Sentinel lymph node biopsy using single-agent mapping tracer (blue dye) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a Brazilian cohort of breast cancer patients. Real world evidence

ABSTRACT Purpose To reduce false-negative rates (FNR) in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) of clinically positive (cN+) axilla in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The removal of three or more lymph nodes with dual-tracer mapping including a radioisotope was used. However, in the Brazilian Unified Health System, the radioisotope tracer is not feasible in some hospitals. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the detection rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) in patients who converted from cN+ to ycN0 after NAC using blue dye as a single-agent mapping tracer. Methods During the period of March 2018 to September 2019, 34 patients who underwent NAC with cN+ who converted to ycN0 were enrolled in the study. The SLNB was performed using blue dye as a single-agent mapping followed by axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Results The detection rate of sentinel lymph node was of 85.3%, being SLNB not possible for five patients (14.7%), due to fibrosis. The mean number of removed SLN was 2.5. Conclusions The use of blue dye as a single-agent mapping tracer demonstrated an acceptable detection rate of 85.3%. Although the FNR was possible to be determined, the small sample size might overestimate this rate. The removal of three or more lymph nodes with single-agent mapping tracer might be indicated for breast cancer patients who converted to ycN0 after NAC in the Brazilian health public services, in which radioisotope tracer is not suitable.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Rondônia, Brazil: a report of an autochthonous case

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by Leishmania donovani complex. Traditionally the definite diagnosis is made by amastigote detection in the tissue. In August 2015, a female dog, mongrel, older than 2 years, apparently healthy, from the Zoonosis Control Center of the Rolim de Moura/RO, was subjected to the CVL diagnosis was using bone marrow aspirates smears and popliteal lymph nodesmears by Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), stained slides with Diff-Quick screened for Leishmania amastigotes by means of direct opticmicroscopic examination (100×). Lymph node and bone marrow aspirates were to investigate the presence of L. infantum DNA by real-time PCR. The popliteal lymph node positive result was showed by observation of typical amastigotes, presenting nucleus and kinetoplast, associated with lymphoblastic proliferation, reactive macrophages, plasmocytes (not rarely Mott cells), eosinophyls and lymphoglandular hyperplasia. Positive bone marrow sample resulted from the observation of amastigotes in monocyte cytoplasm or free on the smear background. The presence of the L. infantum kDNA was detected in lymph node and bone marrow FNAB samples. This research note describes the autochthonous case of CVL recorded in the state of Rondônia (RO), Brazil, non-endemic area for visceral Leishmani

A Leishmaniose visceral (LV), também conhecida como kala-azar, é uma infecção disseminada por protozoários causada pelo complexo Leishmania donovani. Tradicionalmente, o diagnóstico definitivo é feito pela detecção de amastigo-tas no tecido. Em agosto de 2015, uma cadela, vira-lata, com idade superior a 2 anos, aparentemente saudável, do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do Rolim de Moura / RO, foi submetida ao diagnóstico de CVL usando esfregaços de aspirado de medula óssea e linfonodos poplíteos por biópsia aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF), lâminas coradas com Diff-Quick rastreado para amastigotas de Leishmania por meio de exame microscópico óptico direto (100 ×). Os aspirados de linfonodos e medula óssea foram investigados quanto a presença de DNA de L. infantum por PCR em tempo real. O resultado positivo dos lin-fonodos poplíteos foi demonstrado pela observação de amastigotas típicos, apresentando núcleo e cinetoplasto, associados à proliferação linfoblástica, macrófagos reativos, plasmócitos (não raramente células Mott), eosinófilos e hiperplasia linfoglan-dular. Amostras positivas de medula óssea resultaram da observação de amastigotas no citoplasma de monócitos ou livres no fundo do esfregaço. A presença do kDNA de L. infantum foi detectada em amostras de FNAB de linfonodo e medula óssea. Esta nota de pesquisa descreve o caso autóctone de CVL registrado no estado de Rondônia (RO), Brasil, área não endêmica de Leishmaniose visceral. Portanto, de acordo com os dados revelados, serão necessários estudos que incluam um número maior de animais para elucidar a característica epidemiológica do Leishmania em Rondônia, Brasil.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Rondônia, Brazil: a report of an autochthonous case

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a disseminated protozoan infection caused by Leishmania donovani complex. Traditionally the definite diagnosis is made by amastigote detection in the tissue. In August 2015, a female dog, mongrel, older than 2 years, apparently healthy, from the Zoonosis Control Center of the Rolim de Moura/RO, was subjected to the CVL diagnosis was using bone marrow aspirates smears and popliteal lymph nodesmears by Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), stained slides with Diff-Quick screened for Leishmania amastigotes by means of direct opticmicroscopic examination (100×). Lymph node and bone marrow aspirates were to investigate the presence of L. infantum DNA by real-time PCR. The popliteal lymph node positive result was showed by observation of typical amastigotes, presenting nucleus and kinetoplast, associated with lymphoblastic proliferation, reactive macrophages, plasmocytes (not rarely Mott cells), eosinophyls and lymphoglandular hyperplasia. Positive bone marrow sample resulted from the observation of amastigotes in monocyte cytoplasm or free on the smear background. The presence of the L. infantum kDNA was detected in lymph node and bone marrow FNAB samples. This research note describes the autochthonous case of CVL recorded in the state of Rondônia (RO), Brazil, non-endemic area for visceral Leishmani

A Leishmaniose visceral (LV), também conhecida como kala-azar, é uma infecção disseminada por protozoários causada pelo complexo Leishmania donovani. Tradicionalmente, o diagnóstico definitivo é feito pela detecção de amastigo-tas no tecido. Em agosto de 2015, uma cadela, vira-lata, com idade superior a 2 anos, aparentemente saudável, do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do Rolim de Moura / RO, foi submetida ao diagnóstico de CVL usando esfregaços de aspirado de medula óssea e linfonodos poplíteos por biópsia aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF), lâminas coradas com Diff-Quick rastreado para amastigotas de Leishmania por meio de exame microscópico óptico direto (100 ×). Os aspirados de linfonodos e medula óssea foram investigados quanto a presença de DNA de L. infantum por PCR em tempo real. O resultado positivo dos lin-fonodos poplíteos foi demonstrado pela observação de amastigotas típicos, apresentando núcleo e cinetoplasto, associados à proliferação linfoblástica, macrófagos reativos, plasmócitos (não raramente células Mott), eosinófilos e hiperplasia linfoglan-dular. Amostras positivas de medula óssea resultaram da observação de amastigotas no citoplasma de monócitos ou livres no fundo do esfregaço. A presença do kDNA de L. infantum foi detectada em amostras de FNAB de linfonodo e medula óssea. Esta nota de pesquisa descreve o caso autóctone de CVL registrado no estado de Rondônia (RO), Brasil, área não endêmica de Leishmaniose visceral. Portanto, de acordo com os dados revelados, serão necessários estudos que incluam um número maior de animais para elucidar a característica epidemiológica do Leishmania em Rondônia, Brasil.(AU)

Anatomical variation of the dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve in sheep: a case report / Variação anatômica do ramo bucal dorsal do nervo facial em ovino: relato de caso

The disposition and topography of the facial nerve are arguably of critical importance for professionals who work directly with oral health. This paper reports a case of anatomical variation in which the dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve perforated the parotid lymph node parenchyma in two hemiheads of Ovis aries. The infratemporal and facial regions of 30 hemiheads were dissected in a practical class following the methodology indicated in the literature. As expected, after emerging from the stylomastoid foramen, the facial nerve subdivided into the dorsal and ventral buccal branches in all animals. However, in 6.66% of the hemiheads, the dorsal branch perforated longitudinally the parotid lymph node parenchyma. We concluded that even with a low rate of occurrence, anatomical variations of the dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve may be present in sheep. This knowledge is of essential importance because subsequent traumatic and/or inflammatory changes can cause neural compression and compromise the innervation of the face, leading to semiological and diagnostic confusion.

O nervo facial é, indiscutivelmente, um dos mais importantes para aqueles profissionais que trabalham diretamente com a saúde oral. Sabendo que a disposição e topografia do nervo facial são de importância crítica para a prática médica, objetivou-se relatar um caso de variação anatômica em que o ramo bucal dorsal do nervo facial perfurou o parênquima do linfonodo parotídeo em duas hemicabeças de Ovis aries. As regiões infratemporal e facial de 30 hemicabeças foram dissecadas e conforme esperado, após emergir pelo forame estilomastóideo o nervo facial subdividiu-se nos ramos bucal dorsal e bucal ventral em todos os animais, entretanto, em 6,66% das hemicabeças este primeiro ramo perfurou longitudinalmente o parênquima do linfonodo parotídeo. Concluiu-se que, ainda que com uma taxa de ocorrência baixa, variações anatômicas do ramo bucal dorsal do nervo facial podem estar presentes nos ovinos. Este conhecimento é de essencial importância uma vez que em casos como este as alterações traumáticas e/ou inflamatórias podem causar a compressão neural e comprometimento da inervação da face, possibilitando uma confusão semiológica e diagnóstica.

Anatomical variation of the dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve in sheep: a case report / Variação anatômica do ramo bucal dorsal do nervo facial em ovino: relato de caso

The disposition and topography of the facial nerve are arguably of critical importance for professionals who work directly with oral health. This paper reports a case of anatomical variation in which the dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve perforated the parotid lymph node parenchyma in two hemiheads of Ovis aries. The infratemporal and facial regions of 30 hemiheads were dissected in a practical class following the methodology indicated in the literature. As expected, after emerging from the stylomastoid foramen, the facial nerve subdivided into the dorsal and ventral buccal branches in all animals. However, in 6.66% of the hemiheads, the dorsal branch perforated longitudinally the parotid lymph node parenchyma. We concluded that even with a low rate of occurrence, anatomical variations of the dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve may be present in sheep. This knowledge is of essential importance because subsequent traumatic and/or inflammatory changes can cause neural compression and compromise the innervation of the face, leading to semiological and diagnostic confusion.(AU)

O nervo facial é, indiscutivelmente, um dos mais importantes para aqueles profissionais que trabalham diretamente com a saúde oral. Sabendo que a disposição e topografia do nervo facial são de importância crítica para a prática médica, objetivou-se relatar um caso de variação anatômica em que o ramo bucal dorsal do nervo facial perfurou o parênquima do linfonodo parotídeo em duas hemicabeças de Ovis aries. As regiões infratemporal e facial de 30 hemicabeças foram dissecadas e conforme esperado, após emergir pelo forame estilomastóideo o nervo facial subdividiu-se nos ramos bucal dorsal e bucal ventral em todos os animais, entretanto, em 6,66% das hemicabeças este primeiro ramo perfurou longitudinalmente o parênquima do linfonodo parotídeo. Concluiu-se que, ainda que com uma taxa de ocorrência baixa, variações anatômicas do ramo bucal dorsal do nervo facial podem estar presentes nos ovinos. Este conhecimento é de essencial importância uma vez que em casos como este as alterações traumáticas e/ou inflamatórias podem causar a compressão neural e comprometimento da inervação da face, possibilitando uma confusão semiológica e diagnóstica.(AU)

Mastite e necrose periareolar por azul de metileno 1% após linfadenectomia axilar e mastectomia regional em cadela / Mastitis and periareolar necrosis by 1% methylene blue after axilar lymphadenectomy and regional mastectomy in a bitch

Background: Mammary neoplasms are frequent in dogs, and surgical excision by radical unilateral mastectomy is thefirst-choice treatment for most cases. Typically, inguinal lymphadenectomy is performed during mammary inguinal excision, whereas axillar lymphadenectomy is performed using dyes to guide surgical dissection and avoid iatrogenic trauma.This study reports the case of a bitch that underwent axillar lymphadenectomy and regional mastectomy. In this way, thiswork has the objective of reporting the case of a bitch referred to mastectomy and lymphadenectomy, which presentedcomplications due to the use of 1% methylene blue.Case: A 15-year-old female intact poodle weighing 6.2 kg presented with mammary nodules. Cytological examinationconfirmed malignant neoplasm in the mammary gland classified as Grade II (World Health Organization). Radical unilateralmastectomy and regional lymphadenectomy were performed. The surgical procedure involved intradermic injection of 0.5mL of sterile 1% methylene blue solution around the right cranial thoracic mammary gland divided in four sites beforeskin incision. Following right axillar lymphadenectomy, instead of radical unilateral mastectomy, regional mastectomywas performed in two ulcerated nodules at the right cranial abdominal gland to shorten the surgery time after the bitchdemonstrated severe trans-operative hypotension. The bitch was monitored during anesthetic recovery and was dischargedafter stabilization. At fourteen days after surgery, the patient was re-examined. Increased volume and pain in the mammaryglands of both chains were observed. In addition, a whitish liquid secretion was noted primarily from the thoracic caudalleft and thoracic cranial right mammary glands. The last mammary gland also presented a periareolar black area where thedye was applied. Progressive remission of the clinical signs was observed after therapy with...

Mastite e necrose periareolar por azul de metileno 1% após linfadenectomia axilar e mastectomia regional em cadela / Mastitis and periareolar necrosis by 1% methylene blue after axilar lymphadenectomy and regional mastectomy in a bitch

Background: Mammary neoplasms are frequent in dogs, and surgical excision by radical unilateral mastectomy is thefirst-choice treatment for most cases. Typically, inguinal lymphadenectomy is performed during mammary inguinal excision, whereas axillar lymphadenectomy is performed using dyes to guide surgical dissection and avoid iatrogenic trauma.This study reports the case of a bitch that underwent axillar lymphadenectomy and regional mastectomy. In this way, thiswork has the objective of reporting the case of a bitch referred to mastectomy and lymphadenectomy, which presentedcomplications due to the use of 1% methylene blue.Case: A 15-year-old female intact poodle weighing 6.2 kg presented with mammary nodules. Cytological examinationconfirmed malignant neoplasm in the mammary gland classified as Grade II (World Health Organization). Radical unilateralmastectomy and regional lymphadenectomy were performed. The surgical procedure involved intradermic injection of 0.5mL of sterile 1% methylene blue solution around the right cranial thoracic mammary gland divided in four sites beforeskin incision. Following right axillar lymphadenectomy, instead of radical unilateral mastectomy, regional mastectomywas performed in two ulcerated nodules at the right cranial abdominal gland to shorten the surgery time after the bitchdemonstrated severe trans-operative hypotension. The bitch was monitored during anesthetic recovery and was dischargedafter stabilization. At fourteen days after surgery, the patient was re-examined. Increased volume and pain in the mammaryglands of both chains were observed. In addition, a whitish liquid secretion was noted primarily from the thoracic caudalleft and thoracic cranial right mammary glands. The last mammary gland also presented a periareolar black area where thedye was applied. Progressive remission of the clinical signs was observed after therapy with...(AU)

Iliac lymphadenectomy following intrauterine mapping in a female dog with breast neoplasm

Background: The lymphatic system plays an important role in the local control of neoplasms as well as in the transportation of tumor cells, which represents the most common pathway of metastasis. From the tumorigenesis, there is a remarkable enlargement of the tumor drainage network towards the regional and target lymph nodes. Since the mammary lymphatic system of animals with neoplasms as well as the demarcation of the pelvic and abdominal caudal chain are poorly studied, the aim of the present study is to report a case of iliac lymphadenectomy after intrauterine lymphatic dyeing in a dog with breast neoplasm, which allowed the identification of metastasis in the medial iliac lymph node.Case: A 7-year-old, 13.4 kg, non neutered, mixed breed, female dog was diagnosed with ulcerative neoplasm in the left caudal abdominal breast, which presented evolution of approximately 90 days, presenting ulceration for 10 days, according to the tutor. After a clinical evaluation, thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasonography were requested, which did not present metastasis suggestive images. Therefore, left unilateral total mastectomy was indicated. Retro-umbilical celiotomy was performed for the administration of 0.5 mL of 1% intrauterine methylene blue (body of the uterus), which allowed lymphatic mapping and medial iliac lymphadenectomy. Subsequently, ovariohysterectomy was performed and after celiorrhaphy, axillary lymphadenectomy was performed, followed by left unilateral mastectomy and concomitant removal of the superficial inguinal lymph node. The patient had a prompt recovery and was discharged from hospital in six hours postoperatively. The excised material was referred for histopathological examination, which revealed the presence of metastasis of simple tubulopapillary carcinoma of the mammary gland in the left medial and superficial inguinal lymph nodes, while the axillary lymph node had no metastases.[...]

Iliac lymphadenectomy following intrauterine mapping in a female dog with breast neoplasm

Background: The lymphatic system plays an important role in the local control of neoplasms as well as in the transportation of tumor cells, which represents the most common pathway of metastasis. From the tumorigenesis, there is a remarkable enlargement of the tumor drainage network towards the regional and target lymph nodes. Since the mammary lymphatic system of animals with neoplasms as well as the demarcation of the pelvic and abdominal caudal chain are poorly studied, the aim of the present study is to report a case of iliac lymphadenectomy after intrauterine lymphatic dyeing in a dog with breast neoplasm, which allowed the identification of metastasis in the medial iliac lymph node.Case: A 7-year-old, 13.4 kg, non neutered, mixed breed, female dog was diagnosed with ulcerative neoplasm in the left caudal abdominal breast, which presented evolution of approximately 90 days, presenting ulceration for 10 days, according to the tutor. After a clinical evaluation, thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasonography were requested, which did not present metastasis suggestive images. Therefore, left unilateral total mastectomy was indicated. Retro-umbilical celiotomy was performed for the administration of 0.5 mL of 1% intrauterine methylene blue (body of the uterus), which allowed lymphatic mapping and medial iliac lymphadenectomy. Subsequently, ovariohysterectomy was performed and after celiorrhaphy, axillary lymphadenectomy was performed, followed by left unilateral mastectomy and concomitant removal of the superficial inguinal lymph node. The patient had a prompt recovery and was discharged from hospital in six hours postoperatively. The excised material was referred for histopathological examination, which revealed the presence of metastasis of simple tubulopapillary carcinoma of the mammary gland in the left medial and superficial inguinal lymph nodes, while the axillary lymph node had no metastases.[...](AU)

Linfonodo axilar como sentinela de neoplasia mamária em cadelas / Axillary lymph node as sentinel for mammary neoplasia in bitches

Linfonodo axilar como sentinela de neoplasia mamária em cadelas. O estudo dos tumores de mama em cadelas é de grande importância devido à alta frequência com que surgem na clínica de pequenos animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do linfonodo axilar como sentinela em neoplasias mamárias de cadelas. Foram avaliadas 49 fêmeas com neoplasia mamária, submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total, utilizando o corante azul patente para a identificação do linfonodo axilar, o qual foi submetido à análise histopatológica com a coloração de hematoxilina-eosina e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) com anticorpo citoqueratina (AE1/AE3) para procura de metástase. Oito cadelas apresentaram metástases em linfonodo axilar, sendo sete detectadas por histopatologia e por IHQ e uma somente pela IHQ (micrometástase). Uma paciente que apresentava tumor em mamas abdominal caudal e inguinal tinha metástase no linfonodo axilar e inguinal. Assim, observa-se que o tumor pode causar alteração na drenagem linfática provocando metástase em linfonodos que normalmente não drenam determinadas mamas, por isso a retirada do linfonodo axilar deve ser incluída como técnica de rotina para permitir melhor estadiamento das neoplasias mamárias de cadelas.(AU)

Mammary tumors research in bitches is important due to their high incidence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the axillary lymph node as a sentinel lymph node for mammary neoplasms in female dogs. Forty-nine bitches with mammary neoplasia were submitted to total unilateral mastectomy, and the axillary lymph node was identified using the patent blue dye. This lymph node was processed routinely for histopathological analysis and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3) to search for metastasis. Eight dogs had axillary lymph node metastases, seven of which were detected by histopathology and by IHC and only one by IHC (micrometastasis). One dog who presented tumor in caudal and inguinal abdominal mammary glands had metastases in the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. It is concluded that the mammary tumor can cause alteration in lymphatic drainage leading to metastases in lymph nodes which normally do not drain certain glands; so the removal of the axillary lymph node should be included as a routine technique to allow better staging of mammary neoplasms of bitches.(AU)

Linfonodo axilar como sentinela de neoplasia mamária em cadelas / Axillary lymph node as sentinel for mammary neoplasia in bitches

Linfonodo axilar como sentinela de neoplasia mamária em cadelas. O estudo dos tumores de mama em cadelas é de grande importância devido à alta frequência com que surgem na clínica de pequenos animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do linfonodo axilar como sentinela em neoplasias mamárias de cadelas. Foram avaliadas 49 fêmeas com neoplasia mamária, submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total, utilizando o corante azul patente para a identificação do linfonodo axilar, o qual foi submetido à análise histopatológica com a coloração de hematoxilina-eosina e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) com anticorpo citoqueratina (AE1/AE3) para procura de metástase. Oito cadelas apresentaram metástases em linfonodo axilar, sendo sete detectadas por histopatologia e por IHQ e uma somente pela IHQ (micrometástase). Uma paciente que apresentava tumor em mamas abdominal caudal e inguinal tinha metástase no linfonodo axilar e inguinal. Assim, observa-se que o tumor pode causar alteração na drenagem linfática provocando metástase em linfonodos que normalmente não drenam determinadas mamas, por isso a retirada do linfonodo axilar deve ser incluída como técnica de rotina para permitir melhor estadiamento das neoplasias mamárias de cadelas.(AU)

Mammary tumors research in bitches is important due to their high incidence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the axillary lymph node as a sentinel lymph node for mammary neoplasms in female dogs. Forty-nine bitches with mammary neoplasia were submitted to total unilateral mastectomy, and the axillary lymph node was identified using the patent blue dye. This lymph node was processed routinely for histopathological analysis and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3) to search for metastasis. Eight dogs had axillary lymph node metastases, seven of which were detected by histopathology and by IHC and only one by IHC (micrometastasis). One dog who presented tumor in caudal and inguinal abdominal mammary glands had metastases in the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. It is concluded that the mammary tumor can cause alteration in lymphatic drainage leading to metastases in lymph nodes which normally do not drain certain glands; so the removal of the axillary lymph node should be included as a routine technique to allow better staging of mammary neoplasms of bitches.(AU)

Linfonodo axilar como sentinela de neoplasia mamária em cadelas

ABSTRACT: Mammary tumors research in bitches is important due to their high incidence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the axillary lymph node as a sentinel lymph node for mammary neoplasms in female dogs. Forty-nine bitches with mammary neoplasia were submitted to total unilateral mastectomy, and the axillary lymph node was identified using the patent blue dye. This lymph node was processed routinely for histopathological analysis and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with cytokeratin antibody (AE1/AE3) to search for metastasis. Eight dogs had axillary lymph node metastases, seven of which were detected by histopathology and by IHC and only one by IHC (micrometastasis). One dog who presented tumor in caudal and inguinal abdominal mammary glands had metastases in the axillary and inguinal lymph nodes. It is concluded that the mammary tumor can cause alteration in lymphatic drainage leading to metastases in lymph nodes which normally do not drain certain glands; so the removal of the axillary lymph node should be included as a routine technique to allow better staging of mammary neoplasms of bitches.

RESUMO: Linfonodo axilar como sentinela de neoplasia mamária em cadelas. O estudo dos tumores de mama em cadelas é de grande importância devido à alta frequência com que surgem na clínica de pequenos animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância do linfonodo axilar como sentinela em neoplasias mamárias de cadelas. Foram avaliadas 49 fêmeas com neoplasia mamária, submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total, utilizando o corante azul patente para a identificação do linfonodo axilar, o qual foi submetido à análise histopatológica com a coloração de hematoxilina-eosina e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) com anticorpo citoqueratina (AE1/AE3) para procura de metástase. Oito cadelas apresentaram metástases em linfonodo axilar, sendo sete detectadas por histopatologia e por IHQ e uma somente pela IHQ (micrometástase). Uma paciente que apresentava tumor em mamas abdominal caudal e inguinal tinha metástase no linfonodo axilar e inguinal. Assim, observa-se que o tumor pode causar alteração na drenagem linfática provocando metástase em linfonodos que normalmente não drenam determinadas mamas, por isso a retirada do linfonodo axilar deve ser incluída como técnica de rotina para permitir melhor estadiamento das neoplasias mamárias de cadelas.

Imunomarcação da transição epitélio-mesenquima na neoplasia mamária primária de cadelas e sua metástase em linfonodo / Epithelial to mesenchymal transition immunostaining in canine primary mammary tumor and lymph node

Os carcinomas mamários em cães apresentam alta capacidade metastática o que confere menor sobrevida para os pacientes com este tipo de neoplasia. O fenótipo transição epitélio-mesênquima, caracterizado pela troca dos filamentos intermediários de citoqueratina por vimentina, além da perda da proteína de adesão entre células (E-caderina) está relacionado com a maior ocorrência de metástase. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de imunomarcações, a expressão de vimentina, citoqueratina e E-caderina nos tumores mamários caninos e suas metástases em linfonodo, a fim de avaliar o comportamento celular frente a esta neoplasia. Foram analisados cinco casos de neoplasias mamárias primárias caninas e suas respectivas metástases em linfonodos. Foram comparadas as médias de imunomarcações do grupo de neoplasias primárias com as médias do grupo metástase. Não houve diferença estatística nas imunomarcações da citoqueratina (p=0,1407) e E-caderina (p= 0,312) entre os grupos, apesar da média de expressão da E-caderina ter sido maior no grupo de metástases. A expressão da vimentina foi maior nos sítios das metástases (p=0,0462). Conclui-se que a expressão de vimentina aumenta no foco da metástase em relação aos seus respectivos tumores primários mamários caninos, caracterizando alteração estrutural celular, conferindo um fenótipo transição epitélio-mesênquima. Além da E-caderina apresentar fortes indícios de aumento no foco da metástase caracterizando maior adesão.(AU)

Mammary carcinomas in dogs have a high metastatic capacity which gives a shorter survival rate for patients with this type of tumor. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype, characterized by the trade of intermediary filaments of cytokeratin by vimentin, also by the loss of the adhesion protein between cells (E-cadherin) is associated with metastasis. Due to this fact, it was aimed to evaluate, by immunostaining, the expression of vimentin, cytokeratin and E-cadherin in canine mammary tumors and the metastasis in lymph node, in order to assess the cell behavior when facing this cancer. Five cases of canine mammary tumors and metastasis in lymph node were evaluated. The averages of immunostainings of the group of primary neoplasms were compared with the averages of the lymph node group. The results showed that immunostaining for cytokeratins (p=0,1407) and E-caderina (p=0,312) were not significant between the groups, despite the expression mean of cadherin was higher in the metastase group. The expression of vimentin (p=0,04) was greater at sites of metastases. It is concluded that the expression of vimentin increases in the focus of the metastase in relation to their respective primary canine mammary tumors, characterizing cellular structural alteration, conferring a transient epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype. And cadherin present strong evidence of increased focus on metastasis characterizing increased adhesion.(AU)

Imunomarcação da transição epitélio-mesenquima na neoplasia mamária primária de cadelas e sua metástase em linfonodo / Epithelial to mesenchymal transition immunostaining in canine primary mammary tumor and lymph node

Os carcinomas mamários em cães apresentam alta capacidade metastática o que confere menor sobrevida para os pacientes com este tipo de neoplasia. O fenótipo transição epitélio-mesênquima, caracterizado pela troca dos filamentos intermediários de citoqueratina por vimentina, além da perda da proteína de adesão entre células (E-caderina) está relacionado com a maior ocorrência de metástase. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar, por meio de imunomarcações, a expressão de vimentina, citoqueratina e E-caderina nos tumores mamários caninos e suas metástases em linfonodo, a fim de avaliar o comportamento celular frente a esta neoplasia. Foram analisados cinco casos de neoplasias mamárias primárias caninas e suas respectivas metástases em linfonodos. Foram comparadas as médias de imunomarcações do grupo de neoplasias primárias com as médias do grupo metástase. Não houve diferença estatística nas imunomarcações da citoqueratina (p=0,1407) e E-caderina (p= 0,312) entre os grupos, apesar da média de expressão da E-caderina ter sido maior no grupo de metástases. A expressão da vimentina foi maior nos sítios das metástases (p=0,0462). Conclui-se que a expressão de vimentina aumenta no foco da metástase em relação aos seus respectivos tumores primários mamários caninos, caracterizando alteração estrutural celular, conferindo um fenótipo transição epitélio-mesênquima. Além da E-caderina apresentar fortes indícios de aumento no foco da metástase caracterizando maior adesão.(AU)

Mammary carcinomas in dogs have a high metastatic capacity which gives a shorter survival rate for patients with this type of tumor. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype, characterized by the trade of intermediary filaments of cytokeratin by vimentin, also by the loss of the adhesion protein between cells (E-cadherin) is associated with metastasis. Due to this fact, it was aimed to evaluate, by immunostaining, the expression of vimentin, cytokeratin and E-cadherin in canine mammary tumors and the metastasis in lymph node, in order to assess the cell behavior when facing this cancer. Five cases of canine mammary tumors and metastasis in lymph node were evaluated. The averages of immunostainings of the group of primary neoplasms were compared with the averages of the lymph node group. The results showed that immunostaining for cytokeratins (p=0,1407) and E-caderina (p=0,312) were not significant between the groups, despite the expression mean of cadherin was higher in the metastase group. The expression of vimentin (p=0,04) was greater at sites of metastases. It is concluded that the expression of vimentin increases in the focus of the metastase in relation to their respective primary canine mammary tumors, characterizing cellular structural alteration, conferring a transient epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype. And cadherin present strong evidence of increased focus on metastasis characterizing increased adhesion.(AU)

Distinct strains of Staphylococcus aureus lead to different inflammatory response patterns in a murine model of intradermal infection / Diferentes cepas de Staphylococcus aureus levam a diferentes padrões de resposta inflamatória em um modelo murino de infecção intradérmica

Staphylococcus aureus infection may lead to the development of soft tissue damage. It has been evaluated in other researches using different animal models. In addition, the inflammatory response developed by the host organism facing an infection by this pathogen has been analyzed and neutrophils have been linked to the immune response developed. In this study, we aimed to compare the inflammatory response developed by the host induced by an intradermal infection with a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or a methicillin-susceptible strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Mice euthanasia occurred in the following times: 6, 24, 48 and 96 hours of infection; the cell number and the cytokine release were evaluated. Our results showed that infections by different strains of Staphylococcus aureus lead to different immune response degrees. Although MRSA infection induces higher neutrophil recruitment to the infection site and higher inflammatory response in the draining lymph node, the increased production of TNF-, IFN-, IL-6 and IL-1 in the lymph node 6 hours after the infection was observed only in MSSA infected animals. Considering the data, MSSA may have mechanisms to prevent neutrophil recruitment to the infection site.(AU)

Infecções causadas por Staphylococcus aureus podem causar o desenvolvimento de lesões no tecido frouxo. Isto tem sido avaliado em estudos que avaliam a resposta imune em diferentes modelos animais. Além disso, a resposta inflamatória desenvolvida pelo hospedeiro frente à infecção por este patógeno tem sido analisada e neutrófilos têm sido associados com a resposta imune desenvolvida. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi comparar a resposta inflamatória desenvolvida pelo organismo hospedeiro induzida por uma infecção intradérmica com uma cepa de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) ou uma cepa Staphylococcus aureus susceptível à meticilina (MSSA). A eutanásia dos camundongos ocorreu nos seguintes tempos: 6, 24, 48 e 96 horas de infecção; o número de células e a quantidade de citocinas foram avaliados. Nossos resultados mostraram que infecções por diferentes cepas de Staphylococcus aureus causam resposta imunológica com diferentes intensidades. Enquanto infecções por MRSA induzem maior recrutamento de neutrófilos para o sítio de infecção e maior resposta inflamatória no linfonodo, o aumento na produção de TNF-, IFN-, IL-6 e IL-1 no linfonodo 6 horas após a infecção foi observado somente nos animais infectados com MSSA. Considerando as análises, MSSA pode possuir mecanismos para prevenir o recrutamento de neutrófilos para o sítio de infecção.(AU)

Quantitative analysis of lymph nodes in neck dissection specimens. Morphologic study

PURPOSE:To quantify the amount of lymph nodes harvested in modified radical neck dissection.METHODS:Cross-sectional anatomical study conducted in 28 non-preserved cadavers.RESULTS:The mean number of lymph nodes found in each nodal level of the 56 modified radical neck dissections performed were: level IA - 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1 - 1.8), level IB - 2.5 (95% CI: 2.1 - 2.9), level IIA - 7.2 (95% CI: 6.0 - 8.5), IIB level - 6.5 (95% CI: 5.5 - 7.4), level III - 6.6 (95% CI: 5.7 - 7.4), level IV - 8.6 (95% CI: 7.1 - 10.1), level V - 11 (95% CI: 9.2 - 12.7), totalizing 43.8 lymph nodes (95% CI: 40.3 - 47.4).CONCLUSION:The results defined a parameter in relation to the minimum recommended nodal yield in a modified radical neck dissection, as well as the number of lymph nodes in each level of this dissection, performed in clinical practice.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO HISTOMORFOLÓGICA E IMUNO-HISTOQUÍMICA DE ÓRGÃOS LINFOIDES DE CÃES REAGENTES PARA LEISHMANIOSE AOS TESTES DPP® E ELISA

No Brasil, a leishmaniose visceral (LV) é transmitida pelo flebotomíneo Lutzomyia longipalpis e causada pelo protozoário do gênero Leishmania, acometendo principalmente seres humanos e cães. O parasita tem preferência por células do sistema mononuclear fagocitário e órgãos como baço, linfonodos, medula óssea e fígado. A interação do parasita com o sistema imune do hospedeiro determina a manifestação dos sinais clínicos e cães suscetíveis desenvolvem reação inflamatória crônica e progressiva. Tendo a relevância da LV no cenário nacional, este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar estudo histomorfológico e imuno-histoquímico (IHQ) dos órgãos linfoides de cães reagentes para leishmaniose aos testes imunocromatográfico Dual Path Platform (DDP®) e ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA). Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo utilizados 27 cães provenientes da rotina de vigilância epidemiológica para LVC, realizada pela Diretoria de Vigilância em Zoonoses de Goiânia (DVZ), GO, Brasil, e submetidos a exame anatomopatológico. No primeiro foram utilizadas amostras de baço e linfonodo dos 27 animais e, no segundo, amostras de medula óssea de 13 cães, para a realização de estudo histomorfológico e imuno-histoquímico. A maioria dos animais era sintomática e alterações cutâneas, esplenomegalia e linfadenomegalia compreenderam as principais alterações macroscópicas. No baço, esplenite granulomatosa e, no linfonodo, hiperplasia e hipertrofia dos cordões medulares, representaram as alterações microscópicas de maior relevância. Na medula óssea, a hiperplasia de macrófagos e hemossiderose destacaram-se à avaliação histopatológica. Em ambos os experimentos houve boa concordância de positividade da LVC quando empregadas as técnicas de histopatologia e IHQ. Concluiu-se que baço, linfonodo e medula óssea de cães exibem alterações histomorfológicas decorrentes da LVC, independente da presença ou intensidade do parasita. Nesse sentido, desorganização do tecido linfoide, hiperplasia e hipertrofia dos cordões medulares e hiperplasia macrofágica, compreendem as principais alterações nesses órgãos, respectivamente. Ainda, baço, linfonodo e medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal compreendem órgãos úteis ao diagnóstico da LVC por métodos diretos.

In Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is transmitted by the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis and it is caused by the Leishmania protozoan, affecting mainly humans and dogs. The parasite has preference for cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system and organs such as spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and liver. The interaction of the parasite with the host's immune system determines the manifestation of clinical signs and susceptible dogs develop a chronic and progressive inflammatory reaction. Due to the relevance of LV in the national scenario, this study aimed to perform a histomorphological and immunohistochemical (IHC) study of lymphoid organs of dogs that are reactive for leishmaniasis to the Dual Path Platform (DDP®) immunochromatographic tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For this, two experiments were done using 27 dogs from the routine of epidemiological surveillance for CVL, carried out by the Directorate of Zoonoses Surveillance of Goiânia (DVZ), GO, Brazil, and submitted to anatomopathological examination. In the first study, spleen, and lymph node samples from the 27 animals were used and, in the second study, bone marrow samples from 13 dogs were collected to perform histomorphological and immunohistochemical studies. Most animals were symptomatic, and the main macroscopic changes observed were cutaneous alterations, splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly. In the spleen, granulomatous splenitis were detected and, in the lymph node, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the spinal cord represented the most relevant microscopic changes. In the bone marrow, macrophage hyperplasia and hemosiderosis stood out on histopathological evaluation. In both experiments there was a good agreement on the positivity of CVL when the techniques of histopathology and IHC were used. It was concluded that the spleen, lymph node and bone marrow of dogs exhibited histomorphological changes due to CVL, regardless of the presence or intensity of the parasite. Thus, disorganization of the lymphoid tissue, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the spinal cord and macrophage hyperplasia comprise the main changes in these organs, respectively. In addition, the spleen, lymph node and bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium demonstrated to be useful organs for the diagnosis of CVL by direct methods.

Avaliação lectino-histoquímica de fígado e linfonodo mesentérico de búfalos mantidos em pastagens de Brachiaria spp / Lectin histochemistry evaluation of liver and mesenteric lymph node of buffaloes kept on Brachiaria spp. pastures

Animais que se alimentam em pastos de Brachiaria spp. comumente apresentam macrófagos espumosos isolados ou agrupados no fígado, além de cristais no interior de ductos biliares. A patogênese da formação e a natureza do material armazenado nestas células, contudo, ainda não são completamente conhecidas. Através da avaliação lectino-histoquímica, saponinas esteroidais (metabólitos glicosilados secundários) têm sido identificadas nos cristais e no citoplasma das células espumosas, e provavelmente são responsáveis por danificar o fígado e levar ao acúmulo de filoeritrina. Por meio deste trabalho, objetivou-se padronizar e caracterizar a utilização da lectino-histoquímica na detecção de metabólitos glicosilados nos tecidos de búfalos mantidos em diferentes pastos de Brachiaria spp. no Brasil. Fragmentos de fígado e linfonodo mesentérico de 40 animais foram analisados: 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem predominante de B. decumbens por aproximadamente 12 meses; 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem predominante de B. brizantha por aproximadamente 18 meses; 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem de B. brizantha por aproximadamente quatro anos; e, como controle negativo, 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem livre de Brachiaria spp. desde o nascimento. Quatorze lectinas foram testadas (Con-A, SBA, WGA, DBA, UEA, RCA, PNA, GSL-I, PSA, LCA, PHA-E, PHA-L, SJA e SWGA), em um total de 1120 fragmentos avaliados. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a lectina PNA possui marcada reatividade para macrófagos espumosos de bovinos e ovinos. No presente estudo, a lectina SWGA apresentou acentuada reatividade e alta especificidade para macrófagos espumosos; WGA, GSL, PHA-E e PHA-L mostraram moderada a acentuada reatividade, mas baixa especificidade aos macrófagos espumosos; as outras lectinas não apresentaram reatividade ou especificidade relevantes. Além disso, não houve diferença relevante de marcação entre os fragmentos coletados de animais que se alimentaram de B. decumbens por 12 meses e B. brizantha por 18 meses. Porém, a diminuição da presença e marcação lectino-histoquímica dos macrófagos espumosos nos tecidos dos búfalos que ingeriram Brachiaria brizantha durante mais tempo indica que os animais podem passar por um processo de adaptação de acordo com o tempo de ingestão da planta. A avaliação lectino-histoquímica pode ser utilizada para caracterizar o material armazenado em macrófagos espumosos presentes no fígado e linfonodo mesentérico de búfalos que se alimentam em pastagens de Brachiaria spp. e ajuda na compreensão da patogênese de formação destas células.(AU)

Animals grazing Brachiaria spp. commonly present foamy macrophages isolated or grouped in the liver, and crystals within biliary ducts. The pathogenesis of formation and the nature of the material stored in these cells however are not completely known. Through lectin histochemistry evaluation, steroidal saponins (secondary glycosylated metabolites) have been identified in the crystals and within the cytoplasm of the foam cells, which are probably liable for damaging the liver, leading to accumulation of phylloerythrin. This study aims to standardize and characterize the use of lectin histochemistry to detect glycosylated metabolites in tissues of buffaloes kept on different Brachiaria spp. pastures in Brazil. Fragments of liver and mesenteric lymph node from 40 buffaloes were analyzed: 10 buffaloes that were kept in predominant pasture of B. decumbens for 12 months; 10 buffaloes that were kept in pasture with a predominance of B. brizantha for 18 months; 10 buffaloes that were kept on pasture of B. brizantha for about four years; and as a negative control, 10 buffaloes that were maintained on native pasture without Brachiaria spp. since birth. Fourteen lectins were tested (Con-A, SBA, WGA, DBA, UEA, RCA, PNA, GSL-I, PSA, LCA, PHA-E, PHA-L, SJA and SWGA), in a total of 1120 evaluated samples. Previous studies demonstrated that PNA showed great binding reactivity for foamy macrophages in cattle and sheep. In the present study, SWGA showed high specificity and marked binding reactivity for foamy macrophages; WGA, GSL, PHA-E and PHA-L showed moderate to marked reactivity, but low specificity for foamy macrophages. The other lectins had not relevant reactivity or specificity. Moreover there was no relevant reactivity difference between the collected samplesd from buffaloes that grazed B. decumbens for 12 months and Brachiaria brizantha for 18 months. However the decreased presence of foamy macrophages and its lectin histochemical binding in animals that fed on B. brizantha for a longer time, indicates that the buffaloes can pass through an adaptation process according to the plant intake time. Lectin histochemistry analysis can be used to characterize the material stored in foamy macrophages present in liver and mesenteric lymph node of buffaloes that graze on Brachiaria spp. pastures and helps to clarify the pathogenesis of these cells.(AU)

Avaliação lectino-histoquímica de fígado e linfonodo mesentérico de búfalos mantidos em pastagens de Brachiaria spp. / Lectin histochemistry evaluation of liver and mesenteric lymph node of buffaloes kept on Brachiaria spp. pastures

Animals grazing Brachiaria spp. commonly present foamy macrophages isolated or grouped in the liver, and crystals within biliary ducts. The pathogenesis of formation and the nature of the material stored in these cells however are not completely known. Through lectin histochemistry evaluation, steroidal saponins (secondary glycosylated metabolites) have been identified in the crystals and within the cytoplasm of the foam cells, which are probably liable for damaging the liver, leading to accumulation of phylloerythrin. This study aims to standardize and characterize the use of lectin histochemistry to detect glycosylated metabolites in tissues of buffaloes kept on different Brachiaria spp. pastures in Brazil. Fragments of liver and mesenteric lymph node from 40 buffaloes were analyzed: 10 buffaloes that were kept in predominant pasture of B. decumbens for 12 months; 10 buffaloes that were kept in pasture with a predominance of B. brizantha for 18 months; 10 buffaloes that were kept on pasture of B. brizantha for about four years; and as a negative control, 10 buffaloes that were maintained on native pasture without Brachiaria spp. since birth. Fourteen lectins were tested (Con-A, SBA, WGA, DBA, UEA, RCA, PNA, GSL-I, PSA, LCA, PHA-E, PHA-L, SJA and SWGA), in a total of 1120 evaluated samples. Previous studies demonstrated that PNA showed great binding reactivity for foamy macrophages in cattle and sheep. In the present study, SWGA showed high specificity and marked binding reactivity for foamy macrophages; WGA, GSL, PHA-E and PHA-L showed moderate to marked reactivity, but low specificity for foamy macrophages. The other lectins had not relevant reactivity or specificity. Moreover there was no relevant reactivity difference between the collected samplesd from buffaloes that grazed B. decumbens for 12 months and Brachiaria brizantha for 18 months. [...](AU)

Animais que se alimentam em pastos de Brachiaria spp. comumente apresentam macrófagos espumosos isolados ou agrupados no fígado, além de cristais no interior de ductos biliares. A patogênese da formação e a natureza do material armazenado nestas células, contudo, ainda não são completamente conhecidas. Através da avaliação lectino-histoquímica, saponinas esteroidais (metabólitos glicosilados secundários) têm sido identificadas nos cristais e no citoplasma das células espumosas, e provavelmente são responsáveis por danificar o fígado e levar ao acúmulo de filoeritrina. Por meio deste trabalho, objetivou-se padronizar e caracterizar a utilização da lectino-histoquímica na detecção de metabólitos glicosilados nos tecidos de búfalos mantidos em diferentes pastos de Brachiaria spp. no Brasil. Fragmentos de fígado e linfonodo mesentérico de 40 animais foram analisados: 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem predominante de B. decumbens por aproximadamente 12 meses; 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem predominante de B. brizantha por aproximadamente 18 meses; 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem de B. brizantha por aproximadamente quatro anos; e, como controle negativo, 10 búfalos mantidos em pastagem livre de Brachiaria spp. desde o nascimento. Quatorze lectinas foram testadas (Con-A, SBA, WGA, DBA, UEA, RCA, PNA, GSL-I, PSA, LCA, PHA-E, PHA-L, SJA e SWGA), em um total de 1120 fragmentos avaliados. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a lectina PNA possui marcada reatividade para macrófagos espumosos de bovinos e ovinos. No presente estudo, a lectina SWGA apresentou acentuada reatividade e alta especificidade para macrófagos espumosos; WGA, GSL, PHA-E e PHA-L mostraram moderada a acentuada reatividade, mas baixa especificidade aos macrófagos espumosos; as outras lectinas não apresentaram reatividade ou especificidade relevantes. [...](AU)

Laparoscopic inguinoiliac lymphadenectomy following staining using different lymphatic markers in healthy dogs / Linfadenectomia inguinoilíaca laparoscópica, após impregnação linfática com diferentes marcadores em cadelas hígidas

The lymphatic mammary system in healthy and neoplastic animals has been poorly studied. There is sparse information regarding the communication pattern along the mammary lymphatic chain and abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes in healthy animals or in those bearing mammary neoplasms. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of such intra-abdominal lymphatic communications, as well as the feasibility of laparoscopic assessment of the inguinoiliac lymphatic chain. Animals were randomly divided into three groups: dogs that underwent lymphatic staining with sterile methylene blue solution (G1); lymphatic staining with indocyanine green dye (G2); placebo subjects were submitted to the same injection technique, but using sterile normal saline (G3). In all groups, intradermal administration of dye or saline around the right inguinal mammary gland was performed 12 hours or 30 minutes before skin incision. Afterwards, two areas containing adipose tissue were sampled laparoscopically, lateral to the external and internal iliac arteries, and the number of lymph nodes retrieved was assessed. Animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the same laparoscopic approach, following adipose tissue/lymph node excision. Other assessments included operative time, intra and postoperative complications and technical difficulties. The proposed technique for intra-abdominal iliac lymphadenectomy was not successful in recovering lymph nodes. The lymphatic staining technique using either methylene blue or indocyanine green provided no intraoperative staining. Regarding the complications and technical difficulties, all animals presented mild hypersensitivity reactions regardless of the dye used. Laparoscopy for inguinoiliac lymph node exploration presented no other technical difficulties or postoperative complications.(AU)

O sistema linfático mamário de animais saudáveis e neoplásicos é pouco estudado. Inexistem respostas detalhadas quanto ao padrão de comunicação entre as cadeias linfáticas mamárias com as abdominais e pélvicas em animais sadios ou com neoplasmas na referida glândula. Por essa razão, pretendeu-se avaliar a ocorrência dessa comunicação linfática intrabdominal, verificando também se a cadeia linfática inguinoilíaca poderia ser adequadamente abordada via cirurgia laparoscópica. Para tanto, os animais foram distribuídos, de forma randômica, em três grupos cirúrgicos: pacientes submetidos à técnica de coloração linfática com o corante azul de metileno estéril (G1); animais submetidos à técnica de impregnação linfática com o corante verde de indocianina (G2); animais submetidos à técnica demarcação linfática, utilizando solução fisiológica de NaCl a 0,9% (G3). Em todos os grupos, foi realizada a aplicação intradérmica, do corante ou solução fisiológica, ao redor da mama inguinal direita, em tempos distintos de 12h ou 30min, antes da incisão de pele. Após, foram coletadas, por videolaparoscopia, duas regiões contendo tecido adiposo, laterais às artérias ilíacas interna e externas, buscando avaliar a presença e o número de linfonodos extirpardos. Por último, realizou-se a ovário-histerectomia eletiva pelos mesmos portais de acesso. Foram considerados ainda, o tempo de cirurgia e as complicações e dificuldades técnicas trans e pós-operatórias. A técnica proposta de linfadenectomia inginoilíaca intrabdominal não obteve êxito na coleta de linfonodos. As técnicas de marcação linfática realizadas, utilizando tanto o azul de metileno a 1%, como o verde de indocianina a 1%, não evidenciaram nenhuma marcação transoperatória nos tempos estudados. Em relação às complicações e dificuldades técnicas trans e pós-operatórias, observou-se, em todos os animais, reações de hipersensibilidade cutânea ao uso dos corantes. As técnicas propostas não apresentaram maiores dificuldades de execução ou complicações transoperatórias.(AU)