Dietary supplementation with soybean oil has not favored the tilapia growth in BFT tanks submitted to feeding restriction

The present work aimed at assessing the possibility of compensatingthe notorious deficiencies of bioflocs in lipids by supplementing the tilapia commercial diet with soybean oil. In the positive control, there was no feeding restriction nor dietary supplementation with soybean oil. In the experimental treatments, the commercial diet was restricted by 25% over the positive control level. In the negative control tanks, there was feeding restriction and the artificial diet had no oil supplementation. In the experimental tanks, soybean oil was mixed dailywith the commercial diet at the levels of 0.6%, 1.2 and 2.4%. Additionally, there were fed-restricted tanks that received a daily supplementation of 1.2% soybean oil mixed withdry molasses, and not withthe commercial diet. In general, only the restriction of the commercial diet affected the water quality. The supplementation of the artificial diet with soybean oil up to 2.4% has not improved the proximate composition of bioflocs, nor thefish growth performance. It wasconcluded that the strategy of supplementing the Nile tilapia juveniles' commercial diet with increasing levels of soybean meal, in BFT tanks submitted to 25%-feeding restriction, was notcapable of avoidingthe fish growth performancedeterioration.(AU)

Comparison of chemical composition, energy content, and digestibility of different sources of distillers corn oil and soybean oil for pigs

The objective of this study was to determine and compare the chemical composition; oxidation indicators; ether extract (EE) digestibility; and digestible, metabolizable, and net energy (DE, ME, and NE, respectively) content of distillers corn oil (DCO) from Brazil (CBR) and the United States (CUS), with refined (RSB) and degummed soybean oil (DSB) from Brazil offered to pigs. Fifty crossbred barrows (23.1±3.4 kg body weight) were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet, or diets composed of 90% basal diet and 10% of one of the four oil sources (CBR, CUS, RSB, or DSB). Pigs were fed an amount of their respective experimental diets equivalent to 2.8 times the maintenance DE requirement for 9 d (sequentially 7 d for adaptation and 2 d for partial collection of feces). Distillers corn oil from Brazil contained lower linoleic acid (47.4%) than CUS (53.9%), RSB (54.2%), and DSB (51.5%), but greater contents of oleic (32.1%) and palmitic (14.6%) acids compared to CUS (27.0 and 12.9%), RSB (22.9 and 11.2%), and DSB (23.5 and 11.2%). The moisture and unsaponifiable contents of CBR (0.17 and 1.64%) and CUS (0.20 and 1.64%) were similar, but greater than the values found for RSB (0.05 and 1.20%) and DSB (0.12 and 1.02%). The anisidine value, free fatty acid content, and acidity of DCO samples were higher than soybean oils. The peroxide value and thiobarbituric reactive substances content increased in the oil samples over time. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy and the DE, ME and NE values of the oils did not differ among oil sources and ranged from 87.8 to 91.5%, and from 8280 to 8630, 8139 to 8459, and 7162 to 7444 kcal/kg, respectively. The ATTD of EE was greater in RSB and DSB than for CBR, but similar to CUS. The DCO produced in Brazil is an excellent energy source for pigs, with DE, ME, and NE values similar to those of DCO from the US and soybean oils.(AU)

Prepartum supplementation of soybean oil as an energy source for sows and their litters

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-farrowing lipid supplementation for three days on performance parameters of sows and piglets and the survival rate of litters. Four hundred hyperprolific sows were randomly distributed in blocks according to their body condition score, weight, and parity order. Three levels of soybean oil were added on top at the time of feed supply and compared to the control treatment. The levels were: 250 mL, 500 mL, and 1,000 mL, in addition to the control that contained only the crude fat present in the feed (5.04%). Sows were weighed and evaluated for their body condition score at the beginning and end of the lactation period, and their piglets were weighed at birth, after 24 h, and at weaning to determine colostrum yield of the sow and daily weight gain of piglets during the lactation period. Survival rate of litters was also evaluated. Weight loss of gilts decreased linearly as the level of supplemented oil increased. The other parameters evaluated were not affected by treatments, suggesting that the supplemented soybean oil was used for growth rather than milk production of gilts. Additionally, it had no effect on the performance of multiparous females. Under the experimental conditions of this study, soybean oil supplementation for gilts in the first three days before farrowing decrease their weight loss but does not change their body condition score, colostrum yield, and performance and survival of their litters.(AU)

Replacement level of rubber seed cake for soybean meal on the growth of Japanese quail / Nível de substituição do bolo de semente de borracha pelo farelo de soja no crescimento da codorna japonesa

A four-week feeding trial on the simultaneous replacement of 0 to 50% of soybean meal and 0 to 100% of soybean oil on the growth performance, carcass composition and profitability was conducted using 45 randomly chosen one-week-old growing Japanese quail. The five experimental diets were; D0= Diet containing 20% soybean meal and 4% soybean oil (control diet), D1= Diet, where 12.5% of soybean meal and 25% of soybean oil has been replaced by RSC; T2 = Diet, where 25% of soybean meal and 50% of soybean oil has been replaced by RSC; T3 = Diet, where 37.5% of soybean meal and 75% of soybean oil has been replaced by RSC; T4 = Diet, where 50% of soybean meal and 100% of soybean oil has been replaced by RSC. Results demonstrated that in raw rubber seed the proportion of kernel to hull is 64: 36. Proximate components of the boiled and sundried full fat rubber seed kernel (RS) were, moisture = 96.6%, ME = 5305 kcal / kg DM, CP = 17.6%, EE = 51.05%, CF = 8.5%, NFE = 18.25% and Ash = 4.6%. The body weights of the birds at 35 days of age in all dietary treatments were statistically similar. The feed intake of the quail among different dietary groups was varied significantly (p 0.05) at higher RSC inclusion level. The muscle development was found to better at lower (%) RSC level, whereas the organs were enlarged at higher RSC inclusion. Results on the majority of the production parameters, and economics and carcass yield parameters suggested that the simultaneous replacement of maximum 50% soybean oil 25% soybean meal by processed RSC might be suggested, particularly, there will be a crisis in the availability of these two ingredients.

Um ensaio de alimentação de quatro semanas na substituição simultânea de 0 a 50% de farelo de soja e 0 a 100% de óleo de soja no desempenho de crescimento, composição de carcaça e lucratividade foi conduzido usando 45 codornas japonesas em crescimento com uma semana de idade escolhidas aleatoriamente. As cinco dietas experimentais foram: D0 = Dieta contendo 20% de farelo de soja e 4% de óleo de soja (dieta controle); D1 = Dieta, onde 12,5% de farelo de soja e 25% de óleo de soja foram substituídos por RSC; T2 = Dieta, onde 25% do farelo de soja e 50% do óleo de soja foram substituídos por RSC; T3 = Dieta, onde 37,5% do farelo de soja e 75% do óleo de soja foram substituídos por RSC; e T4 = Dieta, onde 50% do farelo de soja e 100% do óleo de soja foram substituídos por RSC. Os resultados demonstraram que em sementes de borracha crua a proporção de kernel para casca é 64: 36. Os componentes próximos do caroço de semente de borracha gordurosa fervida e seca ao sol foram: umidade = 96,6%; EM = 5305 kcal / kg MS; CP = 17,6%; EE = 51,05%; CF = 8,5%; NFE = 18,25%; e Ash = 4,6%. Os pesos corporais das aves aos 35 dias de idade em todos os tratamentos dietéticos foram estatisticamente semelhantes. O consumo de ração das codornas entre os diferentes grupos dietéticos variou significativamente (p 0,05) no nível de inclusão de RSC mais alto. Constatou-se que o desenvolvimento muscular melhorou com o nível de RSC mais baixo (%), enquanto os órgãos aumentaram com a inclusão de RSC mais alta. Os resultados sobre a maioria dos parâmetros de produção e parâmetros econômicos e [...].

Replacement level of rubber seed cake for soybean meal on the growth of Japanese quail / Nível de substituição do bolo de semente de borracha pelo farelo de soja no crescimento da codorna japonesa

A four-week feeding trial on the simultaneous replacement of 0 to 50% of soybean meal and 0 to 100% of soybean oil on the growth performance, carcass composition and profitability was conducted using 45 randomly chosen one-week-old growing Japanese quail. The five experimental diets were; D0= Diet containing 20% soybean meal and 4% soybean oil (control diet), D1= Diet, where 12.5% of soybean meal and 25% of soybean oil has been replaced by RSC; T2 = Diet, where 25% of soybean meal and 50% of soybean oil has been replaced by RSC; T3 = Diet, where 37.5% of soybean meal and 75% of soybean oil has been replaced by RSC; T4 = Diet, where 50% of soybean meal and 100% of soybean oil has been replaced by RSC. Results demonstrated that in raw rubber seed the proportion of kernel to hull is 64: 36. Proximate components of the boiled and sundried full fat rubber seed kernel (RS) were, moisture = 96.6%, ME = 5305 kcal / kg DM, CP = 17.6%, EE = 51.05%, CF = 8.5%, NFE = 18.25% and Ash = 4.6%. The body weights of the birds at 35 days of age in all dietary treatments were statistically similar. The feed intake of the quail among different dietary groups was varied significantly (p < 0.05) and there was a tendency of decreasing the feed intake at 25% and above inclusion level of RSC. The body weight gain and FCR were also statistically similar in all dietary groups. The feed cost and total production cost /kg BW of quail was also found to become steadily higher (p> 0.05) at higher RSC inclusion level. The muscle development was found to better at lower (%) RSC level, whereas the organs were enlarged at higher RSC inclusion. Results on the majority of the production parameters, and economics and carcass yield parameters suggested that the simultaneous replacement of maximum 50% soybean oil 25% soybean meal by processed RSC might be suggested, particularly, there will be a crisis in the availability of these two ingredients.(AU)

Um ensaio de alimentação de quatro semanas na substituição simultânea de 0 a 50% de farelo de soja e 0 a 100% de óleo de soja no desempenho de crescimento, composição de carcaça e lucratividade foi conduzido usando 45 codornas japonesas em crescimento com uma semana de idade escolhidas aleatoriamente. As cinco dietas experimentais foram: D0 = Dieta contendo 20% de farelo de soja e 4% de óleo de soja (dieta controle); D1 = Dieta, onde 12,5% de farelo de soja e 25% de óleo de soja foram substituídos por RSC; T2 = Dieta, onde 25% do farelo de soja e 50% do óleo de soja foram substituídos por RSC; T3 = Dieta, onde 37,5% do farelo de soja e 75% do óleo de soja foram substituídos por RSC; e T4 = Dieta, onde 50% do farelo de soja e 100% do óleo de soja foram substituídos por RSC. Os resultados demonstraram que em sementes de borracha crua a proporção de kernel para casca é 64: 36. Os componentes próximos do caroço de semente de borracha gordurosa fervida e seca ao sol foram: umidade = 96,6%; EM = 5305 kcal / kg MS; CP = 17,6%; EE = 51,05%; CF = 8,5%; NFE = 18,25%; e Ash = 4,6%. Os pesos corporais das aves aos 35 dias de idade em todos os tratamentos dietéticos foram estatisticamente semelhantes. O consumo de ração das codornas entre os diferentes grupos dietéticos variou significativamente (p < 0,05) e houve uma tendência de diminuição do consumo de ração em 25% e acima do nível de inclusão do RSC. O ganho de peso corporal e a FCR também foram estatisticamente semelhantes em todos os grupos dietéticos. O custo da ração e o custo total de produção / kg de PC de codornas também se tornaram cada vez mais altos (p > 0,05) no nível de inclusão de RSC mais alto. Constatou-se que o desenvolvimento muscular melhorou com o nível de RSC mais baixo (%), enquanto os órgãos aumentaram com a inclusão de RSC mais alta. Os resultados sobre a maioria dos parâmetros de produção e parâmetros econômicos e [...].(AU)

Intake and ruminal parameters of goats fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and ruminal parameters of goats fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils. Four rumen-cannulated Saanen goats were allocated to four treatments, which consisted of a control diet and diets with the inclusion of 30 g of canola, sunflower, or soybean oils per kilogram of diet dry matter (DM). The experiment lasted 40 days, which were divided into four 10-day periods. Forage intake was estimated using chromium oxide as an external marker, and supplement intake was determined as the difference between the daily amount supplied and orts. Rumen fermentation parameters were evaluated from samples of rumen fluid collected every 2 h, for 12 h. Rumen pH and short-chain fatty acid and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were measured. There was no effect of lipid supplementation on DM intake. Ether extract intake was highest in the treatments with oil inclusion, and the highest acid detergent fiber intake was obtained with the diet containing canola oil. The pH was highest in the group fed soybean oil and responded quadratically to the collection times. Total short-chain fatty acid and acetic acid concentrations also responded quadratically to the collection times. Propionic and butyric acid concentrations and acetic:propionic acid ratio showed a cubic behavior with the increasing collection times. Canola, sunflower, or soybean oils can be included at 30 g/kg of the diet DM as a strategy to increase the energy density of goat diets.

Performance, carcass traits, and meat fatty acid profile and quality of Anglo-Nubian kids fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of vegetable oils in goat kid diets on performance, carcass traits, and meat composition, quality, and fatty acid profile. Forty-eight Anglo Nubian kids were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments, namely, control diet and diets including 2.5% canola, sunflower, or soybean oils. The animals were slaughtered at 30 kg live weight and performance, carcass and meat quality, centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile were evaluated. The treatments did not influence carcass yield or meat color. Among the saturated fatty acids, only caprylic, palmitic, and heptadecanoic acids differed among the treatments, whereas total saturated fatty acids decreased in the sunflower oil treatment. Monounsaturated fatty acids were not influenced by lipid supplementation. Among the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid was highest in the sunflower oil-treated group. Total PUFA were higher for the soybean oil-supplemented group, but similar to that achieved with sunflower oil. The highest omega-6 content was obtained with dietary inclusion of sunflower oil, whereas conjugated linoleic acid, atherogenicity index, and hypocholesterolemic:hypocholesterolemic ratio improved with the inclusion of sunflower and soybean oils. Supplementation with vegetable oils improves the fatty acid profile of kid meat without affecting animal performance. Better results are obtained with sunflower and soybean oils; therefore, it is up to the producer to choose the diet according to its cost.

Perfil hematológico e bioquímico de roedores de laboratório alimentados com rações contendo diferentes fontes lipídicas e métodos de esterilização / Hematological and biochemical profile of laboratory rodents feeded with rations containing different lipid sources and sterilization methods

Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de esterilização e fontes de óleo (salmão e linhaça) em formulação de rações sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos de ratos Wistar e camundongos NIH em diferentes idades. Foram avaliados 336 animais, sendo 168 de cada biomodelo. Houve efeito significativo das fontes de óleo sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos em camundongos NIH e ratos Wistar (P 0,05). Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça podem ser utilizados nas rações para camundongos NIH e ratos Wistar, independente do método de esterilização adotado.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of sterilization and oil sources (salmon and flaxseed) in the formulation of diets on the biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats and NIH mice at different ages. 336 animals were evaluated, 168 from each biomodel. There was a significant effect of oil sources on plasma biochemical parameters in NIH mice and Wistar rats (P 0.05). It was concluded that salmon and linseed oil can be used in diets for NIH mice and Wistar rats, regardless of the sterilization method adopted.

Perfil hematológico e bioquímico de roedores de laboratório alimentados com rações contendo diferentes fontes lipídicas e métodos de esterilização / Hematological and biochemical profile of laboratory rodents feeded with rations containing different lipid sources and sterilization methods

Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de esterilização e fontes de óleo (salmão e linhaça) em formulação de rações sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos de ratos Wistar e camundongos NIH em diferentes idades. Foram avaliados 336 animais, sendo 168 de cada biomodelo. Houve efeito significativo das fontes de óleo sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos plasmáticos em camundongos NIH e ratos Wistar (P 0,05). Conclui-se que o óleo de salmão e linhaça podem ser utilizados nas rações para camundongos NIH e ratos Wistar, independente do método de esterilização adotado.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of sterilization and oil sources (salmon and flaxseed) in the formulation of diets on the biochemical and hematological parameters of Wistar rats and NIH mice at different ages. 336 animals were evaluated, 168 from each biomodel. There was a significant effect of oil sources on plasma biochemical parameters in NIH mice and Wistar rats (P < 0.05). There were no significant effects of the sterilization methods on any evaluated parameter (P > 0.05). It was concluded that salmon and linseed oil can be used in diets for NIH mice and Wistar rats, regardless of the sterilization method adopted.(AU)

Metabolizable energy values of soybean meals and soybean oil for broilers at different ages

One trial with six analyses of different diets at different ages was carried out to determine the values of apparent (AME), corrected (AMEn), true (TME) and true corrected (TMEn) metabolizable energy of SBM and SBO for broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age. Three Brazilian SBM samples and one SBO were evaluated by replacing part of the basal diet with the test ingredient (300 g kg-1 for SBM and 100 g kg-1 for SBO). A total of 1.368 one-day-old male Ross 308 birds were assigned into 36 metabolic cages according to weight in a completely randomized experimental design with six replicates for each test ingredient and basal diet. Six more replicates of fasted birds were used for the determination of metabolic energy and N losses at each age. Four days of adaptation followed by three days of excreta collection for energy measurement. The birds were reared until each age, in solid floor pens with a corn/soybean basal diet. The total excreta collection method was used. The AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of SBM and SBO increased (p < 0.05) until 28 days and after this time no difference (p >0.05) was observed.(AU)

Metabolizable energy values of soybean meals and soybean oil for broilers at different ages

One trial with six analyses of different diets at different ages was carried out to determine the values of apparent (AME), corrected (AMEn), true (TME) and true corrected (TMEn) metabolizable energy of SBM and SBO for broiler chickens from 1 to 42 days of age. Three Brazilian SBM samples and one SBO were evaluated by replacing part of the basal diet with the test ingredient (300 g kg-1 for SBM and 100 g kg-1 for SBO). A total of 1.368 one-day-old male Ross 308 birds were assigned into 36 metabolic cages according to weight in a completely randomized experimental design with six replicates for each test ingredient and basal diet. Six more replicates of fasted birds were used for the determination of metabolic energy and N losses at each age. Four days of adaptation followed by three days of excreta collection for energy measurement. The birds were reared until each age, in solid floor pens with a corn/soybean basal diet. The total excreta collection method was used. The AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of SBM and SBO increased (p 0.05) was observed.

Substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe por farinha e óleo de origem vegetal em rações utilizadas na fase de engorda do camarão-branco-do-pacífico Litopenaeus vannamei, em sistemas de bioflocos / Replacement of fishmeal and fish oil with vegetable meal and oil in feedstuffs used in the growing phase of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, in biofloc systems

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe pelo concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, na sobrevivência, no crescimento e na composição corporal dos camarões (Litopenaeus vannamei) produzidos em sistema de bioflocos (BFT). Foram formuladas cinco dietas, isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com diferentes níveis de substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe por concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, sendo os tratamentos designados como: 0% (sem substituição), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%. As rações foram elaboradas para conter aproximadamente 35% de proteína e 8% de lipídios. O experimento foi conduzido durante 49 dias, com juvenis com peso inicial de 2,93±0,83g, em sistema de bioflocos (BFT). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos até 75% de substituição para as variáveis de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e sobrevivência. O tratamento de 100% de substituição apresentou menor taxa de crescimento específico. O presente resultado sugere que, nas dietas para camarões criados em sistema bioflocos, a farinha e o óleo de peixe possam ser substituídos em até 75% por concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, sem prejudicar o desenvolvimento dos animais.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of fishmeal and fish oil with soy protein concentrate and soybean oil on survival, growth and body composition of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) produced in biofloc system (BFT). Five diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic with different levels of substitution of fishmeal and fish oil with soy protein concentrate and soybean oil. The treatments were named as: 0% (without substitution), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The diets were formulated to contain approximately 35% protein and 8% lipids. The experiment was conducted for 49 days, with juveniles with initial weight of (2.93±0.83g) in a biofloc system (BFT). No significant differences were found between treatments up to 75% of substitution for the variables of weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival. The 100% substitution treatment showed a lower specific growth rate. The present study suggests fish meal and fish oil can be substituted in up to 75% for soy protein concentrate and soybean oil, without harming the development of the shrimps when reared in biofloc system.(AU)

Substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe por farinha e óleo de origem vegetal em rações utilizadas na fase de engorda do camarão-branco-do-pacífico Litopenaeus vannamei, em sistemas de bioflocos / Replacement of fishmeal and fish oil with vegetable meal and oil in feedstuffs used in the growing phase of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, in biofloc systems

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe pelo concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, na sobrevivência, no crescimento e na composição corporal dos camarões (Litopenaeus vannamei) produzidos em sistema de bioflocos (BFT). Foram formuladas cinco dietas, isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com diferentes níveis de substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe por concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, sendo os tratamentos designados como: 0% (sem substituição), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%. As rações foram elaboradas para conter aproximadamente 35% de proteína e 8% de lipídios. O experimento foi conduzido durante 49 dias, com juvenis com peso inicial de 2,93±0,83g, em sistema de bioflocos (BFT). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos até 75% de substituição para as variáveis de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e sobrevivência. O tratamento de 100% de substituição apresentou menor taxa de crescimento específico. O presente resultado sugere que, nas dietas para camarões criados em sistema bioflocos, a farinha e o óleo de peixe possam ser substituídos em até 75% por concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, sem prejudicar o desenvolvimento dos animais.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of fishmeal and fish oil with soy protein concentrate and soybean oil on survival, growth and body composition of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) produced in biofloc system (BFT). Five diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic with different levels of substitution of fishmeal and fish oil with soy protein concentrate and soybean oil. The treatments were named as: 0% (without substitution), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The diets were formulated to contain approximately 35% protein and 8% lipids. The experiment was conducted for 49 days, with juveniles with initial weight of (2.93±0.83g) in a biofloc system (BFT). No significant differences were found between treatments up to 75% of substitution for the variables of weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival. The 100% substitution treatment showed a lower specific growth rate. The present study suggests fish meal and fish oil can be substituted in up to 75% for soy protein concentrate and soybean oil, without harming the development of the shrimps when reared in biofloc system.(AU)

Butter fatty acid composition as a function of soybean oil supplementation and time of milking, and performance of Holstein x Gyr cows fed with chopped elephant grass-based diets / Perfil de ácidos graxos na manteiga em função da suplementação com óleo de soja e do horário da ordenha e desempenho de vacas Holandês x Gir alimentadas com dietas à base de capim-elefante picado

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of cows fed with a total mixed ration composed of elephant grass and a concentrate containing 0.0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0% or 4.5% soybean oil on a dry matter basis. The effect of milking time (morning versus afternoon) on butter fatty acid composition was also evaluated. Twelve multiparous Holstein x Gyr cows with an average milk production of 18.0±4.6 kg day-1 and 90±25 days in milk were used in a triplicated 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design with 15-day periods. Data were analyzed using mixed models. There was no effect of soybean oil supplementation on dry matter or neutral detergent fiber intake (P > 0.05). The fat-corrected milk yield linearly decreased (P=0.0109) and the milk protein yield linearly increased (P=0.0023) in response to soybean oil supplementation. The butterfat trans-9 C18:1, cis-9 C18:1, trans-10 C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA content linearly increased (P < 0.05), whereas the C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 content linearly decreased (P < 0.001) as the level of soybean oil in the diet increased. The butter produced from afternoon milk had a lower content of C16:0 and a higher content of cis-9 C18:1 (P < 0.05). The supplementation of elephant grass-based-diets with soybean oil and, to a small extent, the selective segregation of milk obtained from afternoon milk had a lower content of C16:0 and a higher content of cis-9 C18:1 (P < 0.05). The supplementation of elephant grass-based-diets with soybean oil and, to a small extent, the selective segregation of milk obtained from afternoon milking sessions are strategies that can be used to improve the fatty acid composition of butterfat.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de vacas alimentadas com capim-elefante picado e concentrado com inclusão de 0,0% (controle), 1,5%, 3,0% e 4,5% de óleo de soja na matéria seca da dieta. Além da suplementação com óleo de soja, também foi avaliado o efeito do horário de ordenha (manhã versus tarde) sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos na manteiga. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandês x Gir com 90±25 dias em lactação, produzindo 18.0±4.6 kg dia-1 de leite, e alocadas em delineamento com três Quadrados Latinos 4 x 4. Os resultados foram analisados por modelos mistos. A suplementação com óleo de soja não alterou os consumos de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutro (P > 0,05). A suplementação com óleo de soja promoveu redução linear (P=0,0109) na produção de leite corrigida para gordura e aumento linear (P=0,0023) na produção de proteína. Foi observado aumento linear (P < 0,05) nos teores dos ácidos graxos C18:1 trans-9, C18:1 cis-9, C18:1 trans-10, C18:1 trans-11, CLA cis-9, trans-11 e CLA trans-10, cis-12 na manteiga, e redução linear (P < 0,001) nos teores dos ácidos graxos C12:0, C14:0 e C16:0 em resposta à suplementação com óleo de soja. A manteiga produzida do leite da ordenha da tarde apresentou menor teor de C16:0 e maior teor de C18:1 cis-9 (P < 0,05). A suplementação de dietas à base de capim-elefante com óleo de soja e, em menor escala, a segregação seletiva de leite obtido na ordenha da tarde são estratégias que podem ser utilizadas para melhorar a composição de ácidos graxos da manteiga.(AU)

Butter fatty acid composition as a function of soybean oil supplementation and time of milking, and performance of Holstein x Gyr cows fed with chopped elephant grass-based diets / Perfil de ácidos graxos na manteiga em função da suplementação com óleo de soja e do horário da ordenha e desempenho de vacas Holandês x Gir alimentadas com dietas à base de capim-elefante picado

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of cows fed with a total mixed ration composed of elephant grass and a concentrate containing 0.0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0% or 4.5% soybean oil on a dry matter basis. The effect of milking time (morning versus afternoon) on butter fatty acid composition was also evaluated. Twelve multiparous Holstein x Gyr cows with an average milk production of 18.0±4.6 kg day-1 and 90±25 days in milk were used in a triplicated 4 x 4 Latin square experimental design with 15-day periods. Data were analyzed using mixed models. There was no effect of soybean oil supplementation on dry matter or neutral detergent fiber intake (P > 0.05). The fat-corrected milk yield linearly decreased (P=0.0109) and the milk protein yield linearly increased (P=0.0023) in response to soybean oil supplementation. The butterfat trans-9 C18:1, cis-9 C18:1, trans-10 C18:1, trans-11 C18:1, cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA content linearly increased (P < 0.05), whereas the C12:0, C14:0 and C16:0 content linearly decreased (P < 0.001) as the level of soybean oil in the diet increased. The butter produced from afternoon milk had a lower content of C16:0 and a higher content of cis-9 C18:1 (P < 0.05). The supplementation of elephant grass-based-diets with soybean oil and, to a small extent, the selective segregation of milk obtained from afternoon milk had a lower content of C16:0 and a higher content of cis-9 C18:1 (P < 0.05). The supplementation of elephant grass-based-diets with soybean oil and, to a small extent, the selective segregation of milk obtained from afternoon milking sessions are strategies that can be used to improve the fatty acid composition of butterfat.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho de vacas alimentadas com capim-elefante picado e concentrado com inclusão de 0,0% (controle), 1,5%, 3,0% e 4,5% de óleo de soja na matéria seca da dieta. Além da suplementação com óleo de soja, também foi avaliado o efeito do horário de ordenha (manhã versus tarde) sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos na manteiga. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas Holandês x Gir com 90±25 dias em lactação, produzindo 18.0±4.6 kg dia-1 de leite, e alocadas em delineamento com três Quadrados Latinos 4 x 4. Os resultados foram analisados por modelos mistos. A suplementação com óleo de soja não alterou os consumos de matéria seca e de fibra em detergente neutro (P > 0,05). A suplementação com óleo de soja promoveu redução linear (P=0,0109) na produção de leite corrigida para gordura e aumento linear (P=0,0023) na produção de proteína. Foi observado aumento linear (P < 0,05) nos teores dos ácidos graxos C18:1 trans-9, C18:1 cis-9, C18:1 trans-10, C18:1 trans-11, CLA cis-9, trans-11 e CLA trans-10, cis-12 na manteiga, e redução linear (P < 0,001) nos teores dos ácidos graxos C12:0, C14:0 e C16:0 em resposta à suplementação com óleo de soja. A manteiga produzida do leite da ordenha da tarde apresentou menor teor de C16:0 e maior teor de C18:1 cis-9 (P < 0,05). A suplementação de dietas à base de capim-elefante com óleo de soja e, em menor escala, a segregação seletiva de leite obtido na ordenha da tarde são estratégias que podem ser utilizadas para melhorar a composição de ácidos graxos da manteiga.

Effect of oxidized soybean oils on oxidative status and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oxidized soybean oils on the growth performance, metabolic oxidative status and intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old female broiler chickens were assigned to four dietary treatments with six replicates (cages) of 10 birds each. The dietary treatments comprised of a basal diet supplemented with 4% of: non-oxidized (fresh) soybean oil (control treatment, SNX); lowly-oxidized soybean oil (SLX) (oil heated for 10h at 200°C); moderately-oxidized soybean oil (SMX) (oil heated for 18h at 200°C); or highly-oxidized soybean oil (SHX) (oil heated for 30h at 200°C). Diets and water were offered ad libitum. The experiment was lasted 21d.The growth performance of broilers, determined from 1 to 14 d and from 1 to 21 d of age, was not affected by the dietary treatments (p>0.05). Broilers fed oxidized soybean oils presented higher corticosterone serum levels compared with those fed non-oxidized oil (p<0.05). Higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels onday14 and 21 (p<0.05), and lower total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and totalsuperoxide dismutase (T-SOD) values on day 21were obtained in the liver of broiler fed oxidized oils relative to those fed the non-oxidized oil (p<0.05). Broilers fed the highly-oxidized soybean oil had higher (p<0.05) MDA levels in the jejunum on day 21 compared with those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. Chickens fed moderately- and highly-oxidized soybean oil presented lower (p<0.05) T-SOD activity inileal mucosa compared with those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. Ileal mRNA expression of claudin-1 tended to be down regulated by the dietary addition of oxidized oils (p=0.056). The mRNA expression of interleukin-22 (IL-22) of broilers fed moderately-oxidized and highly-oxidized soybean oil was higher (p<0.05), and the mRNA expression of occludin and catalase was lower (p<0.05) than those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. However, the morphology of the jejunal and ileal...(AU)

Effect of oxidized soybean oils on oxidative status and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oxidized soybean oils on the growth performance, metabolic oxidative status and intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old female broiler chickens were assigned to four dietary treatments with six replicates (cages) of 10 birds each. The dietary treatments comprised of a basal diet supplemented with 4% of: non-oxidized (fresh) soybean oil (control treatment, SNX); lowly-oxidized soybean oil (SLX) (oil heated for 10h at 200°C); moderately-oxidized soybean oil (SMX) (oil heated for 18h at 200°C); or highly-oxidized soybean oil (SHX) (oil heated for 30h at 200°C). Diets and water were offered ad libitum. The experiment was lasted 21d.The growth performance of broilers, determined from 1 to 14 d and from 1 to 21 d of age, was not affected by the dietary treatments (p>0.05). Broilers fed oxidized soybean oils presented higher corticosterone serum levels compared with those fed non-oxidized oil (p<0.05). Higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels onday14 and 21 (p<0.05), and lower total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and totalsuperoxide dismutase (T-SOD) values on day 21were obtained in the liver of broiler fed oxidized oils relative to those fed the non-oxidized oil (p<0.05). Broilers fed the highly-oxidized soybean oil had higher (p<0.05) MDA levels in the jejunum on day 21 compared with those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. Chickens fed moderately- and highly-oxidized soybean oil presented lower (p<0.05) T-SOD activity inileal mucosa compared with those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. Ileal mRNA expression of claudin-1 tended to be down regulated by the dietary addition of oxidized oils (p=0.056). The mRNA expression of interleukin-22 (IL-22) of broilers fed moderately-oxidized and highly-oxidized soybean oil was higher (p<0.05), and the mRNA expression of occludin and catalase was lower (p<0.05) than those fed non-oxidized soybean oil. However, the morphology of the jejunal and ileal...

Metabolizable energy for broilers with different genetic growth potentials under a free-range system / Energia metabolizável para frangos de corte com diferentes potenciais genéticos para crescimento criados em sistema de livre acesso ao piquete

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) nos parâmetros de desempenho e características de carcaça em frangos de corte de crescimento lento (experimento 1) e crescimento rápido (experimento 2) criados em sistemas de livre acesso ao piquete. Os frangos de corte tinham de 35 a 70 dias de idade no experimento 1 e 28 a 49 dias de idade no experimento 2. Um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi usado em ambos os experimentos, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais com 15 frangos de corte cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em rações com níveis crescentes de energia metabolizável obtido pela adição de óleo de soja na dieta basal em substituição ao ingrediente inerte areia. Os níveis de energia metabolizável estudados no experimento 1 foram 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 e 3100 kcal/kg e, no experimento 2, foram 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 e 3200 kcal/kg. No experimento 1, houve uma redução linear (P<0,05) no consumo com o aumento do nível de energia metabolizável e observou-se um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) na conversão alimentar, que foi estimada em 3046 kcal /kg que resultou na melhor conversão alimentar de 2.648. No experimento 2, os níveis de energia metabolizável exerceram um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) no consumo de ração e no consumo de energia metabolizável, com um consumo máximo de ração (3361,27 g) estimado em 2842 kcal EM/kg, e a ingestão máxima de energia foi estimada em 10020 kcal. A conversão alimentar diminuiu linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento dos níveis estudados. Para melhor conversão alimentar de frangos de corte criados em um sistema de livre acesso ao piquete, os níveis de energia recomendados são os seguintes: 3046 kcal/kg para frangos de crescimento lento de 35 a 70 dias de idade, e 3200 kcal/kg para frangos de corte de crescimento rápido de 28 a 49 dias de idade.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) on performance parameters and carcass characteristics in slow-growing (experiment 1) and fast-growing (experiment 2) broilers in a free-range system. Were evaluated broilers from 35 to 70 days old in experiment 1 and 28 to 49 days old in experiment 2. A completely randomized experimental design was employed in both experiments, with five treatments and four replicates totaling 20 experimental units containing 15 broilers each. The treatments consisted of rations that had increasing metabolizable energy levels obtained by the substitution of soybean oil in the basal diet for the inert sand ingredient. The metabolizable energy levels studied in experiment 1 were 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 and 3100 kcal/kg, and in experiment 2, they were 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 kcal/kg. In experiment 1, there was a linear (P<0,05) reduction in consumption with the increase in the metabolizable energy level, and a quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the feed conversion was observed, which was estimated as 3046 kcal/kg the level that resulted in a better feed conversion of 2.648. In experiment 2, the metabolizable energy level exerted a significant quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the feed intake and metabolizable energy consumption, with a maximum feed intake (3361.27 g) estimated for 2842 kcal/kg, and the maximum energy intake was estimated at 10020 kcal. The feed conversion decreased linearly (P<0,05) with there was an increase in the studied levels. For broilers reared in a free-range system, for better feed conversion, the recommended metabolizable energy levels are as follows: for slow-growing broilers from 35 to 70 days of age, 3046 kcal/kg, and 3200 kcal/kg is recommended for fast-growing broilers from 28 to 49 days of age.

Ambiente e densidade de semeadura em cultivares de soja para produção de biodiesel / Environment and sowing density in soybean genotypes for biodiesel production

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes ambientes e densidades de semeadura em cultivares de soja, no Estado do Tocantins. Foram realizados cinco ensaios de competição de cultivares, semeados entre os meses de novembro/2012 e janeiro/2013, em que cada um representou um ambiente distinto: três em Gurupi-TO e, dois em Palmas-TO. O delineamentoexperimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 3 x 3: três cultivares (P98Y70, M8766RR, M9144RR) e; três densidades de semeadura (6, 10 e 14 plantas m-1). A colheita das plantas foi realizada uma semana após o estágio R8 em que na área útil da parcela foram avaliadas a produtividade de grãos (kg ha-1), teor de óleo (%) e rendimento de óleo (kg ha-1). A semeadura em época inadequada promoveu redução de aproximadamente 50% na produtividade de grãos e, de 64%, no rendimento de óleo. Os cultivares apresentaram teores de óleo entre 18,90% (P98Y70) e 20,99% (MSOY 9144RR), com rendimento de óleo entre 513,94 (P98Y70) a 579,31 kg ha-1 (MSOY 9144RR). A mudança do ambiente promoveu maiorinfluência nos atributos avaliados que a densidade de plantas. O cultivar M9144RR apresentou características favoráveis para a produção de biodiesel.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different environments and sowing densities in soybean cultivars on Tocantins State. They were conducted five field experiments, they were seeding between November/2012 e January/2013, and each field experiment was considered a distinct environment. Three experiments were conducted in Gurupi-TO, and two were conducted in Palmas-TO. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with nine treatments and three replications. The treatments were disposed ina 3 x 3 factorial: three soybean genotypes (P98Y70, M8766RR and M9144RR) and; three seeding densities (6, 10 and 14 plants m-1). The harvest was done one week after the R8 stage and in the utility area they were evaluated the grain yield (kg ha-1), oil content (%) and oil yield (kg ha-1). The grain and oil yield had shown decrease of 50% and 64%, respectively, with the late sowing date. The genotypes had shown oil contents between 18.90% (P98Y70) and 20.99% (MSOY 9144RR), and oil yield between 513.94 (P98Y70) and 579.31 (MSOY 9144RR) kg ha-1. The change of environment had shown more influence than seeding density in the traits. The genotype M9144RR had shown favorable traits for the biodiesel production.(AU)

Metabolizable energy for broilers with different genetic growth potentials under a free-range system / Energia metabolizável para frangos de corte com diferentes potenciais genéticos para crescimento criados em sistema de livre acesso ao piquete

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de energia metabolizável (EM) nos parâmetros de desempenho e características de carcaça em frangos de corte de crescimento lento (experimento 1) e crescimento rápido (experimento 2) criados em sistemas de livre acesso ao piquete. Os frangos de corte tinham de 35 a 70 dias de idade no experimento 1 e 28 a 49 dias de idade no experimento 2. Um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado foi usado em ambos os experimentos, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais com 15 frangos de corte cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em rações com níveis crescentes de energia metabolizável obtido pela adição de óleo de soja na dieta basal em substituição ao ingrediente inerte areia. Os níveis de energia metabolizável estudados no experimento 1 foram 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 e 3100 kcal/kg e, no experimento 2, foram 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 e 3200 kcal/kg. No experimento 1, houve uma redução linear (P<0,05) no consumo com o aumento do nível de energia metabolizável e observou-se um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) na conversão alimentar, que foi estimada em 3046 kcal /kg que resultou na melhor conversão alimentar de 2.648. No experimento 2, os níveis de energia metabolizável exerceram um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) no consumo de ração e no consumo de energia metabolizável, com um consumo máximo de ração (3361,27 g) estimado em 2842 kcal EM/kg, e a ingestão máxima de energia foi estimada em 10020 kcal. A conversão alimentar diminuiu linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento dos níveis estudados. Para melhor conversão alimentar de frangos de corte criados em um sistema de livre acesso ao piquete, os níveis de energia recomendados são os seguintes: 3046 kcal/kg para frangos de crescimento lento de 35 a 70 dias de idade, e 3200 kcal/kg para frangos de corte de crescimento rápido de 28 a 49 dias de idade.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of metabolizable energy (ME) on performance parameters and carcass characteristics in slow-growing (experiment 1) and fast-growing (experiment 2) broilers in a free-range system. Were evaluated broilers from 35 to 70 days old in experiment 1 and 28 to 49 days old in experiment 2. A completely randomized experimental design was employed in both experiments, with five treatments and four replicates totaling 20 experimental units containing 15 broilers each. The treatments consisted of rations that had increasing metabolizable energy levels obtained by the substitution of soybean oil in the basal diet for the inert sand ingredient. The metabolizable energy levels studied in experiment 1 were 2700, 2800, 2900, 3000 and 3100 kcal/kg, and in experiment 2, they were 2800, 2900, 3000, 3100 and 3200 kcal/kg. In experiment 1, there was a linear (P<0,05) reduction in consumption with the increase in the metabolizable energy level, and a quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the feed conversion was observed, which was estimated as 3046 kcal/kg the level that resulted in a better feed conversion of 2.648. In experiment 2, the metabolizable energy level exerted a significant quadratic effect (P<0,05) on the feed intake and metabolizable energy consumption, with a maximum feed intake (3361.27 g) estimated for 2842 kcal/kg, and the maximum energy intake was estimated at 10020 kcal. The feed conversion decreased linearly (P<0,05) with there was an increase in the studied levels. For broilers reared in a free-range system, for better feed conversion, the recommended metabolizable energy levels are as follows: for slow-growing broilers from 35 to 70 days of age, 3046 kcal/kg, and 3200 kcal/kg is recommended for fast-growing broilers from 28 to 49 days of age.(AU)