Agenesia renal unilateral em gatinha / Unilateral renal agenesis in kitten

Background: The kidneys are a pair of organs that maintain homeostasis, and perform hormonal and excretory functions; the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. Approximately 2% of cats are born with some structural or functional anomaly, which occurs during fetal development. Unilateral renal agenesis is a rare congenital anomaly in felines, where the cat has only one kidney. This can lead to a series of dysfunctions, with clinical signs, especially when the contralateral organ does not adequately compensate, since there is more than one concomitant congenital disease like kidney dysplasia, which is the abnormal formation of the kidney structures. This study aimed to report the case of a kitten diagnosed with unilateral renal agenesis; the clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. Case: A 2-month-old mixed breed female kitten, weighing 0.5 kg, was attended in a veterinary clinic with emesis, hyporexia, hypodipsia, normuria, and diarrhea. Upon physical examination, dehydration, hyperthermia, and renomegaly by abdominal palpation were observed. Complementary examinations such as serum urea and creatinine estimation, abdominal ultrasound, and excretory urography, were requested, and the results include hemoglobin (9 g/dL), mean corpuscular volume (26%), normocytic normochromic anemia, urea (312 mg/dL), and creatinine (3.5 mg/dL). The abdominal ultrasound showed renomegaly on the left kidney and the absence of the right kidney. The above results and excretory urography help to confirm the diagnosis of unilateral renal agenesis and suggested renal dysplasia. The patient was hospitalized to stabilize her condition. The treatment is symptomatic and supportive and aims to increase the patient’s quality of life. Treatment with metoclopramide, erythropoietin, fluid therapy with ringer’s lactate solution, and renal therapeutic feed was prescribed. After 4 days of hospitalization and treatment, the serum creatinine was within normal...

Hematúria macroscópica em equinos associada à infecção por Leptospira interrogans / Macroscopic haematuria in horses associated with Leptospira interrogans infection

Hematúria é uma grave manifestação clínica de doença do sistema urinário, ocorrendo sob as formas micro ou macroscópica. Neste artigo relatam-se dois casos de hematúria macroscópica associada à infecção por Leptospira interrogans sorogrupo Canicola. O exame clínico inicial revelou hematúria macroscópica, taquicardia, taquipneia, febre, elevação do tempo de perfusão capilar, hipomotilidade intestinal, além de icterícia da mucosa oral. Leucocitose, proteinúria, glicosúria, piúria e azotemia foram achados comuns aos dois casos. Teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica foi realizado para titulação de anticorpos contra Leptospira interrogans. Tratamento incluiu medidas terapêuticas de suporte (fluidoterapia), controle da hematúria e antibioticoterapia. Sete dias após manifestação dos sinais clínicos iniciais, ambos animais receberam alta hospitalar após remissão dos sinais clínicos.

Haematuria is a serious clinical manifestation of urinary system disease, occurring in micro or macroscopic forms. In this article two cases of macroscopic haematuria associated with Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicolainfection are related. The initial clinical examination revealed macroscopic haematuria, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, increased capillary perfusion time, intestinal hypomotility, in addition to jaundice of the oral mucosa. Leukocytosis, proteinuria, glycosuria, pyuria and azotemia were common findings in both cases. Microscopic serum agglutination test was performed for titration of antibodies against Leptospira interrogans. Treatment included supportive therapeutic measures (fluid therapy), hematuria control and antibiotic therapy. Seven days after the manifestation of the initial clinical signs, both animals were discharged from the hospital without complications.

Hematúria macroscópica em equinos associada à infecção por Leptospira interrogans / Macroscopic haematuria in horses associated with Leptospira interrogans infection

Hematúria é uma grave manifestação clínica de doença do sistema urinário, ocorrendo sob as formas micro ou macroscópica. Neste artigo relatam-se dois casos de hematúria macroscópica associada à infecção por Leptospira interrogans sorogrupo Canicola. O exame clínico inicial revelou hematúria macroscópica, taquicardia, taquipneia, febre, elevação do tempo de perfusão capilar, hipomotilidade intestinal, além de icterícia da mucosa oral. Leucocitose, proteinúria, glicosúria, piúria e azotemia foram achados comuns aos dois casos. Teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica foi realizado para titulação de anticorpos contra Leptospira interrogans. Tratamento incluiu medidas terapêuticas de suporte (fluidoterapia), controle da hematúria e antibioticoterapia. Sete dias após manifestação dos sinais clínicos iniciais, ambos animais receberam alta hospitalar após remissão dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

Haematuria is a serious clinical manifestation of urinary system disease, occurring in micro or macroscopic forms. In this article two cases of macroscopic haematuria associated with Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicolainfection are related. The initial clinical examination revealed macroscopic haematuria, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, increased capillary perfusion time, intestinal hypomotility, in addition to jaundice of the oral mucosa. Leukocytosis, proteinuria, glycosuria, pyuria and azotemia were common findings in both cases. Microscopic serum agglutination test was performed for titration of antibodies against Leptospira interrogans. Treatment included supportive therapeutic measures (fluid therapy), hematuria control and antibiotic therapy. Seven days after the manifestation of the initial clinical signs, both animals were discharged from the hospital without complications.(AU)

Hematúria macroscópica em equinos associada à infecção por Leptospira interrogans / Macroscopic haematuria in horses associated with Leptospira interrogans infection

Hematúria é uma grave manifestação clínica de doença do sistema urinário, ocorrendo sob as formas micro ou macroscópica. Neste artigo relatam-se dois casos de hematúria macroscópica associada à infecção por Leptospira interrogans sorogrupo Canicola. O exame clínico inicial revelou hematúria macroscópica, taquicardia, taquipneia, febre, elevação do tempo de perfusão capilar, hipomotilidade intestinal, além de icterícia da mucosa oral. Leucocitose, proteinúria, glicosúria, piúria e azotemia foram achados comuns aos dois casos. Teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica foi realizado para titulação de anticorpos contra Leptospira interrogans. Tratamento incluiu medidas terapêuticas de suporte (fluidoterapia), controle da hematúria e antibioticoterapia. Sete dias após manifestação dos sinais clínicos iniciais, ambos animais receberam alta hospitalar após remissão dos sinais clínicos.

Haematuria is a serious clinical manifestation of urinary system disease, occurring in micro or macroscopic forms. In this article two cases of macroscopic haematuria associated with Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicolainfection are related. The initial clinical examination revealed macroscopic haematuria, tachycardia, tachypnea, fever, increased capillary perfusion time, intestinal hypomotility, in addition to jaundice of the oral mucosa. Leukocytosis, proteinuria, glycosuria, pyuria and azotemia were common findings in both cases. Microscopic serum agglutination test was performed for titration of antibodies against Leptospira interrogans. Treatment included supportive therapeutic measures (fluid therapy), hematuria control and antibiotic therapy. Seven days after the manifestation of the initial clinical signs, both animals were discharged from the hospital without complications.

Chronic kidney disease in a dog of the Teckel breed: case report / Doença renal crônica em cão da raça Teckel: relato de caso

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease characterized by the gradual and functional loss of renal mass, affecting its physiology leading to clinical manifestations. The CKD reaches dogs of several breeds causing important clinical alterations. Some laboratory tests are determinant for the correct diagnosis and thus for the implementation of the most appropriate treatment. The urinalysis, urinary protein-creatinine ratio (UPC) evaluation, urea, and creatinine dosage together with the symmetric dimethylarginine dosage (SDMA), urinary tract ultrasonography and blood pressure monitoring, are the main methods used for diagnosis. In this way, this work aimed to report a case of CKD in a Teckel dog attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí (UFJ), discussing the main clinical manifestations, laboratory, and image alterations, as well as the correct staging according to IRIS (Interest Renal International Society), from which the best treatment option to be adopted is determined.

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela perda gradual e funcional da massa renal, afetando sua fisiologia levando àmanifestações clínicas. A DRC atinge cães de diversas raças causando alterações clínicas importantes. Alguns exames laboratoriais têm se mostrado determinantes para o diagnóstico correto e assim, para implementação do tratamento mais adequado. A urinálise, avaliação da relação proteína-creatinina urinária (UPC), dosagem de ureia e creatinina juntamente com a dosagem de dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA), ultrassonografia do trato urinário e monitoração da pressão arterial, constituem os principais métodos utilizados para diagnóstico. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de DRC em um cão da raça Teckel atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Jataí (UFJ), discutindo as principais manifestações clínicas, alterações laboratoriais e de imagem, assim como o correto estadiamento de acordo com a IRIS (Interest Renal International Society), a partir do qual se determina a melhor opção de tratamento a ser adotada.

Chronic kidney disease in a dog of the Teckel breed: case report / Doença renal crônica em cão da raça Teckel: relato de caso

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease characterized by the gradual and functional loss of renal mass, affecting its physiology leading to clinical manifestations. The CKD reaches dogs of several breeds causing important clinical alterations. Some laboratory tests are determinant for the correct diagnosis and thus for the implementation of the most appropriate treatment. The urinalysis, urinary protein-creatinine ratio (UPC) evaluation, urea, and creatinine dosage together with the symmetric dimethylarginine dosage (SDMA), urinary tract ultrasonography and blood pressure monitoring, are the main methods used for diagnosis. In this way, this work aimed to report a case of CKD in a Teckel dog attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí (UFJ), discussing the main clinical manifestations, laboratory, and image alterations, as well as the correct staging according to IRIS (Interest Renal International Society), from which the best treatment option to be adopted is determined.

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é uma enfermidade caracterizada pela perda gradual e funcional da massa renal, afetando sua fisiologia levando àmanifestações clínicas. A DRC atinge cães de diversas raças causando alterações clínicas importantes. Alguns exames laboratoriais têm se mostrado determinantes para o diagnóstico correto e assim, para implementação do tratamento mais adequado. A urinálise, avaliação da relação proteína-creatinina urinária (UPC), dosagem de ureia e creatinina juntamente com a dosagem de dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA), ultrassonografia do trato urinário e monitoração da pressão arterial, constituem os principais métodos utilizados para diagnóstico. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de DRC em um cão da raça Teckel atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Jataí (UFJ), discutindo as principais manifestações clínicas, alterações laboratoriais e de imagem, assim como o correto estadiamento de acordo com a IRIS (Interest Renal International Society), a partir do qual se determina a melhor opção de tratamento a ser adotada.(AU)

A transversal study of biochemical profile, urinalysis, UPC, electrolytes and blood pressure in dogs with chronic kidney disease

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects both dogs and cats, mainly elderly animals, due to tubulointerstitialinflammation associated with the increase of fibrosis through the excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) whichleads to decrease glomerular filtration. Many different underlying renal diseases can affect the kidneys of dogs such ascongenital or acquired in origin. Therefore, the main objective of this transversal study was to evaluate the epidemiologythrough clinical and laboratory evaluation of 225 client-owned dogs with CKD.Materials, Methods & Results: Complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, and biochemical profile were retrospectivelyselected and evaluated from 225 client-owned dogs with CKD of both sexes, different ages, and breeds from the patientpopulation of the Nephrology and Urology Small Animal Service of the Teaching Hospital of the School of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Science - São Paulo State University from 2011 to 2017. All dogs were divided in groups according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) CKD grading and statistical analysis was performed according toKruskal-Wallis non-parametric test complemented with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, and analysis of variance for themodel with a factor complemented with the test of multiple comparisons of Tukey. In this retrospective study, we observedthat most dogs in all groups were elderly (≥ 9 years old). CBC demonstrated lower RBC’s (P < 0.005), hemoglobin (P <0.001), hematocrit (Ht%) [P < 0.001] at the highest stage of the disease. However, urinary specific gravity (USG) did notdemonstrate significant differences between the disease stages, but urinary protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) was statistically different (P < 0.01) between IRIS-CKD stages 1 and 4. Furthermore, serum phosphate concentrations demonstrated...

A transversal study of biochemical profile, urinalysis, UPC, electrolytes and blood pressure in dogs with chronic kidney disease

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects both dogs and cats, mainly elderly animals, due to tubulointerstitialinflammation associated with the increase of fibrosis through the excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) whichleads to decrease glomerular filtration. Many different underlying renal diseases can affect the kidneys of dogs such ascongenital or acquired in origin. Therefore, the main objective of this transversal study was to evaluate the epidemiologythrough clinical and laboratory evaluation of 225 client-owned dogs with CKD.Materials, Methods & Results: Complete blood count (CBC), urinalysis, and biochemical profile were retrospectivelyselected and evaluated from 225 client-owned dogs with CKD of both sexes, different ages, and breeds from the patientpopulation of the Nephrology and Urology Small Animal Service of the Teaching Hospital of the School of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Science - São Paulo State University from 2011 to 2017. All dogs were divided in groups according to the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) CKD grading and statistical analysis was performed according toKruskal-Wallis non-parametric test complemented with Dunns multiple comparisons test, and analysis of variance for themodel with a factor complemented with the test of multiple comparisons of Tukey. In this retrospective study, we observedthat most dogs in all groups were elderly (≥ 9 years old). CBC demonstrated lower RBCs (P < 0.005), hemoglobin (P <0.001), hematocrit (Ht%) [P < 0.001] at the highest stage of the disease. However, urinary specific gravity (USG) did notdemonstrate significant differences between the disease stages, but urinary protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) was statistically different (P < 0.01) between IRIS-CKD stages 1 and 4. Furthermore, serum phosphate concentrations demonstrated...(AU)

Protocolo emergencial para manejo clínico de obstrução uretral em felinos / Emergency protocol for clinical management of urethral obstruction in felines

A obstrução uretral em felinos é uma etiologia comum e rotineira para clínicos e cirurgiões. A afecção pode ocorrer por vários motivos, mas de maneira geral, leva a sérios distúrbios renais e hidroeletrolí-ticos, que quando não revertidos rapidamente causarão o óbito do paciente. Este trabalho traz uma opção de abordagem de pacientes felinos com obstrução da uretra, bem como opções para tratamento emergencial e desobstrução.(AU)

Urethral obstruction in felines is a common and routine etiology for clinicians and surgeons. The condition can occur for several reasons, but in general leads to serious renal and hydroelectrolytic disorders, that when not quickly reversed caused the death of the patient. This article brings an option to approach these feline patients with urethral obstruction, as well as options for emergency treatment and urethral clearance.(AU)

Protocolo emergencial para manejo clínico de obstrução uretral em felinos / Emergency protocol for clinical management of urethral obstruction in felines

A obstrução uretral em felinos é uma etiologia comum e rotineira para clínicos e cirurgiões. A afecção pode ocorrer por vários motivos, mas de maneira geral, leva a sérios distúrbios renais e hidroeletrolí-ticos, que quando não revertidos rapidamente causarão o óbito do paciente. Este trabalho traz uma opção de abordagem de pacientes felinos com obstrução da uretra, bem como opções para tratamento emergencial e desobstrução.

Urethral obstruction in felines is a common and routine etiology for clinicians and surgeons. The condition can occur for several reasons, but in general leads to serious renal and hydroelectrolytic disorders, that when not quickly reversed caused the death of the patient. This article brings an option to approach these feline patients with urethral obstruction, as well as options for emergency treatment and urethral clearance.

Increased nitric oxide plasma concentration in dogs with naturally acquired chronic renal disease / Aumento da concentração plasmática de óxido nítrico em cães com doença renal crônica naturalmente adquirida

This study aimed to determine the amount of plasma nitric oxide in clinically stable dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Five groups of dogs were studied, aged from 4 to 18, comprising of a control group composed of healthy animals (control n=17), group CKD stage 1 (DRC-1, n=12), group CKD stage 2 (CKD-2, n=10) group, CKD stages 3 (CRD-3, n=13) and Group CKD stage 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Dogs with CKD were clinically stable and received no treatment. Two blood samples were collected at 24 hours intervals (repeated measures) to obtain serum and plasma. The serum creatinine values were used to classify dogs as CG, CKD-1, CKD-2, CKD-3 and CKD-4, and were (1.02±0.02mg/dL), (1.07±0.04mg/dL), (1.81±0.03mg/dL), (3.40±0.15mg/dL) and (6.00±0.20mg/dL) respectively. The determination of nitric oxide (NO) was performed by dosing nitrate/nitrite indirectly, and used for measurement of nitrate according to the NO/ozone chemiluminescence. The data were submitted to ANOVA for nonparametric analysis(Kruskal-Wallis) (P<0.05). The concentration of plasmatic NO did not differ significantly among GC (10.81±0.51µM), CKD-1 (15.49±1.97µM) and CKD-2 (19.83±3.31µM) groups. The plasma concentration of CKD-3 (17.02±1.73µM) and CKD-4 (83.56±13.63µM) was significantly higher compared with healthy dogs. In conclusion, the NO plasma concentration can increase in dogs with CKD and become significantly higher in stage 3 and 4 dogs.(AU)

A determinação de óxido nítrico no plasma em cães clinicamente estáveis em diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica (DRC) não foi estudada, constituindo este o objetivo do presente estudo. Foram estudados cinco grupos de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os cães com DRC estavam com o quadro clínico estável e sem receber qualquer tipo de tratamento. Foram estudados cinco grupo de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os animais sadios ou com DRC foram submetidos a duas coletas de sangue, com intervalo de 24 horas (amostras repetidas), para obtenção de soro e plasma. Os valores de creatinina sérica, que definiram a classificação dos pacientes do controle, DRC-1, DRC-2, DRC-3 e DRC-4, que foram 1,02±0,02mg/dL; 1,06±0,05mg/dL; 1,80±0,03mg/dL; 3,39±0,21mg/dL e 6,00±0,28mg/dL, respectivamente. A determinação plasmática indireta de óxido nítrico (NO) foi realizada por meio da dosagem de nitrato/nitrito, através da técnia de quimioluminescência NO / ozono. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA para análise não paramétrica (Kruskal-Wallis) (P <0,05). Os resultados das concentrações plasmáticas de NO não diferiram significativamente quando comparados os dados do controle (10,81±0,51µM), DRC-1 (15,49±1,97µM), DRC-2 (19,82±3,31µM). No entanto, o NO plasmático do grupo DRC-3 (17,01±1,73µM) e DRC-4 (83,55±13,63µM), foi significativamente maior, em relação às médias dos cães sadios. Concluímos que a concentração plasmática de NO pode aumentar em cães com DRC e torna-se significativamente mais elevada nos estágios 3 e 4 da doença.(AU)

Increased nitric oxide plasma concentration in dogs with naturally acquired chronic renal disease / Aumento da concentração plasmática de óxido nítrico em cães com doença renal crônica naturalmente adquirida

This study aimed to determine the amount of plasma nitric oxide in clinically stable dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Five groups of dogs were studied, aged from 4 to 18, comprising of a control group composed of healthy animals (control n=17), group CKD stage 1 (DRC-1, n=12), group CKD stage 2 (CKD-2, n=10) group, CKD stages 3 (CRD-3, n=13) and Group CKD stage 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Dogs with CKD were clinically stable and received no treatment. Two blood samples were collected at 24 hours intervals (repeated measures) to obtain serum and plasma. The serum creatinine values were used to classify dogs as CG, CKD-1, CKD-2, CKD-3 and CKD-4, and were (1.02±0.02mg/dL), (1.07±0.04mg/dL), (1.81±0.03mg/dL), (3.40±0.15mg/dL) and (6.00±0.20mg/dL) respectively. The determination of nitric oxide (NO) was performed by dosing nitrate/nitrite indirectly, and used for measurement of nitrate according to the NO/ozone chemiluminescence. The data were submitted to ANOVA for nonparametric analysis(Kruskal-Wallis) (P<0.05). The concentration of plasmatic NO did not differ significantly among GC (10.81±0.51µM), CKD-1 (15.49±1.97µM) and CKD-2 (19.83±3.31µM) groups. The plasma concentration of CKD-3 (17.02±1.73µM) and CKD-4 (83.56±13.63µM) was significantly higher compared with healthy dogs. In conclusion, the NO plasma concentration can increase in dogs with CKD and become significantly higher in stage 3 and 4 dogs.(AU)

A determinação de óxido nítrico no plasma em cães clinicamente estáveis em diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica (DRC) não foi estudada, constituindo este o objetivo do presente estudo. Foram estudados cinco grupos de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os cães com DRC estavam com o quadro clínico estável e sem receber qualquer tipo de tratamento. Foram estudados cinco grupo de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os animais sadios ou com DRC foram submetidos a duas coletas de sangue, com intervalo de 24 horas (amostras repetidas), para obtenção de soro e plasma. Os valores de creatinina sérica, que definiram a classificação dos pacientes do controle, DRC-1, DRC-2, DRC-3 e DRC-4, que foram 1,02±0,02mg/dL; 1,06±0,05mg/dL; 1,80±0,03mg/dL; 3,39±0,21mg/dL e 6,00±0,28mg/dL, respectivamente. A determinação plasmática indireta de óxido nítrico (NO) foi realizada por meio da dosagem de nitrato/nitrito, através da técnia de quimioluminescência NO / ozono. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA para análise não paramétrica (Kruskal-Wallis) (P <0,05). Os resultados das concentrações plasmáticas de NO não diferiram significativamente quando comparados os dados do controle (10,81±0,51µM), DRC-1 (15,49±1,97µM), DRC-2 (19,82±3,31µM). No entanto, o NO plasmático do grupo DRC-3 (17,01±1,73µM) e DRC-4 (83,55±13,63µM), foi significativamente maior, em relação às médias dos cães sadios. Concluímos que a concentração plasmática de NO pode aumentar em cães com DRC e torna-se significativamente mais elevada nos estágios 3 e 4 da doença.(AU)

Increased nitric oxide plasma concentration in dogs with naturally acquired chronic renal disease

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the amount of plasma nitric oxide in clinically stable dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Five groups of dogs were studied, aged from 4 to 18, comprising of a control group composed of healthy animals (control n=17), group CKD stage 1 (DRC-1, n=12), group CKD stage 2 (CKD-2, n=10) group, CKD stages 3 (CRD-3, n=13) and Group CKD stage 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Dogs with CKD were clinically stable and received no treatment. Two blood samples were collected at 24 hours intervals (repeated measures) to obtain serum and plasma. The serum creatinine values were used to classify dogs as CG, CKD-1, CKD-2, CKD-3 and CKD-4, and were (1.02±0.02mg/dL), (1.07±0.04mg/dL), (1.81±0.03mg/dL), (3.40±0.15mg/dL) and (6.00±0.20mg/dL) respectively. The determination of nitric oxide (NO) was performed by dosing nitrate/nitrite indirectly, and used for measurement of nitrate according to the NO/ozone chemiluminescence. The data were submitted to ANOVA for nonparametric analysis(Kruskal-Wallis) (P 0.05). The concentration of plasmatic NO did not differ significantly among GC (10.81±0.51M), CKD-1 (15.49±1.97M) and CKD-2 (19.83±3.31M) groups. The plasma concentration of CKD-3 (17.02±1.73M) and CKD-4 (83.56±13.63M) was significantly higher compared with healthy dogs. In conclusion, the NO plasma concentration can increase in dogs with CKD and become significantly higher in stage 3 and 4 dogs.

RESUMO: A determinação de óxido nítrico no plasma em cães clinicamente estáveis em diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica (DRC) não foi estudada, constituindo este o objetivo do presente estudo. Foram estudados cinco grupos de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os cães com DRC estavam com o quadro clínico estável e sem receber qualquer tipo de tratamento. Foram estudados cinco grupo de cães, com idade variando entre quatro a 18 anos, compreendendo o grupo controle, composto por animais sadios (controle, n=17), grupo com DRC estágio 1 (DRC-1, n=12), grupo com DRC estágio 2 (DRC-2, n=10), grupo com DRC estágio 3 (DRC-3, n=13) e grupo com DRC estágio 4 (DRC-4, n=10). Os animais sadios ou com DRC foram submetidos a duas coletas de sangue, com intervalo de 24 horas (amostras repetidas), para obtenção de soro e plasma. Os valores de creatinina sérica, que definiram a classificação dos pacientes do controle, DRC-1, DRC-2, DRC-3 e DRC-4, que foram 1,02±0,02mg/dL; 1,06±0,05mg/dL; 1,80±0,03mg/dL; 3,39±0,21mg/dL e 6,00±0,28mg/dL, respectivamente. A determinação plasmática indireta de óxido nítrico (NO) foi realizada por meio da dosagem de nitrato/nitrito, através da técnia de quimioluminescência NO / ozono. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA para análise não paramétrica (Kruskal-Wallis) (P 0,05). Os resultados das concentrações plasmáticas de NO não diferiram significativamente quando comparados os dados do controle (10,81±0,51M), DRC-1 (15,49±1,97M), DRC-2 (19,82±3,31M). No entanto, o NO plasmático do grupo DRC-3 (17,01±1,73M) e DRC-4 (83,55±13,63M), foi significativamente maior, em relação às médias dos cães sadios. Concluímos que a concentração plasmática de NO pode aumentar em cães com DRC e torna-se significativamente mais elevada nos estágios 3 e 4 da doença.

Epidemiologia e distribuição de lesões extrarrenais de uremia em 161 cães / Epidemiology and distribution of extrarenal lesions of uremia in 161 dogs

Com o objetivo de determinar a epidemiologia e as características morfológicas, incluindo a localização anatômica, das lesões extrarrenais de uremia, bem como determinar as principais lesões do sistema urinário associadas à ocorrência de uremia, foram revisados os protocolos de necropsias de cães realizadas no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2012 (17 anos). Nesse período foram necropsiados 4.201 cães, sendo que 161 (3,8%) apresentaram lesões extrarrenais de uremia. Em 134 cães (83,2%) foram descritos sinais clínicos associados à uremia. As lesões extrarrenais mais frequentes, em ordem decrescente, foram: gastrite ulcerativa e hemorrágica (56,5%), mineralização de tecidos moles (55,9%), edema pulmonar (47,2%), estomatite e/ou glossite ulcerativa (30,4%), endocardite/trombose atrial e aórtica (28,6%), hiperplasia das paratireoides (9,3%), osteodistrofia fibrosa (8,1%), anemia (6,2%), laringite ulcerativa (5%), enterite ulcerativa/hemorrágica (3,7%), esofagite fibrinonecrótica (1,9%) e pericardite fibrinosa (1.9%). Na maioria dos casos as lesões extrarrenais de uremia foram decorrentes de azotemia prolongada por lesões renais graves, sendo as mais prevalentes a nefrite intersticial e a glomerulonefrite.(AU)

The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology and the morphological characteristics (including the anatomic localization) of the extrarenal uremic lesions, as well as to describe the main lesions of the urinary system associated with the occurrence of uremia, through analysis of the protocols of necropsies performed in dogs from January 1996 to December 2012 (17 years) at the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. A total of 4,201 dogs were necropsied and 161 (3.8%) had extrarenal uremic lesions. In 134 dogs (83.2%) clinical signs associated with uremia were reported. The extrarenal lesions more often observed, in descending order of prevalence, were ulcerative and hemorrhagic gastritis (56.5%), soft-tissue mineralization (55.9%), pulmonary edema (47.2%), ulcerative stomatitis and/or glossitis (30.4%), endocarditis/atrial and aortic thrombosis (28.6%), parathyroid hyperplasia (9.3%), fibrous osteodystrophy (8.1%), anemia (6.2%), ulcerative laryngitis (5%), ulcerative and hemorrhagic enteritis (3.7%), fibrinonecrotic esophagitis (1.9%), and fibrinous pericarditis (1.9%). In most of the cases, the extrarenal lesions of uremia were due to prolonged azotemia secondary to severe renal lesions, such as interstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis (the most prevalent ones).(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO CARDIOLÓGICA E LABORATORIAL DE FELINOS COM OBSTRUÇÃO URETRAL

A obstrução uretral (OU) é uma condição comum na clínica de felinos. A diminuição da filtração glomerular desencadeia graves distúrbios acidobásicos e eletrolíticos alterando o potencial de membrana atrioventricular, acarretando arritmias e fibrilação. Já foi documentado que várias doenças não cardíacas podem causar dano no miocárdio em humanos, cães e gatos, desta maneira, objetivou-se avaliar a evolução clínica, laboratorial e eletrocardiográfica, além de mensurar o dano miocárdico através da dosagem de troponina I cardíaca (cTnI) de felinos com obstrução uretral. Foram selecionados 33 felinos de diferentes idades e raças com o diagnóstico de OU. Os animais foram acompanhados por sete dias e avaliados conforme parâmetros clínicos, bioquímicos, emogasométricos, eletrocardiográficos, de pressão arterial e através da dosagem de cTnI em três períodos (momento da admissão, dia 2 e dia 7). A análise da urinálise dos pacientes foi realizada no momento da admissão. A população felina tinha idade (média ± desvio padrão) 1,83 ± 1,58 anos. Dentre os parâmetros clínicos apresentados no momento da admissão, os mais comuns foram estrangúria,polaciúria, vocalização, apatia e estupor, e dentre as variáveis laboratoriais analisadas, creatinina, nitrogênio ureico sanguíneo, glicose, fósforo, excesso de base 3(BE), HCO e potássio sérico diminuíram significativamente (p0,05), enquanto o cálcio iônico e o pH sanguíneo aumentaram significativamente (p0,05) de acordo com os tempos. A média e desvio padrão da densidade urinária e pH foram de 1,027±0,01, e 7,37±0,81, respectivamente. Houve presença de sangue oculto (100%), proteinúria (96,15%) e glicosúria (19,23%) nos pacientes avaliados, além de cristais de estruvita em 19,23% e fosfato amorfo em 3,84%. No eletrocardiograma, ondas T apiculadas e elevação do segmento ST foram observadas em 21/33 (63,63%) dos felinos afetados, arritmias foram observadas em 9/33 (27,27%) gatos e 2/33 (6,06%) exibiram complexos ventriculares prematuros no momento da admissão, obtendo normalização nos dias sequentes. A dosagem da cTnI verificou que 93,75% (15/16) dos felinos com OU não apresentaram indícios de lesão miocárdica clinicamente relevante e um felino apresentou elevações significativas deste biomarcador nos tempos D1, D2 e D7 (0,866ng/mL, 0,688ng/mL e 0,625ng/mL, respectivamente). Com este estudo verificamos que as alterações cardiovasculares ocorrem em conjunto com modificações metabólicas e são amenizadas após a estabilização do quadro clínico.Apesar de não ter sido observado evidências de lesões cardíacas na maioria dos felinos avaliados, a elevação da cTnI em um felino esteve fortemente correlacionada com o grau de azotemia e hipercalemia por ele desenvolvido. Observamos também que anormalidades eletrolíticas como a acidose metabólica, hipercalemia, hiperglicemia e hiperfosfatemia, agravam o estado clínico e cardiovascular desses pacientes, sendo possível, com este estudo, identificar e monitorar alterações metabólicas que podem induzir a graves comprometimentos cardiovasculares em felinos com OU.

Urethral obstruction (UO) is a common condition in the feline clinic. The decrease in glomerular filtration triggers severe acid-base and electrolyte disturbances, altering the potential of the atrioventricular membrane, causing arrhythmias and fibrillation. It has been documented that several non-cardiac diseases can cause damage to the myocardium in humans, dogs and cats, thus, the objective was to evaluate the clinical, laboratory and electrocardiographic evolution, in addition to measuring myocardial damage through the measurement of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) of cats with urethral obstruction. Thirty-three felines of different ages and breeds diagnosed with UO were selected. The animals were followed up for seven days and applied according to clinical, biochemical, hemogasometric, electrocardiographic, blood pressure criteria and through the measurement of cTnI in three periods (time of admission, day 2 and day 7). An analysis of the patients' urinalysis was performed at the time of admission. The feline population was aged (mean ± standard deviation) 1.83 ± 1.58 years. Among the clinical trials described at the time of admission, the most common were strangeness, polyuria, vocalization, apathy and stupor, and among the variables analyzed in the laboratory, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, phosphorus, excess base (BE), HCO3 and ethical potassium decreased (p0.05), while ionic calcium and blood pH increased (p0.05) according to the times. The mean and standard deviation of urinary density and pH were 1,027 ± 0.01 and 7.37 ± 0.81, respectively. There was presence of occult blood (100%), protein (96.15%) and glycosuria (19.23%) in patients with excess struvite crystals in 19.23% and amorphous in 3.84%. No electrocardiogram, apiculate T waves and increased ST segment were observed in 21/33 (63.63%) of affected cats, arrhythmias were observed in 9/33 (27.27%) cats and 2/33 (6.06%) exhibited premature ventricular complexes at the time of admission, achieving normalization on the following days. A cTnI measurement verified 93.75% (15/16) of cats with UO not induced clinically relevant myocardial lesions and one feline that showed elevations associated with this biomarker at times D1, D2 and D7 (0.866ng / mL, 0.688 ng / mL mL and 0.625ng / mL, respectively). This study found that cardiovascular changes occur in conjunction with metabolic changes and are mitigated after the clinical condition has stabilized. Although the occurrence of cardiac lesions was not observed in most felines, the elevation of cTnI in a feline is strongly correlated with the degree of azotemia and hyperkalemia it develops. We also observed that electronic abnormalities such as metabolites acidosis, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia and hyperphosphatemia, aggravate the clinical and cardiovascular status of these patients, making it possible, with this study, to identify and monitor metabolic changes that can induce serious cardiovascular impairment in cats with UO

Infecção do trato urinário inferior como causa de abscesso e microabscessos renais em felino - relato de caso / Lower urinary tract infection as cause of abscess and renal microabscesses in feline - case report / Infección del tracto urinario inferior como causa de absceso y microabscesos renales en felino - reporte de caso

A infecção primária do trato urinário inferior em felinos é infrequente, contudo ela pode ocorrer de modo secundário após procedimentos de cateterização para a desobstrução uretral. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de abscesso e microabscessos renais, como consequência da infecção do trato urinário inferior, em um felino de oito meses de idade.

Primary infection of the lower urinary tract in feline is infrequent, however it can occur secondarily after catheterization procedures for urethral obstruction. The aim of this paper is to report a case of abscess and renal microabscesses as result of lower urinary tract infection in a feline eight months old.

La infección primaria del tracto urinario inferior en los gatos es poco frecuente, pero puede ocurrir en segundo lugar después de los procedimientos de cateterismo para la obstrucción uretral. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de absceso y microabscesos renales como resultado de la infección del tracto urinario en un felino ocho meses.

Azotemia em felinos: prevalência, graduação e correlação clínica em 1188 casos (2009-2017)

A azotemia é a elevação sanguínea dos compostos nitrogenados em decorrência de alterações pré-renais, renais ou pós-renais. O parâmetro bioquímico mais utilizado para mensurar a azotemia é a concentração sérica de creatinina, cuja elevação acima dos valores de referência indica comprometimento na função excretora renal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a prevalência do aumento dos valores séricos de creatinina em felinos atendidos em um hospital veterinário do interior do RS no período de 2009 a 2017, quantificar e correlacionar com as prováveis causas. O estudo foi retrospectivo e foram utilizadas informações contidas nas fichas clínicas e nos exames laboratoriais. O grau de azotemia foi classificado de acordo com os valores de creatinina sérica conforme a Sociedade Internacional de Interesse Renal (IRIS), de 1,6 mg/dl a 2,8 mg/dl, como leve, de 2,9 mg/dl a 5 mg/dl, moderado e acima de 5 mg/dl, intenso. Foi realizada análise estatística para correlacionar as variáveis, e utilizou-se o teste de Fisher e do Qui-quadrado com os programas BioStat e software livre. Foram avaliadas 5923 fichas das quais 1188 (20%) apresentaram registro de azotemia. Destes pacientes, 669 eram machos (58%), 447 fêmeas (38%), 14% tinham idade de 0 a 11 meses, 47%, de 1 a 5 anos, 23% de 6 a 10 anos e 16% acima de 10 anos e 4% não informado. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram doença do trato urinário inferior dos felinos (DTUIF), doença renal crônica (DRC), neoplasias, traumas e fraturas, complexo respiratório felino, lipidose hepática, gastrite, intoxicação, pancreatite, hipertireoidismo, colangiohepatite/colangite, cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, pneumonia, sinusite, distocia, fecaloma, otite e diabetes mellitus. Considerando as quatro principais condições clínicas associadas à azotemia, a primeira foi a doença do trato urinário inferior dos felinos, com 268 animais (22,55%) e, destes, 60,4% (162) apresentavam concentração de creatinina acima de 5 mg/dl. A segunda foi a doença renal crônica (DRC), com 127 casos (10,69%), sendo os graus de azotemia variáveis de leve a intenso. Neoplasias representaram o terceiro diagnóstico associado a azotemia, com 53 casos (4,46%). Trauma foi a quarta causa mais encontrada, com 4,3% (51) e, destes, 42 (82,35%) apresentaram azotemia leve (creatinina de 1,6 a 2,8 mg/dl). Foi observada associação significativa (p<0,0001) entre os diagnósticos e o grau de azotemia. Com relação à idade e diagnóstico, houve uma associação significativa (p<0,0001) com a DTUIF ocorrendo com mais frequência na faixa de animais até 5 anos, DRC em animais acima de 10 anos, trauma, acima de 10 anos e neoplasia, de 0 a 5 anos. Na associação sexo x diagnóstico, foi observada associação significativa (p<0,0001) entre machos e DTUIF e DRC e trauma em fêmeas. Considerando o grau de azotemia, os resultados corroboram os descritos na literatura, que referem a azotemia pós-renal mais intensa, bem como as causas pré-renais para a azotemia leve. Também em relação à idade e sexo, a DTUIF foi diagnosticada na faixa etária e sexo descritos como os mais predispostos também em nosso trabalho. O fato de animais de 0 a 5 anos serem os com diagnóstico de neoplasias associadas à azotemia pode ser devido ao fato de serem, em sua maioria neoplasias hematopoiéticas. É interessante observar a associação de fêmeas com trauma, uma vez que a literatura cita serem machos inteiros mais propensos. Da mesma forma, a causa para o número de fêmeas com DRC (82) ser praticamente o dobro do número de machos (42) deve ser investigada.

Azotemia is the blood elevation of nitrogen compounds as a result of pre-renal, renal or post-renal changes. The biochemical parameter most commonly used to measure azotemia is serum creatinine concentration, whose elevation above reference values indicates impairment of renal excretory function. Reduced renal blood flow, changes in the renal parenchyma, or urine excretion result in azotemia, which, according to time and grade, will trigger several systemic changes called uremic syndrome. Changes in the urinary tract of felines are frequent and present high mortality. The objective of the present study was to verify the prevalence of azotemia in animals treated at the from 2009 to 2017, to quantify and correlate with the probable causes. The study was retrospective and information contained in clinical records and laboratory tests was used. The degree of azotemia was classified according to the International Renal Intervention Society (IRIS), from 1.6 mg / dl to 2.8 mg / dl, as light, from 2.9 mg / dl to 5 mg / dl, moderate to above 5 mg / dl, intense. Statistical analysis was performed to correlate the variables, using the Fisher and Chi-square test with the BioStat and free software programs. A total of 5923 cards were evaluated, of which 1188 (20%) presented azotemia. Of these, 669 were males (58%), 447 females (38%), 14% were aged from 0 to 11 months, 47% from 1 to 5 years, 23% from 6 to 10 years and 16% from 10 to. The most frequent diagnoses were feline lower urinary tract disease, chronic renal disease (CKD), neoplasias, traumas and fractures, rhinotracheitis, hepatic lipidosis, gastritis, intoxication, pancreatitis, cholangiohepatitis, hyperthyroidism, cholangitis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, pneumonia, sinusitis, dystocia, fecaloma, otitis and diabetes mellitus. Considering the four main clinical conditions associated with azotemia, the first was feline lower urinary tract disease, with 268 animals (22.55%) and of these, 60.4% (162) had a creatinine concentration above 5 mg / dl. The second was chronic kidney disease (CKD), with 127 cases (10.69%), with degrees of azotemia varying from mild to severe. Neoplasms represented the third diagnosis associated with azotemia, with 53 cases (4.46%). Trauma was the fourth most common cause, with 4.3% (51) and of these, 42 (82.35%) had mild azotemia (creatinine 1.6 to 2.8 mg / dl). A significant association (p <0.0001) between the diagnoses and the degree of azotemia was observed. With regard to age and diagnosis, there was a significant association (p <0.0001) with the DTUIF occurring more frequently in the range of animals up to 5 years, CKD in animals over 10 years, trauma, over 10 years and neoplasia, from 0 to 5 years. In the association between sex and diagnosis, a significant association (p <0.0001) between males and DTUIF and CKD and trauma in females was observed. Considering the degree of azotemia, the results corroborate those described in the literature, which refer to more intense post-renal azotemia, as well as the pre-renal causes for mild azotemia. Also regarding the age and sex, the DTUIF was diagnosed in the age and sex described as the most predisposed in our work. The fact that animals from 0 to 5 years old are those diagnosed with neoplasias associated with azotemia may be due to the fact that they are mostly hematopoietic neoplasms. It is interesting to observe the association of females with trauma, since the literature cites that they are whole males more prone. Likewise, the cause for the number of females with CKD (82) to be nearly double the number of males (42) should be investigated. Azotemia is a frequent alteration in felines, being associated with clinical and individual conditions. Thus, it is important to identify them to direct the therapeutic behavior and improve the prognosis of the patients.

Alterações da hemostasia primária em cães azotêmicos / Alterations of Primary Hemostasis in Azotemic Dogs

Background: Uremia is a cause of acquired platelet dysfunction. Normal platelet counts and normal coagulation tests, associated with prolonged bleeding time, suggest a qualitative platelet defect. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of abnormalities in primary hemostasis associated with azotemia in dogs, and the correlation of the buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) with urea and creatinine levels. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty azotemic dogs were evaluated for hemostasis. Dogs were included in the study if serum urea concentration was > 60 mg / dL and serum creatinine concentration was > 2.0 mg / dL. The BMBT was performed on the inner surface of the upper lip, using a commercial device. Blood was collected from de jugular vein in EDTA-K2, sodium citrate 3.2% tubes and tubes without anticoagulant. EDTA samples were used to perform red blood cell (RBC) and platelets count. Serum was used for determination of urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosfatase (ALP), albumin and total protein. Citrated plasma was used to determine activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), fi brinogen levels, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) and fi brin degradation products (FDPs). Statistical analysis used Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test and/or Spearman correlation coeffi cient. A multiple linear regression was performed to adjust for confounding factors when analyzing BMBT with urea and creatinine. A significance level of 5% was considered. The study comprised 17 male and 23 female dogs with a mean age of 9.5 ± 4.2 years. Thirty animals had chronic renal failure (CRF), eight had acute renal failure (ARF) and two had urethral obstruction. None of the dogs had spontaneous bleeding history, but 36/40 (90%) had clinical signs of uremia. Prolongation of the BMBT was observed in 14 (35%) dogs, all of them with CRF. From 22 anemic dogs, 12 (54.5%) had a prolonged BMBT, and from 14 dogs with a prolonged BMBT, 12 (85.7%) were anemic. Only one thrombocytopenic dog had a prolonged BMBT, and no significant correlation between BMBT and platelets was found. A correlation between BMBT and creatinine, BMBT and urea, BMBT and hematocrit, and hematocrit and creatinine was observed. However, when multiple linear regression was carried out, the only parameter associated to the BMBT was the hematocrit. There were no association between prolonged BMBT and aPTT or FDPs. Prolonged PT was observed in one dog only. No alterations in BMBT were observed in correlation with albumin, total protein, ALP, ALT fi brinogen and vWF:Ag values. Discussion: The wide variation between several studies regarding the correlation of BMBT with creatinine, urea and hematocrit in uremic patients may be due to the size of the population studied, different causes of azotemia, and statistical methodology used. In this study, a moderate positive correlation between BMBT and urea, and BMBT and creatinine was observed. However, these indicators of azotemia lost power of correlation to BMBT when the adjustment for hematocrit was performed in the multiple linear regression, suggesting that the hematocrit should always be considered in the assessment. Although most of the dogs with prolonged BMBT were anemic, it is important to note that not all dogs with anemia had a prolonged BMBT. Thus, despite the hematocrit being the test that best correlated with the prolongation of BMBT, the hematocrit alone was not decisive for the occurrence of bleeding, although it has been determined that the bleeding tendency increases as anemia worsens.

Alterations of primary hemostasis in azotemic dogs / Alterações da hemostasia primária em cães azotêmicos

Background: Uremia is a cause of acquired platelet dysfunction. Normal platelet counts and normal coagulation tests, associated with prolonged bleeding time, suggest a qualitative platelet defect. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of abnormalities in primary hemostasis associated with azotemia in dogs, and the correlation of the buccal mucosal bleeding time (BMBT) with urea and creatinine levels. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty azotemic dogs were evaluated for hemostasis. Dogs were included in the study if serum urea concentration was > 60 mg / dL and serum creatinine concentration was > 2.0 mg / dL. The BMBT was performed on the inner surface of the upper lip, using a commercial device. Blood was collected from de jugular vein in EDTA-K2, sodium citrate 3.2% tubes and tubes without anticoagulant. EDTA samples were used to perform red blood cell (RBC) and platelets count. Serum was used for determination of urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosfatase (ALP), albumin and total protein. Citrated plasma was used to determine activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen levels, von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) and fibrin degradation products (FDPs). Statistical analysis used Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test and/or Spearman correlation coefficient. A multiple linear regression

A uremia é causa de disfunção plaquetária adquirida em pessoas e animais. Dentre os sinais clínicos encontrados em cães com síndrome urêmica, o sangramento pode estar presente e manifestar-se sob a forma de petéquias, equimoses, sangramento gastrintestinal, gengival e dos locais de venopunção. Sangramentos associados a quantidade normal de plaquetas e concentração de fatores da coagulação normais sugerem um defeito qualitativo plaquetário. O prolongamento no tempo de sangramento da mucosa oral (TSMO) em quatro de oito cães com insufi ciência renal induzida foi um achado consistente com o defeito de adesão plaquetária. [...]

Obstrução uretral em gatos machos - revisão literária / Urethral obstruction in male cats - literature review

A obstrução uretral em gatos machos enquadra-se na doença do trato urinário inferior dos felinos, constituindo em um quadro dramático de não emissão da urina, que dependendo de horas obstruído, pode levar o animal ao óbito. A obstrução é usualmente causada por mucoproteínas, mas também pode ser devida a urólitos, transtornos funcionais da musculatura e neoplasias. Assim, a presente revisão de literatura, teve como objetivo, descrever a patofisiologia, epidemiologia, recursos em diagnóstico, condutas e opções terapêuticas a serem adotadas com o paciente obstruído e provável prognóstico dos gatos acometidos por esta afecção.

The urethral obstruction in male cats is framed in the feline lower urinary tract disease, constituting a dramatic condition of non-issuance of urine which, depending on the hours of obstruction, it can take the animal to death. This obstruction is usually caused by mucoprotein, but it can also be due to uroliths, functional disorders of the muscles and neoplasms. Thus, the present literature review had the objective of describing the pathophysiology, epidemiology, resources in diagnosis, lines and treatment options to be adopted with the obstructed patient and probable prognostic of the cats suffering from this affection.