Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC leaf extracts / Atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidante e prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos das folhas de Eugenia involucrata DC

The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p <0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.

A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p <0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC. leaf extracts

Abstract The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p 0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.

Resumo A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p 0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC. leaf extracts / Atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidante e prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos das folhas de Eugenia involucrata DC

Abstract The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p <0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.

Resumo A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p <0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical prospection of Eugenia involucrata DC leaf extracts / Atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidante e prospecção fitoquímica dos extratos das folhas de Eugenia involucrata DC

The species Eugenia involucrata DC. is a plant native to Brazil and is traditionally used for intestinal problems, however, little research has documented about its biological potential and phytochemical profile. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical prospecting, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of E. involucrata extracts. Using the E. involucrata leaves, aqueous and organic extracts were obtained using the following solvents (ethanol, methanol, hexane, acetone, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate). The phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of saponins, steroids, flavonoids and tannins in the extracts. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts presented antimicrobial activity for most of the bacterial strains tested, as well as for yeast Candida albicans, with concentrations between 3.12 and 50 mg/mL. The ethanolic and metanolic extract presented high free radical sequestration potential (>90%). The methanol extract showed an IC50 value statistically equal to that found for the commercial antioxidant BHT (p <0.05). The crude extracts obtained with ethanol and methanol were the most promising. These results suggest that methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts are a promising source of natural bioactive.(AU)

A espécie Eugenia involucrata DC. é uma planta nativa do Brasil e tradicionalmente utilizada para problemas intestinais, porém, poucas pesquisas documentam sobre seu potencial biológico e perfil fitoquímico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção fitoquímica preliminar, o potencial antimicrobiano e antioxidante dos extratos de E. involucrata. A partir das folhas de E. involucrata, foram obtidos extratos aquosos e orgânicos com os seguintes solventes (etanol, metanol, hexano, acetona, diclorometano e acetato de etila). A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de saponinas, esteroides, flavonóides e taninos nos extratos. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana para a maioria das cepas bacterianas testadas, assim como para a levedura Candida albicans, com concentrações entre 3,12 e 50 mg/mL. Os extratos etanólico e metanólico apresentaram alto potencial de sequestro de radicais livres (> 90%). O extrato metanólico apresentou IC50 estatisticamente igual ao encontrado para o antioxidante comercial BHT (p <0,05). Os extratos brutos obtidos com etanol e metanol foram os mais promissores. Esses resultados sugerem que os extratos metanólico, etanólico e aquoso são uma fonte promissora de bioativos naturais.(AU)

Dormancy in native fruit seeds of the Brazilian South Region / Dormência em sementes de frutas nativas da Região Sul do Brasil

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether seeds from six native fruit species ofthe South Brazilian regionhad any type of dormancy, as well as, to verify if they havephotoblastism. The work was carried out at the Plant Physiology Laboratoryofthe Federal Technological University of Paraná –Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná State, Brazil. The influence of photoperiod factors and techniques for overcoming dormancy were tested on the germination of Eugenia uniflora L.(Surinan cherry), Plinia peruviana(native jabuticaba), Plinia cauliflora(hybrid jabuticaba), Eugenia involucrataDC. (Rio Grande cherry), Myrcianthes pungens(guabiju) and Campomanesia guazumifolia(sete capoteiro). The seeds were exposed in a condition of total darkness or photoperiod of 24 hours, being the levels of one of factors tested. The techniques for breaking dormancy tested werethe immersion in gibberellic acid solution (200 mg L-1); stratification at 5°C for 30 days; immersion in water at room temperature for 24 hours; immersion in hot water (80°C) for five minutes; immersion in sulfuric acid solution (96%) for five minutes; and manual physical scarification with 120 grit sandpaper. The seeds were also tested without using any technique, making up the controlstreatments with or without light. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme (luminosity x treatment for breaking dormancy), with four replications of 100 seeds. After 60 days, germination (%), percentage of accumulated germination, germination speed index and average germination time were analyzed. The seeds of most of the studied native species do not present dormancy or the effect of photoblastism, except for “sete capoteiro”seedswho are supposed to have morphophysiological dormancy, with negative photoblastism. The use of hot water or sulfuric acid in the seeds of native fruit trees is not recommended.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se sementes de seis fruteiras nativas da região Sul do Brasil apresentavam algum tipo de dormência, bem como verificar a existência ou não de fotoblastismo. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal,da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná -Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. A influência dofotoperíodo edas técnicas para superação da dormência foram testadas paraEugenia unifloraL. (pitangueira), Plinia peruviana(jabuticabeiranativa), Plinia cauliflora(jabuticabeira híbrida), Eugenia involucrataDC. (cerejeira do Rio Grande), Myrcianthes pungens(guabijuzeiro)e Campomanesia guazumifolia(sete capoteiro). As sementes foram expostas em condição de escuridão total ou fotoperíodo de 24 horas, sendo estes,níveis de um dos fatores testados. Também foram testadastécnicasde superação de dormência como deimersão em solução de ácido giberélico (200 mg L-1); estratificação a 5°C por 30 dias; imersão em água em temperatura ambiente por 24 horas; imersão em água quente (80 °C) por cinco minutos; imersão em solução de ácido sulfúrico (96%) por cinco minutos e escarificação física manual com lixa 120. As sementes também foram testadas semuso de técnicas para quebra de dormência, constituindo-seostratamentostestemunhas com e sem luz. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 7 (luminosidade x tratamento para quebra de dormência), com quatro repetições de 100 sementes. Após 60 dias, foram analisados agerminação (%), a porcentagem de germinação acumulada, o índice de velocidade de germinação e o tempo médio de germinação. As sementes da maioria das espécies nativas estudadas não apresentam dormência ou efeito de fotoblastismo, exceto “sete capoteiro” que supostamente apresentasementes comdormência morfofisiológica, com fotoblastismo negativo. O uso de água quente ou ácido sulfúrico nas sementes de fruteiras nativas não é recomendado.

Dormancy in native fruit seeds of the Brazilian South Region / Dormência em sementes de frutas nativas da Região Sul do Brasil

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether seeds from six native fruit species ofthe South Brazilian regionhad any type of dormancy, as well as, to verify if they havephotoblastism. The work was carried out at the Plant Physiology Laboratoryofthe Federal Technological University of Paraná –Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Paraná State, Brazil. The influence of photoperiod factors and techniques for overcoming dormancy were tested on the germination of Eugenia uniflora L.(Surinan cherry), Plinia peruviana(native jabuticaba), Plinia cauliflora(hybrid jabuticaba), Eugenia involucrataDC. (Rio Grande cherry), Myrcianthes pungens(guabiju) and Campomanesia guazumifolia(sete capoteiro). The seeds were exposed in a condition of total darkness or photoperiod of 24 hours, being the levels of one of factors tested. The techniques for breaking dormancy tested werethe immersion in gibberellic acid solution (200 mg L-1); stratification at 5°C for 30 days; immersion in water at room temperature for 24 hours; immersion in hot water (80°C) for five minutes; immersion in sulfuric acid solution (96%) for five minutes; and manual physical scarification with 120 grit sandpaper. The seeds were also tested without using any technique, making up the controlstreatments with or without light. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme (luminosity x treatment for breaking dormancy), with four replications of 100 seeds. After 60 days, germination (%), percentage of accumulated germination, germination speed index and average germination time were analyzed. The seeds of most of the studied native species do not present dormancy or the effect of photoblastism, except for “sete capoteiro”seedswho are supposed to have morphophysiological dormancy, with negative photoblastism. The use of hot water or sulfuric acid in the seeds of native fruit trees is not recommended.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se sementes de seis fruteiras nativas da região Sul do Brasil apresentavam algum tipo de dormência, bem como verificar a existência ou não de fotoblastismo. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal,da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná -Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. A influência dofotoperíodo edas técnicas para superação da dormência foram testadas paraEugenia unifloraL. (pitangueira), Plinia peruviana(jabuticabeiranativa), Plinia cauliflora(jabuticabeira híbrida), Eugenia involucrataDC. (cerejeira do Rio Grande), Myrcianthes pungens(guabijuzeiro)e Campomanesia guazumifolia(sete capoteiro). As sementes foram expostas em condição de escuridão total ou fotoperíodo de 24 horas, sendo estes,níveis de um dos fatores testados. Também foram testadastécnicasde superação de dormência como deimersão em solução de ácido giberélico (200 mg L-1); estratificação a 5°C por 30 dias; imersão em água em temperatura ambiente por 24 horas; imersão em água quente (80 °C) por cinco minutos; imersão em solução de ácido sulfúrico (96%) por cinco minutos e escarificação física manual com lixa 120. As sementes também foram testadas semuso de técnicas para quebra de dormência, constituindo-seostratamentostestemunhas com e sem luz. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 7 (luminosidade x tratamento para quebra de dormência), com quatro repetições de 100 sementes. Após 60 dias, foram analisados agerminação (%), a porcentagem de germinação acumulada, o índice de velocidade de germinação e o tempo médio de germinação. As sementes da maioria das espécies nativas estudadas não apresentam dormência ou efeito de fotoblastismo, exceto “sete capoteiro” que supostamente apresentasementes comdormência morfofisiológica, com fotoblastismo negativo. O uso de água quente ou ácido sulfúrico nas sementes de fruteiras nativas não é recomendado.(AU)

Quality of the pirenic and apirenic fruits of surinam cherry tree accesses (Eugenia uniflora) / Qualidade dos frutos pirênicos e apirênico de acessos de pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora)

Surinam cherry is a native fruit tree with market potential. However, the pulp yield can be impaired by the size of the fruit seed. At UTFPR there is a genotype which produces seedless fruits, that can intensify the use of this species in orchards, and it is important to analyze the quality of the produced fruit. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of fruits from pirenic and apirenic accessions of Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora). In 2012, 2013 and 2015, 40 ripe fruits were collected from 23 Surinam cherry accessions, including an apirenic genotype one. The fruits were taken to the laboratory and analyzed regarding total fruit and seed weight, equatorial fruit and seed diameter, and total soluble solids content (SST). The twenty-third access presented physical characteristics that stood out from the other accesses, but, a larger size of the seed is an undesirable factor, once with industrialization it diminishes the use and yield of the pulp. Access 19, corresponding to the apirenic cherry tree, presented a smaller diameter and seed weight, which is a desirable feature. This genotype also has the physicochemical characteristics considered appropriate for processing or fresh market.

A pitangueira é fruteira nativa com potencial de mercado. Contudo, o rendimento de polpa pode ficar prejudicado pelo tamanho da semente do fruto. Na UTFPR tem-se um genótipo que produz frutos sem sementes que pode potencializar o uso desta espécie em pomares, sendo importante analisar a qualidade de seu fruto produzido. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a qualidade dos frutos de acessos pirênicos e apirênico de pitangueira (E. uniflora). Nos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2015, foram coletados 40 frutos maduros de 23 acessos de pitangueira, incluindo-se um genótipo apirênico. Os frutos foram levados ao laboratório e analisadas quanto ao peso total do fruto e da semente, diâmetro equatorial do fruto e semente, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST). O acesso 23 apresentou características físicas que se destacamdos demais acessos, porém, o maior tamanho da semente é fator indesejável, pois com a industrialização diminui-se o aproveitamento e rendimento da polpa. O acesso 19, correspondente à pitanga apirênica apresentou o menor diâmetro e peso da semente, sendo esta característica desejável. Este genótipo também apresentou as características físico-químicos considerados adequados para o processamento ou mercado in natura.

Quality of the pirenic and apirenic fruits of surinam cherry tree accesses (Eugenia uniflora) / Qualidade dos frutos pirênicos e apirênico de acessos de pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora)

Surinam cherry is a native fruit tree with market potential. However, the pulp yield can be impaired by the size of the fruit seed. At UTFPR there is a genotype which produces seedless fruits, that can intensify the use of this species in orchards, and it is important to analyze the quality of the produced fruit. The aim of this study was to determine the quality of fruits from pirenic and apirenic accessions of Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora). In 2012, 2013 and 2015, 40 ripe fruits were collected from 23 Surinam cherry accessions, including an apirenic genotype one. The fruits were taken to the laboratory and analyzed regarding total fruit and seed weight, equatorial fruit and seed diameter, and total soluble solids content (SST). The twenty-third access presented physical characteristics that stood out from the other accesses, but, a larger size of the seed is an undesirable factor, once with industrialization it diminishes the use and yield of the pulp. Access 19, corresponding to the apirenic cherry tree, presented a smaller diameter and seed weight, which is a desirable feature. This genotype also has the physicochemical characteristics considered appropriate for processing or fresh market.(AU)

A pitangueira é fruteira nativa com potencial de mercado. Contudo, o rendimento de polpa pode ficar prejudicado pelo tamanho da semente do fruto. Na UTFPR tem-se um genótipo que produz frutos sem sementes que pode potencializar o uso desta espécie em pomares, sendo importante analisar a qualidade de seu fruto produzido. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a qualidade dos frutos de acessos pirênicos e apirênico de pitangueira (E. uniflora). Nos anos de 2012, 2013 e 2015, foram coletados 40 frutos maduros de 23 acessos de pitangueira, incluindo-se um genótipo apirênico. Os frutos foram levados ao laboratório e analisadas quanto ao peso total do fruto e da semente, diâmetro equatorial do fruto e semente, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST). O acesso 23 apresentou características físicas que se destacamdos demais acessos, porém, o maior tamanho da semente é fator indesejável, pois com a industrialização diminui-se o aproveitamento e rendimento da polpa. O acesso 19, correspondente à pitanga apirênica apresentou o menor diâmetro e peso da semente, sendo esta característica desejável. Este genótipo também apresentou as características físico-químicos considerados adequados para o processamento ou mercado in natura.(AU)

Phenology and fruit set comparison of camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) in a natural population and a plantation in the central Amazon, Brazil / Comparação da fenologia e produção de frutos de camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) entre uma população natural e uma plantação na Amazônia-central, Brasil

Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) is a shrub that produces fruits with high concentrations of ascorbic acid (1380 to 1490 mg 100 g-1 of pulp and 2050 mg 100 g-1 of peel), 20 times more than acerola and 100 times more than lemon. Native to the Amazon region, it occurs naturally on the seasonally-flooded banks of lakes and rivers, but also has been cultivated commercially in terra firme. In this study, phenological observations and fruit yield evaluations were carried out in a natural population of camu-camu in a floodplain habitat and a plantation in terra firme in central Amazonia. Biweekly visits were made over one year to collect data on flowering, fruiting and leaf phenology. At the height of flowering, flower buds were marked and tracked until fruit matured and were harvested for biometrics and seed counting. Fruits varied from 1.01 to 2.73 cm in diameter and 1.14 to 10.87 g in weight and fruit production was higher in the wild stand. Phenology differed between habitats and phenophase synchrony was higher in the natural population. Despite being native to flooplain forests, fruit production in terra firme occurred throughout the year, suggesting that there are few restrictions on fruit development in cultivated plantation.(AU)

Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) é um arbusto que produz frutos com altas concentrações de ácido ascórbico (1380 a 1490 mg 100 g-1 na polpa e 2050 mg 100 g-1 na casca), 20 vezes mais que a acerola e 100 vezes mais que o limão. Nativo da região amazônica, ocorre naturalmente em ambientes sazonalmente inundados, nas margens de lagos e rios, mas também é cultivado comercialmente em terra firme. Neste estudo, observações fenológicas e avaliação da produtividade de frutos foram realizadas em uma população natural de camu-camu em ambiente inundável e em uma plantação em terra firme, na Amazônia central. Visitas quinzenais foram feitas durante um ano para coleta de dados sobre floração, frutificação e fenologia foliar. No auge da floração, os botões florais foram marcados e acompanhados até a maturação dos frutos, que foram colhidos para biometria e contagem das sementes. Os frutos variaram de 1,01 a 2,73 cm em diâmetro e 1,14 a 10,87 g em peso, com maior produção de frutos em ambiente natural. A fenologia diferiu entre os habitats e a sincronia das fenofases foi maior na população natural. Apesar de ser nativo de florestas inundáveis, a produção de frutos em terra firme ocorreu ao longo do ano, sugerindo que há poucas restrições para o desenvolvimento de frutos em cultivo.(AU)

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species / Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

The aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capoteiro tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night period, however, it also occurs in the morning. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.(AU)

A new species of Brethesiamyia Maia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Colombia with description of immature forms

A new species of Brethesiamyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is described from Colombia, which represents the first record of the genus for the country. We described the species based on male, female, pupa, larva of third instar and gall morphology, which the larva induces on leaves of Myrcia sp. (Myrtaceae) from the foothills situated at the connection of the Andes and the Amazon basin from Colombia. The first description of the third larval instar is provided for the genus.

A new species of Brethesiamyia Maia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Colombia with description of immature forms

Abstract A new species of Brethesiamyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is described from Colombia, which represents the first record of the genus for the country. We described the species based on male, female, pupa, larva of third instar and gall morphology, which the larva induces on leaves of Myrcia sp. (Myrtaceae) from the foothills situated at the connection of the Andes and the Amazon basin from Colombia. The first description of the third larval instar is provided for the genus.

A new species of Brethesiamyia Maia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Colombia with description of immature forms

A new species of Brethesiamyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is described from Colombia, which represents the first record of the genus for the country. We described the species based on male, female, pupa, larva of third instar and gall morphology, which the larva induces on leaves of Myrcia sp. (Myrtaceae) from the foothills situated at the connection of the Andes and the Amazon basin from Colombia. The first description of the third larval instar is provided for the genus.(AU)

Viabilidade de sementes de jabuticabeira açu em função da condição e período de armazenamento / Seed viability of jabuticaba tree according to the condition and storage period

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade de sementes de jabuticabeira açu [Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Berg], em função das condições e períodos de armazenamento. O experimento foi na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. As sementes foram separadas em lotes, com aquelas mantendo ou retirando a mucilagem. Os lotes foram acondicionados em garrafa PET® ou saco de papel Kraft® em temperatura ambiente e, saco Kraft® em 6°C±1°C. Testaram-se oito períodos de armazenamento (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 60 dias). Após cada período, as sementes foram semeadas em caixas Gerbox, sem tampa contendo areia grossa e mantidas em B.O.D. a 25°C sem fotoperíodo. Usou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 2 x 8 x 3 (presença de mucilagem x período de armazenamento x condições de armazenamento), com 4 repetições de 50 sementes. As sementes sem mucilagem, em garrafa PET®, mantiveram-se viáveis até 30 dias de armazenamento, com valores de 80% emergência até o décimo quinto dia quando comparados ao uso do papel Kraft®. Com mucilagem, em papel Kraft®, as sementes mantiveram a viabilidade inalterada até os vinte dias de armazenamento. Deve-se retirara mucilagem das sementes de jabuticabeira açu, para em seguida armazená-las em garrafa PET® na temperatura ambiente. Estas condições permitem que não haja comprometimento da emergência e do vigor por no máximo 25 dias.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the germination viability of jabuticaba açu [Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Berg] seed, according to conditions and the storage time. The experiment was carried out at UTFPR - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Brazil. The seeds were separated into two groups, with one it remained a mucilage surrounding the seed and without mucilage. These eds with and without mucilage were put in Pet® bottle, paper Kraft® bag at natural condition temperature and paper Kraft® bag in the refrigerator (6 °C ± 1 °C), which it was stored during 8 periods (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 60 days). After each period, the seeds were sown in Gerbox boxes without lid containing sand as substrate and it taken to BOD at 25 °C without photoperiod. The experiment was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 8 x 3 (presence of mucilage x storage period x storage location), with 4 replications of 50 seeds each experimental unit. The seeds without mucilage, in PET® bottle were with viability until 30 days of storage, with 80% emergence until fifth day to Kraft® paper. With mucilage, on Kraft® paper, the seeds kept viability unchanged until twenty days of storage. The mucilage of the jabuticaba açu seeds should be removed and then stored in a PET® bottle at room temperature. These conditions allow no compromise of emergency and vigor for a maximum of 25 days. (AU)

Viabilidade de sementes de jabuticabeira açu em função da condição e período de armazenamento / Seed viability of jabuticaba tree according to the condition and storage period

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade de sementes de jabuticabeira açu [Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Berg], em função das condições e períodos de armazenamento. O experimento foi na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. As sementes foram separadas em lotes, com aquelas mantendo ou retirando a mucilagem. Os lotes foram acondicionados em garrafa PET® ou saco de papel Kraft® em temperatura ambiente e, saco Kraft® em 6°C±1°C. Testaram-se oito períodos de armazenamento (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 60 dias). Após cada período, as sementes foram semeadas em caixas Gerbox, sem tampa contendo areia grossa e mantidas em B.O.D. a 25°C sem fotoperíodo. Usou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial 2 x 8 x 3 (presença de mucilagem x período de armazenamento x condições de armazenamento), com 4 repetições de 50 sementes. As sementes sem mucilagem, em garrafa PET®, mantiveram-se viáveis até 30 dias de armazenamento, com valores de 80% emergência até o décimo quinto dia quando comparados ao uso do papel Kraft®. Com mucilagem, em papel Kraft®, as sementes mantiveram a viabilidade inalterada até os vinte dias de armazenamento. Deve-se retirara mucilagem das sementes de jabuticabeira açu, para em seguida armazená-las em garrafa PET® na temperatura ambiente. Estas condições permitem que não haja comprometimento da emergência e do vigor por no máximo 25 dias.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the germination viability of jabuticaba açu [Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Berg] seed, according to conditions and the storage time. The experiment was carried out at UTFPR - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, Brazil. The seeds were separated into two groups, with one it remained a mucilage surrounding the seed and without mucilage. These eds with and without mucilage were put in Pet® bottle, paper Kraft® bag at natural condition temperature and paper Kraft® bag in the refrigerator (6 °C ± 1 °C), which it was stored during 8 periods (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 60 days). After each period, the seeds were sown in Gerbox boxes without lid containing sand as substrate and it taken to BOD at 25 °C without photoperiod. The experiment was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 8 x 3 (presence of mucilage x storage period x storage location), with 4 replications of 50 seeds each experimental unit. The seeds without mucilage, in PET® bottle were with viability until 30 days of storage, with 80% emergence until fifth day to Kraft® paper. With mucilage, on Kraft® paper, the seeds kept viability unchanged until twenty days of storage. The mucilage of the jabuticaba açu seeds should be removed and then stored in a PET® bottle at room temperature. These conditions allow no compromise of emergency and vigor for a maximum of 25 days.

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.(AU)

Antifungal and antioxidant activities of mature leaves of Myrcia splendens (Sw. ) DC / Atividade antifúngica e antioxidante de folhas maduras de Myrcia splendens (Sw. )DC

In recent years, natural products with antifungal and antioxidant activities are being increasingly researched for a more sustainable alternative to the chemicals currently used for the same purpose. The plant pathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata is a causative agent of diseases in citrus, leading to huge economic losses. Antioxidants are important for the production of medicines for various diseases that may be related to the presence of free radicals, such as cancer, and in the cosmetic industry as an anti-aging agent and the food industry as preservatives. This study evaluated the antifungal and antioxidant potential of extracts of mature leaves of Myrcia splendens, a tree species that occurs in the Brazilian Cerrado. The antioxidant potential was analyzed by an assay of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging method, and the antifungal activity was assessed through the evaluation of mycelial growth. Majority of the extracts exhibited a strong antioxidant activity, especially the acetonic extract (4A). The antioxidant activity may be related to the presence of phenolic compounds. However, the extracts showed no inhibitory activity of mycelial growth of the fungus tested, with the exception of dichloromethanic extract (2B), which had an inhibitory effect (10.2%) at the end of testing.(AU)

A busca de produtos naturais com atividades antifúngica e antioxidante tem crescido nos últimos anos como alternativa mais sustentável para os produtos químicos atualmente usados para estas funções. O fungo fitopatogênico Alternaria alternata é agente causador de doenças nos citros, levando a grandes perdas econômicas. Substâncias antioxidantes são importantes tanto para a produção de medicamentos para diversas doenças que podem estar relacionadas à presença de radicais livres, como o câncer, bem como para a indústria cosmética, como agentes anti-envelhecimento e para a indústria alimentícia, como conservantes. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial antifúngico dos extratos de folhas maduras de Myrcia splendens , uma espécie arbórea que ocorre no cerrado brasileiro. O potencial antioxidante foi analisado por meio de ensaio da capacidade sequestrante do radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl e o antifúngico, por meio da avaliação do crescimento micelial. A maioria dos extratos apresentou atividade antioxidante muito forte, especialmente o extrato acetônico (4A). A atividade antioxidante pode ser relacionada a presença de compostos fenólicos. Por outro lado, os extratos não apresentaram atividade inibitória do crescimento micelial do fungo testado, com exceção do extrato diclorometânico (2B), que foi o único que teve efeito inibitório (10,2%) ao final do teste.(AU)