Poliartrite em cão por Leishmaniose - tratamento com miltefosina / Polyarthritis in a dog due to leishmaniasis - treatment with miltefosine

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis causes several clinical signs, such as lymphadenomegaly, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcerative skin lesions, and lameness. The most commonly reported locomotor changes are claudication, edema, arthralgia, joint stiffness, and muscle atrophy. Radiographic exam revealed cortical and medullary destruction, increase, or decrease in medullary opacity, proliferative periosteal reaction, osteolysis, collapse of joint spaces and soft tissue edema are observed. The aim of this report is to describe the clinical and radiographic evolution of a case of erosive polyarthritis associated with leishmaniasis in a dog before, during and after treatment with miltefosine. Case: A 7-month-old mixed-breed dog was attended due pain and limited mobility. In the orthopedic evaluation, joint swelling, stiffness, and increased pain sensitivity of the four limbs, as well as neck stiffness, were noted. Radiographic examination showed joint changes compatible with edema, with increased volume and radiopacity of the soft tissues adjacent to the joints. The segments of the patient's spine showed more severe bone alterations, the cervical spine being one of the most affected regions, with multiple bone proliferations throughout the vertebral body, especially in the ventral portion (spondylosis), compatible with polyarthritis due to leishmaniasis. Due to the suspicion, lymph node and spleen cytology was performed, confirming the diagnosis. Hematological examination revealed anemia, leukopenia due to lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia in addition to increased AST (79,4 U/L; reference: 6,2 - 13 U/L), creatine kinase (517,6 U/L; reference: 1,5 - 28,4 U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (688,4 IU/L; reference: 45 - 233 IU/L) and hyperproteinemia (7,34 g/dL; reference: 5,4 - 7,1 g/dL). Treatment with miltefosine, allopurinol, domperidone, prednisone, gabapentin and dipyrone was started. Reassessments were performed monthly for 3 consecutive months. Hematological examinations showed improvement, with resolution of anemia and thrombocytopenia, and a marked decrease in creatine kinase values. Thus, it is evident that the dog did not develop liver or kidney changes during treatment. During the treatment and monitoring in this period, the dog had a clinical improvement, which started to walk without pain. In addition, joint swellings were no longer present, however, there was no improvement in the radiographic evaluation of the joints. Discussion: Clinical signs of the locomotor system are compatible with those described in animals that had osteoarticular manifestations associated with leishmaniasis, such as arthralgia, edema, and joint stiffness. In the present report, treatment with miltefosine associated with allopurinol resulted in an improvement in the clinical picture, and this therapy is therefore promising in dogs with polyarthritis due to leishmaniasis. A case published in human medicine demonstrated the intra-articular absorption capacity of this drug. There is only one study to date that describes the radiographic evolution of a dog with arthritis due to leishmaniasis after treatment with miltefosine and allopurinol. In this case described, the dog reported remained with the osteoarticular lesions after treatment, although clinical improvement was observed, as in our report. The use of miltefosine and allopurinol are in accordance with stage II staging for leishmaniasis. In this study, although there was no improvement in the radiographic examinations, the treatment was effective in the remission of the animal's clinical condition.

Hip dislocation in a calf - treatment with iliofemoral suture

Background: Coxofemoral dislocation is uncommon in large animals, due to anatomical particularities that provide greater stability to this joint. The most common causes of hip dislocation in large animals are related to hypocalcemia, mount trauma, sudden falls on hard surfaces or dystocia. Treatment can be performed by closed reduction, but the reported results are not satisfactory with complications. Several surgical techniques have already been described and successfully used in small animals in the treatment of hip dislocation. The present work aims to describe the technique and the result of the iliofemoral suture in the treatment of hip dislocation in a Girolando heifer. Case: A heifer was attended with a history of difficulty in getting up. According to the owner, the clinical manifestation was sudden, after remaining in a paddock with other animals of different age groups. The calf had reduced skin sensitivity on the croup, and it was impossible to remain in the quadrupedal position, often remaining in sternal recumbency with the left pelvic limb in extension. From the clinical examination, spinal cord injury was suspected and clinical treatment was instituted with dexamethasone, vitamins B1, B12 and dimethylsulfoxide. At the end of the clinical treatment, the animal did not show a favorable evolution, so radiographic examination of the coxofemoral region was performed, revealing dislocation of the left femoral head, indicating surgical correction. Xylazine was administered as pre-anesthetic medication, followed by anesthetic induction with midazolam associated with ketamine, followed by orotracheal intubation. Anesthetic maintenance was instituted with isoflurane and monitoring was performed with a multiparameter monitor. An epidural block was performed with bupivacaine and morphine. A craniolateral approach to the left hip joint was performed. After the dislocation was reduced, sutures were used to better stabilize the joint in question. Following the evolution of the surgical procedure, it was possible to confirm that the femoral head remained in place. After 15 days, the skin stitches were removed and the animal was discharged from the hospital and returned to its original property. The calf was asked to remain in the stall for at least 60 days, gradually releasing it into larger spaces and only after 120 days could it remain in the paddock with other animals. During three months, the tutor was consulted about the evolution of the condition, reporting that the animal was clinically well, being able to get up and walk without difficulty and with a mild degree of lameness, thus suggesting the success of the surgical procedure. Discussion: There are few studies of successful surgical treatments of hip dislocation in large animals, and that number is even smaller when considering cattle alone. It is believed that this is due to difficulties related to the surgical technique and to postoperative handling, given the animal's weight. The iliofemoral suture technique performed on the animal in the present study is commonly employed in small animals, and excellent results have been observed. However, reports on the use of this technique in large animals have not been found. The iliofemoral suture technique has advantages over other reported surgical techniques in cattle. When compared to the femoral head and neck resection, the iliofemoral suture has several advantages, as it allows preservation of the joint and achievement of superior biomechanical results. When compared to the technique of reinforcement of the joint capsule with synthetic material, also reported in cattle, the iliofemoral suture appears to be faster, simpler and more economic, and provides similar stability. We conclude that the iliofemoral suture proved to be a satisfactory alternative for the treatment of hip dislocations in young cattle.

Estabilização de ombro em um gato ­ Relato de caso / Shoulder estabilization in a cat ­ Case report

A estabilidade da articulação do ombro é garantida por ligamentos, cápsula articular, tendões e músculos, contudo traumas podem causar falência dos mecanismos estabilizadores, com consequente luxação ou instabilidade articular. Objetivou-se relatar o caso de instabilidade medial e lateral de ombro direito em felino sem raça definida, atendido com queixa de claudicação aguda de membro torácico secundária a trauma por confronto com outro animal. Inicialmente foi realizado tratamento clínico por meio de imobilização articular. Contudo, devido ao insucesso da técnica, procedeu-se para o tratamento cirúrgico de estabilização articular com prótese ligamentar sintética. No pós-operatório imediato, evidenciou-se ausência de crepitações e instabilidade articular. Após oito dias da cirurgia, o paciente apresentou retorno total às funções de apoio do membro e sem sinais de dor ou redução de movimentos. Concluiu-se que, embora de reduzida ocorrência, a instabilidade de origem traumática do ombro configura-se como um diferencial para claudicação aguda de membro torácico e que o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser necessário, mostrando-se eficiente na resolução de tais casos com o acesso e técnica de estabilização propostos.

The stability of the shoulder joint is granted by ligaments, joint capsule, tendons and muscles. However, traumatic injuries can cause failure of the stabilization mechanisms, which leads to articular luxation or instability. The aim of the paper is to report a case of medial and lateral right shoulder joint instability in a mixed-breed cat, presenting acute forelimb lameness after a fight trauma with another cat. Initially, it was recommended a conservative treatment through articular immobilization. However, the technique was unsuccessful, and the surgery treatment was performed, to stabilize the joint with synthetic ligament prosthetic. In the postoperative period, no crepitation or instability were identified. After eight days of surgery, the patient returned totally to the normal function of the forelimb, without movement restriction or pain. It was concluded that, although rare, the traumatic shoulder joint instability is a differential diagnosis for acute forelimb lameness and the surgical treatment can be necessary, showing a good result in the resolution of these injuries with the surgical approach and stabilization method proposed.

Different methods of processing thermographic images to evaluate the carpal temperature of healthy calves / Diferentes métodos de processamento de imagens termográficas para avaliação da temperatura do carpo em bezerros saudáveis

The aim of this study was to compare three methods of processing thermographic images for the evaluation of carpal temperature in healthy calves. Additionally, we sought to evaluate the thermal symmetry between the contralateral carpi of these calves. Thermographic images were obtained from both carpi of eight healthy calves aged between 20 and 45 days with a mean weight of 38.65 ± 2.27 kg. Using GRAYESS® IRT Analyzer 7 software, the total temperature (Ttot), region-of-interest temperature (Troi), and maximum mean temperature (Tmax) were determined. There was no difference between the temperatures obtained by the Ttot and Troi methods. Tmax showed higher temperatures (p < 0.01) than the other methods. The three image processing methods showed high and significant positive correlations for the temperature of the right and left carpi of healthy calves. Tmax presented a higher correlation coefficient (r = 0.99) than the two other methods, which suggests a greater sensitivity for identifying thermal variations among the contralateral carpi. The 99% confidence interval for the difference between the temperatures of the right and left carpi (∆r-l) was between 0.03 and 0.26°C; thus, a temperature variation within that range does not refer to pathologic processes.

Este estudo objetivou comparar três métodos de processamento de imagens termográficas na avaliação da temperatura do carpo de bezerros saudáveis. Adicionalmente, buscou-se avaliar a simetria térmica entre os carpos contralaterais desses bezerros. Foram obtidas imagens termográficas de ambos os carpos de oito bezerros, hígidos, com idade entre 20 e 45 dias e peso médio de 38,65 ± 2,27 kg. As imagens foram analisadas por meio do software GRAYESS® IRT Analyzer 7, que possibilitou a obtenção da temperatura total (Ttot), temperatura da região de interesse (Troi) e temperatura máxima média (Tmax). Não houve diferença entre as temperaturas obtidas pelos métodos Ttot e Troi. O Tmax mostrou temperaturas mais elevadas (p < 0,01) em comparação aos demais métodos. Os três métodos de processamento de imagens apresentaram correlações elevadas e significativas para a temperatura dos carpos direito e esquerdo de bezerros saudáveis, entretanto, o Tmax apresentou maior coeficiente de correlação (r = 0,99), o que sugere maior sensibilidade para identificação de variações térmicas entre os carpos contralaterais. O intervalo de confiança de 99% para a diferença de temperaturas entre os carpos direito e esquerdo (∆d-e) foi de 0,03 a 0,26ºC, o que indica que a variação de temperatura dentro desse intervalo não remete a alteração patológica.

Effect of the trimming of the toe region of healthy horses forelimb hooves on morphology, distal angles and locomotion by cinematography / [Efeito do casqueamento da região da pinça dos cascos torácicos de equinos sadios sobre a morfologia dos cascos, ângulos articulares distais e locomoção por cinematografia]

Seven forelimb hooves from healthy horses were submitted to regular trimming and fourteen days later, submitted to toe trimming. Toe angle and length, lateral and medial heels, frog and sole length and width, distal, proximal, and metacarpal phalangeal interphalangeal angles were measured, as well as locomotion evaluation through cinematographic analysis. The measurements were performed ten, 14, 15, 30 and 45 days after the regular trimming, and at 14 days two measurements, one before and one after the toe trimming, were carried out. For cinematography, the sequence of supports and time spent in each support were taken. The comparison of the means obtained from the individuals regarding the variables, between limbs, limbs for each individual, time - points, moments for each individual and between limbs for each moment, as well as the time spent in each in the supports, was performed using ANOVA. Results lower than those of statistical significance (p<0.05) were submitted to Tukey's test. The toe trimming promotes changes in toe length, angle, lateral heel angle, medial and lateral heel length, frog length, width, and sole length, and changes the pattern of the trot of horses.

Sete cascos de membros posteriores de cavalos saudáveis foram submetidos ao corte regular e, quatorze dias depois, submetidos ao corte dos pés. Foram medidos ângulo e comprimento dos dedos, saltos laterais e mediais, comprimento e largura do sapo e da sola, ângulos interfalangianos distais, proximais e metacarpianos da falange, bem como avaliação da locomoção através de análise cinematográfica. As medições foram realizadas dez, 14, 15, 30 e 45 dias após o corte regular, e aos 14 dias foram realizadas duas medições, uma antes e uma depois do corte do dedo do pé. Para a cinematografia, foi feita a seqüência de suportes e o tempo gasto em cada suporte. A comparação dos meios obtidos dos indivíduos em relação às variáveis, entre membros, membros para cada indivíduo, tempo - pontos, momentos para cada indivíduo e entre membros para cada momento, assim como o tempo gasto em cada um dos suportes, foi realizada utilizando ANOVA. Resultados inferiores aos de significância estatística (p<0,05) foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey. O corte do pé promove mudanças no comprimento do pé, ângulo, ângulo do calcanhar lateral, comprimento do calcanhar medial e lateral, comprimento do sapo, largura e comprimento da sola, e muda o padrão do trote dos cavalos.

Uso do carprofeno associado aos glicosaminoglicanos em cães com osteoartrite / Use of carprofen associated with glycosaminoglycans in dogs with osteoarthritis

O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos analgésicos do carprofeno associado ou não à condroitina com glicosamina no tratamento de 26 cães com osteoartrite, distribuídos nos grupos: GT ­ carprofeno (Carproflan®); GTP ­ carprofeno e glicosaminoglicanos (Carproflan® e Procart®); e GC ­ somente analgésico (dipirona). A evolução dos pacientes foi classificada na escala de claudicação no dia do primeiro atendimento e aos 7, 14 e 21 dias. No GT, 60% dos animais apresentou melhora clínica a partir do 7º dia, 30% não alterou seu escore de claudicação e 10% apresentou êmese a partir do 7º dia, com suspensão da medicação. No GTP, 60% dos animais apresentou melhora clínica a partir do 7º dia, 30% não alterou seu escore de claudicação, 5% apresentou êmese a partir do 7º dia e 5% a partir do 14º dia, com suspensão da medicação. No GC, nenhum animal apresentou melhora clínica. Conclui-se que os animais submetidos ao tratamento com carprofeno apresentaram melhora na claudicação, principalmente quando associado aos glicosaminoglicanos.(AU)

The analgesic effects of carprofen associated or not with chondroitin with glucosamine were evaluated in the treatment of 26 dogs with osteoarthritis, distributed into groups: TG ­ carprofen (Carproflan®); PTG ­ carprofen and glycosaminoglycans (Carproflan® and Procart®); and CG ­ only analgesic (dipyrone). The evolution of patients was classified on the lameness scale on the first day of care and at 7, 14 and 21 days. In the TG, 60% of the animals showed clinical improvement from the 7th day, 30% did not change their lameness score and 10% had emesis from the 7th day, with discontinuation of the medication. In the PTG, 60% of the animals showed clinical improvement from the 7th day, 30% did not change their lameness score, 5% had emesis from the 7th day and 5% from the 14th day, with discontinuation of the medication. In the CG, no animal showed clinical improvement. It was concluded that animals undergoing treatment with carprofen showed improvement in lameness, especially when associated with glycosaminoglycans.(AU)

Leveling osteotomy of the tibial plateau at an inverted angle in a dog / Osteotomia de nivelamento do platô tibial em ângulo invertido em um cachorro

One dog, Golden Retriever, 5 months old, was seen complaining of lameness and pain in the left pelvic limb. Avulsion of the tibial crest was diagnosed by radiographic means, which was corrected with a tension band. The absence of postoperative radiographic monitoring and the non-removal of the apparatus led to the early closure of the cranial tibial physis with continuous flow growth, resulting in pain, functional loss of the limb after one year and at a 13.2º tibial plateau angle negative. The biomechanical alteration of the limb was corrected using the inverted TPLO technique, converting the angle of the tibial plateau to 5.3 positive, without a rockback evidenced in 30, 60, 90 days up to four months after the operation. The objective of this case report is to describe the surgical correction with the inverted TPLO technique in a case of angle of the negative tibial plateau secondary to not removing the tension band applied in avulsion of the growing tibial crest. After 120 days, the dog was presented fully recovery and weight-bearing without any complication.

Um cão, Golden Retriever, de 5 meses de idade, foi atendido com queixa de claudicação e dor em membro pélvico esquerdo. Diagnosticou-se por meio radiográfico a avulsão da crista da tíbia, a qual foi corrigida com banda de tensão. A ausência de acompanhamento radiográfico pós-operatório e a não retirada do aparato levou ao fechamento precoce da fise tibial cranial com crescimento contínuo da caudal, resultando em dor, perda funcional do membro após um ano e em um ângulo de platô tibial de 13,2º negativos. A alteração biomecânica do membro foi corrigida por meio da técnica de TPLO invertida, convertendo o ângulo do platô tibial em 5,3º positivos, sem rockback evidenciado em 30, 60, 90 dias até quatro meses de pós-operatório. O objetivo desse relato de caso é descrever a correção cirúrgica com a técnica de TPLO invertida em um caso de ângulo do platô tibial negativo secundário a não retirada de banda de tensão aplicada em avulsão da crista da tíbia em crescimento. Após 120 dias, o paciente apresentou recuperação total com adequado suporte do peso no membro, sem qualquer complicação.

O papel da nutrição na doença articular degenerativa do esqueleto apendicular de gatos / The role nutrition in the degenerative joint disease of appendicular skeleton in cats / El papel de la nutrición en la enfermedad articular degenerativa del esqueleto apendicular de los gatos

Estudos relativos ao reconhecimento e importância da doença articular degenerativa em gatos requerem maior divulgação, em virtude das particularidades associadas à espécie. Sendo assim, a presente revisão teve por objetivo discorrer sobre os métodos diagnósticos da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular e enfatizar os aspectos nutricionais associados à afecção. Para o diagnóstico da afecção é necessário inicialmente efetuar anamnese completa e exame físico geral e ortopédico específico. Entretanto, os sinais clínicos da afecção podem ser sutis em gatos, incluindo alterações comportamentais ou mudanças do estilo de vida, tais como manter-se mais tempo deitado, relutância em subir ou saltar, entre outros. Baseada nos achados clínicos, a confirmação da lesão deverá ser efetuada com o uso de métodos de imagem. Dentre os vários aspectos da doença, o papel da nutrição precisa ser evidenciado. A nutrição pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de doenças que levam à osteoartrite, de forma direta ou indireta, entre elas a obesidade, que além da sobrecarga nas estruturas articulares, contribui para o processo inflamatório. Em contrapartida, a nutrição pode auxiliar no mecanismo de controle ou mesmo prevenção, pela modificação do processo degenerativo ou resposta inflamatória, contudo seus efeitos benéficos ainda não estão elucidados. Portanto, estudos das diferentes particularidades do papel da nutrição no manejo da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular em gatos são necessários.(AU)

Studies related to recognition and importance of degenerative joint disease in cats must be better divulgation, due to some peculiarities related to the species. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to overview of diagnosis methods of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton, and to emphasize the nutritional aspects associated with the disease. For the diagnosis should be performed initially a complete medical history, and general physical examination followed by specific orthopedic examination. However, clinical signs of the disease can be subtle in cats, including behavioral changes, or lifestyle' changes such as spend more time lying down, and reluctance to climb or jump, among others. Based on clinical findings, the confirmation of the lesion requires the use of imaging techniques, but the poor correlation between radiographic severity and clinical signs should be considered. Among the several aspects of the disease, the role of nutrition must be highlighted. The nutrition can contribute to the development of diseases that lead to osteoarthritis in a direct or indirect manner. For example, the obesity that promotes overloading of the articular structures as well as contributes to inflammation. On the other hand, the nutrition can help in the control mechanism or even prevention of disease, by modification of degenerative process or inflammatory response. Among of the possible modifying agents for osteoarthritis are glucosamine, chondroitin and omega-3 fatty acids, but the beneficial effects are not fully understood. Therefore, multicenter trial or based on a large standard population are needed to validate the different aspects of the role of nutrition in the management of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton in cat.(AU)

Los estudios sobre el reconocimiento y la importancia de la enfermedad degenerativa de las articulaciones en los gatos requieren una mayor difusión debido a las particularidades asociadas con la especie. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tuvo como objetivo discutir los métodos de diagnóstico de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis del esqueleto apendicular y enfatizar los aspectos nutricionales asociados con la afección. Para el diagnóstico de la afección, inicialmente es necesario realizar una anamnesis completa y un examen físico general y ortopédico específico. Sin embargo, los signos clínicos de la afección pueden ser sutiles en los gatos, incluidos cambios de comportamiento o cambios en el estilo de vida, como estar acostado por más tiempo, renuencia a trepar o saltar, entre otros. Según los hallazgos clínicos, la lesión debe confirmarse mediante métodos de imagen. Entre los diversos aspectos de la enfermedad, debe destacarse el papel de la nutrición. La nutrición puede contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades que conducen a la osteoartritis, directa o indirectamente, incluida la obesidad, que además de sobrecargar las estructuras articulares, contribuye al proceso inflamatorio. Por otro lado, la nutrición puede ayudar en el mecanismo de control o incluso en la prevención, al modificar el proceso degenerativo o la respuesta inflamatoria, sin embargo, sus efectos beneficiosos aún no se han dilucidado. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios sobre las diferentes particularidades del papel de la nutrición en el tratamiento de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis esquelética apendicular en los gatos.(AU)

Células-tronco mesenquimais para tratamento de displasia coxofemoral em cão / Mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of coxofemoral dysplasia in a dog

Background: Coxofemoral dysplasia (CFD) is the abnormal development of the hip joint, mostly affecting large breeds, and is characterized by subluxation or complete luxation of the femoral head. Among the conservative therapeutic options, cell therapies with stem cells for CFD provides potential by the countless possibilities of therapeutic application, especially those related to the chronic and/or degenerative diseases treatment, which could be a key point for the bone and joint repair. The objective was to report a bilateral CFD case in a dog, treated with intra-articular application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), with 0, 30, 60 and 90 days, and further evaluations. Case: A 2-year-old male Akita dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital Harmonia (HVH) located in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, presenting clinical signs of hip pain, lameness and pelvic limbs hopping. By orthopedic examination, pain was observed at the cranial and caudal extension of the pelvic limb, and at flexion, abduction and adduction of the limb, as well as moderate muscle atrophy and presence of joint crackling. By coxofemoral radiography performed in ventrodorsal projection, it were detected bilateral femoral head subluxation, thickening of the femoral neck and the presence of intraarticular osteophytes. These findings are compatible with the degeneration caused by the presence of CFD. Laboratory tests performed such as hemogram and biochemical had no changes. Thus, the patient had intra-articular application of allogeneic MSC, derived from adipose tissue, obtained by private company. For stem cell applications, arthrocentesis of the hip joints was performed one at a time, using a 5 mL syringe and 16G needle for aspiration of 2 mL synovial fluid, for discard and application of stem cells. After aspiration, the syringe containing the MSC were fitted to the 16G needle for the implant. After the...

Correção de luxação valga da articulação rádio-cárpica em um cão através da reconstrução ligamentar com fio sintético: uma alternativa à artrodese / Correction of valgus dislocation of the radio-carpal joint in a dog through ligament reconstruction with synthetic wire: an alternative to arthrodesis

Background: Radio-carpal dislocations are normally related to situations of trauma and may be treated with open or closed reduction, reconstruction of injured structures or arthrodesis. The treatment aims to eliminate pain, abnormal joint movement and restore member functions, avoiding or minimizing the development of arthrosis. Notwithstanding the literature on the treatment options, few of them explain the restorative technical applications and their evolution in a later postoperative period. The aim of the present report is to discuss extra-articular joint reconstruction with nylon wire in a canine patient with radio-carpal joint dislocation and ligament rupture. Case: A 10-year-old mixed-breed bitch, weighing 10 kg, after an 8-meter fall, received care at Animal Care Barueri Clínica Veterinária. The animal presented left thoracic member functional impotence and radio-carpal joint valgus dislocation, pain and joint swelling. The patient was sedated and medium-lateral and dorso-palmar X-rays of the distal area of the thoracic member were performed, showing radio-carpal dislocation and a slight radiotransparent line in caudal cortical of the middle third of the left radium, possibly related to an incomplete fracture due to compaction. At this point, the choice was for a closed reduction performed by means of traction followed by internal rotation of the distal extremity of the member. An immobilization device was placed using a vinyl splint for 4 days, until the date of the surgery. For the surgical procedure, a dorso-medial access was opened in the left radio-carpal joint, restoring the short radium collateral joint with nylon 0 suture, anchored on 3 pathways opened in the bones (2 pathways in the radium and 1 in the carpo-radial bone), forming one knot. The subcutaneous tissue was closed and sutured using absorbable wire of 2-0 polyglycolic acid. The skin was sutured using nonabsorbable wire of 3-0 nylon. The immediate postoperative X-rays showed the pathways created, conservation of the bone structures and restoration of the anatomic axis of the radio-carpal joint. The member was again immobilized for 70 days and, 30 days after removal of the splint, the animal could already bear load over the member, without lameness. At 10 months after the surgery, the patient performed X-rays of the medium-lateral and dorso-palmar projections, showing absence of the signs of arthrosis or any joint impairment. There was also absence of lameness and pain, however with reduction in joint movement amplitude, with total extension but more limited flexion. Discussion: Through comparison with the literature it was possible to find similarities with the joint injury approach reported, mainly regarding the form of the suture and the clinical alterations observed, such as short radium collateral ligament rupture related to joint valgus deviation. The treatment strategy in the case combined temporary closed reduction of the joint, immobilization, later joint access and restoration with synthetic wire and long-term immobilization. The postoperative results obtained showed favorable evolution, without signs of joint degeneration, pain or lameness. Possible unwanted consequences related to arthrodesis make the options for reconstruction techniques seem more interesting; however, further information of their application and the combination of its variations in a more directed fashion are still required. Understanding the types of injuries, together with the development of research that assess their diagnosis and evolution, may help treatments to show even better perspectives.

Descrição anatomo-ultrassonográfica do carpo equino / Anatomic and ultrasonographic description of the equine carpus / Descripción anatómica y ultrasonográfica del carpus equino

O carpo equino é uma região anatômica que apresenta relevância clínica e cirúrgica aos veterinários, sendo o ultrassom uma modalidade de exame complementar útil para auxiliar no diagnóstico de afecções que envolvem as principais estruturas desta articulação. Devido à escassez de trabalhos que ilustrem os aspectos morfológicos da articulação cárpica hígida e também por consequência de sua alta complexidade, foi objetivo deste trabalho apresentar uma minuciosa descrição anátomo-ultrassonográfica comparada do carpo equino. Na primeira etapa deste estudo, foram utilizadas peças anatômicas provenientes de membros torácicos equinos de modo a priorizar estruturas de maior importância clínica dos aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral e medial da articulação cárpica. Na segunda etapa, por meio do exame por ultrassonografia de dois cavalos, foram geradas imagens longitudinais e transversais das estruturas alvo para o estudo anatômico, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à espessura, ecogenicidade e ecotextura. A partir desses dois estudos, foi realizada a correlação das estruturas macroscópicas das peças com suas respectivas representações ultrassonográficas, levando ao desenvolvimento de imagens didáticas aliadas às descrições das estruturas musculoesqueléticas da articulação cárpica, de modo a auxiliar no estudo desta região.

The equine carpal joint is relevant in clinical and surgical veterinary practices, with the use of ultrasound being very helpful as a complementary exam to diagnose some diseases that involves the principal structures of this articulation. Due to the lack in studies that illustrate the morphological aspect of this region in health horses and for it complexity, it is this study goal to present a meticulous description of the compared ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine carpal joint. For this study, anatomical pieces from equine thoracic limbs were used, being two already dissecated and fixated in formol and four pieces presented in transversal cuts, in order to prioritize the evaluation of the most important structures for clinical practice in the dorsal, medial, lateral and palmar aspects of the equine carpal joint. With the use of ultrasonographic exam in two health horses belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, FMVZ/Unesp –Botucatu/SP, longitudinal and transverse images of the respective dissected structures in the anatomical study were generated, wich were evaluated for ecotexture, echogenicity and thickness. From both studies, a correlation was made between the macroscopic structures from the anatomical pieces and the ultrasonographic representations, leading to the development of teaching images and musculoskeletical structures description of the carpal joint, generated in order to help on its study.

El carpo equino es una región anatómica que tiene relevancia clínica y quirúrgica para los veterinarios, siendo el ultrasonido una modalidad útil de examen complementario para ayudar en el diagnóstico de afecciones que involucran las estructuras principales de esta articulación. Debido a la escasez de estudios que ilustran los aspectos morfológicos de la articulación carpiana sana y también como resultado de su alta complejidad, el objetivo de este estudio fue presentar una descripción anatómica y ecográfica detallada del carpo equino. En la primera etapa de este estudio, se utilizaron piezas anatómicas de extremidades torácicas equinas para priorizar estructuras de mayor importancia clínica desde los aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral y medial de la articulación carpiana. En la segunda etapa, a través del examen de ultrasonido de dos caballos, se generaron imágenes longitudinales y transversales de las estructuras principales para el estudio anatómico, que se evaluaron en cuanto a espesor, ecogenicidad y ecotextura. A partir de estos dos estudios, las estructuras macroscópicas de las piezas se correlacionaron con sus respectivas representaciones ecográficas, lo que condujo al desarrollo de imágenes didácticas combinadas con descripciones de las estructuras musculoesqueléticas de la articulación carpiana, para ayudar en el estudio de esta región.

Sinfisiodese púbica juvenil associada à miectomia do pectíneo para tratamento de displasia coxofemoral em cão / Juvenile pubic symphysiodesis associated with pectineus myectomy for treatment of hip dysplasia in dog

Background: Hip dysplasia (HD) is the most common non-traumatic orthopedic disease in large breed dogs. Treatment is chosen according to the severity of the condition, the age of the dog and the involvement of osteoarthritis (OA). For puppies up to 20-weeks-old, surgical treatment by the juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS) technique can be performed. This procedure promotes the ventrolateral rotation of the acetabulum over the femoral head, which improves hip joint congruence and stability. The objective of this study is to report the case of a young dog with HD treated with JPS and pectineus myectomy. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed for up to one year after surgery. Case: A 17-week-old Saint Bernard puppy was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital showing abnormal weight bearing and lameness in pelvic limbs, without history of previous trauma. On orthopedic examination, there was a marked hypotrophy of the pelvic limb muscles, severe pain and laxity in the hip joints, and positive feature in the Ortolani test. The hip joint subluxation angle (SA) and reduction angle (RA) were measured. A radiographic study was carried out to evaluate the hip joints and measure the Norberg angle (NA), distraction index (DI), acetabular angle (AA) and dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA). The 20-week-old dog underwent surgical treatment by JPS technique. A ventral surgical approach to the pubis was performed and the pubic symphysis was cauterized with electrocautery. Partial pectineus myectomy technique was also performed. Drug therapy and restriction of physical activities were indicated in the early postoperative. The dog was evaluated by clinical and radiographic examinations at 4 months and 1 year after the surgical procedure. In the reassessment after 4 months of surgical treatment, the patient showed improvement in clinical signs, with mild lameness and absence of painful sensitivity in the movement of the hip joints. Radiographically, hip joint incongruity was observed, but with progressive improvement in the values of the measured variables. In the clinical examination 1 year after the procedure, the dog showed satisfactory weight bearing with slight lameness in pelvic limbs in the running gait. There was improvement in the thigh muscles and no painful signs were observed in the hip joints, but a positive result was detected in the Ortolani test. In the radiographic examination, bilateral articular incongruity was still observed, however, there was a mild improvement in the coverage of the acetabulum over the femoral head. The measured angles and indices showed favorable results regarding the recovery of hip joint stability and proper development. Discussion: Studies evaluating the JPS technique for the treatment of HD have shown to be a relatively simple and effective procedure, which allows altering the acetabular coverage, reducing the development of HD and the progression of OA. The need for an early diagnosis of this condition is essential, so that the JPS technique can be used in young dogs and offer effective results. In the present report, in the late postoperative period, the dog showed improvement in clinical signs, with favorable weight bearing and ambulation in pelvic limbs, recovery of limb muscles, absence of pain in the hip joints and decrease in RA and SA. Radiographically, the reduction in joint subluxation, improvement in acetabular coverage over femoral heads, increase in NA and AA, reduction in DI and DARA are evidence of the favorable outcome of ventrolateral rotation of the acetabulum after surgical treatment. The surgical technique used was effective, which enabled the dog to recover the functional use of the pelvic limbs and improve the quality of life.

Comparação de três métodos de imagem para análise da evolução da osteoartrite induzida pela ruptura do ligamento cranial em coelhos / Comparison of three imaging methods for the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life ofpatients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimedto compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by thecranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. Theradiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytesat medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) andsesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographiccomputed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateralfemoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibialcondyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy(95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes(hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness ofthe medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle...

Descrição anatomo-ultrassonográfica do carpo equino / Anatomic and ultrasonographic description of the equine carpus / Descripción anatómica y ultrasonográfica del carpus equino

O carpo equino é uma região anatômica que apresenta relevância clínica e cirúrgica aos veterinários, sendo o ultrassom uma modalidade de exame complementar útil para auxiliar no diagnóstico de afecções que envolvem as principais estruturas desta articulação. Devido à escassez de trabalhos que ilustrem os aspectos morfológicos da articulação cárpica hígida e também por consequência de sua alta complexidade, foi objetivo deste trabalho apresentar uma minuciosa descrição anátomo-ultrassonográfica comparada do carpo equino. Na primeira etapa deste estudo, foram utilizadas peças anatômicas provenientes de membros torácicos equinos de modo a priorizar estruturas de maior importância clínica dos aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral e medial da articulação cárpica. Na segunda etapa, por meio do exame por ultrassonografia de dois cavalos, foram geradas imagens longitudinais e transversais das estruturas alvo para o estudo anatômico, as quais foram avaliadas quanto à espessura, ecogenicidade e ecotextura. A partir desses dois estudos, foi realizada a correlação das estruturas macroscópicas das peças com suas respectivas representações ultrassonográficas, levando ao desenvolvimento de imagens didáticas aliadas às descrições das estruturas musculoesqueléticas da articulação cárpica, de modo a auxiliar no estudo desta região.(AU)

The equine carpal joint is relevant in clinical and surgical veterinary practices, with the use of ultrasound being very helpful as a complementary exam to diagnose some diseases that involves the principal structures of this articulation. Due to the lack in studies that illustrate the morphological aspect of this region in health horses and for it complexity, it is this study goal to present a meticulous description of the compared ultrasonographic anatomy of the equine carpal joint. For this study, anatomical pieces from equine thoracic limbs were used, being two already dissecated and fixated in formol and four pieces presented in transversal cuts, in order to prioritize the evaluation of the most important structures for clinical practice in the dorsal, medial, lateral and palmar aspects of the equine carpal joint. With the use of ultrasonographic exam in two health horses belonging to the College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, FMVZ/Unesp –Botucatu/SP, longitudinal and transverse images of the respective dissected structures in the anatomical study were generated, wich were evaluated for ecotexture, echogenicity and thickness. From both studies, a correlation was made between the macroscopic structures from the anatomical pieces and the ultrasonographic representations, leading to the development of teaching images and musculoskeletical structures description of the carpal joint, generated in order to help on its study.(AU)

El carpo equino es una región anatómica que tiene relevancia clínica y quirúrgica para los veterinarios, siendo el ultrasonido una modalidad útil de examen complementario para ayudar en el diagnóstico de afecciones que involucran las estructuras principales de esta articulación. Debido a la escasez de estudios que ilustran los aspectos morfológicos de la articulación carpiana sana y también como resultado de su alta complejidad, el objetivo de este estudio fue presentar una descripción anatómica y ecográfica detallada del carpo equino. En la primera etapa de este estudio, se utilizaron piezas anatómicas de extremidades torácicas equinas para priorizar estructuras de mayor importancia clínica desde los aspectos dorsal, palmar, lateral y medial de la articulación carpiana. En la segunda etapa, a través del examen de ultrasonido de dos caballos, se generaron imágenes longitudinales y transversales de las estructuras principales para el estudio anatómico, que se evaluaron en cuanto a espesor, ecogenicidad y ecotextura. A partir de estos dos estudios, las estructuras macroscópicas de las piezas se correlacionaron con sus respectivas representaciones ecográficas, lo que condujo al desarrollo de imágenes didácticas combinadas con descripciones de las estructuras musculoesqueléticas de la articulación carpiana, para ayudar en el estudio de esta región.(AU)

Comparação de três métodos de imagem para análise da evolução da osteoartrite induzida pela ruptura do ligamento cranial em coelhos / Comparison of three imaging methods for the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life ofpatients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimedto compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by thecranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. Theradiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytesat medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) andsesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographiccomputed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateralfemoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibialcondyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy(95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes(hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness ofthe medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle...(AU)

Tarsal villonodular tenosynovitis (giant cell tumor of tendon sheath) in a dog / Tenossinovite vilonodular pigmentada (tumor de células gigantes da bainha tendínea) tarsal em um cão

A 12-year-old female mixed-breed dog presented with lameness, pain, and an enlarged, non-ulcerated, nodular mass in the region proximal to the tarsal joint of the right pelvic limb. Surgical excision was performed, revealing a 6.5 cm mass adherent to the deep flexor tendon and adjacent tissues. The cut section had cysts filled with blackened clotted material, which exuded reddish serous fluid. Microscopically, the cysts were filled with red blood cells and were either denuded or covered by synoviocytes. In addition, the mass was characterized by marked fibrovascular connective tissue associated with siderophages and multinucleated giant cells. These findings were consistent with those of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis, a rare condition affecting several animal species and humans.

Uma cadela de 12 anos, sem raça definida, apresentou claudicação, algia e aumento de volume não ulcerado, de aspecto nodular, na região proximal à articulação do tarso do membro pélvico direito. A excisão cirúrgica foi optada e revelou uma massa de 6,5 cm de diâmetro, aderida ao tendão flexor profundo e aos tecidos adjacentes. Ao corte, exsudava líquido seroso avermelhado e cistos preenchidos por material coagulado enegrecido foram observados. Microscopicamente, a massa apresentava formações císticas frequentemente preenchidas por hemácias, que encontravam-se ora revestidas por sinoviócitos, ora desnudas. Havia ainda acentuada quantidade de tecido fibrovascular associado a siderófagos e células gigantes multinucleadas. Esses achados foram consistentes com tenossinovite vilonodular pigmentada, uma rara condição que afeta diversas espécies de animais e humanos.

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous)

ABSTRACT: Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.

RESUMO: Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) / Avaliação da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous)

Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.(AU)

Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.(AU)

Tarsal villonodular tenosynovitis (giant cell tumor of tendon sheath) in a dog / Tenossinovite vilonodular pigmentada (tumor de células gigantes da bainha tendínea) tarsal em um cão

ABSTRACT: A 12-year-old female mixed-breed dog presented with lameness, pain, and an enlarged, non-ulcerated, nodular mass in the region proximal to the tarsal joint of the right pelvic limb. Surgical excision was performed, revealing a 6.5 cm mass adherent to the deep flexor tendon and adjacent tissues. The cut section had cysts filled with blackened clotted material, which exuded reddish serous fluid. Microscopically, the cysts were filled with red blood cells and were either denuded or covered by synoviocytes. In addition, the mass was characterized by marked fibrovascular connective tissue associated with siderophages and multinucleated giant cells. These findings were consistent with those of pigmented villonodular tenosynovitis, a rare condition affecting several animal species and humans.

RESUMO: Uma cadela de 12 anos, sem raça definida, apresentou claudicação, algia e aumento de volume não ulcerado, de aspecto nodular, na região proximal à articulação do tarso do membro pélvico direito. A excisão cirúrgica foi optada e revelou uma massa de 6,5 cm de diâmetro, aderida ao tendão flexor profundo e aos tecidos adjacentes. Ao corte, exsudava líquido seroso avermelhado e cistos preenchidos por material coagulado enegrecido foram observados. Microscopicamente, a massa apresentava formações císticas frequentemente preenchidas por hemácias, que encontravam-se ora revestidas por sinoviócitos, ora desnudas. Havia ainda acentuada quantidade de tecido fibrovascular associado a siderófagos e células gigantes multinucleadas. Esses achados foram consistentes com tenossinovite vilonodular pigmentada, uma rara condição que afeta diversas espécies de animais e humanos.

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) / Avaliação da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous)

Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.(AU)

Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.(AU)