Assessment of thermal response, cardiorespiratory parameters and post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy with different combinations of epidural analgesia and isoflurane

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal response of the eyelids and lacrimal gland of the left eye (LETG) through infrared thermography (IRT), cardiorespiratory parameters, and their association with nociception and pain in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) anesthetized with isoflurane and epidural analgesia. Twenty-one healthy bitches of different breeds were randomized into three groups receiving epidural blocks: GL (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ); GLF (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ) and fentanyl (3 µg Kg-1 ); and GLM (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ) with morphine (0.1 mg Kg-1 ). IRT and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated at baseline (Ebasal), thirty minutes before anesthetic premedication, and at different surgical events: first incision (EInc), ligature and section of the left (ELoV), and right (ERoV) ovarian pedicle, ligature, and re-section of the cervix (EUt), and skin suture (ESut). The assessment of acute pain in the immediate post-operative period was registered at E1h, E2h, and E3h using IRT, the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analogic Scale (DIVAS), and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) scales. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in the lower eyelid surface temperature (LELT) during EInc for GL (32.9°C ± 0.62), in comparison to GLF (34.2°C ± 0.62) and GLM (35.3°C ± 0.62) (P = 0.006). Regarding LETG, a significant increase (P = 0.03) in the IRT of Ebasal (36.8°C ± 0.63) and EInc (36.1°C ± 0.63) for GLM was observed in comparison to the thermographic values for both perioperative events and groups. The GLM showed a significant decrease in IRT values of ERoV at E3h in the upper and lower eyelids (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). A progressive and significant reduction of the IRT values of LETG was also recorded in GLM, with differences in ERoV (35.2 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.02) and E3h (35.3 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.01). The cardiovascular parameters (SAP, DAP, and MAP) did not differ between treatments, but in GL, there was a significant difference (P = 0.01) during EInc and ESut, compared to Ebasal. In the body temperature, EInc and ESut gradually decreased in all treatment groups (P = 0.01). In conclusion, hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory stability was associated with IRT readings and the absence of nociception. Changes in superficial temperature in the immediate post-operative period were lessened using isoflurane and epidural analgesia of lidocaine alone or in combination with pure opioids. These findings were clinically validated to the DIVAS and UMPS acute pain assessment scales.

Anestesia regional intravenosa (bloqueio de Bier) em urubu-de-cabeça-preta (Coragyps atratus) submetido à amputação de dígito / Regional intravenous anaesthesia (Bier's block) in black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus) submitted to digit amputation

Background: The Coragyps atratus flies long distances in search of food and has a marked behaviour of food competition. Since they are frequently found in areas of recent human occupation, they are subject to trauma, which may require surgical interventions. Locoregional blocks are used as part of a balanced-anaesthesia protocol and are currently being evaluated in birds, with brachial plexus block being the main technique described in the literature. However, to our knowledge, this is the first description of intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block) in a vulture. Thus, we aim to report the use of Bier's block with 1% lidocaine, in a black-headed vulture submitted to digit amputation. Case: A black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus), weighing 2 kg, was rescued and referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to its inability to fly. Physical examination revealed a swollen digit in the right pelvic limb. Radiographic examination confirmed the intermediate phalanx fracture of the 4th digit of the right pelvic limb with signs suggestive of advanced osteomyelitis. The animal was referred to surgery for amputation of the affected digit. Before surgery, water and food were withdrawn for 12 h. Pre-anaesthetic medication consisted of 1 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg morphine intramuscularly (IM). Anaesthetic induction was performed through face mask with isoflurane, followed by orotracheal intubation with a 3 mm-endotracheal tube. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a non-rebreathing circuit in 100% oxygen. Using a multiparametric monitor, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2 ), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and core temperature (CT) were evaluated. Antisepsis of the right pelvic limb was performed and an elastic band was applied around the distal region of the affected tibia to serve as a tourniquet. A scalp vein set was used to access the lateral saphenous vein in the region distal to the tourniquet, and 5 mg/ kg lidocaine 1% was injected intravenously. The patient remained stable during the procedure, with no need for analgesic rescue. The tourniquet was gradually released 40 min past its application, being completely removed after 45 min of surgery. The anaesthetic supply was interrupted, with extubation after 4 min; the patient had satisfactory anaesthetic recovery. Discussion: The present report describes the success in using the technique of intravenous regional anaesthesia with 1% lidocaine for digit amputation performed on a specimen of black-headed vulture. The pre-anaesthetic medication provided analgesia, satisfactory sedation for venoclysis, and anaesthetic induction without complications. Anaesthetic induction and maintenance in birds are preferably performed with inhaled anaesthetics, thus the choice of mask induction. Despite the reduction in RR soon after induction, the patient remained on spontaneous ventilation. Bier's block using 5 mg/kg lidocaine showed to be an easy and safe technique in vultures, but doses up to 6 mg/kg lidocaine are not associated with adverse effects in birds. The intravenous regional anaesthesia technique described in this manuscript promoted adequate analgesia for the digit amputation procedure in black-headed vultures and allowed hemodynamic stability without significant anaesthetic complications. Thus, the present report points to the potential use of this locoregional block in other birds.

Effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches after unilateral mastectomy

Background: Mammary tumors, for which mastectomy is the main treatment, are the most common neoplasms in bitches. Mastectomy is painful and, in order to reduce the pain stimulus in the transoperative period, tumescent local anesthesia is associated with general inhalation anesthesia. However, despite the numerous benefits of tumescence, intraoperative hypothermia is the most common complication. In Medicine, especially in plastic and dermatological surgery, it is common to use a heated tumescence solution to prevent intraoperative hypothermia; however, in Veterinary medicine, no previous study has examined the advantages and disadvantages of using heated tumescence solution. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transanesthetic cardiorespiratory effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches submitted to radical unilateral mastectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals were treated with 0.1% lidocaine solution, warmed to 37-42°C, using a Klein’s cannula for administration. Chlorpromazine (0.3 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication intramuscularly, and induction was performed with intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. The data collection times were as follows: 15 min after starting isoflurane administration (M1), 5 min after tumescence (M2), after beginning of surgical incision (M3), during breast pullout (M4), after clamping of the superficial caudal epigastric vein, and artery (M5), after the beginning of the approximation of the subcutaneous tissue (M6), after the beginning of the intradermal suture (M7), and at the end of the surgical procedure (Mfinal). The heart...

Effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches after unilateral mastectomy

Background: Mammary tumors, for which mastectomy is the main treatment, are the most common neoplasms in bitches. Mastectomy is painful and, in order to reduce the pain stimulus in the transoperative period, tumescent local anesthesia is associated with general inhalation anesthesia. However, despite the numerous benefits of tumescence, intraoperative hypothermia is the most common complication. In Medicine, especially in plastic and dermatological surgery, it is common to use a heated tumescence solution to prevent intraoperative hypothermia; however, in Veterinary medicine, no previous study has examined the advantages and disadvantages of using heated tumescence solution. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transanesthetic cardiorespiratory effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches submitted to radical unilateral mastectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals were treated with 0.1% lidocaine solution, warmed to 37-42°C, using a Kleins cannula for administration. Chlorpromazine (0.3 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication intramuscularly, and induction was performed with intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. The data collection times were as follows: 15 min after starting isoflurane administration (M1), 5 min after tumescence (M2), after beginning of surgical incision (M3), during breast pullout (M4), after clamping of the superficial caudal epigastric vein, and artery (M5), after the beginning of the approximation of the subcutaneous tissue (M6), after the beginning of the intradermal suture (M7), and at the end of the surgical procedure (Mfinal). The heart...(AU)

Management of urethral obstruction in a cat with epidural sacrococcygeal anesthesia guided by electrical neurostimulation

Background: The treatment for urethral obstruction in cats consists of catheterization, and for this, the cat must be sedated or anesthetized. Sacococcygeal epidural block has the advantage of being close to receptors related to nociception located in the spinal cord and it is safer because it represents lower risk of spinal cord injury or inadvertent application in the subarachnoid space, when compared to the lumbosacral epidural. Nerve stimulation through the neurolocator to identify the epidural space increases the accuracy of this technique. Thus, the objective is to report a case of epidural anesthesia with a sacrococcygeal approach guided by neurostimulation in a cat with urethral obstruction. Case: A 4-year-old male Siamese cat, weighing 4 kg, was referred to the veterinary care with a history of apathy and anorexia for 2 days. From the physical exam, the clinical diagnosis of urethral obstruction was made, and to desobstruction, we chose to perform sacrococcygeal epidural block. Initially, the patient was anesthetized with propofol (4 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg). To perform the anesthetic block, the cat was placed in sternal decubitus with the hind limbs extended cranially to perform sacrococcygeal epidural block. The positive pole (cathode) was connected to the skin of the right inguinal region at the caudal aspect of the thigh and the neurostimulator was turned on and adjusted to 0.7 mA of stimulating current intensity, 0.1 ms duration and 1 Hz frequency. The needle for electrical neurolocation was introduced in the dorsal midline, perpendicular to the skin surface, between the spinous processes of S3-Cd1 in the skin. The exact injection point was obtained observed by the muscular response of the middle and distal third of the animal's tail with the neurostimulator adjusted to 0.3 mA of intensity, in the same duration and frequency as before. The total volume of 0.9 mL (0.22 mL/kg) of solution containing the combination of 0.6 mL of 0.75% levobupivacaine and 0.3 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected. The success of the block was confirmed by the loss of reflexes of the pelvic limbs and anal sphincter 10 min after the administration of the anesthetic solution. Discussion: In this case, the use of the neurolocator helped to perform an effective sacrococcygeal block, allowing urethral catheterization without the addition of other analgesic agents. This technique desensitizes and relaxes muscles in the regions of the perineum, anus, distal colon and penis, being useful for performing urethral catheterization. The use of smaller anaesthetic volumes to perform sacrococcygeal block makes it possible to achieve a more localized anesthesia, without affecting the motor function of the pelvic limbs. However, in our report, using a combination of levobupivacaine and lidocaine, the pelvic limb block was also verified despite the low volume applied. A hypothesis that could justify the different responses in relation to the pelvic limb block compared to other studies would be due to the different physicalchemical properties of the drugs used. Lidocaine is known to be less fat-soluble than bupivacaine, so it tends to spread more through the epidural space, in order to result in more extensive blocks. The use of a neurostimulator using a fixed electric current of 0.7 mA, pulse 0.1 ms and a frequency of 1 Hz allowed the correct identification of the needle position for the application of the anesthetic.

Topical application of lidocaine or bupivacaine in the healing of surgical wounds in dogs

Purpose: To analyze the anesthetic drugs interference with wound healing when used in the surgical bed. Methods: Macro and microscopic aspects of healing of surgical wounds were evaluated after instillation of topical anesthetics without vasoconstrictor or saline solution 0.9% as control in the transsurgical period. Thirty dogs, males and females were divided into two experimental groups. In both groups, two circular punch lesions of 6 mm diameter were performed in the abdomen. In group 1, lidocaine was instilled in one of the lesions and saline solution in the contralateral lesion. In group 2 the procedure was repeated with the use of bupivacaine. The macroscopic assessment of the lesions was performed on the first, third and tenth postoperative day. The excisional biopsy was performed on the tenth day and the samples were submitted for histopathological examination. Results: The macroscopic analysis had a significant difference between groups. Microscopic analysis was not significant between groups. Conclusions: The topical application of lidocaine and bupivacaine in the surgical wound is feasible and it does not influence skin healing. The benefit of such a practice, which has been the subject of other studies, seems to outweigh the risks.(AU)

Evaluation of postoperative residual analgesia of two solutions used for local anesthesia by tumescence in bitches who underwent a unilateral mastectomy / Avaliação da analgesia residual pós-operatória de duas soluções utilizadas para anestesia local por tumescência em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral

Background: Breast tumors are common and require surgical treatment. A mastectomy causes edema, inflammation, and moderate to severe pain; therefore, analgesics should be used efficiently during the trans and postoperative periods. Tumescence anesthesia has been studied in veterinary medicine; however, there is limited literature on the comparison of the constituents of the different solutions and the most suitable protocol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual postoperative analgesia of two solutions through the Melbourne, Modified Glasgow for dogs (EGM), and Visual Analogue (EVA) scales in bitches who underwent a unilateral mastectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve bitches, weighing between 5 and 15 kg and aged between 5 and 13 years old, were included in the study. To determine if the animals were medically fit to undergo the procedure, they were evaluated by clinical examination, laboratory testing (complete blood count, serum biochemistry [urea, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase/ALT], and imaging (thorax x-ray and abdominal ultrasonography). Patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a lidocaine-containing tumescent solution (GTL) that consisted of 210 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution (at a temperature between 8 and 12°C), 40 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride without vasoconstrictor, and 0.5 mL of adrenaline (1 mg/mL). The other group received ropivacaine (GTR) with 233.3 mL of lactated Ringer’s solution (at the same temperature as the previous group’s), 16.7 mL of ropivacaine (7.5 mg/mL), and 0.5 mL of adrenaline (1 mg/mL). Both groups received a combination of acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg) and meperidine (2 mg/kg) as preanesthetic medication (MPA), followed by induction using propofol (to effect) and maintenance using isoflurane. The solutions were infused subcutaneously (SC) 5 min after stabilization of the anesthetic plane.[...]

Evaluation of postoperative residual analgesia of two solutions used for local anesthesia by tumescence in bitches who underwent a unilateral mastectomy / Avaliação da analgesia residual pós-operatória de duas soluções utilizadas para anestesia local por tumescência em cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral

Background: Breast tumors are common and require surgical treatment. A mastectomy causes edema, inflammation, and moderate to severe pain; therefore, analgesics should be used efficiently during the trans and postoperative periods. Tumescence anesthesia has been studied in veterinary medicine; however, there is limited literature on the comparison of the constituents of the different solutions and the most suitable protocol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the residual postoperative analgesia of two solutions through the Melbourne, Modified Glasgow for dogs (EGM), and Visual Analogue (EVA) scales in bitches who underwent a unilateral mastectomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve bitches, weighing between 5 and 15 kg and aged between 5 and 13 years old, were included in the study. To determine if the animals were medically fit to undergo the procedure, they were evaluated by clinical examination, laboratory testing (complete blood count, serum biochemistry [urea, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase/ALT], and imaging (thorax x-ray and abdominal ultrasonography). Patients were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a lidocaine-containing tumescent solution (GTL) that consisted of 210 mL of lactated Ringers solution (at a temperature between 8 and 12°C), 40 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride without vasoconstrictor, and 0.5 mL of adrenaline (1 mg/mL). The other group received ropivacaine (GTR) with 233.3 mL of lactated Ringers solution (at the same temperature as the previous groups), 16.7 mL of ropivacaine (7.5 mg/mL), and 0.5 mL of adrenaline (1 mg/mL). Both groups received a combination of acepromazine (0.04 mg/kg) and meperidine (2 mg/kg) as preanesthetic medication (MPA), followed by induction using propofol (to effect) and maintenance using isoflurane. The solutions were infused subcutaneously (SC) 5 min after stabilization of the anesthetic plane.[...](AU)

A study on reducing the absorption of lidocaine from the airway in cats

Purpose: To determine if the combination of lidocaine with epinephrine or gamma globulin would decrease the rate or reduce the amount of local absorption of lidocaine through the airway. Methods: Twenty adult male cats were randomly and evenly distributed into four groups: 1) Group LG: lidocaine administered with gamma globulin; 2) Group LS: lidocaine administered with physiological saline); 3) Group LE: lidocaine administered with epinephrine; 4) Group C: control group. Invasive blood pressure, heart rate, and concentration of lidocaine were recorded before and after administration. Results: The peak of plasma concentrations appeared difference (Group LG: 1.39 ± 0.23 mg/L; Group LS: 1.47 ± 0.29 mg/L and Group LE: 0.99 ± 0.08 mg/L). Compared to Group C, there were significant differences in the average heart rate of Groups LG, LS, and LE (P 0.05). The average systolic blood pressures were significantly different when each group was compared to Group C (P 0.05). The biological half-life, AUC0-120, peak time, and half-life of absorption among the three groups have not presented statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Administering lidocaine in combination with gamma globulin through airway causes significant decrease the rate and reduce the amount of local absorption of lidocaine in cats.(AU)

Comparison of continuous intravenous infusion of tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine-ketamine in the sevoflurane requirement in dogs / Comparação da infusão continua intravenosa de tramadol e de tramadol-lidocaína-cetamina no requerimento de sevofluorano em cães

The objective of this study was to compare the influence of continuous intravenous infusion of tramadol alone, or tramadol combined with lidocaine and ketamine, on minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane (MACsevo) of dogs undergoing an ovariohysterectomy (OHE). We used 28 healthy dogs of various breeds and age, randomly divided into two groups according to the infusion given: TRA (tramadol alone) or TLK (tramadol, lidocaine and ketamine). The patients were premedicated with acepromazine and midazolam, and then anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane. Fifteen minutes after induction, the patients received their loading dose of treatment. Then, the continuous infusion was then set to 1.3mg/kg/hour of tramadol with or without 3mg/kg/hour of lidocaine and 0.6mg/kg/hour of ketamine, diluted in a 500mL bag of saline solution at an infusion rate of 10mL/kg/hour. The Dixon method was chosen to determine the MACsevo and a skin incision was used as a noxious stimulus. An unpaired Student's t-test was used to identify statistically significant differences between the treatments. These differences were considered significant when p<0.05. The MACsevo of the TRA group was 1.22±0.15 vol% and the MACsevo of the TLK group was 0.85±0.22 vol%. We conclude that TLK infusion decreased the MACsevo by 30.22% compared to tramadol alone, demonstrating that the combination of drugs was effective in reducing MACsevo in dogs.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a influência da infusão contínua intravenosa do tramadol isolado e associado com lidocaína e cetamina, na concentração alveolar mínima de sevofluorano (CAMsevo) em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia. Foram utilizados 28 animais saudáveis de várias raças e idades, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com a infusão adminstrada: TRA (tramadol) ou TLK (tramadol, lidocaína e cetamina). A medicação pré-anestésica foi realizada com acepromazina e midazolam, em seguida, a anestesia foi induzida com propofol e mantida com sevofluorano. Quinze minutos após a indução, os pacientes receberam um bolus do tratamento, com a infusão continua iniciada logo em seguida, sendo 1,3mg/kg/hora de tramadol, associado ou não a 3mg/kg/hora de lidocaína e 0,6mg/kg/hora de cetamina, diluidos em uma bolsa de solução salina de 500mL a uma taxa de infusão taxa de 10ml/kg/hora. O método de Dixon foi escolhido para determinar a MACsevo e a incisão na pele foi utilizada como o estímulo nocivo. O teste t de Student não pareado foi utilizado para identificar diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os tratamentos. Estas diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05. A CAMsevo do grupo TRA foi de 1,22±0,15vol% e a CAMsevo do grupo TLK foi de 0,85±0,22vol%. Conclui-se que a infusão de TLK diminuiu a CAMsevo em 30,22% em relação ao tramadol isolado, o que demonstra que a combinação de agentes analgésicos foi eficaz na redução do requerimento de sevofluorano em cães.(AU)

Comparison of continuous intravenous infusion of tramadol and tramadol-lidocaine-ketamine in the sevoflurane requirement in dogs / Comparação da infusão continua intravenosa de tramadol e de tramadol-lidocaína-cetamina no requerimento de sevofluorano em cães

The objective of this study was to compare the influence of continuous intravenous infusion of tramadol alone, or tramadol combined with lidocaine and ketamine, on minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane (MACsevo) of dogs undergoing an ovariohysterectomy (OHE). We used 28 healthy dogs of various breeds and age, randomly divided into two groups according to the infusion given: TRA (tramadol alone) or TLK (tramadol, lidocaine and ketamine). The patients were premedicated with acepromazine and midazolam, and then anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane. Fifteen minutes after induction, the patients received their loading dose of treatment. Then, the continuous infusion was then set to 1.3mg/kg/hour of tramadol with or without 3mg/kg/hour of lidocaine and 0.6mg/kg/hour of ketamine, diluted in a 500mL bag of saline solution at an infusion rate of 10mL/kg/hour. The Dixon method was chosen to determine the MACsevo and a skin incision was used as a noxious stimulus. An unpaired Student's t-test was used to identify statistically significant differences between the treatments. These differences were considered significant when p<0.05. The MACsevo of the TRA group was 1.22±0.15 vol% and the MACsevo of the TLK group was 0.85±0.22 vol%. We conclude that TLK infusion decreased the MACsevo by 30.22% compared to tramadol alone, demonstrating that the combination of drugs was effective in reducing MACsevo in dogs.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a influência da infusão contínua intravenosa do tramadol isolado e associado com lidocaína e cetamina, na concentração alveolar mínima de sevofluorano (CAMsevo) em cadelas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia. Foram utilizados 28 animais saudáveis de várias raças e idades, divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com a infusão adminstrada: TRA (tramadol) ou TLK (tramadol, lidocaína e cetamina). A medicação pré-anestésica foi realizada com acepromazina e midazolam, em seguida, a anestesia foi induzida com propofol e mantida com sevofluorano. Quinze minutos após a indução, os pacientes receberam um bolus do tratamento, com a infusão continua iniciada logo em seguida, sendo 1,3mg/kg/hora de tramadol, associado ou não a 3mg/kg/hora de lidocaína e 0,6mg/kg/hora de cetamina, diluidos em uma bolsa de solução salina de 500mL a uma taxa de infusão taxa de 10ml/kg/hora. O método de Dixon foi escolhido para determinar a MACsevo e a incisão na pele foi utilizada como o estímulo nocivo. O teste t de Student não pareado foi utilizado para identificar diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os tratamentos. Estas diferenças foram consideradas significativas quando p<0,05. A CAMsevo do grupo TRA foi de 1,22±0,15vol% e a CAMsevo do grupo TLK foi de 0,85±0,22vol%. Conclui-se que a infusão de TLK diminuiu a CAMsevo em 30,22% em relação ao tramadol isolado, o que demonstra que a combinação de agentes analgésicos foi eficaz na redução do requerimento de sevofluorano em cães.(AU)

Weight gain, behavioral and cortisol changes after orchiectomy with or without local anaesthesia in piglets / Ganho de peso, comportamento e alterações no cortisol após a orquiectomia de leitões com ou sem anestesia local prévia

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intratesticular local anesthesia on weight gain and behavioral and cortisol changes in piglets submitted to castration. Study design was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-nine male Landrace crossbred piglets aged 3 to 6 days were used. The piglets were randomly divided into two groups: orchiectomy with anesthesia (A, n = 15) and orchiectomy without anesthesia (NOA, n = 14). Piglets in the A and NOA groups were treated with 0.5 mL of intratesticular 2% lidocaine with a vasoconstrictor in each testicle and 0.5 mL of intratesticular 0.9% sodium chloride, respectively. Blood samples were collected from all animals immediately after surgery and at 3 and 6 days postoperatively for measurement of the serum cortisol concentration. Behavior was assessed daily for 6 days by two observers blinded to the treatment. Weight was measured at the same time as cortisol measurement. Analysis of variance followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to investigate differences in time within and between the two groups. Mean times of six evaluations done for 90 minutes during 6 days of each behavior were compared by Tukey t test. The level of statistical significance was 5%. The serum cortisol concentration was higher immediately after surgery than at 3 and 6 days postoperatively in both groups. Weight gain was greater at 3 and 6 days...(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da anestesia local intratesticular prévia à castração sobre o ganho de peso, comportamento e alterações no cortisol de leitões. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualisado. Foram utilizados vinte e nove leitões mestiços Landrace Large White do sexo masculino com idade de 3 a 6 dias. Os leitões foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: orquiectomia com anestesia (A, n = 15) e orquiectomia sem anestesia (NOA, n = 14). Aos leitões do grupo A foi administrado 0,5 mL de lidocaína 2% intratesticular com vasoconstritor em cada testículo, e no grupo NOA administrou-se 0,5 mL de NaCl 0,9% intra testicular também em cada testículo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de todos os animais imediatamente após a cirurgia e posteriormente aos 3 e 6 dias após a cirurgia para a medição da concentração de cortisol sérico. O comportamento foi avaliado diariamente durante 6 dias por dois observadores que desconheciam o tratamento. O peso foi medido ao mesmo tempo que o cortisol sanguíneo. Foi realizada a análise de variância, e o teste Student-Newman- Keuls para contraste entre médias. O tempo médio de seis avaliações realizadas por 90 minutos durante 6 dias para cada comportamento foi comparado pelo teste de Tukey. O nível de significância estatística foi de 5%. A concentração de cortisol sérico foi maior imediatamente após...(AU)

Weight gain, behavioral and cortisol changes after orchiectomy with or without local anaesthesia in piglets / Ganho de peso, comportamento e alterações no cortisol após a orquiectomia de leitões com ou sem anestesia local prévia

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intratesticular local anesthesia on weight gain and behavioral and cortisol changes in piglets submitted to castration. Study design was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-nine male Landrace crossbred piglets aged 3 to 6 days were used. The piglets were randomly divided into two groups: orchiectomy with anesthesia (A, n = 15) and orchiectomy without anesthesia (NOA, n = 14). Piglets in the A and NOA groups were treated with 0.5 mL of intratesticular 2% lidocaine with a vasoconstrictor in each testicle and 0.5 mL of intratesticular 0.9% sodium chloride, respectively. Blood samples were collected from all animals immediately after surgery and at 3 and 6 days postoperatively for measurement of the serum cortisol concentration. Behavior was assessed daily for 6 days by two observers blinded to the treatment. Weight was measured at the same time as cortisol measurement. Analysis of variance followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test was used to investigate differences in time within and between the two groups. Mean times of six evaluations done for 90 minutes during 6 days of each behavior were compared by Tukey t test. The level of statistical significance was 5%. The serum cortisol concentration was higher immediately after surgery than at 3 and 6 days postoperatively in both groups. Weight gain was greater at 3 and 6 days...

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da anestesia local intratesticular prévia à castração sobre o ganho de peso, comportamento e alterações no cortisol de leitões. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualisado. Foram utilizados vinte e nove leitões mestiços Landrace Large White do sexo masculino com idade de 3 a 6 dias. Os leitões foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: orquiectomia com anestesia (A, n = 15) e orquiectomia sem anestesia (NOA, n = 14). Aos leitões do grupo A foi administrado 0,5 mL de lidocaína 2% intratesticular com vasoconstritor em cada testículo, e no grupo NOA administrou-se 0,5 mL de NaCl 0,9% intra testicular também em cada testículo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de todos os animais imediatamente após a cirurgia e posteriormente aos 3 e 6 dias após a cirurgia para a medição da concentração de cortisol sérico. O comportamento foi avaliado diariamente durante 6 dias por dois observadores que desconheciam o tratamento. O peso foi medido ao mesmo tempo que o cortisol sanguíneo. Foi realizada a análise de variância, e o teste Student-Newman- Keuls para contraste entre médias. O tempo médio de seis avaliações realizadas por 90 minutos durante 6 dias para cada comportamento foi comparado pelo teste de Tukey. O nível de significância estatística foi de 5%. A concentração de cortisol sérico foi maior imediatamente após...

BLOQUEIO DOS NERVOS FEMORAL E ISQUIÁTICO COM AUXÍLIO DE NEUROELETROESTIMULAÇÃO EM GALINHAS (GALLUS GALLUS DOMESTICUS)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos bloqueios perineurais dos nervos femoral e isquiático com auxílio de neuroeletroestimulação em galinhas clinicamente saudáveis. Após determinados os pontos de referência anatômicos para o bloqueio de cada nervo, foram utilizadas 10 galinhas jovens, 4 meses de idade, pesando em média 1,22 ± 0,25 kg. Após a indução anestésica com sevoflurano, foram realizados os bloqueios nos nervos femoral e isquiático, sempre nesta ordem, com 10 mg/kg de lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor em cada nervo. As variáveis frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura [FC, f e Tº(C)] foram avaliadas antes da indução anestésica e a cada 10 minutos após o último bloqueio durante 120 minutos (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80, M90, M100, M110, M120), juntamente com as avaliações para bloqueio sensitivo e motor. Os bloqueios perineurais foram avaliados com classificação em escores, por meio de pinçamento nas regiões de fêmur, tibiotarso proximal, tibiotarso distal, tarsometatarso, dígitos (F, TTP, TTD, TM, D) para bloqueio sensorial, e observação de relaxamento muscular (RM) por correção proprioceptiva para bloqueio motor. Foi notada ausência de reação ou de mudança comportamental durante os pinçamentos e dificuldade de reposicionamento da região do joelho aos dígitos. Observando os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que os bloqueios perineurais dos nervos femoral e isquiático proporcionaram analgesia e ataxia nas regiões avaliadas do membro pélvico em galinhas.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of perineural blocks of the femoral and sciatic nerves with electrical nerve stimulation aid in clinically healthy chickens. After defined anatomical landmarks for each nerve block, ten young chickens, 4 months old, weighing 1,22 ± 0,25 kg were used. After anesthetic induction with sevoflurane, femoral and sciatic nerve blocks were performed, always in this order, with 10 mg/kg of 2% lidocaine with vasoconstrictor on each nerve. The heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature variables [HR, RR and T(ºC)] were assessed before anesthetic induction and every 10 minutes after the last blockade for 120 minutes (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60, M70, M80, M90, M100, M110, M120) together with evaluations for sensory and motor blocks. Perineural blocks were assessed with score classification, by clamping the regions of the femur, proximal tibiotarsus, distal tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus, digits (F, PTT, DTT, TM, D) for sensory block, and observation of muscle relaxation (RM) by repositioning of the limb or withdrawal reflex for motor block. There was an absence of reaction or behavioral change during the clamping and difficulty in repositioning of the knee region all the way to the digits. Observing the results, it can be concluded that the perineural blocks of the femoral and sciatic nerves provided analgesia and ataxia in the evaluated areas of the pelvic limb in chickens.

Pressão intraocular, pressão arterial média e diâmetro pupilar em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com diferentes protocolos anestésicos / Intraocular pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and pupillary diameter in rabbits ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) subjected to retrobulbar block with different anesthetic protocols

The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmicprocedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressurestable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform localanesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocainewithout epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animalreceived an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposedanesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure,invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting thetime of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacainepromoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentosoftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressãointraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através dobloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associadaao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL.Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbodo olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolosanestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressãoarterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Osanestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico queocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.(AU)

Pressão intraocular, pressão arterial média e diâmetro pupilar em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetidos ao bloqueio retrobulbar com diferentes protocolos anestésicos / Intraocular pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and pupillary diameter in rabbits ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) subjected to retrobulbar block with different anesthetic protocols

The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmicprocedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressurestable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform localanesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocainewithout epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animalreceived an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposedanesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure,invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting thetime of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacainepromoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.

O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentosoftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressãointraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através dobloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associadaao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL.Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbodo olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolosanestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressãoarterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Osanestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico queocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.

PRESSÃO INTRAOCULAR, PRESSÃO ARTERIAL MÉDIA E DIÂMETRO PUPILAR EM COELHOS ( (Oryctolagus cuniculus) ) SUBMETIDOS AO BLOQUEIO RETROBULBAR COM DIFERENTES PROTOCOLOS ANESTÉSICOS

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate four protocols of loco regional anesthesia for ophthalmic procedures that could provide safety and life support, in addition to maintain intraocular pressure stable, with eye centralization and eyelid akinesia. 20 New Zealand rabbits were used to perform local anesthesia by retrobulbar block with four protocols: 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, 2% lidocaine without epinephrine associated with tramadol, 1% ropivacaine and bupivacaine 0.5 %. Each animal received an anesthetic volume of 1 mL. All anesthetic protocols used promoted eyelid akinesia and centralization of the eye during the assessment period. The retrobulbar block with the proposed anesthetic protocols proved to be feasible and safe for the maintenance of intraocular pressure, invasive blood pressure and pupillary diameter and can be used in intraocular surgeries, respecting the time of action of each anesthetic. All protocols showed an excellent blockage action but bupivacaine promoted the highest pupil diameter compared to the other drugs tested.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar novos protocolos de anestesia loco regional para procedimentos oftálmicos que proporcionem segurança e manutenção das funções vitais, além de manter a pressão intraocular estável, com centralização do bulbo do olho e acinesia palpebral. Foram utilizados 20 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia para a realização de quatro protocolos de anestesia local através do bloqueio retrobulbar com lidocaína 2% com vasoconstritor, lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor associada ao tramadol, ropivacaína 1% e bupivacaína 0,5%, cada animal recebeu o volume anestésico de 1,0 mL. Todos os protocolos anestésicos utilizados promoveram acinesia palpebral e centralização do bulbo do olho durante todo o período de avaliação. A realização do bloqueio retrobulbar com os protocolos anestésicos demonstrou ser factível e segura quanto à manutenção da pressão intraocular, pressão arterial invasiva e diâmetro pupilar e pode ser utilizada para realização de cirurgias intraoculares. Os anestésicos proporcionaram bom bloqueio retrobulbar, entretanto a bupivacaína foi o anestésico que ocasionou o maior diâmetro pupilar comparativamente aos demais fármacos testados.

Analgesic comparison of systemic lidocaine, morphine or lidocaine plus morphine infusion in dogs undergoing fracture repair

To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of lidocaine, morphine and lidocaine plus morphine administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) and analyzing their effects on opioid requirements after orthopedic surgery in dogs. Twenty-four dogs underwent fracture repairs were premedicated with IM acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) combined with morphine (0.3mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with IV propofol (4 to 5 mg/ kg) and maintained with isoflurane. The dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups and administered a CRI IV of lidocaine (T-L), morphine (T-M) or lidocaine plus morphine (T-LM) at the same doses. Postoperative analgesia was assessed for 24 hours using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCPS). Rescue analgesia was performed if the evaluation score exceeded 50% of the VAS and/or 33% of the GCPS. The pain score and postoperative opioid requirements did not differ among the treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to 1/8 dogs in the T-M and T-LM, and to 3/8 dogs in the T-L. Lidocaine, morphine or lidocaine/morphine CRI may be efficacious techniques for pain management in the first 24 hours post-surgery. However, the two drugs administered together did not reduce the postoperative opioid requirement in dogs undergoing fracture repair. Key words: Anesthesia. Analgesics. Analgesics, Opioid. Lidocaine. Morphine. Dogs.(AU)

ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE DEXMEDETOMIDINA, DEXMEDETOMIDINA-LIDOCAÍNA OU LIDOCAÍNA PELA VIA PERIDURAL EM COELHOS ACORDADOS

Santos, Maria Augusta Adami Pereira. Estudo comparativo da administração de dexmedetomidina, dexmedetomidina-lidocaína ou lidocaína pela via peridural em coelhos acordados. 2019. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal) Universidade de Franca, Franca SP. Com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e antinociceptivos da dexmedetomidina, dexmedetomidina-lidocaína ou lidocaína por via peridural em coelhos, foram utilizados 8 animais, hígidos, pesando 3,1 ± 0,14 kg. Foi realizado estudo do tipo aleatório e cruzado. Os tratamentos foram designados como dexmedetomidina (D 2,5 g/kg), dexmedetomidina + lidocaína (D 2,5 g/kg + lidocaína 2 mg/kg) ou lidocaína (L 2 mg/kg), administrados pela via peridural lombossacra por meio de cateter previamente implantado. Foram avaliados os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, temperatura retal, hemogasometria arterial e efeitos antinociceptivos previamente à administração dos fármacos (0 ou basal), 5 minutos após administração dos fármacos e a cada 10 minutos até os animais apresentarem resposta positiva à estimulação dos dermátomos da região perineal, sacral e lombar. No tratamento D, os efeitos antinociceptivos restringiram-se a região perineal, com período hábil anestésico médio de 11,67 ± 7,64 minutos, não apresentando diferença significativa comparativamente ao L (15,25 ±11,09 minutos) (p<0,05). Os efeitos antinociceptivos no tratamento DL foram superiores aos demais na região perineal (45,50 ± 29,48 minutos), sacral (40,26 ± 26,51 minutos) e lombar (30,71 ± 20,50 minutos) (p<0,05). Houve redução significativa da PAM no DL comparativamente ao basal aos 5 (p<0,05), 10 (p<0,01), 20 (p<0,0001) e 30 minutos (p<0,01) e no L nos tempos 5 (p<0,001) e 10 (p<0,05). Houve redução do pH no tratamento D (p<0,05) e no DL (p<0,01) nos tempos 5 e 10 minutos, comparativamente ao basal. Referente ao HCO3 , houve redução nos tempos 60 e 70 no DL comparativamente ao basal (p<0,05). Os valores do DEB nos tempos 60 e 70 foram significativamente inferiores ao basal no DL (p<0,01). Não houve diferenças significativas destes parâmetros entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). Concluise que a associação dexmedetomidina-lidocaína promove efeitos antinociceptivos mais duradouros com efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e hemogasométricos semelhantes aos das substâncias isoladas.

Santos, Maria Augusta Adami Pereira. Comparative effects of the dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine-lidocaine or lidocaine injected by peridural approach in conscious rabbits. 2019. Thesis (Master in Animal Science) University of Franca, Franca SP. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiopulmonary and antinociceptive effects of epidural dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine-lidocaine or lidocaine in conscious rabbits. Eight rabbits weighing 3.1 ± 0.14 kg, allocated in a random order were used in the study. The treatments were designated as dexmedetomidine (D 2.5 g/kg), dexmedetomidine + lidocaine (D + lidocaine 2 mg/kg) or lidocaine (L 2 mg/kg) injected by the lumbosacral epidural in a pre-implanted catheter. Cardiopulmonary parameters, arterial blood gas analysis and antinociceptive effects were assessed prior to administration of the drugs (0 or baseline), 5 minutes after injection of the drugs and every 10 minutes until the animals presented a positive response to the perineal, sacral and lombar dermatomes stimulation. In treatment D the antinociceptive effects occurred only in perineal region (mean anesthetic time = 1.67 ± 7.64 minutes), without significant difference comparatively with L (15.25 ± 11.09 minutes) (p<0,05). The antinociceptive effects in treatment DL were greater than others in perineal (45.50 ± 29.48 minutes), sacral (40.26 ± 26.51 minutes) and lombar region (30.71 ± 20.50 minutes) (p<0.05). There was a reduction in mean arterial pressure in the DL compared to baseline at 5 (p<0.05), 10 (p<0.01), 20 (p <0.0001) and 30 minutes (p<0.01) and in L at times 5 (p<0.001) and 10 (p<0.05). There was a reduction in pH at treatment D (p<0.05) and in DL (p<0.01) at times 5 and 10 minutes, compared to baseline. There was a reduction in bicarbonate in the times 60-70 in DL compared to time 0 (p<0.05). In DL, the BE values at times 60 and 70 were significantly lower than time 0 (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in these parameters between treatments (p>0.05). In conclusion, the combination of dexmedetomidine-lidocaine promoted longer antinociceptive effects with similar cardiopulmonary and arterial blood gases effects to each of the isolated drugs.

Efeito da associação de morfina-lidocaína-ketamina sobre a função cardiopulmonar e concentração expirada de Isoflurano em ovelhas / Effects of the morphine-lidocaine-ketamine combination on cardiopulmonary function and isoflurane sparing in sheep

Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a redução na concentração expirada de isoflurano, bem como os efeitos clínicos de uma infusão constante de morfina lidocaína cetamina (MLK) em ovinos saudáveis submetidos a cirurgia gastrointestinal experimental. Foram utilizados doze ovinos adultos da raça Texel, fêmeas, pesando 36,5 ± 8,1 kg. Os animais foram anestesiados para implantação de cânulas no duodeno, sendo pré-medicados com morfina 0,3 mg kg-1, pela via intramuscular (IM), e detomidina 20 ug kg- 1 pela via intravenosa (IV). Após a pré-medicação, a anestesia foi induzida com cetamina 5 mg kg 1 e diazepam 0,5 mg kg 1 IV, sendo mantidos com isoflurano em oxigênio a 100%. Após a indução da anestesia os animais foram divididos em dois grupos (n = 6): GMLK (grupo MLK 10 mg de morfina, 150 mg de lidocaína e 30 mg de cetamina foram adicionados em 500 ml de solução salina) que recebeu infusão contínua de MLK na taxa de 10 mL kg 1h-1 durante a manutenção da anestesia; e o GCON (grupo de controle) que recebeu infusão contínua de cloreto de sódio a 0,9% na taxa de 10 mL kg 1h-1 durante a manutenção da anestesia. Os animais foram submetidos à ventilação mecânica. As variáveis cardiopulmonares e concentração de isoflurano ao final da expiração (FEIso) foram avaliados durante o momento basal (imediatamente antes da cirurgia), e 15, 30 e 45 minutos após o início da cirurgia...(AU)

The aims of this study were to evaluate the isoflurane sparing and clinical effects of a constant rate infusion of morphine lidocaine ketamine (MLK) in healthy sheep undergoing experimental gastrointestinal surgery. Twelve adult female sheep (Texel breed) were used, weighing 36.5 ± 8.1 kg. The sheep were anesthetized for the implantation of duodenal cannulas. The sheep were premedicated with 0.3 mg kg-1 intramuscular (IM) morphine and 20 ?g kg-1 intravenous (IV) detomidine. After premedication, anesthesia was induced using 5 mg kg-1 ketamine and 0.5 mg kg-1 diazepam IV and maintained using isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After the induction of anesthesia, the animals were allocated into two groups (each n=6); the GMLK (MLK group 10 mg morphine, 150 mg lidocaine, 30 mg de ketamine were added in 500 mL saline) received a 10 mL kg-1h-1 MLK infusion during the maintenance of anesthesia, and GCON (control group) received 10 mL kg-1h-1 of 0.9% sodium chloride. The animals were mechanically ventilated. Cardiopulmonary variables and end-tidal isoflurane concentration (FE´Iso)  were measured at baseline (immediately before the surgery) and 15, 30 and 45 minutes after initiation of surgery. In GMLK, there was a decrease in the FE´Iso at 15, 30 and 45 minutes, a reduction of up to 75.6% during the surgery. The HR was lower in GMLK compared with GCON at 30 minutes, and the MAP was...(AU)