de várias maneiras aos diversos produtos nela empregados, inclusive a aplicação de cola a qual depende do seu teor de umidade, tendendo a atingir um teor de umidade em equilíbrio dinâmico com a umidade relativa da atmosfera. Atualmente utilizam-se lâminas com teores de umidade entre 5 e 15% de acordo com o tipo de resina utilizada. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de 04 gramaturas (270; 330; 364 e 390 g/m²) na produção de painéis compensados utilizando as espécies: Copaifera duckei Dawyer e Eperua oleifera Ducke. As espécies utilizadas foram retiradas da área de manejo florestal sustentável da Gethal Indústria de Madeira Compensada Ltda localizada em Manicoré-Am. As lâminas foram produzidas com espessuras de 2,2 mm. As variáveis do ciclo de prensagem foram controladas seguindo as orientações técnicas estabelecidas pelo fabricante da resina. Foi avaliada a resistência da linha de cola, com amostras da capa e do miolo em condições seca e pós-fervura. Para análise estatística foi aplicado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em esquema fatorial dos tratamentos. Confrontando os valores médios da tensão de ruptura e a percentagem de falha na madeira obtidos nesta pesquisa, ensaio seco e pós-fervura, com os da literatura, foi verificado que os painéis avaliados atendem aos critérios estabelecidos, podendo ser indicados para uso interior e exterior, pois de acordo com a Norma EN 314-2 (1993) o valor médio da tensão de ruptura em conjunto com a porcentagem de falha na madeira encontram-se em um padrão aceitável de comportamento.

Development, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of LASH model

Many hydrologic models have been developed to help manage natural resources all over the world. Nevertheless, most models have presented a high complexity regarding data base requirements, as well as, many calibration parameters. This has brought serious difficulties for applying them in watersheds where there is scarcity of data. The development of the Lavras Simulation of Hydrology (LASH) in a GIS framework is described in this study, which focuses on its main components, parameters, and capabilities. Coupled with LASH, sensitivity analysis, parameter range reduction, and uncertainty analysis were performed prior to the calibration effort by using specific techniques (Morris method, Monte Carlo simulation and a Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation -GLUE) with a data base from a Brazilian Tropical Experimental Watershed (32 km²), in order to predict streamflow on a daily basis. LASH is a simple deterministic and spatially distributed model using long-term data sets, and a few maps to predict streamflow at a watershed outlet. We were able to identify the most sensitive parameters which are associated with the base flow and surface runoff components, using a reference watershed. Using a conservative threshold, two parameters had their range of values reduced, thus resulting in outputs closer to measured values and facilitating automatic calibration of the model with less required iterations. GLUE was found to be an efficient method to analyze uncertainties related to the prediction of mean daily streamflow in the watershed.

Diversos modelos hidrológicos têm sido desenvolvidos no intuito de auxiliar na gestão de recursos naturais em todo o mundo. Porém, a maioria desses modelos apresenta um alto grau de complexidade em relação tanto à necessidade de base de dados, quanto ao número de parâmetros de calibração. Em virtude desses fatores, se torna difícil a aplicação em bacias hidrográficas que têm bases de dados reduzidas. Neste artigo é descrito o desenvolvimento do modelo Lavras Simulation of Hydrology (LASH) em uma estrutura de SIG, buscando enfatizar seus principais componentes e parâmetros, bem como suas potencialidades. Além da descrição do modelo, também foram realizadas a análise de sensibilidade, a redução do intervalo de parâmetros e a análise de incertezas, anteriormente à fase de calibração, utilizando metodologias específicas (método de Morris, simulação de Monte Carlo e o método Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Equation (GLUE)), com a base de dados de uma bacia hidrográfica experimental tropical brasileira (32 km²), a fim de simular a vazão total média diária. O LASH é um modelo classificado como determinístico e distribuído, que utiliza dados de longo termo e poucos mapas para predizer vazão na seção de controle de bacias hidrográficas. Foi possível identificar os parâmetros mais sensíveis do modelo para a bacia hidrográfica de referência, os quais estão associados com os componentes de escoamento de base e superficial direto. Em função do limiar conservador utilizado neste estudo, foram reduzidos os intervalos de dois parâmetros, dessa forma gerando resultados simulados mais realísticos e também facilitando a calibração automática do modelo com um menor número de iterações necessárias. O método da GLUE mostrou ser eficiente frente à análise de incertezas relacionadas à predição de vazão na bacia de estudo.

Development, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of LASH model

Many hydrologic models have been developed to help manage natural resources all over the world. Nevertheless, most models have presented a high complexity regarding data base requirements, as well as, many calibration parameters. This has brought serious difficulties for applying them in watersheds where there is scarcity of data. The development of the Lavras Simulation of Hydrology (LASH) in a GIS framework is described in this study, which focuses on its main components, parameters, and capabilities. Coupled with LASH, sensitivity analysis, parameter range reduction, and uncertainty analysis were performed prior to the calibration effort by using specific techniques (Morris method, Monte Carlo simulation and a Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation -GLUE) with a data base from a Brazilian Tropical Experimental Watershed (32 km²), in order to predict streamflow on a daily basis. LASH is a simple deterministic and spatially distributed model using long-term data sets, and a few maps to predict streamflow at a watershed outlet. We were able to identify the most sensitive parameters which are associated with the base flow and surface runoff components, using a reference watershed. Using a conservative threshold, two parameters had their range of values reduced, thus resulting in outputs closer to measured values and facilitating automatic calibration of the model with less required iterations. GLUE was found to be an efficient method to analyze uncertainties related to the prediction of mean daily streamflow in the watershed.

Diversos modelos hidrológicos têm sido desenvolvidos no intuito de auxiliar na gestão de recursos naturais em todo o mundo. Porém, a maioria desses modelos apresenta um alto grau de complexidade em relação tanto à necessidade de base de dados, quanto ao número de parâmetros de calibração. Em virtude desses fatores, se torna difícil a aplicação em bacias hidrográficas que têm bases de dados reduzidas. Neste artigo é descrito o desenvolvimento do modelo Lavras Simulation of Hydrology (LASH) em uma estrutura de SIG, buscando enfatizar seus principais componentes e parâmetros, bem como suas potencialidades. Além da descrição do modelo, também foram realizadas a análise de sensibilidade, a redução do intervalo de parâmetros e a análise de incertezas, anteriormente à fase de calibração, utilizando metodologias específicas (método de Morris, simulação de Monte Carlo e o método Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Equation (GLUE)), com a base de dados de uma bacia hidrográfica experimental tropical brasileira (32 km²), a fim de simular a vazão total média diária. O LASH é um modelo classificado como determinístico e distribuído, que utiliza dados de longo termo e poucos mapas para predizer vazão na seção de controle de bacias hidrográficas. Foi possível identificar os parâmetros mais sensíveis do modelo para a bacia hidrográfica de referência, os quais estão associados com os componentes de escoamento de base e superficial direto. Em função do limiar conservador utilizado neste estudo, foram reduzidos os intervalos de dois parâmetros, dessa forma gerando resultados simulados mais realísticos e também facilitando a calibração automática do modelo com um menor número de iterações necessárias. O método da GLUE mostrou ser eficiente frente à análise de incertezas relacionadas à predição de vazão na bacia de estudo.

In vitro antibacterial activities of ethanol extract of iranian propolis (EEIP) against fish pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia ruckeri & Streptococcus iniae)

The ''in vitro'' antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of propolis (EEIP) from Urmia, Iran was investigated against three prevalent species of fish bacterial pathogens including: Aeromonas hydrophila LMG 3770, Yersinia ruckeri LMG 3279 and Streptococcus iniae LMG 14520. In this study two standard susceptibility testing techniques (Micro-broth dilution method and Agar-well diffusion method) were used to evaluation of the antibacterial activity of EEIP against the mentioned micro-organisms. Also the chemical composition of propolis was determined by the method of Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-six compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Results showed Chemical composition of EEIP contained significant amounts of flavonoids, Sesquiterpenes - mainly Eudesmol and Caryophyllene oxide - aromatic acid, and low amounts of aldehydes and triterpens. Furthermore the ethanol extract of propolis inhibited the growth of all examined micro-organisms with the highest antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus iniae. Ethanol did not influence the antimicrobial effect of EEIP. These antibacterial properties would warrant further studies on the clinical applications of propolis in aquaculture field.

Use of fibrin glue derived from snake venom in the repair of deep corneal ulcers: experimental study in dogs (Canis familiaris, Linnaeus, 1758)

Fibrin glue has been researched as an alternative method for tissue synthesis and is known for its capability to promote hemostasis at the application site, good approximation of wound edges and fast healing. The current study consisted in the application of fibrin glue derived from snake venom as treatment for experimental corneal ulcers. Twenty-one dogs had their corneas experimentally prepared through lamellar keratectomy (of standardized diameter and depth). Animals were divided into seven groups of three animals each. Six experimental groups were periodically evaluated and collection was carried out on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days, whereas one control group was evaluated throughout the experiment. Analyses consisted in the clinical evolution and in the histopathological study of all operated on eyes. Results indicated that fibrin glue was efficient in repairing keratectomy wounds in dogs and contributed to an earlier healing phenomenon, avoiding edema formation and keeping corneal clearness. The use of fibrin glue derived from snake venom showed to be easy to apply, feasible with animal models and of low cost, avoiding the lesion progress and allowing fast and appropriate corneal healing.

Avaliação da gramatura de cola na propriedade de flexão estática em painéis compensados de Copaifera duckei Dwayer e Eperua oleifera Ducke

The objective of the present research was to analyze 270; 330; 364 and 390 g.m-² amounts of glue in the production of fenolic plywood, using two forest species; Copaifera duckei and Eperua oleifera, and evaluate the static bending of the panels. The wood came from an area of sustained forest pertaining to the Plywood Industry located in Manicoré, county of Amazonas. The panels were produced with thicknesses of 2.2mm at the Gethal Amazonas S.A in Itacoatiara - AM. Forty panels, 20 per species, were produced an industrial level, using a total of 8 treatments. The experiment was completely randomized with factorial arrangement. The European standard EN 310: 1993 was used. The basic density values were 0.60 (g.cm-²) for Copaifera duckei, and 0.62 (g.cm-²) for Eperua oleifera. In static bending, parallel to the grain, only Copaifera duckei presented a significant difference at 5% in the Dunnette Test for the properties of MOE and MOR. In the perpendicular sense to the grain, Copaifera duckei and Eperua oleifera presented significant differences, for MOE as much as MOR, at 5% of probability.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as seguintes gramaturas de cola: 270; 330; 364 e 390 g.m-² a partir da produção de compensados fenólicos utilizando duas espécies florestais; Copaifera duckei e Eperua oleifera e avaliar a flexão estática dos painéis. A madeira foi proveniente da área de manejo florestal sustentado da Indústria de Madeira Compensada localizada em Manicoré, município do Amazonas. As lâminas foram produzidas na Gethal Amazonas S.A - Indústria de Madeira Compensada em Itacoatiara - AM com espessura de 2,2 mm. Foram produzidas a nível industrial 40 painéis, 20 por espécie no total de 8 tratamentos. O experimento foi completamente casualizado com arranjo fatorial. Foi utilizado a norma Européia EN 310: 1993. Os valores de densidade básica da espécie Copaifera duckei foi de 0,60 (g.cm-²) e 0,62 (g.cm-²) para Eperua oleifera. No ensaio de flexão estática, sentido paralelo à grã, somente a espécie Copaifera duckei apresentou diferença significativa a 5% pelo Teste de Dunnette para as propriedades de MOE e MOR. No sentido perpendicular a grã, as espécies Copaifera duckei e Eperua oleifera tanto o MOE quanto o MOR apresentaram diferenças significativas a 5% de probabilidade.

Clinical and morphological evaluation of snake venom derived fibrin glue on the tendon healing in dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of snake venom derived fibrin glue on the healing of the deep digital flexor tendon, during three periods. The tendon of the 2nd digit of 30 thoracic limbs of dogs was partially sectioned for glue application. Biopsies were performed 7, 15, and 30 days post surgery for the clinical and morphological study of tendons. Analysis of the results showed that 73.3% of the tendons showed stump retraction and 16.6% moderate to excessive adherence, which affected sliding. There was a significant difference in the number of inflammatory cells among the three studied periods, being the highest on day 15. The morphological analysis revealed a typical tendon healing process with a lower level of inflammation in the acute phase, facilitating the cicatricial maturation phase. Snake venom derived fibrin glue promotes the healing in dog flexor tendon.

Effect of snake venom derived fibrin glue on the tendon healing in dogs: clinical and biomechanical study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of snake venom derived fibrin glue on the strength oftendon healing in dogs. The deep digital flexor tendon of the 5th digit of 24 thoracic limbs was partially sectioned for adhesive application. On the 7th, 15th, and 30th postoperative day tendons segments were removed for the clinical and biomechanical study. Results indicated that 62.5% of the tendons showed stump retraction and 20.8% moderate to excessive adherence, which affected gliding. The biomechanical evaluation showed that, over time, tendon healing gained progressive resistance for maximum traction and permanent deformations with satisfactory results on the 15th day for rigidity and resilience compared to the other two studied periods. Snake venom derived fibrin glue promotes healing in dog flexor tendon.

Ceratoplastia com enxerto autógeno lamelar livre de córnea e pediculado de conjuntiva fixados com adesivo de cianoacrilato em cães

The cornea is frequently exposed to traumas, lacerations, perfurations and ulcers, needing in most cases surgical correction. The conjunctival pedicle grafts are indicated in these cases, giving protection and support for ulcers, but obstructing the visual capacity of the affected eye. The lamelar grafts are other indications for treatment, mainly when preventing the visual loss. The cianoacrylate adhesive was discovered at the end of the forthies, but started to be used in ophtalmology in the begigning of the sixties. Due to its properties, as good tissue adhesion, quick dried and polimerization, it has been indicated in the treatment of deep or refractive corneal ulcers, descemetoceles and in punctiform corneal perforations. With the objective to test the cianoacrylate adhesive in the fixation and maintenance of corneolamelar grafts and conjunctival pedicle grafts in corneal ulcer, 10 male and female mongrel dogs from the Central Bioterio of Santa Maria Federal University were used. After anesthesia protocol and routine eyeball fixation, a trephination was performed, involving 2/3 of the corneal stroma, being 5.5mm in diameter in the left eye and 5mm in the right eyes. The lamelar corneal grafts from the left eyes were fixed in the recipient cornea of the right eyes, using the adhesive in the margin of the graft. In the left eyes, a conjunctival pedicle flaps were fixed in the corneal deffects, using the same adhesive in the margins. Daily ophtalmologic control was made during 30 days. The corneal lamelar grafts were incorporated to the recipient cornea. The fixation technique was rapid and easily performed, with low cost. The eyes had 20% opacities with the use of the lamelar corneal graft, and 80% with no vascularization and opacities present in 30 days. When conjunctival flaps technique was used, it has 100% dehiscence of the cases.

A córnea, devido a sua localização externa e exposta, está freqüentemente sujeita a traumas ou processos lesivos como lacerações, perfurações e ulcerações, havendo, em muitos casos a necessidade de correção cirúrgica. Os enxertos pediculados de conjuntiva têm seu uso indicado nestes casos e se prestam bem como medidas de proteção e suporte para as ulcerações, porém impedem a capacidade visual plena do olho afetado. Os transplantes lamelares são outra indicação de tratamento, principalmente quando se deseja prevenir a ocorrência da perda visual. Os adesivos de cianoacrilato foram descobertos no final da década de 40, mas somente foram utilizados em oftalmologia no início da década de 60. Devido a propriedades como boa aderência aos tecidos biológicos, rápida secagem e polimerização, têm sido indicados no tratamento de úlceras profundas ou refratárias, descemetoceles e ainda em pequenas perfurações corneanas. Com o objetivo de testar o adesivo de cianoacrilato na fixação e manutenção de botões córneo-lamelares autógenos e de enxertos pediculados de conjuntiva em úlceras corneanas experimentais, foram utilizados 10 cães, machos ou fêmeas, provenientes do Biotério Central da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Após anestesia, blefarostase e fixação do globo ocular como de rotina, foram realizadas trepanações compreendendo 2/3 da espessura da córnea sendo de 5,5 mm de diâmetro no olho esquerdo (OE) e de 5 mm no olho direito (OD). O botão lamelar resultante do OE foi fixado no leito receptor do OD com o uso de adesivo ao longo das bordas do enxerto e da córnea receptora. No olho esquerdo, após sua confecção, o enxerto de conjuntiva pediculado foi fixado à área receptora também por meio da colocação de adesivo sobre suas bordas. Foi realizada avaliação oftalmológica diária durante 30 dias. Os botões lamelares permaneceram fixados e foram incorporados à córnea receptora. A técnica de fixação foi de fácil realização, sendo rápida e de baixo custo com opacidade leve em 20% dos casos e ausente em 80% e ausência de vascularização aos 30 dias. Porém, houve 100% de deiscência total nos enxertos pediculados. A técnica de ceratoplastia lamelar autógena com o uso de adesivo de n-butil cianoacrilato pode ser indicada como opção terapêutica nas úlceras profundas em cães.

Effect of fibrin glue derived from snake venom on the viability of autogenous split-thickness skin graft

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of snake venom derived from fibrin glue on the viability of split-thickness skin graft. Nine crossbreed dogs were used. Full-thickness skin segments measuring 4 x 4 cm were bilaterally excised from the proximal radial area on each dog. A split-thickness skin graft was harvestedfrom left lateral thoracic area using a freehand graft knife, and was secured to the left recipient bed using several simple interrupted sutures of 3-0 nylon (sutured graft). A split-thickness skin graft was harvested from the right lateral thoracic area using a graft knife. Fibrin glue derived from snake venom was applied to the recipient bed, and 8 equidistant simple interrupted sutures of 3-0 nylon were used to secure the skin graft (glued graft). Viable and nonviable areas were traced on a transparent sheet and measured using a Nikon Photomicroscope connected to a KS-300 image analysis system. The skin graft and recipient bed were collected from three dogs at day 7, 15, and 30 postoperative. The glued grafts had statistically higher graft viability than sutured grafts. Histological examination showed that the tissue repair process in the glued grafts was more accentuated than sutured grafts. It was possible to conclude that fibrin glue derived from snake venom increased survival of autogenous split-thickness skin graft.

Experimental use of fibrin glue derived from snake venom in non-pregnant canine uterus

This study evaluated the use of fibrin glue derived from snake venom in the healing process after canine hysterorrhaphy. Three groups of four animals were submitted to uterine hysterotomy followed by wound closure. In Group 1, double-layer suture was used, the first with Schimieden pattern, the second with Cushing pattern; in Group 2, only fibrin glue; and in Group 3, the same as for Group 1 but with fibrin glue as suture reinforcement. Results indicated that fibrin glue produced less inflammation in the exudative phase, and exacerbated deposition of connective tissue and angiogenesis in the proliferative and maturation phases of the healing process, favoring its evolution.

Ceratoplastia com enxerto autógeno lamelar livre de córnea e pediculado de conjuntiva fixados com adesivo de cianoacrilato em cães

The cornea is frequently exposed to traumas, lacerations, perfurations and ulcers, needing in most cases surgical correction. The conjunctival pedicle grafts are indicated in these cases, giving protection and support for ulcers, but obstructing the visual capacity of the affected eye. The lamelar grafts are other indications for treatment, mainly when preventing the visual loss. The cianoacrylate adhesive was discovered at the end of the forthies, but started to be used in ophtalmology in the begigning of the sixties. Due to its properties, as good tissue adhesion, quick dried and polimerization, it has been indicated in the treatment of deep or refractive corneal ulcers, descemetoceles and in punctiform corneal perforations. With the objective to test the cianoacrylate adhesive in the fixation and maintenance of corneolamelar grafts and conjunctival pedicle grafts in corneal ulcer, 10 male and female mongrel dogs from the Central Bioterio of Santa Maria Federal University were used. After anesthesia protocol and routine eyeball fixation, a trephination was performed, involving 2/3 of the corneal stroma, being 5.5mm in diameter in the left eye and 5mm in the right eyes. The lamelar corneal grafts from the left eyes were fixed in the recipient cornea of the right eyes, using the adhesive in the margin of the graft. In the left eyes, a conjunctival pedicle flaps were fixed in the corneal deffects, using the same adhesive in the margins. Daily ophtalmologic control was made during 30 days. The corneal lamelar grafts were incorporated to the recipient cornea. The fixation technique was rapid and easily performed, with low cost. The eyes had 20% opacities with the use of the lamelar corneal graft, and 80% with no vascularization and opacities present in 30 days. When conjunctival flaps technique was used, it has 100% dehiscence of the cases.

A córnea, devido a sua localização externa e exposta, está freqüentemente sujeita a traumas ou processos lesivos como lacerações, perfurações e ulcerações, havendo, em muitos casos a necessidade de correção cirúrgica. Os enxertos pediculados de conjuntiva têm seu uso indicado nestes casos e se prestam bem como medidas de proteção e suporte para as ulcerações, porém impedem a capacidade visual plena do olho afetado. Os transplantes lamelares são outra indicação de tratamento, principalmente quando se deseja prevenir a ocorrência da perda visual. Os adesivos de cianoacrilato foram descobertos no final da década de 40, mas somente foram utilizados em oftalmologia no início da década de 60. Devido a propriedades como boa aderência aos tecidos biológicos, rápida secagem e polimerização, têm sido indicados no tratamento de úlceras profundas ou refratárias, descemetoceles e ainda em pequenas perfurações corneanas. Com o objetivo de testar o adesivo de cianoacrilato na fixação e manutenção de botões córneo-lamelares autógenos e de enxertos pediculados de conjuntiva em úlceras corneanas experimentais, foram utilizados 10 cães, machos ou fêmeas, provenientes do Biotério Central da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Após anestesia, blefarostase e fixação do globo ocular como de rotina, foram realizadas trepanações compreendendo 2/3 da espessura da córnea sendo de 5,5 mm de diâmetro no olho esquerdo (OE) e de 5 mm no olho direito (OD). O botão lamelar resultante do OE foi fixado no leito receptor do OD com o uso de adesivo ao longo das bordas do enxerto e da córnea receptora. No olho esquerdo, após sua confecção, o enxerto de conjuntiva pediculado foi fixado à área receptora também por meio da colocação de adesivo sobre suas bordas. Foi realizada avaliação oftalmológica diária durante 30 dias. Os botões lamelares permaneceram fixados e foram incorporados à córnea receptora. A técnica de fixação foi de fácil realização, sendo rápida e de baixo custo com opacidade leve em 20% dos casos e ausente em 80% e ausência de vascularização aos 30 dias. Porém, houve 100% de deiscência total nos enxertos pediculados. A técnica de ceratoplastia lamelar autógena com o uso de adesivo de n-butil cianoacrilato pode ser indicada como opção terapêutica nas úlceras profundas em cães.

Fixação de enxerto cutâneo em malha de espessura total com sutura ou cola de fibrina / Fixation of full-thickness mesh skin using suture or fibrin glue

Avaliou-se a influência da cola de fibrina, derivada do veneno de serpente, na fixação e integração de enxerto de pele. Foram utilizados nove cães, sem raça definida, com peso médio de 15kg. Foi induzida ferida de 4×4cm de área, na face crânio-proximal dos antebraços direito e esquerdo. Um enxerto de espessura total foi colhido da região torácica e expandido por meio de expansor de pele. No membro direito o enxerto foi estabilizado no leito receptor por meio de pontos isolados simples; no esquerdo foi fixado pela aplicação de cola de fibrina e oito pontos de sutura. O sítio doador foi fechado empregando-se retalho cutâneo bipediculado. As bandagens do leito receptor foram oclusivas e não aderentes e aplicou-se pomada de neomicina com bacitracina. A troca de bandagens ocorreu diariamente até o sétimo dia de pós-operatório e, posteriormente, a cada três dias. A área de sobrevivência do enxerto foi obtida pela subtração das áreas não viáveis e total medidas com fotomicroscópio Nikon conectado a um sistema de análise de imagem KS-300 aos três, sete, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. Para a avaliação microscópica, a área do enxerto foi colhida em três animais aos sete, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. Não houve diferença entre momentos de avaliação e técnicas de fixação quanto à área de enxerto viável. Os enxertos fixados com cola apresentaram estágio de reparação mais avançado em todos os momentos. Concluiu-se que a cola de fibrina derivada do veneno de serpente tem moderado poder adesivo e, pela análise microscópica, favorece a integração do enxerto cutâneo em malha de espessura total.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of fibrin glue, derived from snake venom, on fixation and integration of skin graft. Nine crossbred dogs, with average weight of 15kg were used. Wounds measuring 4×4 cm were induced at the cranioproximal aspect of the right and left forelimb. Full-thickness skin grafts were harvested from thoracic area, and meshed with a commercial mesh dermatome. The graft was secured to the recipient bed using several simple interrupted sutures on the right forelimb. On the left forelimb fibrin glue and eight simple interrupted sutures were used. The bed was closed using bipedicle advancement flap. The non-adherent occlusive bandage and neomycin-bacitracin ointment were used on receptor bed. The bandage was changed every day until the seventh day postoperative and every three days afterwards. The graft survival area was obtained by subtraction of total and nonviable areas measured with a Nikon Photomicroscope connected to a KS-300 image analysis system at 3, 7, 15 and 30 days postsurgically. For microscopic evaluation, the skin graft, recipient bed and adjacent surrounding skin were collected at 7, 15 and 30 days postsurgery. No statistical difference was detected for the viable graft area, in each evaluation moment and between fixation methods. However, based on microscopic evaluation, fibrin glue enhanced the tissue repair process in all evaluation moments. It was possible to conclude that fibrin glue derived from snake venom has moderate adhesive capacity, and, based on microscopic examination, improves the integration of full-thickness mesh skin grafts.(AU)

Uso da cola n-butil cianoacrilato na sulcoplastia de recessão em coelhos: avaliação histológica

The aim of this study was to analyze the glue composed by n-butyl cyanoacrylate, as an auxiliary in the fixation of the bone wedge at the recession sulcoplasty procedure and the interference in the healing. Nine male Norfolk rabbits, initially weighing from 3 to 3.5 kg were used. After epidural anesthesia, a medial parapatellar approach was used and a V-shaped osteochondral wedge was removed from the trochlea. In the right stifle joint, before the osteochondral wedge replacement two glue drops were used. In the left stifle joint, considered as control, the osteochondral wedge was only replaced. Three animals were submitted to euthanasia at five, 15 and 30 days of postoperative period. Macroscopic evaluation showed that in both stifles the osteochondral wedge was stabilized on the receptor bed during all observation periods. It was possible to conclude, based on microscopic evaluation, that the glue did not induce accentuated inflammatory process and foreign body reaction, but it had a negative influence because the healing process was retarded.

O trabalho teve por objetivos analisar a cola composta por n-butil cianoacrilato, como um auxiliar na fixação da cunha óssea no procedimento da sulcoplastia de recessão e sua interferência no processo cicatricial. Foram utilizados nove coelhos da raça Norfolk, machos, com peso inicial entre 3,0 e 3,5 kg. Após anestesia epidural, realizou-se acesso parapatelar medial e seccionou-se uma cunha ósseo-cartilaginosa em formato de V no sulco da tróclea. No joelho direito, antes da colocação da cunha em seu leito, foram aplicadas duas gotas da cola, ao passo que, no joelho esquerdo, considerado controle, a cunha foi apenas recolocada. Para realização da técnica de exame anatomopatológico, foram submetidos à eutanásia três animais aos cinco, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. Na avaliação macroscópica, notou-se, em ambos os joelhos, a estabilização da cunha ósseo-cartilaginosa em seu leito receptor nos diferentes momentos de observação. Pelo exame histológico foi possível concluir que a cola não induziu o aparecimento de processo inflamatório acentuado e reação do tipo corpo estranho, mas interferiu negativamente, retardando o processo cicatricial.

Uso da cola n-butil cianoacrilato na sulcoplastia de recessão em coelhos: avaliação histológica

The aim of this study was to analyze the glue composed by n-butyl cyanoacrylate, as an auxiliary in the fixation of the bone wedge at the recession sulcoplasty procedure and the interference in the healing. Nine male Norfolk rabbits, initially weighing from 3 to 3.5 kg were used. After epidural anesthesia, a medial parapatellar approach was used and a V-shaped osteochondral wedge was removed from the trochlea. In the right stifle joint, before the osteochondral wedge replacement two glue drops were used. In the left stifle joint, considered as control, the osteochondral wedge was only replaced. Three animals were submitted to euthanasia at five, 15 and 30 days of postoperative period. Macroscopic evaluation showed that in both stifles the osteochondral wedge was stabilized on the receptor bed during all observation periods. It was possible to conclude, based on microscopic evaluation, that the glue did not induce accentuated inflammatory process and foreign body reaction, but it had a negative influence because the healing process was retarded.

O trabalho teve por objetivos analisar a cola composta por n-butil cianoacrilato, como um auxiliar na fixação da cunha óssea no procedimento da sulcoplastia de recessão e sua interferência no processo cicatricial. Foram utilizados nove coelhos da raça Norfolk, machos, com peso inicial entre 3,0 e 3,5 kg. Após anestesia epidural, realizou-se acesso parapatelar medial e seccionou-se uma cunha ósseo-cartilaginosa em formato de V no sulco da tróclea. No joelho direito, antes da colocação da cunha em seu leito, foram aplicadas duas gotas da cola, ao passo que, no joelho esquerdo, considerado controle, a cunha foi apenas recolocada. Para realização da técnica de exame anatomopatológico, foram submetidos à eutanásia três animais aos cinco, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. Na avaliação macroscópica, notou-se, em ambos os joelhos, a estabilização da cunha ósseo-cartilaginosa em seu leito receptor nos diferentes momentos de observação. Pelo exame histológico foi possível concluir que a cola não induziu o aparecimento de processo inflamatório acentuado e reação do tipo corpo estranho, mas interferiu negativamente, retardando o processo cicatricial.