Carotenoid extraction using edible vegetable oil: an enriched provitamin A product

Vitamin A deficiency is the third most important micronutrient deficiency having a significant impact on public health worldwide. The aim of this study was to develop a carotenoid extraction process with edible vegetable oils, using a central composite design which, concurrently, enriches the oils with provitamin A carotenoids. The stability of carotenoids in the oil and their shelf life was also evaluated. The process also aimed to meet the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A (600 g retinol equivalent for an adult) with the enriched oil. The results showed that 20 % of the vegetable matrix (dried carrot) in vegetable oil and 5 min of extraction time was an optimum combination for both soy oil (64.43 μg retinol equivalent mL-¹) and olive oil (62.98 μg retinol equivalent mL-¹). Furthermore, the ingestion of just a spoonful (~10 mL) of the enriched oils would meet the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A (600 μg retinol equivalent), and, thus, it was possible to affirm that a dose of vegetable oils enriched with provitamin A contributes to meeting the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A. The proposed process is based on simple and low-cost technology that can be used to enrich edible oils (soybean and olive oil) with provitamin A.(AU)

Carotenoid extraction using edible vegetable oil: an enriched provitamin A product

Vitamin A deficiency is the third most important micronutrient deficiency having a significant impact on public health worldwide. The aim of this study was to develop a carotenoid extraction process with edible vegetable oils, using a central composite design which, concurrently, enriches the oils with provitamin A carotenoids. The stability of carotenoids in the oil and their shelf life was also evaluated. The process also aimed to meet the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A (600 g retinol equivalent for an adult) with the enriched oil. The results showed that 20 % of the vegetable matrix (dried carrot) in vegetable oil and 5 min of extraction time was an optimum combination for both soy oil (64.43 μg retinol equivalent mL-¹) and olive oil (62.98 μg retinol equivalent mL-¹). Furthermore, the ingestion of just a spoonful (~10 mL) of the enriched oils would meet the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A (600 μg retinol equivalent), and, thus, it was possible to affirm that a dose of vegetable oils enriched with provitamin A contributes to meeting the Recommended Daily Intake for vitamin A. The proposed process is based on simple and low-cost technology that can be used to enrich edible oils (soybean and olive oil) with provitamin A.

Atividade antibacteriana de nanopartículas de polipirrol diante de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de amostras de leite de vacas e cabras com mastite / Antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) in water against biofilm producer or not S. aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis. One hundred and thirty-eight isolates of S. aureus were initially evaluated for biofilm formation by spectrophotometry in microplates. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PPy-NPs in water for planktonic S. aureus were determined. From the bovine samples analyzed, 5 (4.46%) S. aureus isolates showed a strong biofilm production, 17 (15.18%) moderate production, 36 (32.14%) with weak production and 54 (48.21%) did not produce biofilms. Strains from goats (26) showed no biofilm production in 18 (69.23%) strains and weak biofilm production in 8 (30.76%) strains. The MIC and MBC of S. aureus to PPy-NPs were found in the same concentration (125搭/mL) in all strains tested, regardless of biofilm production or not. This finding provides a new insight into the interaction between PPy-NPs and S. aureus, and will offer potential benefits for the control of mastitis.(AU)

Atividade antibacteriana de nanopartículas de polipirrol diante de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de amostras de leite de vacas e cabras com mastite / Antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial behavior of polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPy-NPs) in water against biofilm producer or not S. aureus isolated from cows and goats with mastitis. One hundred and thirty-eight isolates of S. aureus were initially evaluated for biofilm formation by spectrophotometry in microplates. In addition, the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PPy-NPs in water for planktonic S. aureus were determined. From the bovine samples analyzed, 5 (4.46%) S. aureus isolates showed a strong biofilm production, 17 (15.18%) moderate production, 36 (32.14%) with weak production and 54 (48.21%) did not produce biofilms. Strains from goats (26) showed no biofilm production in 18 (69.23%) strains and weak biofilm production in 8 (30.76%) strains. The MIC and MBC of S. aureus to PPy-NPs were found in the same concentration (125搭/mL) in all strains tested, regardless of biofilm production or not. This finding provides a new insight into the interaction between PPy-NPs and S. aureus, and will offer potential benefits for the control of mastitis.(AU)

Phosphorylated protein concentrate pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata): optimization by response surface methodology and nutritional characterization / Concentrado proteico fosforilado de semente de abóbora (Cucurbita moschata): otimização pela metodologia de superfície resposta e caracterização nutricional

Response surface methodology was used to determine optimum conditions for extraction of protein from pumpkin seed meal. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) including independent variables such, pH and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) content was used. Maximum yield was obtained at a central point of CCRD, with STMP content and pH of 4% and 4.5, respectively. These conditions resulted in protein yield of 50.04 g of soluble protein from extract/100 g pumpkin seed. The optimization of pH and STMP content allowed obtaining a product with a high protein concentration (62.56 g 100 g-1), digestibility (62.03 g 100 g-1) and concentration of essential amino acids (27.26 g 100 g-1). Regarding the polyphenols concentration, phosphorylated protein concentrate from pumpkin seed and the pumpkin seed meal presented 13.11 g 100 g-1 and 23.19 g 100 g-1, respectively. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by extracting the protein under optimum values. These results help in designing the process of optimal protein extraction from pumpkin seeds.(AU)

A metodologia de superfície resposta foi utilizada para determinar condições ideais para a extração de proteína da farinha de semente de abóbora. Foi utilizado um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), incluindo vários níveis independentes, tais como pH e trimetafosfato de sódio (TMPS). O rendimento máximo foi obtido em um ponto central de DCCR, com conteúdo de TMPS e pH de 4% e 4,5, respectivamente. Essas condições resultaram em rendimento proteico de 50,04 g de proteína solúvel no extrato/100 g de semente de abóbora. A otimização de pH e conteúdo de TMS permitiu a obtenção de um produto com alta concentração de proteína (62,56 g 100 g-1), digestibilidade proteica (62,03 g 100 g-1) e concentração de aminoácidos essenciais (27,26 g 100 g-1). Em relação à concentração de polifenois, o concentrado proteico fosforilado de semente de abóbora e a farinha de semente de abóbora apresentaram 13,11 g 100 g-1 e 23,19 g 100 g-1, respectivamente. A adequação do modelo foi confirmada pela extração da proteína sobvalores ótimos. Estes resultados auxiliam na concepção do processo de extração ótimo da proteína de semente de abóbora.(AU)

Variation of cow's milk composition across different daily milking sessions and feasibility of using a composite sampling / Variação da composição do leite de vaca em diferentes turnos diários de ordenha e viabilidade de usar uma amostragem composta

This study vised to detect possible changes in chemical and cellular composition of cows milk at different milking sessions and to test if proportional or composite milk sampling can be used instead of separate milk analysis. Two experiments were conducted: one in cows milked thrice daily and the other one in cows milked twice daily. In both experiments, three milk samples were collected from each cow in each milking session in order to determine milk composition at each milking; to have a composite sample, i.e., a single sample from the same aliquots of milk from each milking session; and to have a proportional sample, i.e., a single sample from each milking session in a volume proportional to milk volume yielded. Fat content and fat to protein ratio were higher in the afternoon on both experiments. Protein content was larger in the afternoon on cows milked twice daily, but not on cows milked thrice daily. Lactose level was not different across the milking sessions in any of the experiments. The urea level was higher in the afternoon and evening milking on cows milked thrice daily, and in the morning milking on cows milked twice daily. Somatic cell count did not differ between milking in any experiment. No difference in milk composition was noted between proportional and composite samples on cows milked thrice or twice daily. The collection of proportional and composite samples is recommended in twice or thrice daily milking sessions so that the analysis of milk components becomes more easy and cheap.(AU)

Este estudo visou detectar possíveis mudanças na composição química e celular do leite de vaca em diferentes sessões de ordenha, e testar se a amostragem de leite proporcional ou composta pode ser usada em vez de uma análise separada do leite. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos: um em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e outro em vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. Em ambos os experimentos, três amostras de leite foram coletadas de cada vaca em cada ordenha: para determinar a composição do leite em cada ordenha; ter uma amostra composta, isto é, uma única amostra das mesmas alíquotas de leite de cada sessão de ordenha; e ter uma amostra proporcional, ou seja, uma única amostra de cada sessão de ordenha em um volume proporcional ao volume de leite produzido. O conteúdo de gordura e a relação gordura:proteína foram maiores no período da tarde nos dois experimentos. O conteúdo de proteína foi maior à tarde nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia, mas não nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. O nível de lactose não foi diferente nas sessões de ordenha em nenhum dos experimentos. O nível de ureia foi maior à tarde e à noite, nas vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia e, pela manhã, nas vacas ordenhadas duas vezes ao dia. A contagem de células somáticas não diferiu entre as ordenhas em nenhum experimento. Não houve diferença na composição do leite entre as amostras proporcionais e compostas em vacas ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. Recomenda-se a coleta de amostras proporcionais e compostas em duas ou três sessões diárias de ordenha, para que a análise dos componentes do leite se torne mais fácil e barata.(AU)

Effects of hurdle technology on Monascus ruber growth in green table olives: a response surface methodology approach

An ascomycetes fungus was isolated from brine storage of green olives of the Arauco cultivar imported from Argentina and identified as Monascus ruber. The combined effects of different concentrations of sodium chloride (3.5-5.5%), sodium benzoate (0-0.1%), potassium sorbate (0-0.05%) and temperature (30-40 °C) were investigated on the growth of M. ruber in the brine of stored table olives using a response surface methodology. A full 24 factorial design with three central points was first used in order to screen for the important factors (significant and marginally significant factors) and then a Face-Centered Central Composite Design was applied. Both preservatives prevented fungal spoilage, but potassium sorbate was the most efficient to control the fungi growth. The combined use of these preservatives did not show a synergistic effect. The results showed that the use of these salts may not be sufficient to prevent fungal spoilage and the greatest fungal growth was recorded at 30 °C.(AU)

Biogeography of Amazonian fishes: deconstructing river basins as biogeographic units

Biogeography of Amazonian fishes (2,500 species in vastly disjunct lineages) is complex and has so far been approached only partially. Here, we tackle the problem on the basis of the largest database yet on geographical distribution and phylogenetic relationships of Amazonian fishes, including all information available. Distributions of 4,095 species (both Amazonian and outgroups) and 84 phylogenetic hypotheses (comprising 549 phylogenetically-informative nodes) were compiled, qualified and plotted onto 46 areas (29 Amazonian and 17 non-Amazonian). The database was analyzed with PAE, CADE, BPA and BPA0, yielding largely congruent results and indicating that biogeographic signal is detectable on multiple dimensions of fish distribution, from single species ranges to cladistic congruence. Agreement is especially pronounced in deeper components, such as Trans-Andean, Cis-Andean, Western Amazon and Orinoco basins. Results show that all major Amazonian tributaries, as well as the Amazon basin itself, are non-monophyletic and constitute hybrid sets of heterogeneous biotic partitions. Amazonian drainages should not be assumed a priori as historically cohesive areas, contrary to widespread practice. Our hypothesis allows re-evaluation of broader issues in historical biogeography, such as the predictive power of biogeographic hypotheses, the vicariant/dispersal duality, the significance of widely distributed taxa, and the need for temporal dimension in biogeographic patterns.(AU)

A biogeografia dos peixes amazônicos (2.500 espécies de diferentes linhagens) é complexa e até agora foi abordada apenas parcialmente. Aqui abordamos o problema com base no maior banco de dados já feito sobre a distribuição geográfica e as relações filogenéticas dos peixes amazônicos, incluindo todas as informações disponíveis. A distribuição de 4.095 espécies (tanto amazônicas como de grupos-externos) e 84 hipóteses filogenéticas (que incluíam 549 nós filogeneticamente informativos) foram compiladas e qualificadas em 46 áreas (29 amazônicas e 17 não-amazônicas). O banco de dados foi analisado a partir das metodologias PAE, CADE, BPA e BPA0, resultando em topologias amplamente congruentes e indicando que o sinal biogeográfico é detectável em múltiplas dimensões, desde a simples distribuição de peixes até em congruência cladística. A concordância topológica é especialmente pronunciada em componentes mais profundos, como as bacias Trans-Andina, Cis-Andina, Amazonas Ocidental e Orinoco. Os resultados demonstram que todos os principais afluentes amazônicos, bem como a própria bacia amazônica, não são monofiléticos e constituem conjuntos híbridos formados a partir de parcelas bióticas heterogêneas. As drenagens amazônicas não devem ser consideradas a priori como áreas historicamente coesas, contrariamente à prática generalizada. Nossa hipótese permite a reavaliação de questões mais amplas na biogeografia histórica, como o poder preditivo de hipóteses biogeográficas, a dualidade vicariante/dispersão, significância de táxons amplamente distribuídos e a necessidade da dimensão temporal em padrões biogeográficos.(AU)

Correlação entre as escalas analógica visual, de Glasgow, Colorado e Melbourne na avaliação de dor pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia total unilateral / Correlation between visual analog scales, Glasgow, Colorado and Melbourne in the evaluation of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing total unilateral mastectomy

Objetivou-se correlacionar a necessidade de resgate analgésico pós-operatório por meio das escalas analógica visual (EVA), de Glasgow, Colorado e Melbourne, por meio de um avaliador experiente (AE) e outro não experiente (ANE), em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total. Foram utilizadas 24 cadelas, hígidas, internadas 24 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico, para avaliação do seu comportamento, com o auxílio das escalas descritas acima no momento basal (M0). Foram pré-medicadas com acepromazina e morfina (0,02 e 0,5mg/kg) e induzidas à anestesia geral com propofol (4mg/kg), mantidas em plano anestésico com CAM de isoflurano 1%. A manutenção analgésica transoperatória foi realizada com cetamina e fentanil (10µg/kg/min e 10µg/kg/h). As demais avaliações ocorreram em uma, duas, quatro, seis, oito, 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório, sendo os resgates realizados com morfina (0,5mg/kg), pela via intramuscular, quando fosse observada uma pontuação maior ou igual a 50, seis, dois e nove pontos, respectivamente, para as escalas descritas, quando observada pelo AE e quando ao menos duas das escalas demonstrassem esses valores. Houve aumento dos escores de dor do M1 ao M12 para o AE e para o ANE para a EVA. Na análise de Colorado, maiores pontuações de dor ocorreram em relação ao M0 entre o M2 e o M8 para o AE e do M1 ao M12 para o ANE. Na análise de Glasgow, maiores escores foram detectados entre o M1 e o M12 para o AE e do M1 ao M24 para o ANE. E para a de Melbourne, maiores valores foram observados do M1 e do M24 para o AE e o ANE. A melhor correlação entre as escalas foi de 0,775 entre Glasgow e Colorado e entre os avaliadores de 0,925 para a Glasgow. Conclui-se que a escala de Glasgow apresentou-se mais sensível para detectar resgates analgésicos em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia total unilateral, que a inexperiência do avaliador não compromete a qualidade das avaliações de dor e sugere-se reduzir a pontuação da EVA e Melbourne para aumentar a sua capacidade em detectar resgates analgésicos pós-operatórios.(AU)

The objective was to relate the need for analgesic postoperative recovery through Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Glasgow, Colorado and Melbourne, by an experienced assessor (AE) and other non-experienced ones (ANE), in bitches undergoing total unilateral mastectomy. Otherwise healthy bitches, a total of 24, were admitted 24 hours before the surgical procedure for assessment of behavior with the help of the above scales to determine the baseline (M0) moment. They were pre-medicated with morphine and acepromazine (0,02 and 0,5 mg/kg) and general anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane at 1% MAC. The analgesic during surgery was maintained with ketamine and fentanyl (10 µg/kg/min and 10 µg/kg/h). The other evaluations were performed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively, and redemptions made with intramuscular morphine (0,5 mg/kg) when a greater than or equal score of 50, 6, 2 and 9 points was observed respectively for the described ranges, as observed by the AE and when at least two scales demonstrated these values. There was an increase of M1 to M12 pain scores for AE and the ANE for VAS. In Colorado analyses, the highest painful scores occurred in relation to M0 between M2 and M8 to the AE and M1 to M12 for ANE. In Glasgow analyses, higher scores were detected between M1 to M12 for AE and M1 to M24 for ANE. And for the Melbourne highest values were observed in M1 and M24 for AE and ANE. The best correlation between the scales was 0,775 between Glasgow and Colorado and of the evaluators of 0,925 to Glasgow. The Glasgow scale was shown to be more sensitive to detect painkiller redemptions in dogs undergoing total unilateral mastectomy, the inexperience of the appraiser does not compromise the quality of painful reviews, and it is suggested to reduce the score VAS and Melbourne to increase it is ability to detect rescue postoperative analgesics.(AU)

Biogeography of Amazonian fishes: deconstructing river basins as biogeographic units

Biogeography of Amazonian fishes (2,500 species in vastly disjunct lineages) is complex and has so far been approached only partially. Here, we tackle the problem on the basis of the largest database yet on geographical distribution and phylogenetic relationships of Amazonian fishes, including all information available. Distributions of 4,095 species (both Amazonian and outgroups) and 84 phylogenetic hypotheses (comprising 549 phylogenetically-informative nodes) were compiled, qualified and plotted onto 46 areas (29 Amazonian and 17 non-Amazonian). The database was analyzed with PAE, CADE, BPA and BPA0, yielding largely congruent results and indicating that biogeographic signal is detectable on multiple dimensions of fish distribution, from single species ranges to cladistic congruence. Agreement is especially pronounced in deeper components, such as Trans-Andean, Cis-Andean, Western Amazon and Orinoco basins. Results show that all major Amazonian tributaries, as well as the Amazon basin itself, are non-monophyletic and constitute hybrid sets of heterogeneous biotic partitions. Amazonian drainages should not be assumed a priori as historically cohesive areas, contrary to widespread practice. Our hypothesis allows re-evaluation of broader issues in historical biogeography, such as the predictive power of biogeographic hypotheses, the vicariant/dispersal duality, the significance of widely distributed taxa, and the need for temporal dimension in biogeographic patterns.(AU)

A biogeografia dos peixes amazônicos (2.500 espécies de diferentes linhagens) é complexa e até agora foi abordada apenas parcialmente. Aqui abordamos o problema com base no maior banco de dados já feito sobre a distribuição geográfica e as relações filogenéticas dos peixes amazônicos, incluindo todas as informações disponíveis. A distribuição de 4.095 espécies (tanto amazônicas como de grupos-externos) e 84 hipóteses filogenéticas (que incluíam 549 nós filogeneticamente informativos) foram compiladas e qualificadas em 46 áreas (29 amazônicas e 17 não-amazônicas). O banco de dados foi analisado a partir das metodologias PAE, CADE, BPA e BPA0, resultando em topologias amplamente congruentes e indicando que o sinal biogeográfico é detectável em múltiplas dimensões, desde a simples distribuição de peixes até em congruência cladística. A concordância topológica é especialmente pronunciada em componentes mais profundos, como as bacias Trans-Andina, Cis-Andina, Amazonas Ocidental e Orinoco. Os resultados demonstram que todos os principais afluentes amazônicos, bem como a própria bacia amazônica, não são monofiléticos e constituem conjuntos híbridos formados a partir de parcelas bióticas heterogêneas. As drenagens amazônicas não devem ser consideradas a priori como áreas historicamente coesas, contrariamente à prática generalizada. Nossa hipótese permite a reavaliação de questões mais amplas na biogeografia histórica, como o poder preditivo de hipóteses biogeográficas, a dualidade vicariante/dispersão, significância de táxons amplamente distribuídos e a necessidade da dimensão temporal em padrões biogeográficos.(AU)

Correlação entre as escalas analógica visual, de Glasgow, Colorado e Melbourne na avaliação de dor pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia total unilateral / Correlation between visual analog scales, Glasgow, Colorado and Melbourne in the evaluation of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing total unilateral mastectomy

Objetivou-se correlacionar a necessidade de resgate analgésico pós-operatório por meio das escalas analógica visual (EVA), de Glasgow, Colorado e Melbourne, por meio de um avaliador experiente (AE) e outro não experiente (ANE), em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total. Foram utilizadas 24 cadelas, hígidas, internadas 24 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico, para avaliação do seu comportamento, com o auxílio das escalas descritas acima no momento basal (M0). Foram pré-medicadas com acepromazina e morfina (0,02 e 0,5mg/kg) e induzidas à anestesia geral com propofol (4mg/kg), mantidas em plano anestésico com CAM de isoflurano 1%. A manutenção analgésica transoperatória foi realizada com cetamina e fentanil (10µg/kg/min e 10µg/kg/h). As demais avaliações ocorreram em uma, duas, quatro, seis, oito, 12 e 24 horas de pós-operatório, sendo os resgates realizados com morfina (0,5mg/kg), pela via intramuscular, quando fosse observada uma pontuação maior ou igual a 50, seis, dois e nove pontos, respectivamente, para as escalas descritas, quando observada pelo AE e quando ao menos duas das escalas demonstrassem esses valores. Houve aumento dos escores de dor do M1 ao M12 para o AE e para o ANE para a EVA. Na análise de Colorado, maiores pontuações de dor ocorreram em relação ao M0 entre o M2 e o M8 para o AE e do M1 ao M12 para o ANE. Na análise de Glasgow, maiores escores foram detectados entre o M1 e o M12 para o AE e do M1 ao M24 para o ANE. E para a de Melbourne, maiores valores foram observados do M1 e do M24 para o AE e o ANE. A melhor correlação entre as escalas foi de 0,775 entre Glasgow e Colorado e entre os avaliadores de 0,925 para a Glasgow. Conclui-se que a escala de Glasgow apresentou-se mais sensível para detectar resgates analgésicos em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia total unilateral, que a inexperiência do avaliador não compromete a qualidade das avaliações de dor e sugere-se reduzir a [...](AU)

The objective was to relate the need for analgesic postoperative recovery through Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Glasgow, Colorado and Melbourne, by an experienced assessor (AE) and other non-experienced ones (ANE), in bitches undergoing total unilateral mastectomy. Otherwise healthy bitches, a total of 24, were admitted 24 hours before the surgical procedure for assessment of behavior with the help of the above scales to determine the baseline (M0) moment. They were pre-medicated with morphine and acepromazine (0,02 and 0,5 mg/kg) and general anesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane at 1% MAC. The analgesic during surgery was maintained with ketamine and fentanyl (10 µg/kg/min and 10 µg/kg/h). The other evaluations were performed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours postoperatively, and redemptions made with intramuscular morphine (0,5 mg/kg) when a greater than or equal score of 50, 6, 2 and 9 points was observed respectively for the described ranges, as observed by the AE and when at least two scales demonstrated these values. There was an increase of M1 to M12 pain scores for AE and the ANE for VAS. In Colorado analyses, the highest painful scores occurred in relation to M0 between M2 and M8 to the AE and M1 to M12 for ANE. In Glasgow analyses, higher scores were detected between M1 to M12 for AE and M1 to M24 for ANE. And for the Melbourne highest values were observed in M1 and M24 for AE and ANE. The best correlation between the scales was 0,775 between Glasgow and Colorado and of the evaluators of 0,925 to Glasgow. The Glasgow scale was shown to be more sensitive to detect painkiller redemptions in dogs undergoing total unilateral mastectomy, the inexperience of the appraiser does not compromise the quality of painful reviews, and it is suggested to reduce the score VAS and Melbourne to increase it is ability to detect rescue postoperative analgesics.(AU)

INTERAÇÃO GENÓTIPO AMBIENTE DEVIDO AO ESTRESSE TÉRMICO NO FINAL DA GESTAÇÃO SOBRE CARATERÍSTICAS DE CRESCIMENTO DE BOVINOS DE CORTE

O efeito do estresse térmico nas características de produção tem sido amplamente estudado em bovinos. Porém, o efeito do estresse térmico que as fêmeas sofrem no período gestacional pode comprometer a nutrição embrionária, o desenvolvimento fetal e placentário, ocasionar redução da gestação e prejudicar o desempenho pós-natal dos bezerros. Com isso, objetivou-se neste estudo estimar parâmetros genéticos associados ao estresse térmico durante o final da gestação para peso ao nascimento (PN) e ganho em peso médio diário do nascimento à desmama (GP) de bovinos Braford e Brangus. Os dados foram referentes a 73.383 animais da raça Braford e 45.120 da raça Brangus, com datas de nascimento entre os anos de 1974 e 2017. Os bezerros foram pesados ao nascimento e no momento da desmama que ocorreu por volta dos 205 dias de idade. O índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU) médio foi calculado sobre os últimos dias de gestação (60, 70, 80 e 90) para cada animal na análise. O ITU médio do período final da gestação (ITUg) foi incluído no modelo linear fixo, em que as médias de mínimos quadrados (MMQ) foram calculadas para PN e GP sobre cada variável ITUg a ser avaliada. Um modelo de regressão foi aplicado sobre as MMQ para avaliar o padrão de resposta do PN e GP em função de cada ITUg. Para o Braford e Brangus, o modelo fixo considerando o ITUg calculado sobre o período de 60 dias e 70 dias antes do parto foram o que apresentaram maiores R2, respectivamente. O estresse por calor durante o período final da gestação reduziu consideravelmente tanto o PN quanto o GP dos bovinos Braford e Brangus. O GP foi reduzido em -0,0021 e - 0,0013 kg/dia/ITUg para Braford e Brangus, representando um prejuízo produtivo e econômico expressivo para as populações estudadas. As estimativas de herdabilidade para o efeito direto para PN variaram para o Braford de 0,35 a 0,62 com média de 0,45 e para o Brangus de 0,26 a 0,52 com média de 0,37. Para o efeito materno variaram de 0,06 a 0,17 para o Braford e 0,07 a 0,35 para o Brangus, com média igual a 0,10 e 0,16 respectivamente. Para o efeito direto do GP para bovinos Braford as estimativas de herdabilidade para o efeito direto foram de 0,07 a 0,27, com média de 0,14 e materno de 0,11 a 0,19, com média de 0,14, inferindo que existe substancial heterogeneidade de variâncias genéticas ao longo do gradiente ambiental. As correlações genéticas entre a mesma característica em valores de ITUg adjacentes foram de alta magnitude, porém entre os ITUg extremos e opostos foram baixas ou mesmo negativas, especialmente para PN. Portanto, a inclusão desse efeito em avaliações genéticas a fim de se identificar e selecionar animais geneticamente mais tolerantes ao estresse térmico se torna justificável, devido seus reflexos no desempenho futuro dos animais.

The effect of thermal stress on production traits has been widely studied in cattle. However, the effect of heat stress that females undergo during pregnancy can compromise embryonic nutrition, fetal and placental development, cause a reduction in gestation length, and impair calves' postnatal performance. Thus, this study aimed to estimate genetic parameters associated with thermal stress during late pregnancy for birth weight (BW) and average daily weight gain from birth to weaning (ADG) of Braford and Brangus cattle. The data refer to 73,383 animals of the Braford breed and 45,120 of the Brangus breed, with birth dates between 1974 and 2017. The calves were weighed at birth and at the time of weaning, which occurred around 205 days of age. The average temperature and humidity index (ITU) was calculated over the last days of gestation (60, 70, 80, and 90) for each animal in the analysis. The mean ITU of the final pregnancy period (ITUg) was included in the fixed linear model. The least-squares means (LSM) were calculated for BW and ADG on each ITUg variable to be evaluated. A regression model was applied on the LSM to assess the BW and ADG response pattern in the function of each ITUg. For Braford and Brangus, the fixed model considering the ITUg calculated over 60 days and 70 days before calving, respectively, presented the highest R2. During the final gestation period, heat stress significantly reduced both the BW and the ADG of the Braford and Brangus cattle. The ADG was reduced by -00021 and -0,0013 kg/ day / ITUg for Braford and Brangus, representing an expressive productive and economic loss for the studied populations. The heritability estimates for the direct effect for BW varied for Braford from 0,35 to 0,62 with an average of 0,45. For Brangus, the estimates were from 0,26 to 0,52 with an average of 0,37. For the maternal effect, they ranged from 0,06 to 0,17 for Braford and 0,07 to 0,35 for Brangus, with a mean of 0,10 and 0,16 respectively. The heritability estimates for direct and maternal effects were 0,07 to 0,27, with a mean of 0,14, and 0,11 to 0,19, with an average of 0,14, respectively for ADG of Braford cattle. These estimates demonstrate substantial heterogeneity of genetic variances along the environmental gradient. The genetic correlations between the same trait in adjacent ITUg values were of high magnitude. However, among extreme and opposite ITUg they were low or even negative, especially for BW. Therefore, the inclusion of this effect in genetic evaluations to identify and select animals genetically more tolerant to thermal stress becomes justified due to its reflexes on the animal's future performance.

Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose/polycaprolactone composite as tissue substitutes in rabbits' cornea / Celulose bacteriana e composto de celulose bacteriana/policaprolactone para substituto tissular na córnea de coelho

In order to test the performance of bacterial cellulose/polycaprolactone composite (BC/PCL) and pure bacterial cellulose (BC) as tissue substitutes in rabbits' cornea, a superficial ulcer containing 5mm in diameter and 0.2mm deep was made in the right cornea of 36 rabbits, then a interlayer pocket was created from the basis of this ulcer. Twelve rabbits received BC/PCL membrane and 12 were treated with BC membranes, both membranes with 8mm in diameter. The remaining rabbits received no membrane constituting the control group. The animals were clinically followed up for 45 days. Three animals of each group were euthanized at three, seven, 21, and 45 days after implantation for histological examination of the cornea along with the implant. Clinical observation revealed signs of moderate inflammatory process, decreasing from day 20th in the implanted groups. Histology showed absence of epithelium on the membranes, fibroplasia close to the implants, lymph inflammatory infiltrate with giant cells, collagen disorganization, with a predominance of immature collagen fibers in both groups with implants. Although inflammatory response is acceptable, the membranes used does not satisfactorily played the role of tissue substitute for the cornea during the study period.(AU)

Com objetivo de testar o desempenho do compósito celulose bacteriana/policaprolactona (CB/PCL) e da celulose bacteriana pura (CB) como substitutos teciduais em córnea de coelhos, foi realizada uma úlcera superficial de 5 mm de diâmetro e 0,2 mm de profundidade na córnea direita de 36 coelhos, criando-se um bolso interlamelar a partir da base dessa úlcera. Doze animais receberam a membrana do compósito CB/PCL e 12 foram tratados com membranas de CB, ambas com 8 mm de diâmetro, os coelhos restantes não receberam nenhuma membrana, constituindo o grupo controle. Os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente até 45 dias. Três animais de cada grupo sofreram eutanásia aos três, sete, 21 e 45 dias após o implante das membranas para análise histológica da córnea juntamente com o implante. À observação clínica, houve sinais de processo inflamatório moderado, diminuindo a partir do 20º dia nos grupos implantados. A histologia demonstrou ausência de epitélio sobre as membranas, fibroplasia próxima aos implantes, infiltrado inflamatório linfo-histiocitário com células gigantes, desorganização do colágeno, com predominância de fibras imaturas de colágeno em ambos os grupos com implantes. Embora a resposta inflamatória seja aceitável, as membranas utilizadas não desempenharam satisfatoriamente o papel de substituto tecidual para a córnea, no período estudado.(AU)

Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose/polycaprolactone composite as tissue substitutes in rabbits' cornea / Celulose bacteriana e composto de celulose bacteriana/policaprolactone para substituto tissular na córnea de coelho

In order to test the performance of bacterial cellulose/polycaprolactone composite (BC/PCL) and pure bacterial cellulose (BC) as tissue substitutes in rabbits' cornea, a superficial ulcer containing 5mm in diameter and 0.2mm deep was made in the right cornea of 36 rabbits, then a interlayer pocket was created from the basis of this ulcer. Twelve rabbits received BC/PCL membrane and 12 were treated with BC membranes, both membranes with 8mm in diameter. The remaining rabbits received no membrane constituting the control group. The animals were clinically followed up for 45 days. Three animals of each group were euthanized at three, seven, 21, and 45 days after implantation for histological examination of the cornea along with the implant. Clinical observation revealed signs of moderate inflammatory process, decreasing from day 20th in the implanted groups. Histology showed absence of epithelium on the membranes, fibroplasia close to the implants, lymph inflammatory infiltrate with giant cells, collagen disorganization, with a predominance of immature collagen fibers in both groups with implants. Although inflammatory response is acceptable, the membranes used does not satisfactorily played the role of tissue substitute for the cornea during the study period.(AU)

Com objetivo de testar o desempenho do compósito celulose bacteriana/policaprolactona (CB/PCL) e da celulose bacteriana pura (CB) como substitutos teciduais em córnea de coelhos, foi realizada uma úlcera superficial de 5 mm de diâmetro e 0,2 mm de profundidade na córnea direita de 36 coelhos, criando-se um bolso interlamelar a partir da base dessa úlcera. Doze animais receberam a membrana do compósito CB/PCL e 12 foram tratados com membranas de CB, ambas com 8 mm de diâmetro, os coelhos restantes não receberam nenhuma membrana, constituindo o grupo controle. Os animais foram acompanhados clinicamente até 45 dias. Três animais de cada grupo sofreram eutanásia aos três, sete, 21 e 45 dias após o implante das membranas para análise histológica da córnea juntamente com o implante. À observação clínica, houve sinais de processo inflamatório moderado, diminuindo a partir do 20º dia nos grupos implantados. A histologia demonstrou ausência de epitélio sobre as membranas, fibroplasia próxima aos implantes, infiltrado inflamatório linfo-histiocitário com células gigantes, desorganização do colágeno, com predominância de fibras imaturas de colágeno em ambos os grupos com implantes. Embora a resposta inflamatória seja aceitável, as membranas utilizadas não desempenharam satisfatoriamente o papel de substituto tecidual para a córnea, no período estudado.(AU)

Advertisement and release calls of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Anura: Hylidae) with comments on the social context of emission

Male calls play different roles in anuran social organization, such as spacing, territoriality and female attraction. However, calls and associated behaviors remain poorly described for many anuran species. Here we describe the advertisement and release calls of the tree frog Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Lutz, 1966) and report on the social context of emissions and a physical combat. Approximately 35 minutes of digital recordings were obtained from 34 hours of observations at one breeding site in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Bioacoustic analysis showed that males emitted two types of advertisement calls: 1) simple call (a sequence of short pulsed notes) and 2) composite call (a sequence of short pulsed notes followed by a long pulsed note). Composite calls were emitted more frequently during more intense chorus activity, with various active males at the breeding site. The release call was also composed by short pulsed notes, with a wider spectrum of frequencies and emitted more rapidly than the advertisement calls. Our results suggest that the composite call of P. ayeaye may represent a mixed advertisement call. Long notes might be the aggressive part directed to males, whereas short notes directed to females. Our description of call types, their functions, and male physical interactions will be useful for studies investigating the systematics and behavior of Phyllomedusa species.

Advertisement and release calls of Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Anura: Hylidae) with comments on the social context of emission

Male calls play different roles in anuran social organization, such as spacing, territoriality and female attraction. However, calls and associated behaviors remain poorly described for many anuran species. Here we describe the advertisement and release calls of the tree frog Phyllomedusa ayeaye (Lutz, 1966) and report on the social context of emissions and a physical combat. Approximately 35 minutes of digital recordings were obtained from 34 hours of observations at one breeding site in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Bioacoustic analysis showed that males emitted two types of advertisement calls: 1) simple call (a sequence of short pulsed notes) and 2) composite call (a sequence of short pulsed notes followed by a long pulsed note). Composite calls were emitted more frequently during more intense chorus activity, with various active males at the breeding site. The release call was also composed by short pulsed notes, with a wider spectrum of frequencies and emitted more rapidly than the advertisement calls. Our results suggest that the composite call of P. ayeaye may represent a mixed advertisement call. Long notes might be the aggressive part directed to males, whereas short notes directed to females. Our description of call types, their functions, and male physical interactions will be useful for studies investigating the systematics and behavior of Phyllomedusa species.(AU)

Enhancing inulinase yield by irradiation mutation associated with optimization of culture conditions

A new inulinase-producing strain was isolated from rhizosphere soils of Jerusalem artichoke collected from Shihezi (Xinjiang, China) using Jerusalem artichoke power (JAP) as sole carbon source. It was identified as an Aspergillus niger strain by analysis of 16S rRNA. To improve inulinase production, this fungus was subjected to mutagenesis induced by ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiation. A genetically stable mutant (designated E12) was obtained and it showed 2.7-fold higher inulinase activity (128 U/mL) than the parental strain in the supernatant of a submerged culture. Sequential methodology was used to optimize the inulinase production of stain E12. A screening trial was first performed using Plackett-Burman design and variables with statistically significant effects on inulinase bio-production were identified. These significant factors were further optimized by central composite design experiments and response surface methodology. Finally, it was found that the maximum inulinase production (185 U/mL) could be achieved under the optimized conditions namely pH 7.0, yeast extract concentration of 5.0 g/L, JAP concentration of 66.5 g/L, peptone concentration of 29.1 g/L, solution volume of 49.4 mL in 250-mL shake flasks, agitation speed of 180 rpm, and fermentation time of 60 h. The yield of inulinase under optimized culture conditions was approximately 1.4-fold of that obtained by using basal culture medium. These findings are of significance for the potential industrial application of the mutant E12.(AU)

Estudos genômicos em bovinos de corte composto Montana tropical

GRIGOLETTO, L. Estudos genômicos em bovinos de corte Composto Montana Tropical. 2020, 183p. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga (FZEA/USP). A pecuária é um componente importante da economia brasileira e coloca o país entre os principais produtores e exportadores mundiais de carne bovina. O desenvolvimento e uso de populações de compostos representam uma alternativa promissora para aumentar a eficiência e a qualidade da produção em bovinos de corte. A combinação estratégica de diferentes raças representa uma grande oportunidade para maximizar a variabilidade genética e explorar a heterose e complementaridade entre raças. Para implementar com sucesso avaliações genômicas para bovinos de corte, várias abordagens e metodologias genéticas e genômicas precisam ser investigadas. Além disso, a maioria dos modelos e métodos genômicos atualmente utilizados para avaliações genômicas foram desenvolvidos com base em animais de raça pura e o conhecimento sobre o uso de informações genômicas em raças sintéticas ou compostas de gado ainda é muito limitado. Portanto, estudos que investigam metodologias mais sofisticadas e abordagens genômicas permitirão um uso mais eficiente das informações genômicas disponíveis para raças de raça pura e composta e, consequentemente, predição de valores genéticos genômicos mais acurados. Os objetivos gerais são: 1) identificar regiões genômicas e potenciais genes candidatos associados a várias características econômicas importantes em animais compostos; 2) investigar metodologias de seleção genômica e estratégias de imputação para melhorar a acurácia de predição de valores genéticos genómicos na população geneticamente diversa do composto Montana Tropical®. Aproximadamente, 4.000 genótipos de animais de várias raças (Montana, Nelore, Aberdeen Angus, Red Angus, Senepol e Simmental) em diversas densidades foram utilizados nesta pesquisa. Dessa forma, este trabalho contribuiriu para a viabilidade da aplicação de métodos e abordagens genômicas para o progresso genético para uma variedade de características economicamente importantes em bovinos de corte compostos e a lucratividade dos produtores de carne bovina.

GRIGOLETTO, L. Genomic studies in Montana Tropical Composite cattle. 2020, 183p. Thesis College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga (FZEA/USP). Beef cattle production is a major component of the Brazilian economy and places the country amongst the top worldwide beef producers and exporters. The development and use of composite populations represent a promising alternative to increase production efficiency and quality in beef cattle. The strategic combination of different breeds poses a great opportunity to maximize genetic variability and exploit heterosis and breed complementarity. In order to successfully implement genomic evaluations for beef cattle, various genomic approaches and methodologies need to be investigated. In addition, the majority of genomic models and methods currently used for genomic evaluations were developed based on purebred animals and the knowledge on the use of genomic information in synthetic or composite cattle breeds is still very limited. Therefore, studies investigating more sophisticated methodologies and genomic approaches will enable a more efficient use of the genomic information available for composite breeds and consequently, more accurate breeding values. The overall objectives of this thesis are to: 1) identify genomic regions and potential candidate genes associated with various economically important traits in composite beef cattle populations; 2) investigate genomic selection methodologies and imputation strategies to improve the accuracy of genomic prediction of breeding values in the genetically diverse population of Montana Tropical Composite® cattle. Approximately 4,000 genotyped animals from multiple breeds (Montana, Nellore, Aberdeen Angus, Red Angus, Senepol, and Simmental) and SNP chip panels were available for this research. In summary, this project contributed to the application of genomic approaches to fastener genetic progress for a variety of economically important traits in composite beef cattle and increase the profitability of beef producers.

Reactivity and levels of cortisol, glucose and insulin in confined lambs supplemented with chrome / Reatividade e níveis de cortisol, glicose e insulina em cordeiros confinados suplementados com cromo

Several strategies have been studied to reduce the stress suffered by the animals during handling and all managements that are included in a routine. Among them, the effects of supplementation with chromium in the diet of ruminants have been fairly analyzed by reducing serum cortisol levels. Thus this study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary chromium supplementation on indicators of welfare of confined sheep. Sixty-four crossbred lambs White Dorper x Santa Ines, weaned at sixty days old, were divided into two groups for confinement for sixty days: control group and the group that received supplementation of 2 mg organic chromium daily. Every 14 days, the animals were weighed after fasting for 12 hours. Simultaneously, the reactivity of lambs was evaluated by scoring during the stay in the balance, followed by the flight speed, according to a composite score scale (CSS) consisted of a compilation which integrated the four scores described above, as follows: 1. Quiet and Docile animal (Breathing score = 1 or 2; vocalization score = 0; movement = 1; flight speed = 1); 2. Low reactivity or Alive (Breathing score = 2; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 2; flight speed = 2); 3. Average reactivity or Restless (Breathing score = 2 or 3; vocalization score = 0 or 1; movement = 3; flight speed = 3 or 4); 4. Very Reactive or Disturbed (Breathing score = 3; vocalizatio

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

AVALIAÇÃO DA PRODUÇÃO DE ROTÍFEROS Brachionus plicatilis UTILIZANDO DIFERENTES DENSIDADES DE ESTOCAGEM E DIFERENTES CONCENTRAÇÕES DE MICROALGA Nannochloropsis oceanica

A produção do rotífero Brachionus plicatilis é essencial para o desenvolvimento da larvicultura de peixes marinhos, uma vez que é comumente utilizado como primeiro alimento para as larvas. A microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica é uma fonte alimentar que pode ser utilizada na produção de rotíferos, no entanto a sua concentração deve ser conhecida juntamente com a densidade inicial de rotíferos a ser inicialmente estocada. O experimento realizado foi delineado a partir do modelo estatístico fatorial de Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional. O experimento foi realizado durante 72 horas e utilizou 11 unidades experimentais com volume útil de 2 L. Os rotíferos foram estocados em diferentes densidades (59, 100, 200, 300 e 341 rot mL-1) e alimentados com diferentes concentrações de N. oceanica concentrada (59, 100, 200, 300 e 341 × 109 cel 106 rot-1 dia-1). Após o período experimental, gráficos de superfície resposta foram gerados para os resultados de taxa de crescimento populacional, proporção de fêmeas ovadas, amônia não ionizada e custo. Ademais, utilizando perfiladores de predição, foram criados três cenários de produção com ênfase em situações cotidianas de uma produção de rotífero. O Cenário Otimizado, onde os resultados obtidos apresentam melhor interação, a melhor densidade de N. oceanica foi de 270 × 10 cel 10 rot-1 dia-1 com uma densidade de estocagem de 69 rot mL-1; para o Cenário de Manutenção, com quantidade de microalga e custo reduzido, a melhor densidade de N. oceanica foi de 140 × 10 cel 10 rot -1 dia-1 com uma densidade de estocagem de 180 rot mL-1; e Cenário de Produção Maximizada, com taxa de crescimento populacional maximizada (0,53), a melhor densidade de N. oceanica foi de 300 × 10 cel 10 rot-1 dia-1 com uma densidade de estocagem de 100 rot mL-1. Como conclusão, a utilização da microalga N. oceanica na concentração de 300 × 10 cel 10 rot-1 dia-1 e com uma densidade de estocagem de rotíferos de 100 rot mL-1, se apresenta como a melhor condição para a produção de rotíferos.

The production of Brachionus plicatilis rotifers is essential for the development of marine fish larviculture, since it is commonly used as the first food for larvae. The use of the microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica as food enables the rotifer large-scale production. To create a production protocol, the rotifer stocking density and the amount of feed used should be calculated according to the need for rotifers production. The experiment was delineated from the factorial statistical model of Central Composite Rotatable Design. The rotifers were stocked at different densities (59, 100, 200, 300 and 341 rot mL-1) and fed with different amounts of concentrated N. oceanica (59, 100, 200, 300 and 341 × 10 9 cell rot-1 day-1). After the experimental period, surface response graphs were generated for the results of population growth rate, proportion of egged females, unionized ammonia and cost. In addition, using prediction profilers, three production scenarios were created with an emphasis on daily situations of a rotifer production. The Optimum Scenario, where the results obtained showed better interaction, the best density of N. oceanica was 270 × 10 cell 10 rot-1 day-1 with a storage density of 69 rot mL-1; for the Maintenance Scenario, with reduced microalgae quantity and cost, the best N. oceanica density was 140 × 10 cell 10 rot -1 day-1 with a stocking density of 180 rot mL-1; and Maximized Production Scenario with maximized population growth rate (0.53), the best density of N. oceanica was 300 × 10 cell 10 rot-1 day-1 with a stocking density of 100 rot mL-1. As a conclusion, the use of the N. oceanica at the concentration of 300 × 10 cell 10 rot-1 day-1 and with a B. plicatilis storage density of 100 rot mL-1 is the best condition for rotifer production.