Feed supplementation with palm kernel cake-based concentrate increases the quality of water buffalo semen

[...] Fifteen water buffalos kept on pasture were used as semen donors. The animals received daily dietary supplementation (1% of body weight ) for 252 days, and were divided into three groups: Control ( n = 5; conventional concentrate), CM - Base ( n = 5; coconut meal concentrate) , and PKC - Base ( n = 5; palm kernel cake concentrate). Aspect, color, volume, pH, gross motility, vigor, progressive sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, and sperm morphology of ejaculates were evaluated (173 samples). The daily average for voluntary concentrate intake was 4.778 ± 1.233 kg in the Control group , 3.112 ± 0.693 kg in CM - Base, and 4.558 ± 1.077 kg in PKC - Base group ( P > 0. 05). Diet based on palm kernel cake supplementation had a positive effect on semen quality. The plasma membrane integrity levels were increased in PKC - Base animals (Control: 68.0 ± 19.5; CM - Base: 72.0 ± 22.6; PKC - Base: 8 2.1 ± 12.2; P 0.05) .Hence, palm kernel cake - based dietary supplementation for water buffalos provided more lipids and minerals, which intake is related to the improvement of sperm quality, with higher sperm motility an d higher levels of spermatozoa with plasma membrane integrity

Feed supplementation with palm kernel cake-based concentrate increases the quality of water buffalo semen

[...] Fifteen water buffalos kept on pasture were used as semen donors. The animals received daily dietary supplementation (1% of body weight ) for 252 days, and were divided into three groups: Control ( n = 5; conventional concentrate), CM - Base ( n = 5; coconut meal concentrate) , and PKC - Base ( n = 5; palm kernel cake concentrate). Aspect, color, volume, pH, gross motility, vigor, progressive sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, and sperm morphology of ejaculates were evaluated (173 samples). The daily average for voluntary concentrate intake was 4.778 ± 1.233 kg in the Control group , 3.112 ± 0.693 kg in CM - Base, and 4.558 ± 1.077 kg in PKC - Base group ( P > 0. 05). Diet based on palm kernel cake supplementation had a positive effect on semen quality. The plasma membrane integrity levels were increased in PKC - Base animals (Control: 68.0 ± 19.5; CM - Base: 72.0 ± 22.6; PKC - Base: 8 2.1 ± 12.2; P < 0.05). In addition, progressive sperm motility was higher in the PKC - Base group (71.7 ± 15.1% PKC - Base; 59.3 ± 20.5% Control; 56.7 ± 24.8% CM - Base; P < 0.05). Lower sperm concentration values were observed in the PKC - Base group, but they did not deviate from the physiological standards from 524.10 ± 20.70 to 1,031.4 ± 28.70 x 10 6 sptz/m l, or of 1,493 x 10 6 sptz/m l . The other sperm parameters did not have significant differences (P > 0.05) .Hence, palm kernel cake - based dietary supplementation for water buffalos provided more lipids and minerals, which intake is related to the improvement of sperm quality, with higher sperm motility an d higher levels of spermatozoa with plasma membrane integrity (AU)

EFEITO DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO COM DIETAS HIPERLIPÍDICAS NA PERFORMANCE REPRODUTIVA DE BÚFALAS (Bubalusbubalis) CRIADAS NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL

O objetivo do experimento 1foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação alimentar com torta de palmistesobre a atividade ovariana, lipidemia e função hepática de búfalas submetidas à sincronização da ovulação, visando determinar o melhor percentualde torta de palmisteque pode ser oferecido na dieta.Foram utilizadas vinte e quatro búfalas da raça Murrah, com idade média de 5,67 ± 1,60 anos e peso médio de 684,17 ± 62,82 kg, cíclicas e não lactantes, divididas em quatro tratamentos de suplementação com torta de palmiste (0%; 0,25%; 0,50% e 1,00% do peso vivo). Todas as búfalas foram submetidas ao protocolo Ovsynch e foram avaliados os diâmetros do folículo pré-ovulatório, do corpo lúteo e do ovário ipsilateral nos dias D10 (fase folicular) e D17 (fase luteínica) após o início do protocolo de sincronização. O sangue foi colhido nesses mesmos dias para determinar as concentrações séricas de colesterol total e fração HDL, triglicerídeos, progesterona (P4) e das enzimas alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartatoaminotransferase (AST) e gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT). A suplementação com torta de palmiste não influenciou o desenvolvimento folicular e luteal (P>0,05) e não incrementou as concentrações de P4 (P=0,23). As concentrações de colesterol total aumentaram nos animais suplementados com até 0,5% PV de torta de palmiste, independente da fase (P<0,05), mas esse efeito não foi observado na fração HDL do colesterol, que se manteve semelhante nas fases folicular (54,86 mg/dL; P=0,08) e luteínica (53,73 mg/dL; P=0,47) do ciclo estral.Nas concentrações de triglicérides, houve um efeito linear (P=0,03) dos tratamentos na fase folicular, porém, houve similaridade na fase luteínica (59,99mg/dL; P=0,51). A suplementação não alterou a atividade da enzima ALT (P>0,05), mas as enzimas hepáticas AST e GGT tiveram efeito significativo (P<0,05) nas duas fases avaliadas. No grupo suplementado com 1,0% PV as concentrações de AST e GGT foram acima do recomendado para a espécie. Conclui-se que a suplementação de búfalas com torta de palmisteaumenta as concentrações de colesterole triglicerídeos, mas não influencianas concentrações circulantes de progesterona e no desenvolvimento folicular e luteal. A avaliação das enzimas hepáticas permite recomendar o fornecimento de 0,5% PVde torta de palmistepara búfalas, com aumento nas concentrações séricas de colesterol, sem que haja disfunção hepática nos animais.O objetivo do experimento 2foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação com sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGPI) na taxa de concepção de búfalas submetidas à inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) e quantificar os níveis de progesterona e o perfil lipídico desses animais. Foram utilizadas búfalas leiteiras (Bubalusbubalis, n=120) da raça Murrah, com peso médio de 452,27 ± 6,55 kg e ECC de 3,41 ± 0,05. Todas as búfalas foram submetidas a um protocolo de sincronização da ovulação e a partir do dia da IATF (D0) divididas em três tratamentos de suplementação com os concentrados (0,5% PV) durante 22 dias. Os tratamentos foram: grupo Controle: animais suplementados com concentrado padrão; grupo Soja: concentrado padrão acrescido de óleo de soja refinado e grupo Megalac: concentrado padrão acrescido de gordura protegida. Foram dosadas as concentrações séricas de colesterol total, HDL, triglicerídeos e progesterona (P4) nos dias D-12 (pré-tratamento) e D22 (pós-tratamento). O diagnóstico de prenhez foi realizado 30 dias após a IATF. Houve uma elevação substancial de consumo de AGs insaturados para os grupos Soja e Megalac, na ordem de 174,43% e 198,47% respectivamente, em comparação ao grupo Controle. Após 22 dias de suplementação, as concentrações séricas de colesterol total, HDL, LDL e lipídios totais foram mais elevadas (P<0,05) nos grupos tratados Soja e Megalac em comparação ao grupo Controle, e as concentrações circulantes de P4 não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos Controle, Soja e Megalac, tanto para as fêmeas prenhas (18,09±2,06 vs 20,53±1,95 vs 18,76±1,36; P=0,6833, respectivamente) quanto para as não prenhas (4,15±1,06 vs 8,34±1,87 vs 6,09±1,51; P=0,2105, respectivamente). Os resultados da taxa de concepção aos 30 dias demonstram que houve diferença entre os grupos (P=0,0130) Soja, Controle e Megalac, onde as búfalas suplementadas com ração Controle e Megalac obtiveram uma maior taxa de concepção (33,3% e 30,8%, respectivamente) em relação ao grupo Soja (14,3%). As suplementações com concentrados adicionados de sais de cálcio de AGPI aumentaram as concentrações séricas de lipídios (colesterol total, HDL, LDL, lipídios totais), mas não desencadearam reflexos positivos nas concentrações circulantes de progesterona e nas taxas de concepção das búfalas.

The objective of experiment 1 was to evaluate the effect of food supplementation with palm kernel cake on ovarian activity, lipidemia and hepatic function of buffaloes subjected to ovulation synchronization, aiming at determining the best percentage of palm kernel cake that can be offered in the diet. Twenty-four Murrah buffaloes, mean age of 5.67 ± 1.60 years and mean weight of 684.17 ± 62.82 kg, cyclic and non-lactating, were divided into four treatments of palm kernel cake supplementation (0%, 0.25%, 0.50% and 1.00% of live weight). All buffaloes were submitted to the Ovsynch protocol and the diameter of the preovulatory follicle, corpus luteum and ipsilateral ovary were evaluated at days D10 (follicular phase) and D17 (luteal phase) after the initiation of the synchronization protocol. Blood was collected on these same days to determine serum concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL, triglycerides, progesterone (P4) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT). Supplementation with palm kernel cake did not influence follicular and luteal development (P>0.05) and did not increase P4 concentrations (P=0.23). Concentrations of total cholesterol increased in animals supplemented with up to 0.5% PV of palm kernel cake, regardless of the phase (P<0.05), but this effect was not observed in the HDL cholesterol fraction, which remained similar in the follicular phase (54.86 mg/dL, P=0.08) and luteal phase (53.73 mg/dL, P=0.47) of the estrous cycle. In the triglyceride concentrations, there was a linear effect (P=0.03) of the treatments in the follicular phase, but there was similarity in the luteal phase (59.99 mg/dL; P=0.51). Supplementation did not alter ALT activity (P>0.05), but liver enzymes AST and GGT had a significant effect (P<0.05) in the two phases evaluated. In the group supplemented with 1.0% PV the concentrations of AST and GGT were above that recommended for the specie. It is concluded that supplementation of buffaloes with palm kernel cake increases cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations but does not influence circulating progesterone concentrations and follicular and luteal development. The evaluation of hepatic enzymes allows recommending the supplementation of 0.5% PV of palm kernel cake to buffaloes, with increase in serum cholesterol concentrations, without hepatic dysfunction in the animals. The objective of experiment 2 was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the conception rate of buffaloes submitted to artificial insemination at fixed time (FTAI) and to quantify progesterone levels and lipid profile of these animals. Milk buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis, n = 120) of the Murrah breed were used, with a mean weight of 452.27 ± 6.55 kg and BCS of 3.41 ± 0.05. All buffaloes were submitted to an ovulation synchronization protocol and from day FTAI (D0) divided into three supplementation treatments with the concentrates (0.5% PV) for 22 days. The treatments were: Control group: animals supplemented with standard concentrate; Soybean group: standard concentrate plus refined soybean oil and Megalac group: standard concentrate plus protected fat. The serum concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides and progesterone (P4) on days D-12 (pre-treatment) and D22 (post-treatment) were measured. The diagnosis of pregnancy was performed 30 days after the FTAI. There was a substantial increase in the consumption of unsaturated AGs for the Soja and Megalac groups, in the order of 174.43% and 198.47%, respectively, compared to the Control group. After 22 days of supplementation, serum concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and total lipids were higher (P<0.05) in the treated groups compared to the Control group, and the circulating concentrations of P4 did not differ statistically between the Control, Soybean and Megalac groups, both for pregnant females (18.09 ± 2.06 vs. 20.53 ± 1.95 vs 18.76 ± 1.36, P=0.6833, respectively) and for non-pregnant (4.15 ± 1.06 vs 8.34 ± 1.87 vs. 6.09 ± 1.51, P=0.2105, respectively). The results of the conception rate at 30 days show that there was a difference between the groups (P=0.0130) Soybean, Control and Megalac, where buffaloes supplemented with Control and Megalac rations obtained a higher conception rate (33.3% and 30.8%, respectively) in relation to the Soja group (14.3%). Supplements with added concentrates of PUFA calcium salts increased serum lipid concentrations (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, total lipids), but did not trigger positive reflexes in circulating progesterone concentrations and buffalo conception rates.

CINÉTICA E PRODUTOS DE FERMENTAÇÃO RUMINAL DE RAÇÕES CONTENDO CO-PRODUTOS AGROINDUSTRIAIS

Objetivou-se avaliar rações contendo co-produtos da indústria dos biocombustíveis, através da cinética de fermentação ruminal in vitro. Foram usados nesta pesquisa a glicerina bruta nas concentrações de 3%, 7% e 9% de substituição, o farelo de mamona foi usado para substituir o farelo de soja nas concentrações de 33%, 67% e 100%, a torta de dendê substituiu o farelo de trigo nas concentrações de 10%, 20% e 30%. Durante esta pesquisa foram realizadas análises da produção cumulativa de gases, ácidos graxos voláteis, CH4, CO2 e N-NH3. A glicerina bruta promoveu alteração da fermentação ruminal elevando a produção de metano, porém seu uso até 9% é justificado, por não comprometer a fermentação ruminal. O farelo de mamona por ser uma oleaginosa, também interferiu na digestibilidade da fibra, seu uso até 100% de substituição apresenta potencial para redução do metano entérico. A torta de dendê, assim como os outros ingredientes não alterou negativamente o padrão de fermentação ruminal, porém não conseguiu fornecer substratos suficientes para a redução do metano entérico, porém seu uso acima de 22% apresenta potencial para mitigação do metano entérico, sem, contudo, afetar o padrão de fermentação ruminal. Portanto, são necessários estudos in vivo, com a finalidade de determinar a viabilidade de co-produtos da indústria dos biocombustíveis, sem comprometer a microbiota ruminal.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the rations containing co-products from the biofuels industry, through in vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics. The crude glycerin at the 3%, 7% and 9% substitution concentrations was used in this research, castor bean meal was used to replace soybean meal at concentrations of 33%, 67% and 100%, the palm oil cake replaced The wheat bran in the concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30%. During this research were performed cumulative production of gases, volatile fatty acids, CH4, CO2 and N-NH3. Crude glycerin promoted alteration of ruminal fermentation by increasing methane production, but its use up to 9% is justified, since it does not compromise ruminal fermentation. The castor bean meal as an oleaginous, also interfered in the digestibility of the fiber, its use up to 100% of substitution presents potential for the reduction of the enteric methane. The palm pie, as well as the other ingredients did not negatively alter the ruminal fermentation pattern, but could not provide sufficient substrates for the reduction of enteric methane, but its use above 22% presents potential for enteric methane mitigation, without, however, , Affect the ruminal fermentation pattern. Therefore, in vivo studies are needed to determine the viability of co-products from the biofuels industry, without compromising the ruminal microbiota.

Torta de dendê (Elaeis guineensis L.) em dietas de vacas leiteiras / Palm (Elaeis guineensis L.) kernel cake in diets for dairy cows

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão (0.0; 113,4; 227,8 e 341,7 g/kg de matéria seca) da torta de dendê (TD) em dietas para vacas leiteiras lactantes sobre o consumo, digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e dos nutrientes e produção de leite. Foram utilizadas oito vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, primíparas, com peso médio de 382 kg, entre 60 e 90 dias de lactação, distribuídas em duplos quadrados latinos 4 x 4. Cada período experimental teve duração de 15 dias, sendo 11 dias para adaptação e quatro para coletas. Avaliou- se o consumo, expresso em kg/dia, g/kgpv0,75 e g/kg PV, a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca ( MS), proteina bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), extrato etéreo (EE) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e a produção de leite corrigida para gordura (PLCG). A inclusão de níveis crescentes de TD na dieta acarretou redução linear no consumo de MS, PB, HEM, CNF e NDT. O consumo de FDN apresentou efeito quadrático e os maiores valores foram observados com o nível de inclusão de TD de 113,4 g/kg MS. Houve efeito linear decrescente sobre a PLCG com a inclusão da TD. Houve redução linear da digestibilidade da MS e dos CT, porém não se observou efeito sobre a digestibilidade da FDN e FDA. Observou-se ainda aumento linear da digestibilidade

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of different dietary inclusion levels of palm (Elaeisguineensis L.) kernel cake (PKC) for lactating dairy cows on feed intake, nutrient digestibility  and milk production. Diets containing 0, 113, 228, 342g of PKC/kg dry matter were formulated and fed to eight crossbred (Holandês x Zebu) dairy cows with mean weight of 382kg at 60-90 days of lactation. The cows were used in a double 4 x 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted for 15 days, with 11 days adaptation and four days sampling. Increasing the levels of PKC in the diet reduced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), hemicellulose, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The NDF intake was higher at the 113g/kg PKC inclusion level compared to other treatments. There was linear decreasing effect on fat corrected milk with the inclusion of PKC. There was linear reduction in digestibility of dry matter(DM) and total carbohydrate (TC), but no effect was observed on the NDF and ADF digestibility. Linear increase was observed on crude protein (CP), NFC and ether extract (EE) digestibility. The digestibility of these nutrients probably increased because of the longer retention time of the digest in the rumen caused by reduced DM intake. The addition of PKC decreased the nutritive value of the diets, which subsequent

Torta de dendê (Elaeis guineensis L.) em dietas de vacas leiteiras / Palm (Elaeis guineensis L.) kernel cake in diets for dairy cows

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão (0.0; 113,4; 227,8 e 341,7 g/kg de matéria seca) da torta de dendê (TD) em dietas para vacas leiteiras lactantes sobre o consumo, digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e dos nutrientes e produção de leite. Foram utilizadas oito vacas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, primíparas, com peso médio de 382 kg, entre 60 e 90 dias de lactação, distribuídas em duplos quadrados latinos 4 x 4. Cada período experimental teve duração de 15 dias, sendo 11 dias para adaptação e quatro para coletas. Avaliou- se o consumo, expresso em kg/dia, g/kgpv0,75 e g/kg PV, a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca ( MS), proteina bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (HEM), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), extrato etéreo (EE) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e a produção de leite corrigida para gordura (PLCG). A inclusão de níveis crescentes de TD na dieta acarretou redução linear no consumo de MS, PB, HEM, CNF e NDT. O consumo de FDN apresentou efeito quadrático e os maiores valores foram observados com o nível de inclusão de TD de 113,4 g/kg MS. Houve efeito linear decrescente sobre a PLCG com a inclusão da TD. Houve redução linear da digestibilidade da MS e dos CT, porém não se observou efeito sobre a digestibilidade da FDN e FDA. Observou-se ainda aumento linear da digestibilidade

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of different dietary inclusion levels of palm (Elaeisguineensis L.) kernel cake (PKC) for lactating dairy cows on feed intake, nutrient digestibility  and milk production. Diets containing 0, 113, 228, 342g of PKC/kg dry matter were formulated and fed to eight crossbred (Holandês x Zebu) dairy cows with mean weight of 382kg at 60-90 days of lactation. The cows were used in a double 4 x 4 Latin square design. Each experimental period lasted for 15 days, with 11 days adaptation and four days sampling. Increasing the levels of PKC in the diet reduced the intake of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), hemicellulose, non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The NDF intake was higher at the 113g/kg PKC inclusion level compared to other treatments. There was linear decreasing effect on fat corrected milk with the inclusion of PKC. There was linear reduction in digestibility of dry matter(DM) and total carbohydrate (TC), but no effect was observed on the NDF and ADF digestibility. Linear increase was observed on crude protein (CP), NFC and ether extract (EE) digestibility. The digestibility of these nutrients probably increased because of the longer retention time of the digest in the rumen caused by reduced DM intake. The addition of PKC decreased the nutritive value of the diets, which subsequent