Infectious diseases of neotropical primates

Neotropical primates are represented by more than 200 species and subspecies distributed in five families. Considering that some of these species are considered endangered, disease investigation in these populations is critical for conservation strategies. Therefore, an increasing number of studies and publications on this topic became available in the past few years. This review deals with infectious diseases of neotropical primates, with focus on free-ranging animals, including those caused by bacterial, viral, protozoal, metazoan, or mycotic infectious organisms, with particular emphasis on gross and microscopic lesions associated with these diseases. In addition, a few relevant unpublished cases of infection by Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. were included in this review.(AU)

Influence on clinical biochemistry values of black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) anesthetized with isoflurane or sevoflurane / Influência sobre valores de bioquímica clínica de saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata) anestesiados com isoflurano ou sevoflurano

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical biochemistry behavior of Black-Tufted Marmosets (Callithrix penicillatta) submitted to blood collection without sedation and after general anesthesia with anesthetics isoflurane or sevoflurane. Blood collections were performed on (M1) day before anesthesia by physical restraint, and (M2) after anesthesia. There were four groups: Isoflurane (GI) and Sevoflurane (GS) using an anesthetic box. GIM: isoflurane induction with mask for a shorter period. Control group (GP): physical restraint in both moments. Plasma was separated and frozen to measure clinic biochemistry values. Urea was higher at M2 in groups GI and GP. AST was higher in M2 in GI, GS, and GP and only GI showed an increase in CK in M2. Glucose was higher in M1 in the GI, GS, and GP groups and fructosamine was higher in M2 in the GI. Stress caused by physical restraint can cause biochemical changes and these must be considered when interpreting the exams. Both the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane and sevoflurane did not cause clinically significant changes in clinical biochemistry results.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da bioquímica clínica de saguis-do-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillatta) submetidos à coleta sanguínea sem sedação e após anestesia geral, com os anestésicos isoflurano ou sevoflurano. As coletas de sangue foram realizadas: (M1) dia antes da anestesia por contenção física e (M2) após anestesia. Foram definidos quatro grupos: isoflurano (GI) e sevoflurano (GS), utilizando caixa anestésica; GIM: indução com isoflurano com máscara por um período menor; grupo controle (GCF): contenção física em ambos os momentos. O plasma com EDTA foi separado e congelado para realizar dosagem da bioquímica clínica. A ureia foi maior no M2 nos grupos GI e GCF. A AST foi maior no M2 nos GI, GS e GCF e somente o GI apresentou aumento de CK no M2. A glicose foi maior no M1 nos grupos GI, GS e GCF, e a frutosamina foi maior no M2 no GI. O estresse causado pela contenção física pode causar alterações bioquímicas e essas devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação dos exames. Tanto o anestésico inalatório isoflurano quanto o sevoflurano não causaram alterações clinicamente significantes nos resultados da bioquímica clínica.

Ribosomal, mitochondrial and bacterial (Wolbachia) reference sequences for Dipetalonema gracile obtained from a wild pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) host in Manaus, Brazil / Sequências ribossômicas, mitocondriais e bacterianas (Wolbachia) de referência para Dipetalonema gracile obtidas de um hospedeiro sauim-de-coleira (Saguinus bicolor) em Manaus, Brasil

The primates that inhabit the rainforest surrounding the city of Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil) have long been recognised as potentially important reservoirs of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (ERIDs). PCR amplification of filarial sequences from wild-caught Simulium oyapockense has been used to incriminate potentially important Amazon-region ERID bridge vectors by showing they had previously fed on non-human primates. The broader use of filarial parasite sequences for the incrimination of biting insects as potentially important zoonotic disease vectors is limited by a paucity of primate-derived filarial parasite reference sequences which can be matched to the PCR amplified sequences obtained from insect-vector vectors. Here we have used shotgun sequencing to obtain reference data from an adult Dipetalonema gracile parasite which was found infecting a wild pied tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) in a peripheral region of Manaus. We report the parasite´s complete mitochondrial genome (which is 13,647 base pairs in length), 894,846 base pairs of its Wolbachia genome and 6,426 base pairs of its ribosomal DNA locus (spanning from the start of its 18S subunit to the end of its 28S subunit). Despite being critically endangered, S. bicolor is commonly encountered around the periphery of Manaus and in urban forest fragments. The reported sequences may be a useful reference tool for identifying ERID bridge vectors and potentially provide some insights into the amount and the nature of contact between primate pathogen reservoirs and the residents of Manaus.(AU)

Os primatas que habitam a floresta tropical ao redor da cidade de Manaus (Amazonas, Brasil) há muito são reconhecidos como reservatórios potencialmente importantes de doenças infecciosas emergentes e reemergentes. Sequências de DNA de parasitas filariais detectadas por PCR em amostras de Simulium oyapockense foram usadas para demonstrar que eles haviam se alimentado anteriormente de primatas não humanos e, dessa maneira, incriminar vetores-ponte da região amazônica. O uso mais amplo de detecção de parasitas filariais para a incriminação de vetores-ponte é limitado por uma escassez de sequências referência de parasitas filarias obtidas de hospedeiros. Aqui nós usamos o sequenciamento tipo shotgun para obter dados de referência de um parasita adulto Dipetalonema gracile encontrado infectando um sauim-de-coleira, Saguinus bicolor no entorno de Manaus. Relatamos o genoma mitocondrial completo do parasita (que tem 13.647 pares de bases de comprimento), 894.846 pares de bases de seu genoma de Wolbachia e 6.426 pares de bases de seu locus de DNA ribossômico (desde o início de sua subunidade 18S até o final de sua subunidade 28S). Apesar de criticamente ameaçado, S. bicolor é comumente encontrado no entorno de Manaus e em fragmentos florestais urbanos. As sequências relatadas podem ser uma ferramenta de referência útil para identificar vetores ponte e potencialmente fornecer algumas informações sobre o contato entre reservatórios de patógenos de primatas e os moradores de Manaus.(AU)

A comparison between affiliative and agonistic behaviours in wild and captive Sapajus libidinosus (Spix, 1823) (Mammalia, Primates, Cebidae)

Organisms modulate the expression of their behaviours through environmental contexts. Several studies have suggested that the frequencies of social behaviours may differ between captive and free-living primates. In the present study, we compared the social behaviours displayed by captive and free-living groups of the bearded capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus), describing and analysing their social behaviours. We observed through focal animal sampling 59 animals distributed in 10 social groups, analysing 191:45 h of videos of their behaviours. Captivity reduced the frequency of agonistic, but not of affiliative behaviours. Furthermore, neither group size nor sex could explain the overall variability in affiliative behaviour. We conclude that captivity has indeed an important impact only on some aspects of social behaviour, namely, on agonistic behaviours.(AU)

First report of Dipetalonema gracile in a captive Marcgrave's capuchin monkey (Sapajus flavius) in northeastern Brazil: Scientific communication / Primeira descrição de Dipetalonema gracile em macaco-prego-galego (Sapajus flavius) do nordeste do Brasil: Comunicação científica

Parasitic infections are important concern to the Wildlife Conservation Biology, particularly in endangered species. Herein, we report a parasitism by Dipetalonema gracile Rudolphi, 1809 (Spirurida, Filarioidea, Onchocercidae), in the peritoneal cavity of a captive Marcgrave's capuchin monkey (Sapajus flavius) that died at the Wild Animal Screening Center (CETAS) of the Brazilian Institute for the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) in the municipality of Cabedelo, state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. The necropsy revealed two filarial worms D. gracile in the abdominal cavity. Exudates, thin fibrin layers and fibrous adhesions were also present in the mesentery and spleen capsule. The mesenteric, mandibular, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were enlarged. Multiple small nodules were seen in the spleen parenchyma. Microscopic examination of the lymph nodes and spleen revealed markedly and diffuse inflammatory reaction, with edema, plasma cells, eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes and rare multinuclear giant cells, with obliteration of the normal histological architecture of the organ. This is the first report of D. gracile parasitism in Marcgrave's capuchin monkeys, a critically endangered species. Studies of this nature significantly contribute to the knowledge of the parasitic fauna of endangered species, in addition to helping to formulate conservation strategies (in situ and ex situ) and records of new hosts and new areas of occurrence of parasites.(AU)

Infecções parasitárias são uma questão importante para a Medicina e Biologia da Conservação. É descrito o parasitismo por Dipetalonema gracile Rudolphi, 1809 (Spirurida, Filarioidea, Onchocercidae) na cavidade peritoneal de um macaco-prego-galego (Sapajus flavius) que morreu no Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS) do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), município de Cabedelo, Paraíba, Brasil. A necropsia revelou dois espécimes de parasitas na cavidade abdominal. Exsudatos, finas camadas de fibrina e aderências fibrosas também estavam presentes no mesentério e na cápsula do baço. Os linfonodos mesentéricos, mandibulares e traqueobrônquicos estavam aumentados. Vários pequenos nódulos foram vistos no parênquima do baço. O exame microscópico dos linfonodos e baço revelou reação inflamatória grave e difusa, com edema, células plasmáticas, eosinófilos, histiócitos, linfócitos e raras células gigantes multinucleares, com obliteração da arquitetura histológica normal do órgão. Este é o primeiro relato de parasitismo por esse nematódeo em macaco-prego-galego, uma espécie criticamente ameaçada da Mata Atlântica do Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba e Pernambuco. Estudos dessa natureza contribuem significativamente para o conhecimento sobre a fauna parasitária de espécies ameaçadas de extinção, além de auxiliar na formulação de estratégias de conservação (in situ e ex situ) e registros de novos hospedeiros e novas áreas de ocorrência de parasitas.(AU)

Information management in laboratory animal facilities for non-human primates: what we have been using in Brazil

In digital curation, data are essential for actions, enabling better administrative management and greater efficiency in a sector or activity. In a research animal facility, the collection of management data associated with management systems or control sheets is the basis for ensuring quality information that subsidizes research and generates performance indicators and the needs and challenges to be transposed in the breeding and maintenance of animals. The inconsistency of data or incomplete records compromises the choices adopted in husbandry management practices or the interpretation of research results. For this reason, a survey was carried out about software available on the market that helps laboratory animal facilities with the management regarding software used in non-human primate breeding institutions (NHP) for scientific or conservation purposes. We identified 38 software that supports the handling of lab animals used in biomedical research; most of them with functionalities of environmental control (63.15%), control of animal files/tags (63.15%), and control of reproductive management (60%) and only two software related to the management of nonhuman primates kept under human care in research institutions. Regarding the tools used to manage the breeding of non-human primates in captivity in Brazilian institutions, five of the institutions questioned and reported that none currently uses software for colony management. In conclusion, there are several software for managing laboratory animals, but most of them are geared toward the management of rodent animal facilities. There is a lack of specific software on the market for use in animal facilities managing non-human primate breeding, which indicates the need for software developed to meet the management needs of animal facilities for these facilities.

Comparative study between ketamine-S-dexmedetomidine and ketamine-S-midazolam-methadone in the anesthesia of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) / Estudo comparativo entre quetamina-S-dexmedetomidina e quetamina-S-midazolam- metadona na anestesia de macacos-prego (Sapajus apella)

Anesthetic protocols have been developed to obtain the most effective and safe association in wildlife. This study compared the anesthetic effects and cardiorespiratory parameters of ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/dexmedetomidine (0.020 mg/kg) (KD ) and ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/midazolam (0.5 mg/kg)/methadone (1.0 mg/kg) (KMM ) in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). Eight capuchin monkeys were randomly assigned to KD (n = 4) or KMM (n = 4) to evaluate induction, immobilization, and recovery scores, heart and respiratory rate parameters, besides systolic, mean, diastolic arterial pressure and arterial blood gas. There was no difference (P = 0.56) in the quality of induction, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery between the protocols. The time for anesthetic induction was 4 ± 1 min in the KD group and 5 ± 1 min in the KMM group, and these values were statistically equal (P = 0.28). The mean immobilization time in the KD and KMM groups were 35 ± 13 and 33 ± 15 min, respectively. Heart rate was lower in animals in the KD group (P < 0.001), while respiratory rate (P = 0.03), and mean blood pressure (P = 0.046) were higher than that of the animals in the KMM group. Respiratory acidosis occurred in the KMM group, with lower pH (7.25±0.047; P = 0.0055) and higher pCO2 (51 ± 6;mmHg; P = 0.008). Both protocols exhibited good induction quality, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery, despite cardiorespiratory and blood gas alterations observed, which warrants monitoring of cardiorespiratory variables during KD or KMM chemical restraint.

Protocolos anestésicos foram desenvolvidos para obter a associação mais eficaz e segura em animais selvagens. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos anestésicos e os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios de cetamina-S (+) (10 mg / kg) / dexmedetomidina (0,020 mg / kg) (KD) e cetamina-S (+) (10 mg / kg) / midazolam (0,5 mg / kg) / metadona (1,0 mg / kg) (KMM) em macacos-prego (Sapajus apella). Oito macacos-prego foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em KD (n = 4) ou KMM (n = 4) para avaliar os escores de indução, imobilização e recuperação, parâmetros de frequência cardíaca e respiratória, além da pressão arterial sistólica, média, diastólica e gasometria arterial. Não houve diferença (P = 0,56) na qualidade da indução, imobilização e recuperação anestésica entre os protocolos. O tempo de indução anestésica foi de 4 ± 1 min no grupo KD e 5 ± 1 min no grupo KMM, sendo esses valores estatisticamente iguais (P = 0,28). O tempo médio de imobilização nos grupos KD e KMM foram 35 ± 13min e 33 ± 15 min, respectivamente. A frequência cardíaca foi menor nos animais do grupo KD (P < 0,001), enquanto a frequência respiratória (P = 0,03) e a pressão arterial média (P = 0,046) foram maiores do que nos animais do grupo KMM. Acidose respiratória ocorreu no grupo KMM, com menor pH (7,25 ± 0,047; P = 0,0055) e maior pCO2 (51 ± 6; mmHg; P = 0,008). Ambos os protocolos apresentaram boa qualidade de indução, imobilização e recuperação anestésica, apesar das alterações cardiorrespiratórias e gasométricas observadas, o que justifica o monitoramento das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias durante a contenção química com KD ou KMM.

Aneurisma aórtico torácico com trombose associada em Bugio-preto (Alouatta caraya) / Thoracic aortic aneurysm with associated thrombosis in black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)

O aneurisma é uma dilatação anormal e permanente das artérias, resultante do enfraquecimento da parede do vaso adelgaçamento da camada média e enfraquecimento da camada elástica. Em animais, a maioria dos casos de aneurisma tem origem idiopática e são detectados acidentalmente durante a necropsia. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de aneurisma aórtico com trombose associada em Bugio-preto(Alouatta caraya), bem como seus aspectos patológicos. O animal era adulto, macho, pertencente ao Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP), na cidade de Ananindeua-PA, foi encaminhado para exame necroscópico para investigação da causa mortis. No histórico do animal, não constava qualquer enfermidade. O animal apresentava bom escore de condição corporal com preservação da topografia anatômica dos órgãos. Entretanto, observou-se presença de aumento de volume localizado em aorta torácica, a 1,4 cm da base do coração. Na abertura aórtica foi observado dilatações de tamanhos variados e, no interior da maior dilatação, notou-se uma estrutura de coloração vermelho escuro, aderida, de aspecto seco e superfície áspera, medindo 1,5 cm. Aneurismas aórticos em primatas não humanos não são comuns, porém já foram reportados na literatura. O diagnóstico precoce utilizando exames complementares é importante, porém, ainda há recursos não empregados na rotina veterinária tornando ainda mais difícil o diagnóstico e prevenção. Por isso, na medicina veterinária, os aneurismas são detectados acidentalmente durante a necropsia. Com base nos achados anatomopatológicos, concluiu-se que o animal veio a óbito por trombose associada a aneurisma aórtico.

An aneurysm is an abnormal and permanent dilation of the arteries, resulting from the weakening of the vessel wall.thinning of the middle layer and weakening of the elastic layer. In animals, most cases of aneurysm are idiopathic. This paper aimed to report a case of aortic aneurysm with associated thrombosis in a black-and-gold howler monkey(Alouatta caraya), as well as its pathological aspects. The animal was an adult, male, belonging to the National Primate Center (CENP), in the city of Ananindeua-PA, that was referred for necroscopic examination to investigate the causa mortis. In the animal's history, there was no disease. The animal had a good body condition score with preservation of the anatomical topography of the organs. However, there was an increase in volume located in the thoracic aorta, 1.4 cm from the base of the heart. In the aortic opening, dilations of different sizes were observed, and inside the largest dilatation, a structure of dark red color, adhered, with a dry appearance and rough surface, measuring 1.5 cm was noted in addition to dilations of different sizes. Inside the largest cavitation, a dark red structure was observed, adhered, with a dry appearance and rough surface, measuring 1.5 cm. Aortic aneurysms in non-human primates are incommon, but have been reported in the literature. Early diagnosis using complementary exams is important, however, there are still resources not used in the veterinary routine, making diagnosis and prevention even more difficult. Therefore, in veterinary medicine, aneurysms are accidentally detected during necropsy. Based on the anatomopathological findings, it was concluded that the animal died due to thrombosis associated with an aortic aneurysm.

Toxoplasmosis in black-faced lion tamarin (Leontopithecus caissara) / Toxoplasmose em mico-leão-de-cara-preta (Leontopithecus caissara)

Neotropical primates are susceptible to several parasitic diseases, the most relevant of which is toxoplasmosis. The black-faced lion tamarin is one of the most endangered callitrichid, with no more than 400 individuals in the wild. A young specimen of black-faced lion tamarin died acutely after being rescued and sent to the Sorocaba Zoological Park. This is the first report of acute fatal toxoplasmosis in L. caissara in Brazil.

Os primatas neotropicais são suscetíveis a inúmeras enfermidades parasitárias, sendo a mais relevante a toxoplasmose. O mico-leão-de-cara-preta é um dos calitriquídeos mais ameaçados no mundo, com aproximadamente 400 indivíduos em estado selvagem. Um exemplar de mico-leão-de-cara-preta, jovem veio à óbito de forma aguda após ser resgatado e enviado ao Zoológico do interior de São Paulo. Este é o primeiro relato de toxoplasmose aguda fatal em L. caissara no mundo.

Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma spp. in Neotropical primates from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil / Detecção molecular e análise filogenética de Trypanosoma spp. em primatas neotropicais do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Trypanosoma spp. infection is a problem in many tropical countries, infecting several animal species, including humans. The aim of the present study was to identify the Trypanosoma species in Neotropical primates from Rio de Janeiro state and compare the results with other reports both phylogenetically and geographically. Molecular detection was based on the 18 SSU gene. The sequences obtained in the PCR were sequenced and compared with others previously deposited in GenBank. These sequences were used to perform phylogenetic analysis and make a distribution map of primate species infected by Trypanosoma species in Brazil. Among 34 monkeys, five capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) and one marmoset (Callithrix spp.) showed Trypanosoma spp. sequences in the same clade of Trypanosoma minasense and three capuchin monkeys' sequences were in the same clade of Trypanosoma cruzi. The Atlantic Forest and the Brazilian Amazon are the regions with the highest frequency of studies about Trypanosoma spp. and variety of Neotropical primate hosts. These are areas that deserve attention regarding the conservation of biodiversity, but it also makes evident the lack of studies with Neotropical primates in other regions of the country, as well as multidisciplinary studies to better understand the host pathogen relationships.

A infecção por Trypanosoma spp. é um problema em muitos países tropicais, infectando várias espécies animais, incluindo humanos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar as espécies de Trypanosoma em primatas neotropicais no estado Rio de Janeiro e comparar os resultados com outros relatos, tanto filogeneticamente quando geograficamente. A detecção molecular foi baseada no gene SSU 18. As sequências obtidas na PCR foram sequenciadas e comparadas com outras previamente depositadas no GenBank. Essas sequências foram utilizadas para análises filogenéticas e confeccionar um mapa de distribuição de espécies de primatas infectadas por espécies de Trypanosoma no Brasil. Entre 34 macacos, cinco macacos-prego (Sapajus spp.) e um sagui (Callithrix spp.) apresentaram sequências de Trypanosoma spp. no mesmo clado de Trypanosoma minasense e três sequências de macacos-prego estavam no mesmo clado de Trypanosoma cruzi. A Mata Atlântica e a Amazônia brasileira são as regiões com maior frequência de estudos sobre Trypanosoma spp. e variedade de primatas neotropicais hospedeiros. São áreas que merecem atenção no que se refere à conservação da biodiversidade, mas também evidencia a carência de estudos com PNH em outras regiões do país e de estudos multidisciplinares para melhor compreender as relações do patógeno hospedeiro.

Techniques of orthotopic renal transplantation. II. Size-matched porcine grafts in monkey recipients

ABSTRACT Purpose As a classical xenotransplantation model, porcine kidneys have been transplanted into the lower abdomen of non-human primates. However, we have improved upon this model by using size-matched grafting in the orthotopic position. The beneficial aspects and surgical details of our method are reported herein. Methods Donors were two newborn pigs (weighting 5 to 6 kg) and recipients were two cynomolgus monkeys (weighting, approximately, 7 kg). After bilateral nephrectomy, kidneys were cold-transported in Euro-Collins solution. The porcine kidney was transplanted to the site of a left nephrectomy and fixed to the peritoneum. Results Kidneys transplanted to the lower abdomen by the conventional method were more susceptible to torsion of the renal vein (two cases). In contrast, early-stage blood flow insufficiency did not occur in orthotopic transplants of theleft kidney. Conclusions Size-matched porcine-primate renal grafting using our method of transplanting tothe natural position of the kidneys contributes to stable post-transplant blood flow to the kidney.

Estudo preliminar da morfometria da cabeça espermática do macaco-de-cheiro de vida livre / Preliminary study of the spermatic head morphometry of free living Ecuadorian Squirrel Monkey

The objective of this study was to describe and compare the head morphometry of normal and pathological sperm from Saimiri macrodon. In the morphological analysis, 39% of the sperm had normal morphology, and 61% had major or minor defects, with pathology in the tails being the most frequent with 47% (38% curled tail, 7% folded tail and 2% strongly folded tail). Among the evaluated head morphometry parameters, area (A), width (L) and ellipticity (E) showed statistical difference (p>0.05) between normal and pathological sperm. The average head area and width was lower in normal sperm (p=0,01 e p=0,04, respectively), and the mean ellipticity was higher (p=0,038), when compared to pathological sperm. This definition of the sperm morphometric parameters of S. macrodon is important for the samples selection destined to reproduction biotechnologies and for the clarification of taxonomic and evolutionary issues in the genus Saimiri.

Anestesia e alterações hematológicas e eletrocardiográficas no atendimento emergencial de um macaco-prego (Sapajus cay) / Anesthesia and hematological and electrocardiographic changes in the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (Sapajus cay)

Background: The hooded capuchin that occurs in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul belongs tothe species Sapajus cay. This robust species of capuchin monkey is characterized by its highly varied diet. Although it is welladapted to the natural environment, the survival of this species has come under increasing threat. In fact, several animals havebeen rescued and taken into veterinary medical care, where its correct capture and restraint minimize the occurrence of adverseeffects to the animal and to veterinary anesthesiologists. This paper reports on the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (S.cay) rescued by the Environmental Police of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and sent to veterinary medical care.Case: An adult female hooded capuchin, weighing 1.6 kg, was subjected to veterinary care to treat trauma probably causedby being run over. The animal exhibited intense prostration, 10% dehydration, pale and slightly jaundiced oral and ocularmucous membranes, impaired consciousness, cachexia, muscle weakness, sarcopenia, a probable fracture in the proximalportion of the left tibia and a laceration and possible fracture of the right metatarsus. The patient was stabilized by subjectingher to fluid therapy with Ringer’s lactate solution supplemented with glucose and vitamins. The animal was anesthetizedwith an intramuscular injection of 11 mg/kg ketamine and 0.6 mg/kg midazolam, and blood count, serum biochemistryand electrocardiography were performed. Blood tests revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, liver disease and a slightincrease in urea to 56 mg/dL (reference: 14.4-48.9 mg/dL). The electrocardiogram revealed the following: HR: 260b.p.m; P axis: -115.36º; QRS axis: 50.17º; T duration: 36 ms; R amplitude: 0.68 mV; P amplitude: 0.17 mV; P duration:...

Anestesia e alterações hematológicas e eletrocardiográficas no atendimento emergencial de um macaco-prego (Sapajus cay) / Anesthesia and hematological and electrocardiographic changes in the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (Sapajus cay)

Background: The hooded capuchin that occurs in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul belongs tothe species Sapajus cay. This robust species of capuchin monkey is characterized by its highly varied diet. Although it is welladapted to the natural environment, the survival of this species has come under increasing threat. In fact, several animals havebeen rescued and taken into veterinary medical care, where its correct capture and restraint minimize the occurrence of adverseeffects to the animal and to veterinary anesthesiologists. This paper reports on the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (S.cay) rescued by the Environmental Police of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and sent to veterinary medical care.Case: An adult female hooded capuchin, weighing 1.6 kg, was subjected to veterinary care to treat trauma probably causedby being run over. The animal exhibited intense prostration, 10% dehydration, pale and slightly jaundiced oral and ocularmucous membranes, impaired consciousness, cachexia, muscle weakness, sarcopenia, a probable fracture in the proximalportion of the left tibia and a laceration and possible fracture of the right metatarsus. The patient was stabilized by subjectingher to fluid therapy with Ringers lactate solution supplemented with glucose and vitamins. The animal was anesthetizedwith an intramuscular injection of 11 mg/kg ketamine and 0.6 mg/kg midazolam, and blood count, serum biochemistryand electrocardiography were performed. Blood tests revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, liver disease and a slightincrease in urea to 56 mg/dL (reference: 14.4-48.9 mg/dL). The electrocardiogram revealed the following: HR: 260b.p.m; P axis: -115.36º; QRS axis: 50.17º; T duration: 36 ms; R amplitude: 0.68 mV; P amplitude: 0.17 mV; P duration:...(AU)

Osteossíntese de tíbia em macaco prego preto / Tibial osteosynthesis in a black capuchin monkey

O macaco-prego-preto é endêmico em áreas de mata atlântica, porém pode ser encontrado nas demais regiões, como na cidade de Maringá, Paraná, em áreas de reserva ambiental. É uma espécie quase em extinção. Acidentes envolvendo animais selvagens são comuns, principalmente em áreas de reservas próximas a ruas e avenidas. Objetiva-se relatar o caso de um Sapajus nigritus nigritus fêmea, adulta, 3,1kg, que foi resgatada e atendida após atropelamento. Após exame radiográfico no membro pélvico direito, foi constatada fratura exposta grau I, oblíqua curta, da tíbia e fíbula. Após limpeza e imobilização temporária do membro com tala, o animal foi submetido à cirurgia de osteossíntese tibial. O protocolo de medicação pré-anestésica incluiu dexmedetomidina associado à morfina. A indução anestésica foi realizada com propofol e cetamina por via intravenosa. Foi realizado ainda bloqueio epidural com lidocaína. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi aplicada placa bloqueada na função de apoio e cinco parafusos bloqueados. Os cuidados pós-operatórios farmacológicos envolveram administração de antibióticos, anti-inflamatórios e analgésicos opioides. Após três dias, o membro retornou à sua funcionalidade. O paciente permaneceu internado 45 dias pós-operatórios para recuperação com os cuidados veterinários. Concluiu-se que o método de fixação da fratura, bem como os protocolos sedativos e anestésicos empregados, são aplicáveis para a espécie citada.

The black capuchin monkey is endemic in areas of Atlantic Forest, but can be found in other regions, such as the city of Maringá, Paraná, in areas of environmental reserve. It is an almost endangered species. Accidents involving wild animals are common, especially in reserve areas close to streets and avenues. The objective is to report the case of a female, adult, 3.1 kg Sapajus nigritus nigritus, which was rescued and treated after being run over. After radiographic examination of the right pelvic limb, a short degree I, open oblique fracture of the tibia and fibula was found. After cleaning and temporary immobilization of the limb with a splint, the animal was submitted to tibial osteosynthesis surgery. The pre-anesthetic medication protocol included dexmedetomidine associated with morphine. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and ketamine intravenously. Epidural blocking was performed with lidocaine. During the surgical procedure, a blocked plate was applied to the support function and five blocked screws. Postoperative pharmacological care involved administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid analgesics. After three days, the limb returned to functionality. The patient remained hospitalized 45 days postoperatively for recovery under veterinary care. It was concluded that the fracture fixation method, as well as the sedative and anesthetic protocols used, are applicable for the mentioned species.

Osteossíntese de tíbia em macaco prego preto / Tibial osteosynthesis in a black capuchin monkey

O macaco-prego-preto é endêmico em áreas de mata atlântica, porém pode ser encontrado nas demais regiões, como na cidade de Maringá, Paraná, em áreas de reserva ambiental. É uma espécie quase em extinção. Acidentes envolvendo animais selvagens são comuns, principalmente em áreas de reservas próximas a ruas e avenidas. Objetiva-se relatar o caso de um Sapajus nigritus nigritus fêmea, adulta, 3,1kg, que foi resgatada e atendida após atropelamento. Após exame radiográfico no membro pélvico direito, foi constatada fratura exposta grau I, oblíqua curta, da tíbia e fíbula. Após limpeza e imobilização temporária do membro com tala, o animal foi submetido à cirurgia de osteossíntese tibial. O protocolo de medicação pré-anestésica incluiu dexmedetomidina associado à morfina. A indução anestésica foi realizada com propofol e cetamina por via intravenosa. Foi realizado ainda bloqueio epidural com lidocaína. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi aplicada placa bloqueada na função de apoio e cinco parafusos bloqueados. Os cuidados pós-operatórios farmacológicos envolveram administração de antibióticos, anti-inflamatórios e analgésicos opioides. Após três dias, o membro retornou à sua funcionalidade. O paciente permaneceu internado 45 dias pós-operatórios para recuperação com os cuidados veterinários. Concluiu-se que o método de fixação da fratura, bem como os protocolos sedativos e anestésicos empregados, são aplicáveis para a espécie citada.(AU)

The black capuchin monkey is endemic in areas of Atlantic Forest, but can be found in other regions, such as the city of Maringá, Paraná, in areas of environmental reserve. It is an almost endangered species. Accidents involving wild animals are common, especially in reserve areas close to streets and avenues. The objective is to report the case of a female, adult, 3.1 kg Sapajus nigritus nigritus, which was rescued and treated after being run over. After radiographic examination of the right pelvic limb, a short degree I, open oblique fracture of the tibia and fibula was found. After cleaning and temporary immobilization of the limb with a splint, the animal was submitted to tibial osteosynthesis surgery. The pre-anesthetic medication protocol included dexmedetomidine associated with morphine. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and ketamine intravenously. Epidural blocking was performed with lidocaine. During the surgical procedure, a blocked plate was applied to the support function and five blocked screws. Postoperative pharmacological care involved administration of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs and opioid analgesics. After three days, the limb returned to functionality. The patient remained hospitalized 45 days postoperatively for recovery under veterinary care. It was concluded that the fracture fixation method, as well as the sedative and anesthetic protocols used, are applicable for the mentioned species.(AU)

A interface entre a saúde humana e a reprodução assistida em primatas não humanos / The interface between human health and assisted reproductive technologies in non-human primates

Os primatas não-humanos (PNHs) são tidos como importantes modelos para estudos biomédicos devido à sua grande similaridade biológica com os seres humanos. As técnicas de reprodução assistida (TRAs) constituem uma importante ferramenta para realização de estudos que envolvam infertilidade, desenvolvimento de contraceptivos, gestação e desenvolvimento fetal, preservação da fertilidade em pacientes com câncer, geração de modelos experimentais por meio de técnicas de edição gênica, entre outros. O objetivo dessa revisão é discutir as principais TRAs utilizadas em PNHs e suas aplicações. Dentre as técnicas mais utilizadas em PNHs, podem-se citar colheita e criopreservação de sêmen, monitoramento do ciclo ovariano, estimulação ovariana controlada e aspiração de folículos ovarianos, fecundação in vitro, injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides, inseminação artificial, microinjeção para injeção gênica, biopsia embrionária, criopreservação de embriões, transferência de embriões, diagnóstico de gestação, enxerto de gônadas e clonagem. Os estudos apresentados nesta revisão mostram a evolução das TRAs e suas diferentes aplicações. Particularmente, os estudos de edição gênica e clonagem representam um grande avanço na utilização combinada de diversas TRAs para geração de modelos biomédicos para doenças humanas, demostrando o papel dessas técnicas para avanços científicos no que diz respeito à saúde humana.

Nonhuman Primates (NHPs) are considered important models for biomedical studies due to their high biological proximity with humans. The Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ARTs) represent an important tool to perform studies related to infertility, development of contraceptives, gestation and fetal development, fertility preservation in cancer patients, generation of experimental models through gene editing techniques, among others. The objective of this review is to discuss the main ARTs used in NHPs and their application. Among the most used techniques in NHPs, we can include collection and cryopreservation of semen, ovarian cycle monitoring, controlled ovarian stimulation and follicle aspiration, in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, artificial insemination, microinjections for gene editing, embryo biopsy, embryo cryopreservation, embryo transfer, pregnancy diagnosis, grafting of gonadal tissue, and cloning. The studies cited in this review illustrate the evolution of the ARTs and their applications. The gene editing and cloning studies, in particular, represent the great advancements on the combined use of several different ARTs for the generation of biomedical models for human diseases, demonstrating the role of these techniques in the scientific advancement with regards to human health.

Alterações histopatológicas testiculares associadas a infecção experimental por vírus Zika em macacos-de-cheiro / Testicular histopathological changes associated with experimental infection by zika virus in squirrel monkeys

The Zika virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. It is an arbovirus whose main vectors are mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Studies in rodents have shown that the persistence of the virus in the testicles causes damage to the reproductive tissue. This work aimed to study the effect of experimental infection by the Zika virus on fertility in non-human primates of the species Saimiri collinsi. Five pre-pubertal males (≤2 years old) of the species Saimiri collinsi were used. Three animals were infected (infected group) with the strain of Zika virus BE H815744. Two other uninfected males were used as a negative control (uninfected group). Twenty-one days after infection, infected and uninfected males were euthanized. After euthanasia, they were referred for necroscopic examination for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation. During the necropsy, the testicles were collected and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. After fixation, the tissues were processed routinely and embedded in paraffin. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological evaluation. Histopathological changes were observed in the testis of three of the five animals. Different degrees of inflammation were identified, in addition to degeneration and/or necrosis. The three animals presented a reduced number of sperm cells, with no sperm and severe necrosis. The results obtained conclude that the Zika virus can cause pathological changes in the reproductive system of males of the species Saimiri collinsi.

Alterações histopatológicas testiculares associadas a infecção experimental por vírus Zika em macacos-de-cheiro / Testicular histopathological changes associated with experimental infection by zika virus in squirrel monkeys

The Zika virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. It is an arbovirus whose main vectors are mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Studies in rodents have shown that the persistence of the virus in the testicles causes damage to the reproductive tissue. This work aimed to study the effect of experimental infection by the Zika virus on fertility in non-human primates of the species Saimiri collinsi. Five pre-pubertal males (≤2 years old) of the species Saimiri collinsi were used. Three animals were infected (infected group) with the strain of Zika virus BE H815744. Two other uninfected males were used as a negative control (uninfected group). Twenty-one days after infection, infected and uninfected males were euthanized. After euthanasia, they were referred for necroscopic examination for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation. During the necropsy, the testicles were collected and fixed in 10% formaldehyde. After fixation, the tissues were processed routinely and embedded in paraffin. The slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological evaluation. Histopathological changes were observed in the testis of three of the five animals. Different degrees of inflammation were identified, in addition to degeneration and/or necrosis. The three animals presented a reduced number of sperm cells, with no sperm and severe necrosis. The results obtained conclude that the Zika virus can cause pathological changes in the reproductive system of males of the species Saimiri collinsi.(AU)

Encounter rate and behavior of Alouatta guariba clamitans in the Ilha Grande State Park, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera, 1940 is an endemic species of the Atlantic Forest that occurs from south Bahia, Brazil, extending south to the province of Misiones, Argentina. In Rio de Janeiro state, the species was classified as threatened, indicating that attention is needed for the conservation of this taxon. Additionally, an outbreak of yellow fever spread throughout the southeastern states of Brazil from January 2017 until March 2018 seriously threatening Rio de Janeiro populations of the species. Herein, we aimed to provide the first estimates of A. g. clamitans encounter rate, density, and population size in the Ilha Grande State Park (PEIG), which is part of the Atlantic Forest biome of Brazil. Data were collected in two different periods, the first between December 2003 and May 2005, and the second from August 2009 to May 2010, and information on encounter rates and behavior was collected to better understand aspects of species’ ecology. The estimated encounter rate in the first period through the distance sampling method was 0.04 ± 0.01 individuals per kilometer. Nine groups were recorded in the second period of the study, with 47 individuals along 3 km. Our estimates of encounter rate, density and population size were low and reinforces the need to initiate species monitoring and assess the impact that yellow fever outbreaks may have on PEIG populations. The results presented here can be a starting point to support future strategic actions for the species, to measure impacts and to the management of the species, and for a conservation program.