Aspectos hematológicos e sazonais da infecção natural por Hepatozoon ssp. em cães no sertão da Paraíba / Hematological and seasonal aspects of natural infection by Hepatozoon spp. in dogs in the Sertão of Paraíba

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento casuístico de diagnósticos de Hepatozoon durante 2018 e 2019, enfatizando os aspectos hematológicos de maior incidência relacionados aos animais e a sazonalidade. A pesquisa foi realizada no Laboratório de Patologia Clínica do Hospital Veterinário do Instituto Federal da Paraíba e em um laboratório veterinário particular, localizado no município de Sousa/PB. Os dados foram obtidos através de uma avaliação retrospectiva de hemogramas realizados em 718 amostras de cães, provenientes da zona urbana e diagnosticados para Hepatozoon spp. Verificou-se que 35 (4,8%) cães foram positivos, a partir da visualização de gamontes parasitando neutrófilos. Dentre esses animais infectados, 16 (45%) eram fêmeas e 19 (55%) eram machos. Em relação à idade, houve predominância em animais jovens com até três anos, totalizando 25 (72%) animais. A infecção natural por Hepatozoon spp. foi superior na estação mais seca, entre os meses de janeiro e maio. Os aspectos hematológicos foram variáveis nos animais infectados, onde os mais observados foram: anemia em 23 (65%); trombocitopenia em 14 (40%); leucocitose por neutrofilia em 11 (31%) e hiperproteinemia em 11 (31%) dos animais. Conclui-se que a prevalência da infecção por Hepatozoon spp. foi de 4,8% em cães na região urbana do Sertão Paraíbano, destacando-se o período dos meses mais quentes, com ocorrência maior em cães sem raça definida (SRD), sem predileção por sexo e idade. Os achados hematológicos entre os animais infectados foram variáveis, com maior frequência de anemia, trombocitopenia, leucocitose e hiperproteinemia.

This study aimed to conduct a case-by-case survey of diagnosed cases of Hepatozoon during in the period from 2018 - 2019, emphasizing the hematological aspects of higher incidence related to the animals and the seasonality. The research was carried out at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Institute of Paraíba, and at a private Veterinary Laboratory located in the city of Sousa/PB. Data were obtained through a retrospective evaluation of blood counts performed in 718 samples of dogs from urban areas and diagnosed for Hepatozoon spp. It was found that 35 (4.8%) dogs were positive, from the visualization of gamontes parasitizing neutrophils. Among these infected animals, 16 (45%) were female and 19 (55%) were males. Regarding the age, there was a predominance in young animals up to 3 years old, totalizing 25 (72%) animals. The natural infection by Hepatozoon spp. was higher in the driest season, from January to May. The hematological aspects were variable in the infected animals, where the most observed were: anemia 23 (65%), thrombocytopenia 14 (40%), leukocytosis by neutrophilia 11 (31%), and hyperproteinemia 11 (31%). It is concluded that the prevalence of infection by Hepatozoon spp. was 4.8% in dogs in the urban region of Sertão Paraíbano, highlighting the period of warmer months, with a greater occurrence in mixed breed dogs (SRD), with no predilection for sex and age. The hematological findings among the infected animals were variable, with a higher frequency of anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and hyperproteinemia.

Hemoperitoneum in a cow with lumbar muscle hemangiosarcoma

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells with an infiltrative growth pattern. Hemangiosarcomas are frequently reported in canines and rare in felines, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle. Few cases of hemangiosarcoma were reported in cattle. In the present report, we describe the clinicopathological findings of a bovine muscle hemangiosarcoma. Case: A 6-year-old, Girolando cow from the Dairy Cattle Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, presented sternal decubitus. Clinical signs were markedly pale mucous membranes, moderate dehydration, respiratory distress, and increased heart rate. The hematological examination revealed intense regenerative anemia. Due to the worsening of the clinical condition, the cow was submitted to euthanasia. The necropsy and collection of various fragments of organs were performed, which were sent to the "Setor de Anatomia Patológica" (SAP-UFRRJ). Tissues were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The external mucous membranes were markedly pale. Multifocal areas of 1.5 x 1.0 cm, irregular and dark red were observed dissecting the quadratus lumborum muscle (hemangiosarcoma) fibers. These neoplasms were associated with an extensive cruoric clot adhered to the muscle fibers. The extensive, red, friable mass measured approximately 76 x 55 x 20 cm on the serous surfaces of the organs of the peritoneal cavity (hemoperitoneum). The spleen was moderately reduced. The bone marrow was markedly pale. Histologically, it was observed that there was an extensive proliferation of endothelial cells in the quadratus lumbar muscle mass dissecting the epimysium and perimysium. Endothelial cells had moderate pleomorphism, organized in vascular channels and forming multifocally solid areas with a significant amount of eosinophilic fibrillar material (fibrin). Sections of muscle neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibody, which showed a multifocal moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling of neoplastic endothelial cells. Discussion: There are few reports of striated muscle hemangiosarcoma in cattle. Muscular hemangiosarcomas were reported in a 4-month-old calf in the left cervical trapezius muscle and a 6-year-old Holstein cow with left pelvic limb mass lateral and distal to the knee. Some reports presented hemangiosarcoma in the iliopsoas muscle, left cervical trapezius muscle, pelvic limb muscles and right cervical muscle of the bovine. In the presented report, hemoperitoneum occurred as a result of hemorrhages from muscle hemangiosarcoma. Other studies have demonstrated cavity hemorrhages in joint, pelvic, pleural and cranial cavities associated with hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiosarcoma with regenerative anemia must be distinguished from other diseases that cause anemia. The main differential diagnoses of bovine with anemia are vena cava syndrome, coumarin derivatives poisoning, acute poisoning by Pteridium spp., tick fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Hemangiosarcoma should be differentiated from other lesions as hemangioma, vascular tumor of lymphatic endothelium and perivascular wall tumors. Cases with poorly differentiated morphology should be submitted for immunohistochemistry. In the present hemangiosarcoma case, we have used the von Willebrand factor for immunohistochemistry diagnosis. Expression of angiogenic growth factors such as CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) have also been used in the diagnosis of vascular proliferation lesions. Hemangiosarcoma in cattle should be included mainly in the differential diagnosis of diseases that cause acute anemia in cattle.

Hematological and biochemical alterations in female dogs with mammary cancer and inflammatory carcinoma / Alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias e carcinoma inflamatório

Hematological and biochemical alterations in animals with neoplasms may result from the direct effects of tumor growth or paraneoplastic syndromes. The objective of this study was to evaluate these hematological and biochemical alterations in female dogs with mammary tumors and with inflammatory carcinoma (IC). Blood samples were collected from 43 female dogs divided into three groups according to clinical staging: Group 1 (G1) - animals in initial stage (T1,2,3N0M0, N=17), Group 2 (G2) - animals in advanced stage (T1,2,3N1M0,1, N=15) and Group 3 (G3) - animals presenting IC (N=11). Hematological and biochemical parameters obtained were related to patients' clinical staging. Among alterations, the most common were anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, increased ALT, AST, and hypoalbuminemia, mainly in dogs in advanced clinical staging and with inflammatory carcinoma.

Aterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em animais portadores de neoplasias podem resultar dos efeitos diretos do crescimento tumoral ou de síndromes paraneoplásicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias e carcinoma inflamatório (IC). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 43 cadelas divididas em três grupos de acordo com o estadiamento clínico: grupo 1 (G1) - cadelas em estádio inicial (T1,2,3N0M0, N=17), grupo 2 (G2) - cadelas em estádio avançado (T1,2,3N1M0,1, N=15) e grupo 3 (G3) - cadelas que apresentaram IC (N=11). Os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos obtidos foram relacionados com o estadiamento clínico das pacientes. Entre as alterações, as mais comuns foram anemia, leucocitose neutrofílica, monocitose, aumento de ALT, AST e hipoalbuminemia, principalmente em cadelas em estadiamento clínico avançado e com carcinoma inflamatório.

Alterações no VCM e suas correlações com os valores de RDW-SD e RDW-CV em caninos e felinos / Variation in MCV and its correlation with RDW-SD and RDW-CV values in dogs and cats

A anemia é uma síndrome caracterizada pela diminuição do número de hemácias, hematócrito e/ou concentração de hemoglobina. Conforme o Volume Corpuscular Médio (VCM), as anemias podem ser classificadas em microcíticas, normocíticas ou macrocíticas. O RDW (Amplitude de Distribuição dos Eritrócitos) também é utilizado para ajudar na classificação das anemias, refletindo a anisocitose da população eritrocitária. Neste estudo retrospectivo objetivou-se determinar a correlação entre o RDW-SD (Desvio Padrão), RDW-CV (Coeficiente de Variação), macrocitose e microcitose em caninos e felinos atendidos na rotina clínica do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Luterana do Brasil. Para a realização deste estudo, selecionou-se 662 laudos de hemogramas realizados (434 caninos e 228 felinos), com faixa etária de seis meses até 10 anos, foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 ­ Anemia microcítica (255 caninos e 61 felinos); Grupo 2 ­ Anemia macrocítica (179 caninos e 167 felinos). Posteriormente, correlacionou-se os grupos com os valores de RDW-SD e RDW-CV. As análises de correlação foram realizadas utilizando o teste Spearman, para a análise de significância foi utilizado o T Student, no programa IBM SPSS®Statistics. Na análise estatística do grupo canino, não houve correlação da microcitose com o RDW-SD, enquanto o RDW-CV apresentou uma correlação inversamente proporcional, razoável. No grupo macrocítico canino, a análise de correlação com o RDW-SD foi moderada e diretamente proporcional, e com o RDW-CV foi moderada e diretamente proporcional. No grupo felino, não houve correlação entre microcitose e RDW-SD, e com o RDW-CV houve uma correlação razoável e inversamente proporcional. Entre macrocitose em felinos e o RDW-SD houve uma correlação moderada e diretamente proporcional, já o RDW-CV apresentou uma correlação razoável e diretamente proporcional. Conclui-se que os caninos e felinos do grupo microcítico apresentam uma correlação com o RDW-CV. Contudo, os caninos com macrocitose apresentaram correlação tanto para o RDW-CV quanto para o RDW-SD, e os felinos apresentaram uma maior correlação com o RDW-SD.

Anemia is a syndrome characterized by a low red blood cell count, hematocrit and/or hemoglobin concentration. According to the Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), anemias can be classified as microcytic, normocytic or macrocytic. The RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) is also used to help classify anemias, reflecting the anisocytosis of the erythrocyte population. This retrospective study aimed to determine the correlation between RDW-SD (Standard Deviation), RDW-CV (Coefficient of Variation), macrocytosis and microcytosis in canines and felines treated in the clinical routine of the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Luterana do Brasil. To carry out this study, 662 blood count reports were selected (434 canines and 228 felines), aged between six months and 10 years, divided into two groups: Group 1 ­ Microcytic anemia (255 canines and 61 felines); Group 2 ­ Macrocytic anemia (179 canines and 167 felines). Subsequently, the groups were correlated with the values of RDW-SD and RDW-CV. Correlation analyzes were performed using the Spearman test, for the analysis of significance the T Student was used, in the IBM SPSS® Statistics program. In the statistical analysis of the canine group, there was no correlation between microcytosis and the RDW-SD, while the RDW-CV showed a reasonable, inversely proportional correlation. In the canine macrocytic group, correlation analysis with RDW-SD was moderate and directly proportional, and with RDW-CV it was moderate and directly proportional. In the feline group, there was no correlation between microcytosis and RDW-SD, and with RDW-CV there was a reasonable and inversely proportional correlation. There was a moderate and directly proportional correlation between macrocytosis in felines and RDW-SD, whereas RDW-CV presented a reasonable and directly proportional correlation. It is concluded that the canines and felines of the microcytic group present a correlation with the RDW-CV. However, canines with macrocytosis showed a correlation for both RDW-CV and RDW-SD, and felines showed a greater correlation with RDW-SD.

Clinical, hematological, blood gasometric and electrolytic changes in dogs receiving whole blood transfusions

Blood transfusion is a tool capable of saving lives. Patients undergoing blood transfusion usually present several alterations in the acid-base and electrolyte balance, aggravating the condition of critically ill patients. Some studies have demonstrated haematological alterations in certain species that received whole blood transfusions, however, few studies have evaluated acid base and electrolyte changes in dogs undergoing whole blood haemotherapy. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical, hematological, blood gas and electrolyte changes in anemic dogs after whole blood transfusion. Twenty nine dogs transfused due to anemia were enrolled in the study. Donors blood was collected in a transfusion bag containing citrate phosphate adenine dextrose and stored up to 24 h. Blood collections and evaluations were made before and 24 h after the transfusion. Data distribution normality was tested by the Shapiro Wilk Test. The means of the variables were compared by paired t-test. It was observed an increase in diastolic blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate (P < 0.05). There was a not significant increase in systolic blood pressure, temperature, and a reduction in respiratory rate per minute. Erythrocyte, haemoglobin and haematocrit averages were significantly increased after blood transfusion (P < 0.05). It was observed a reduction in the mean values of pH (P < 0.05), potassium (P > 0.05) and ionized calcium (P > 0.05) and an increase in the mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) (P < 0.001), bicarbonate (P > 0.05) and sodium (P < 0.05). The probable cause of anemia was monocytic ehrlichiosis (14/29), visceral leishmaniasis (1/29), babesiosis (1/29), co-infection of Ehrlichia canis and Leishmania infantum (2/29), co-infection of E. canis and Babesia vogeli (1/29). It was not possible to determine the etiology of the anemia in ten dogs. Heart rate significantly reduced after transfusion, probably because of the increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte values. It may be justified by the displacement of extravascular fluid to the intravascular space. Mean values of systolic blood pressure were slightly elevated before transfusion and remained elevated afterwards, while diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased significantly after transfusion. These changes may be due to the morbid condition and may be influenced by many other factors. Haematocrit, haemoglobin and erythrocyte values increased significantly after transfusion, according to what was observed in other studies. The significant reduction in pH and increase in pCO2 reflects the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis to increase ventilation, leading to pCO2 reduction and changes in pH. The reduction in pH due to the contact of the collected blood with conservative solutions is one of the main changes thar occurs during blood storage. It was described significantly lower pH in dogs' whole blood samples stored for more than 24 h in vacutainer plastic containing CPDA-1. We may assume there was no intense pH reduction in the present study because the bags were stored for up to 24 h. Although not statistically significant, the increase of pO2 mean reflects the improvement of tissue oxygen perfusion. It was observed a significant increase in sodium ions. The mean sodium ion concentration before transfusion was very close to the maximum reference value. Hyperkalaemia was not observed, nor was there significant reduction of potassium ions after transfusion. Several studies report hyperkalaemia and transfusion-associated cardiac arrests in humans, associated with infusion of large volumes of blood. Whole blood transfusion increased erythrogram values and did not negatively affect the electrolyte or acid-base status, representing a safe and useful tool in the intensive care of small animals.(AU)

Perfil hematológico e epidemiológico em cães com babesiose, no município de Fortaleza/CE / Hematological and epidemiological profile in dogs with babesiosis in the municipality of Fortaleza/CE

A babesiose canina é uma hemoparasitose, causada por um protozoário do gênero Babesia spp., que parasita os eritrócitos de animais infectados. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar o perfil hematológico e epidemiológico de cães diagnosticados com babesiose, através da visualização, no esfregaço sanguíneo, de merozoítos no interior dos eritrócitos, na cidade de Fortaleza/CE, durante cinco anos (2015 a 2019). No período, foram observados 38 cães acometidos. O segundo semestre, o período seco, foi o que apresentou um maior número de casos (60,5%). Observou-se maior frequência em cães machos (57,8%), sem raça definida (57,8%), com menos de um ano de idade (73,6%). As alterações hematológicas mais frequentes foram trombocitopenia (86,8%) e anemia (81,5%). Sugere-se, nesses casos, a inclusão da babesiose como diagnóstico diferencial. Apesar da baixa sensibilidade, a pesquisa de hemoparasitos, no esfregaço sanguíneo, pode ser utilizada na rotina clínica.

Canine babesiosis is a hemoparasitosis caused by a protozoan of the genus Babesia spp., that parasitize the erythrocytes of infected animals. This study aimed to analyze the hematological and epidemiological profile of dogs diagnosed with babesiosis, through visualization in blood smear of merozoites inside erythrocytes, in the city of Fortaleza/CE, for five years (2015 to 2019). During the period, 38 affected dogs were observed. The second half, the dry period, was the one with the highest number of cases (60.5%). A higher frequency was observed in male dogs (57.8%), mixed breed (57.8%) under one year of age (73.6%). The most frequent hematological changes were thrombocytopenia (86.8%) and anemia (81.5%). In these cases, it is suggested to include babesiosis as a differential diagnosis. Despite the low sensitivity, the search for hemoparasites in the blood smear can be used in the clinical routine.

Conduta diagnóstica em equino da raça Crioula com síndrome de Cushing / Diagnostic process in a crioulo horse with Cushing’s syndrome

Background: Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, also known as equine Cushing’s syndrome, is a neurodegenerative disease. An important risk factor for Cushing’s is advanced aging and it is the most common endocrine disorder inolder horses. The prevalence in horses aged over 10 and 15 years is reported as 9.3% and 21%, respectively. Due to the slowprogressive nature of the disease, seasonal variation in hormone output and overlapping endocrine response to other events,accurate diagnosis is challenging. The diagnosis requires the combination of anamnesis, clinical signs, in addition to laboratory tests results. This study aimed to report Cushing’s syndrome in a Crioulo breed horse focusing on diagnostic methods.Case: A 13-year-old male Crioulo breed, orchiectomized, was attended at the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), in PassoFundo, RS, Brazil. The owner reported that the animal had progressive weight loss and coat abnormal growth, with curlyappearance. From visual inspection, body condition score was 4 (1-9) bulging abdomen was noticed, hirsutism, depressionand lethargy. Also, there was a large neoplastic mass on the left side of gluteal region. Later, this mass was classified inhistopathological examination as a fibroblastic sarcoid and was treated. The animal presented physical parameters withinthe physiological limits of the specie. Normochromic normocytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis were reported in thehematologic evaluation. In coproparasitological examination, there were 300 eggs per gram of feaces. Hyperadrenocorticismwas suspected in the clinical examination and dexamethasone suppression test was performed to confirm the fact. Basal serumwas collected at 17 h (M0) and subsequently 40 µg/kg of dexamethasone was administered intramuscular...

Torção uterina associada à piometra aberta em cadela / Uterine torsion associated with open pyometra in a bitch

Background: Pyometra or pyometritis is a serious and common condition of intact female dogs characterized by the inflammation of the uterus with a buildup of purulent exudate. It may be classified as open or closed. If untreated, pyometracan lead to uterine rupture and sepsis. Pyometra may also predispose to uterine torsion, defined as a rotation of one orboth uterine horns around its longitudinal axis. Uterine torsion in female dogs is rare, and usually with late pregnancy orparturition. This case report describes the clinical presentation and therapeutic management of uterine torsion correlatedwith open pyometra in a non-gravid bitch with no history of exogenous progesterone exposure.Case: A 10-year-old intact Yorkshire Terrier bitch weighing 3.2 kg was referred to a veterinary clinic in Porto Alegre,Brazil, with a 7 day history of prostration, anorexia, polydipsia, and sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge. Physical examination revealed pronounced abdominal tenderness. On abdominal ultrasonography, the uterus was enlarged and filled withcellular anechoic content, suggestive of pyometra. A complete blood count showed mild microcytic normochromic anemiaand leukocytosis. The animal was stabilized and an urgent ovariohysterectomy was performed. Preanesthetic analgesiaconsisted of subcutaneous methadone 0.3 mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg i.v. and maintained withinhaled isoflurane. During the procedure, significant enlargement of the left uterine horn and slight enlargement of theright uterine horn were observed. In addition, a torsion was identified near the left ovary, with copious sanguinopurulentsecretion. The animal remained under observation and fluid therapy for 48 h after the procedure and was discharged topostoperative follow-up. After discharge, the following treatment was medicine, local cleaning and rest for 14 days. Concluding...

Quimiodectoma em cão / Chemodectoma in a dog

Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the disease’s clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...

Quimiodectoma em cão / Chemodectoma in a dog

Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the diseases clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...(AU)

Comparison between hematological and biochemical changes caused by conventional and metronomic chemotherapies in the treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor / Comparação entre as alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas ocasionadas pela quimioterapia convencional e quimioterapia metronômica no tratamento do tumor venéreo transmissível canino

This study aimed to report the hematological and biochemical changes caused by conventional and metronomic chemotherapies, using vincristine sulfate to treat canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT). Twelve dogs were selected, six of them for the group receiving conventional chemotherapy (G1), and six dogs for the group receiving metronomic chemotherapy (G2). The G1 group received vincristine sulfate once a week at the dose of 0.75mg/m² until the tumor had disappeared with treatment, and the G2 group was treated with vincristine sulfate three times a week at the dose of 0.25mg/m2 until the tumor had disappeared. Before and after chemotherapy treatment, hematological and biochemical blood tests were performed to evaluate the main alterations caused by both chemotherapeutic models. Dogs undergoing conventional chemotherapy had significant leukocyte changes (p<0.05), causing neutropenia and leukopenia. In dogs undergoing metronomic chemotherapy, leukocytes remained within the reference range. Half of the dogs in group G1 had normochromic, normocytic anemia. The only biochemical alteration observed was the increase of urea in group G2. Thus, metronomic chemotherapy for the treatment of TVT with vincristine sulfate proved to be an excellent method for treatment, with fewer adverse effects, especially in maintaining the leukogram of dogs within normal range and reducing the number of anemia in animals during treatment.(AU)

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo relatar as alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas causadas pelo tratamento quimioterápico convencional e pela quimioterapia metronômica, utilizando-se sulfato de vincristina para o tratamento do tumor venéreo transmissível canino(TVTC). Foram selecionados 12 cães, sendo seis para o grupo que recebeu quimioterapia convencional (G1) e seis cães para o grupo que recebeu quimioterapia metronômica (G2). O grupo G1 recebeu sulfato de vincristina, uma vez por semana, na dose de 0,75mg/m2, até o desaparecimento do tumor e o grupo G2 foi tratado com sulfato de vincristina, três vezes por semana, na dose de 0,25mg/m2, até o desaparecimento do tumor. Antes e após o tratamento quimioterápico foram realizados exames hematológicos e bioquímicos sanguíneos para avaliação das principais alterações causadas pelos dois modelos quimioterápicos. Os cães submetidos à quimioterapia convencional tiveram alterações leucocitárias significativas (p<0,05), causando uma leucopenia por neutropenia enquanto nos cães, submetidos à quimioterapia metronômica, os leucócitos mantiveram-se dentro do intervalo de referência. A metade dos cães do grupo G1 tiveram uma anemia do tipo normocítica normocrômica. A única alteração bioquímica observada foi o aumento da ureia no grupo G2. Desta forma, a quimioterapia metronômica para o tratamento do TVT com sulfato de vincristina, demonstrou ser um excelente método para a cura do animal, com menores reduções de efeitos adversos, sobretudo, na manutenção do leucograma dos cães e na redução de animais com anemia.(AU)

Conduta diagnóstica em equino da raça Crioula com síndrome de Cushing / Diagnostic process in a crioulo horse with Cushings syndrome

Background: Equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, also known as equine Cushings syndrome, is a neurodegenerative disease. An important risk factor for Cushings is advanced aging and it is the most common endocrine disorder inolder horses. The prevalence in horses aged over 10 and 15 years is reported as 9.3% and 21%, respectively. Due to the slowprogressive nature of the disease, seasonal variation in hormone output and overlapping endocrine response to other events,accurate diagnosis is challenging. The diagnosis requires the combination of anamnesis, clinical signs, in addition to laboratory tests results. This study aimed to report Cushings syndrome in a Crioulo breed horse focusing on diagnostic methods.Case: A 13-year-old male Crioulo breed, orchiectomized, was attended at the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF), in PassoFundo, RS, Brazil. The owner reported that the animal had progressive weight loss and coat abnormal growth, with curlyappearance. From visual inspection, body condition score was 4 (1-9) bulging abdomen was noticed, hirsutism, depressionand lethargy. Also, there was a large neoplastic mass on the left side of gluteal region. Later, this mass was classified inhistopathological examination as a fibroblastic sarcoid and was treated. The animal presented physical parameters withinthe physiological limits of the specie. Normochromic normocytic anemia and neutrophilic leukocytosis were reported in thehematologic evaluation. In coproparasitological examination, there were 300 eggs per gram of feaces. Hyperadrenocorticismwas suspected in the clinical examination and dexamethasone suppression test was performed to confirm the fact. Basal serumwas collected at 17 h (M0) and subsequently 40 µg/kg of dexamethasone was administered intramuscular...(AU)

Torção uterina associada à piometra aberta em cadela / Uterine torsion associated with open pyometra in a bitch

Background: Pyometra or pyometritis is a serious and common condition of intact female dogs characterized by the inflammation of the uterus with a buildup of purulent exudate. It may be classified as open or closed. If untreated, pyometracan lead to uterine rupture and sepsis. Pyometra may also predispose to uterine torsion, defined as a rotation of one orboth uterine horns around its longitudinal axis. Uterine torsion in female dogs is rare, and usually with late pregnancy orparturition. This case report describes the clinical presentation and therapeutic management of uterine torsion correlatedwith open pyometra in a non-gravid bitch with no history of exogenous progesterone exposure.Case: A 10-year-old intact Yorkshire Terrier bitch weighing 3.2 kg was referred to a veterinary clinic in Porto Alegre,Brazil, with a 7 day history of prostration, anorexia, polydipsia, and sanguinopurulent vulvar discharge. Physical examination revealed pronounced abdominal tenderness. On abdominal ultrasonography, the uterus was enlarged and filled withcellular anechoic content, suggestive of pyometra. A complete blood count showed mild microcytic normochromic anemiaand leukocytosis. The animal was stabilized and an urgent ovariohysterectomy was performed. Preanesthetic analgesiaconsisted of subcutaneous methadone 0.3 mg/kg. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg i.v. and maintained withinhaled isoflurane. During the procedure, significant enlargement of the left uterine horn and slight enlargement of theright uterine horn were observed. In addition, a torsion was identified near the left ovary, with copious sanguinopurulentsecretion. The animal remained under observation and fluid therapy for 48 h after the procedure and was discharged topostoperative follow-up. After discharge, the following treatment was medicine, local cleaning and rest for 14 days. Concluding...(AU)

Comparison between hematological and biochemical changes caused by conventional and metronomic chemotherapies in the treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor / Comparação entre as alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas ocasionadas pela quimioterapia convencional e quimioterapia metronômica no tratamento do tumor venéreo transmissível canino

This study aimed to report the hematological and biochemical changes caused by conventional and metronomic chemotherapies, using vincristine sulfate to treat canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT). Twelve dogs were selected, six of them for the group receiving conventional chemotherapy (G1), and six dogs for the group receiving metronomic chemotherapy (G2). The G1 group received vincristine sulfate once a week at the dose of 0.75mg/m² until the tumor had disappeared with treatment, and the G2 group was treated with vincristine sulfate three times a week at the dose of 0.25mg/m2 until the tumor had disappeared. Before and after chemotherapy treatment, hematological and biochemical blood tests were performed to evaluate the main alterations caused by both chemotherapeutic models. Dogs undergoing conventional chemotherapy had significant leukocyte changes (p<0.05), causing neutropenia and leukopenia. In dogs undergoing metronomic chemotherapy, leukocytes remained within the reference range. Half of the dogs in group G1 had normochromic, normocytic anemia. The only biochemical alteration observed was the increase of urea in group G2. Thus, metronomic chemotherapy for the treatment of TVT with vincristine sulfate proved to be an excellent method for treatment, with fewer adverse effects, especially in maintaining the leukogram of dogs within normal range and reducing the number of anemia in animals during treatment.(AU)

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo relatar as alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas causadas pelo tratamento quimioterápico convencional e pela quimioterapia metronômica, utilizando-se sulfato de vincristina para o tratamento do tumor venéreo transmissível canino(TVTC). Foram selecionados 12 cães, sendo seis para o grupo que recebeu quimioterapia convencional (G1) e seis cães para o grupo que recebeu quimioterapia metronômica (G2). O grupo G1 recebeu sulfato de vincristina, uma vez por semana, na dose de 0,75mg/m2, até o desaparecimento do tumor e o grupo G2 foi tratado com sulfato de vincristina, três vezes por semana, na dose de 0,25mg/m2, até o desaparecimento do tumor. Antes e após o tratamento quimioterápico foram realizados exames hematológicos e bioquímicos sanguíneos para avaliação das principais alterações causadas pelos dois modelos quimioterápicos. Os cães submetidos à quimioterapia convencional tiveram alterações leucocitárias significativas (p<0,05), causando uma leucopenia por neutropenia enquanto nos cães, submetidos à quimioterapia metronômica, os leucócitos mantiveram-se dentro do intervalo de referência. A metade dos cães do grupo G1 tiveram uma anemia do tipo normocítica normocrômica. A única alteração bioquímica observada foi o aumento da ureia no grupo G2. Desta forma, a quimioterapia metronômica para o tratamento do TVT com sulfato de vincristina, demonstrou ser um excelente método para a cura do animal, com menores reduções de efeitos adversos, sobretudo, na manutenção do leucograma dos cães e na redução de animais com anemia.(AU)

Leishmaniose visceral em cães / Visceral leishmaniasis in dogs

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonosis of variable clinical presentation, either in systemic orcutaneous form. Clinical signs include anorexia, ophthalmopathies, and chronic kidney disease. In the state of Santa Catarina, the foci are concentrated in the capital and its adjacencies, in the east side of the state. The objective of this studyis to outline the first three reported cases of CVL in the municipality of Curitibanos, since there are no reports to date inthe region of the mountainous plateau, in the middle west of Santa Catarina.Cases: All dogs were treated at the Veterinary Clinic School of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Curitibanos. The animals, two males and one female, belonged to the same tutor, resided in Curitibanos, and were attendedbetween 2016 and 2020. In the first case, attended in 2016, the complaint was of eye and skin changes about three monthsago. The animal lived in an urban environment and came from Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul. On physical examination,the animal presented skin peeling, wet and crusty lesions, bloody discharge in the ears and nasal hyperkeratosis, as wellas signs suggestive of uveitis. In this case, euthanasia was carried out. The second case had complaints of respiratory, eyechanges, hyporexia, and polydipsia. The dog was prostrate, dehydrated, with lymphadenomegaly and respiratory disorders, compatible with bacterial pneumonia. Bilateral corneal edema confirmed uveitis. Upon return, the animal remaineddehydrated with enlarged lymph nodes. In the aspiration of the lymph nodes, suggestive forms of Leishmania sp. wereobserved. The recommended confirmatory tests were performed, leading to a definitive diagnosis of CVL. The patientwas treated with miltefosine, but later died. The third case was attended for general evaluation after a positive diagnosisfor CVL during an epidemiological survey of the second case. The animal was alert, tachycardic, and tachypneic with...(AU)

Leishmaniose visceral em cães / Visceral leishmaniasis in dogs

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a zoonosis of variable clinical presentation, either in systemic orcutaneous form. Clinical signs include anorexia, ophthalmopathies, and chronic kidney disease. In the state of Santa Catarina, the foci are concentrated in the capital and its adjacencies, in the east side of the state. The objective of this studyis to outline the first three reported cases of CVL in the municipality of Curitibanos, since there are no reports to date inthe region of the mountainous plateau, in the middle west of Santa Catarina.Cases: All dogs were treated at the Veterinary Clinic School of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Curitibanos. The animals, two males and one female, belonged to the same tutor, resided in Curitibanos, and were attendedbetween 2016 and 2020. In the first case, attended in 2016, the complaint was of eye and skin changes about three monthsago. The animal lived in an urban environment and came from Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul. On physical examination,the animal presented skin peeling, wet and crusty lesions, bloody discharge in the ears and nasal hyperkeratosis, as wellas signs suggestive of uveitis. In this case, euthanasia was carried out. The second case had complaints of respiratory, eyechanges, hyporexia, and polydipsia. The dog was prostrate, dehydrated, with lymphadenomegaly and respiratory disorders, compatible with bacterial pneumonia. Bilateral corneal edema confirmed uveitis. Upon return, the animal remaineddehydrated with enlarged lymph nodes. In the aspiration of the lymph nodes, suggestive forms of Leishmania sp. wereobserved. The recommended confirmatory tests were performed, leading to a definitive diagnosis of CVL. The patientwas treated with miltefosine, but later died. The third case was attended for general evaluation after a positive diagnosisfor CVL during an epidemiological survey of the second case. The animal was alert, tachycardic, and tachypneic with...

Linfoma intravascular canino - aspectos clínicos, patológicos e imunohistoquímicos / Intravascular lymphoma in canine - clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical aspects

Background: Intravascular lymphoma (IL) is a rare disease characterized by presence of neoplastic lymphocytes in thelumen of blood vessels. Any tissue can be affected; however, the most frequently compromised areas of the body are theskin and the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical signs and macroscopic alterations caused by IL are nonspecific andare usually secondary to a continuous proliferative disorder, which leads to occlusion of the blood vessels with consequentthrombosis, hemorrhage and infarction. The objective of this work is to report a case of IL in a dog.Case: An 8-year-old male Rottweiler dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná witha history of cerebellar ataxia that had not improved after treatment. At the neurological examination, cerebellar ataxia anddeficit of nasal reflex were detected. A complete blood count showed presence of slight anemia (4.8 million red bloodcells/mm3; normal ranges= 5.5-8.5 million/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (176.000/mm3; normal ranges= 250.000-500.000/mm3). Biochemical tests revealed a small increase in alanine aminotransferase (42 IU/L; normal ranges= 14-38 IU/L) and aslight decrease in alkaline phosphatase (49 IU/L; normal ranges= 90-170 IU/L). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exhibited anincreased protein concentration (147.3 mg/dL; normal ranges= 18-44 mg/dL) and pleocytosis (8 cells/µL; normal ranges=up to 5 cells/µL). No alterations were observed at radiographic and ultrasonographic exams. A clinical treatment was prescribed; however, in view of the worsening of the clinical signs, euthanasia was performed, and the body was submittedto a Laboratory of Pathology. At necropsy, moderate multifocal ulcers were observed in the oral cavity and ventral side ofthe tongue; moderately infarcted areas were detected in the spleen. Additional alterations such as fatty liver degeneration...

Linfoma intravascular canino - aspectos clínicos, patológicos e imunohistoquímicos / Intravascular lymphoma in canine - clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical aspects

Background: Intravascular lymphoma (IL) is a rare disease characterized by presence of neoplastic lymphocytes in thelumen of blood vessels. Any tissue can be affected; however, the most frequently compromised areas of the body are theskin and the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical signs and macroscopic alterations caused by IL are nonspecific andare usually secondary to a continuous proliferative disorder, which leads to occlusion of the blood vessels with consequentthrombosis, hemorrhage and infarction. The objective of this work is to report a case of IL in a dog.Case: An 8-year-old male Rottweiler dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná witha history of cerebellar ataxia that had not improved after treatment. At the neurological examination, cerebellar ataxia anddeficit of nasal reflex were detected. A complete blood count showed presence of slight anemia (4.8 million red bloodcells/mm3; normal ranges= 5.5-8.5 million/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (176.000/mm3; normal ranges= 250.000-500.000/mm3). Biochemical tests revealed a small increase in alanine aminotransferase (42 IU/L; normal ranges= 14-38 IU/L) and aslight decrease in alkaline phosphatase (49 IU/L; normal ranges= 90-170 IU/L). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exhibited anincreased protein concentration (147.3 mg/dL; normal ranges= 18-44 mg/dL) and pleocytosis (8 cells/µL; normal ranges=up to 5 cells/µL). No alterations were observed at radiographic and ultrasonographic exams. A clinical treatment was prescribed; however, in view of the worsening of the clinical signs, euthanasia was performed, and the body was submittedto a Laboratory of Pathology. At necropsy, moderate multifocal ulcers were observed in the oral cavity and ventral side ofthe tongue; moderately infarcted areas were detected in the spleen. Additional alterations such as fatty liver degeneration...(AU)

Aspectos clínicos, laboratoriais e tratamento da leucemia mieloide crônica em cão: relato de caso / Clinical aspects, hematological changes and treatments of chronic myeloid leukemia in dog: case report

O objetivo deste relato é apresentar o caso clínico de uma cadela, sem raça definida, com cinco anos de idade, diagnosticada com leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC). As leucemias são neoplasias malignas que se originam de células precursoras da medula óssea e as consequências podem ser trombocitopenia, anemia, leucocitose persistente e presença de células neoplásicas no sangue. O tratamento de escolha envolve o uso de inibidores de tirosina quinase, porém este não pode ser usado neste caso. Dessa forma a cadela recebeu diferentes protocolos quimioterápicos que incluíram inicialmente hidroxiureia, citarabina, doxorrubicina e prednisona. Devido a remissão parcial dos sinais clínicos e a resposta terapêutica pouco duradoura a essas medicações o protocolo foi alterado para quimioterapia metronômica com clorambucil. O uso desses quimioterápicos não foram eficazes em reduzir a leucocitose e controlar a anemia e trombocitopenia da paciente, devido a ocorrência do surgimento de células imaturas no sangue e resistência aos quimioterápicos. Na ausência da crise e da possibilidade do uso dos inibidores de tirosina quinase, a hidroxiureia permanece sendo o quimioterápico de eleição. O animal apresentou sobrevida de 210 dias, devido a leucocitose e anemia severas pouco responsivas ao protocolo terapêutico utilizado e o surgimento no hemograma de precursores neutrofilicos que ocorreu 46 dias após ao início do tratamento com hidroxiureia.

The aim of this report is to present the clinical case of a five-year-old mixed breed female dog diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Leukemias are malignant neoplasms that originate from bone marrow precursor cells and the consequences can be thrombocytopenia, anemia, persistent leukocytosis and the presence of neoplastic cells in the blood. The treatment of choice involves the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, but it cannot be used in this case. Thus, the dog received different chemotherapy protocols that initially included hydroxyurea, cytarabine, doxorubicin and prednisone. Due to the partial remission of clinical signs and the short-term therapeutic response to these medications, the protocol was changed to metronomic chemotherapy with chlorambucil. The use of these chemotherapeutic agents was not effective in reducing leukocytosis and controlling the patient's anemia and thrombocytopenia, due to the occurrence of immature cells in the blood and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. In the absence of the crisis and the possibility of using tyrosine kinase inhibitors, hydroxyurea remains the chemotherapy of choice. The animal had a 210-day survival, due to severe leukocytosis and anemia, which were not responsive to the therapeutic protocol used and the appearance in the blood count of neutrophilic precursors that occurred 46 days after the beginning of hydroxyurea treatment.

Influence of early use of antimicrobial on the health and performance of Holstein calves in the first month of life / Influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade de bezerras holandesas no primeiro mês de vida

The early use of antimicrobial therapy has been introduced in many farms to prevent diarrhea and respiratory disease in young calves; however, there is controversy about whether this practice has a beneficial effect on the health of these animals. This study evaluated the influence of the early use of antimicrobials on the health and performance of neonatal Holstein calves. Twenty-six Holstein calves were screened and divided into two groups, according to the administration (ATB+), or not (ATB-) of tulathromycin (2.5mg/kg, subcutaneously) within the first 12 hours of life. Calves were evaluated by general clinical examination, fecal score, respiratory score, and external palpation of the umbilical region, besides fecal output of dry matter. Anemia was determined by using an automatic system and, also, using a commercial kit for iron dosage. Diarrhea was diagnosed by a centrifuge-flotation technique using a sugar solution (Cryptosporidium) and multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavirus/coronavirus). The performance of the calves was estimated by Daily Weight Gain (DWG). The young dairy calves were evaluated within 12 hours of birth (≤12h) and at 3-5th (D3-5), 7-9th (D7-9), 13-15th (D13-15), 20-23rd (D20-23), and 27-30th (D27-30) days of life. No difference was noted between the ATB+ and ATB- groups concerning heart rate, respiratory frequency, and rectal temperature. Erythrogram showed a higher frequency of anemia in ATB- group (P=0.016) at the D3-5 check-up; lower values of serum iron were also observed simultaneously (P=0.051). Thirteen cases of respiratory disease were detected during this study; however, no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard. The frequency of diarrhea (fecal score 2-3) was high in both groups, peaking at D13-D15. No differences were noted between the groups regarding the frequency of diarrhea when considering the dry fecal matter. The predominant etiological agent for diarrhea was Cryptosporidium spp.. The DWG was similar between groups, with maximum weight reduction on D13-15. The administration of tulathromycin in prophylactic dose (2.5mg/kg) at birth decreased the frequency of anemia but did not influence weight gain or the prevalence of diarrhea.(AU)

O uso precoce de antimicrobianos tem sido adotado em muitas fazendas para profilaxia das diarreias e doença respiratória em bezerras, no entanto existem controvérsias sobre os beneficios desta prática na saúde desses animais. Esta pesquisa avaliou a influência do uso precoce de antimicrobiano na sanidade e desempenho de bezerras holandesas recém-nascidas. Para tanto foram selecionadas 26 bezerras Holandesas distribuídas de acordo com a aplicação (ATB+) ou não (ATB-) de tulatromicina (2,5mg/Kg) por via subcutânea até 12h de vida. As bezerras foram examinadas por meio de exame clínico geral, escore fecal, escore respiratório e palpação externa da região umbilical, além da matéria seca fecal. A presença de anemias foi determinada pelo eritrograma utilizando sistema automático e além da dosagem de ferro utilizando kit comercial. O diagnóstico etiológico das diarreias foi investigado por meio da técnica de flutuação em solução saturada de sacarose (Cryptosporidium) e multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR (rotavírus/coronavírus). O desempenho das bezerras foi estimado pelo ganho de peso. As bezerras foram avaliadas até doze horas após o nascimento (≤12h); 3-5º (D3-5); 7-9º (D7-9); 13-15º (D13-15); 20-23º (D20-23); e 27-30º dias de vida (D27-30). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos ATB+ e ATB- em relação à frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. O eritrograma revelou maior frequência de anemias no grupo ATB- (P=0,016) no D3-5. Neste momento também foram observados menores valores de ferro sérico (P=0,051). Foram detectados treze casos de doença respiratória durante o estudo, no entanto não foi possível detectar diferença entre os grupos. A frequência de diarreias (escore fecal 2 e 3) foi alta em ambos os grupos, observando-se pico no D13-15 (ATB+=92,3%; ATB-=92,3%). Não observamos diferenças entre os grupos em relação a frequência de diarreia considerando-se a matéria seca fecal. O agente etiológico predominante nas diarreias foi o Cryptosporidium. O ganho de peso diário foi igual entre grupos, com intensa redução no GPD no D13-15. A administração de tulatromicina na dose profilática (2,5mg/Kg) ao nascimento diminuiu a frequência de anemias e não influenciou no ganho de peso e prevalência de diarreias.(AU)