Spectral analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies of bioactive principles from the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius, a common tree of Jazan, Saudi Arabia / Análise espectral, citotoxicidade in vitro e estudos antibacterianos de princípios bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius, uma árvore comum de Jazan, Arábia Saudita

The objective of the present study was to analyse the bioactive compounds of the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). The GC-MS analysis of the hot methanolic extract of the leaves (HMEL) of C. lancifolius exhibited the bioactive compounds such as 1-(3-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzyl) iso quinoline, morphin-4-ol-6,7-dione, 1-bromo N-methyl-, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 2,2’:4’,2”-terthiophene, ethyl iso-allocholate, caryophyllene oxide, campesterol, epiglobulol, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3á,5à)-, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) and oleic acid, eicosyl ester. The FT-IR analysis of HMEL of C. lancifolius showed a unique peak at 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-¹ representing coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. The HMEL of C. lancifolius was actively inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells MCF-7 ATCC at the concentration of 72.66 ± 8.21 µg/ml as IC50 value. The HMEL of C. lancifolius also revealed a good spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram negative bacterial cultures screened in this work. The activity observed has shown more or less similar effects against screened bacteria. However, the magnitude of potentiality was significantly lesser compared to standard ciprofloxacin disc at p< 0.001 level (99% confidence intervals). Furthermore, the study demonstrating the bioactive compounds can be isolated from the leaves of C. lancifolius.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os compostos bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). A análise por GC-MS do extrato metanólico quente das folhas (HMEL) de C. lancifolius exibiu os compostos bioativos como 1- (3-Metoxi-2-nitrobenzil) isoquinolina, morfina-4-ol-6,7- diona, 1-bromo-N-metil-, fitol, ácido hexadecanoico, 2,3-di-hidroxipropil éster, 2,2 ‘: 4’, 2 ” - tertiofeno, isoalocolato de etil, óxido de cariofileno, campesterol, epiglobulol, colestano -3-ol, 2-metileno-, (3á, 5à) -, dasycarpidan-1-metanol, acetato (éster) e ácido oleico, éster eicosílico. A análise FT-IR de HMEL de C. lancifolius mostrou um pico único em 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-¹ representando ácido cumarico, ácido clorogênico e ácido ferúlico. O HMEL de C. lancifolius inibiu ativamente a proliferação de células de câncer de mama MCF-7 ATCC na concentração de 72,66 ± 8,21 µg/ml como valor de IC50. O HMEL de C. lancifolius também revelou bom espectro de atividade contra culturas de bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas rastreadas neste trabalho. A atividade observada mostrou efeitos mais ou menos semelhantes contra bactérias rastreadas. No entanto, a magnitude da potencialidade foi significativamente menor em comparação com o disco de ciprofloxacina padrão em nível de p < 0,001 (intervalos de confiança de 99%). Além disso, o estudo demonstrando os compostos bioativos pode ser isolado das folhas de C. lancifolius.

Spectral analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies of bioactive principles from the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius, a common tree of Jazan, Saudi Arabia / Análise espectral, citotoxicidade in vitro e estudos antibacterianos de princípios bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius, uma árvore comum de Jazan, Arábia Saudita

The objective of the present study was to analyse the bioactive compounds of the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). The GC-MS analysis of the hot methanolic extract of the leaves (HMEL) of C. lancifolius exhibited the bioactive compounds such as 1-(3-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzyl) iso quinoline, morphin-4-ol-6,7-dione, 1-bromo N-methyl-, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 2,2:4,2”-terthiophene, ethyl iso-allocholate, caryophyllene oxide, campesterol, epiglobulol, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3á,5à)-, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) and oleic acid, eicosyl ester. The FT-IR analysis of HMEL of C. lancifolius showed a unique peak at 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-¹ representing coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. The HMEL of C. lancifolius was actively inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells MCF-7 ATCC at the concentration of 72.66 ± 8.21 µg/ml as IC50 value. The HMEL of C. lancifolius also revealed a good spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram negative bacterial cultures screened in this work. The activity observed has shown more or less similar effects against screened bacteria. However, the magnitude of potentiality was significantly lesser compared to standard ciprofloxacin disc at p< 0.001 level (99% confidence intervals). Furthermore, the study demonstrating the bioactive compounds can be isolated from the leaves of C. lancifolius.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os compostos bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). A análise por GC-MS do extrato metanólico quente das folhas (HMEL) de C. lancifolius exibiu os compostos bioativos como 1- (3-Metoxi-2-nitrobenzil) isoquinolina, morfina-4-ol-6,7- diona, 1-bromo-N-metil-, fitol, ácido hexadecanoico, 2,3-di-hidroxipropil éster, 2,2 ‘: 4, 2 ” - tertiofeno, isoalocolato de etil, óxido de cariofileno, campesterol, epiglobulol, colestano -3-ol, 2-metileno-, (3á, 5à) -, dasycarpidan-1-metanol, acetato (éster) e ácido oleico, éster eicosílico. A análise FT-IR de HMEL de C. lancifolius mostrou um pico único em 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-¹ representando ácido cumarico, ácido clorogênico e ácido ferúlico. O HMEL de C. lancifolius inibiu ativamente a proliferação de células de câncer de mama MCF-7 ATCC na concentração de 72,66 ± 8,21 µg/ml como valor de IC50. O HMEL de C. lancifolius também revelou bom espectro de atividade contra culturas de bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas rastreadas neste trabalho. A atividade observada mostrou efeitos mais ou menos semelhantes contra bactérias rastreadas. No entanto, a magnitude da potencialidade foi significativamente menor em comparação com o disco de ciprofloxacina padrão em nível de p < 0,001 (intervalos de confiança de 99%). Além disso, o estudo demonstrando os compostos bioativos pode ser isolado das folhas de C. lancifolius.(AU)

Mangrove endophyte promotes reforestation tree (Acacia polyphylla) growth

Mangroves are ecosystems located in the transition zone between land and sea that serve as a potential source of biotechnological resources. Brazil's extensive coast contains one of the largest mangrove forests in the world (encompassing an area of 25,000 km2 along all the coast). Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the following three plant species: Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia nitida. A large number of these isolates, 115 in total, were evaluated for their ability to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphorous. Bacteria that tested positive for both of these tests were examined further to determine their level of indole acetic acid production. Two strains with high indole acetic acid production were selected for use as inoculants for reforestation trees, and then the growth of the plants was evaluated under field conditions. The bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain MCR1.10) had a low phosphorus solubilization index, while this index was higher in the other strain used, Enterobacter sp. (strain MCR1.48). We used the reforestation tree Acacia polyphylla. The results indicate that inoculation with the MCR1.48 endophyte increases Acacia polyphylla shoot dry mass, demonstrating that this strain effectively promotes the plant's growth and fitness, which can be used in the seedling production of this tree. Therefore, we successfully screened the biotechnological potential of endophyte isolates from mangrove, with a focus on plant growth promotion, and selected a strain able to provide limited nutrients and hormones for in plant growth.(AU)

Poisoning by Thiloa glaucocarpa (Combretaceae) in cattle in the semiarid regions of Paraíba and Pernambuco, Brazil

The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of spontaneous poisoning by Thiloa glaucocarpain cattle in the semiarid region of Paraíba and Pernambuco, Brazil. Eight adult cattle were examined and of those, five were necropsied. The main clinical signs consisted of dehydration, dry nose, ascites and subcutaneous edema. Renal function tests resulted in significant changes. The gross macroscopy consisted of significant fluid accumulation in the abdominal and thorax cavities, and edema of lungs, subcutaneous tissues, perirenal tissue and abomasal folds. Histologically, the main lesions consisted of epithelial coagulation necrosis of renal convoluted tubules with presence of amorphous eosinophilic material in the lumen of the tubules. The diagnosis of poisoning by T. glaucocarpawas based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, necropsy findings, histopathological evaluation, renal serum biochemistry and plant identification in the areas of cattle pastures. After the start of the rainy season in this region, T. glaucocarpais the main toxic plant responsible for significant economic losses. Since there is no effective treatment for animals with renal failure, itis recommended that the animals must be removed from the areas where the plant grows in the period immediately after the first rain.(AU)

Poisoning by Thiloa glaucocarpa (Combretaceae) in cattle in the semiarid regions of Paraíba and Pernambuco, Brazil

The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of spontaneous poisoning by Thiloa glaucocarpain cattle in the semiarid region of Paraíba and Pernambuco, Brazil. Eight adult cattle were examined and of those, five were necropsied. The main clinical signs consisted of dehydration, dry nose, ascites and subcutaneous edema. Renal function tests resulted in significant changes. The gross macroscopy consisted of significant fluid accumulation in the abdominal and thorax cavities, and edema of lungs, subcutaneous tissues, perirenal tissue and abomasal folds. Histologically, the main lesions consisted of epithelial coagulation necrosis of renal convoluted tubules with presence of amorphous eosinophilic material in the lumen of the tubules. The diagnosis of poisoning by T. glaucocarpawas based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, necropsy findings, histopathological evaluation, renal serum biochemistry and plant identification in the areas of cattle pastures. After the start of the rainy season in this region, T. glaucocarpais the main toxic plant responsible for significant economic losses. Since there is no effective treatment for animals with renal failure, itis recommended that the animals must be removed from the areas where the plant grows in the period immediately after the first rain.

Seed dispersal and predation of Buchenavia tomentosa Eichler (Combretaceae) in a Cerrado sensu stricto, midwest Brazil / Dispersão e predação de sementes de Buchenavia tomentosa Eichler (Combretaceae) em Cerrado sentido restrito, centro-oeste do Brasil

The ecology of seed dispersal is critical to understand the patterns of distribution and abundance of plant species. We investigated seed dispersal aspects associated with the high abundance of Buchenavia tomentosa in the Serra Azul State Park (PESA). We estimated fruit production and conducted fruit removal experiments. We carried out diurnal and nocturnal observations on frugivory as well as germination tests. Fruiting occurred in the dry season and totaled 1,365,015 ± 762,670 fruits.ha–1. B. tomentosa fruits were utilized by eight animal species. The lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) was considered the main seed disperser. Leafcutter ants (Atta laevigata and Atta sexdens) participated in the seed cleaning and occasionally dispersed seeds. The beetle Amblycerus insuturatus, blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna) and red-and-green macaw (Ara chloropterus) were considered pre-dispersal seed predators. The seeds manually cleaned presented higher germination rate (100%) and speed index (4.2 seeds.d–1) than that of seeds with pulp. Germination of seeds found in tapirsfeces was 40%, while for the seeds without pulp it was 25%. The high abundance of B. tomentosa in the cerrado of PESA may be due to massive fruit production, low rates of seed predation, and efficient seed dispersal by tapirs, occurring before the rains which promote germination and recruitment of this species.(AU)

A ecologia da dispersão de sementes é importante para entender a distribuição e abundância das espécies vegetais. Investigamos os fatores relacionados à elevada abundância de B. tomentosa no Parque Estadual da Serra Azul (PESA) avaliando aspectos da dispersão de sementes. Estimamos a produção de frutos e realizamos experimentos de remoção de frutos. Fizemos observações diurnas e noturnas sobre a frugivoria e testamos a germinação de sementes. A frutificação ocorreu na estação seca totalizando 1.365.015 ± 762.670 frutos.ha–1. Oito espécies de animais utilizaram frutos de B. tomentosa. Anta (Tapirus terrestris) foi considerada o principal dispersor. Saúvas (Atta laevigata e Atta sexdens) participaram na limpeza das sementes e como dispersores ocasionais. O besouro Amblycerus insuturatus, arara-canindé (Ara ararauna) e arara-vermelha (Ara chloropterus) foram considerados predadores pré-dispersão. Sementes despolpadas manualmente tiveram maior percentual (100%) e velocidade de geminação (4,2 sementes.dia–1) que aquelas com polpa. Sementes encontradas nas fezes de antas apresentaram 40,0% de germinação e sementes sem polpa 25,0%. A massiva produção de frutos, baixa taxa de predação de sementes, além da eficiente dispersão por antas, antes da estação chuvosa, favorecem o recrutamento e são fatores que contribuem de forma decisiva para a elevada abundância de B. tomentosa observada no cerrado do PESA.(AU)

Toxicidade de Buchenavia tomentosa Revisão de literatura / Toxicity of Buchenavia tomentosa Review

Produtores de bovinos criados em sistema extensivo afirmam que o consumo de frutos da mirindiba, Buchenavia tomentosa, causa abortos em vacas. A B. tomentosa é uma planta arbórea comumente encontrada na caatinga e cerrado brasileiro. Experimentalmente a inclusão de 10% do fruto de mirindiba na ração de ratas no período gestacional induziu diminuição do peso materno e retardo no desenvolvimento físico dos filhotes machos. Na avaliação da fertilidade a ingestão dos frutos da planta causou efeito deletério nas ratas e toxicidade moderada em ratos. A identificação de B. tomentosa demostrou a presença de compostos fenólicos como flavonoides, lignanas e taninos. Os flavonoides são substâncias que estão inclusas dentro do grupo de fitoestrógenos que são compostos capazes de desempenhar atividades semelhantes a dos hormônios naturais, alterando o funcionamento do sistema endócrino. Assim, considerando que a B. tomentosa pode ser ingerida por animais de produção em idade fértil e em condições naturais torna-se importante avaliar seus efeitos sobre a reprodução. (AU)

Producers of cattle raised on system extensive say the consumption of fruits of mirindiba, Buchenavia tomentosa, cause abortions in cows. B. tomentosa is an arboreal plant commonly found in the Brazilian cerrado and caatinga. Experimentally the inclusion of 10% of the fruit of mirindiba the ration of rats during pregnancy induced decreases in maternal weight and delayed physical development of the male offspring. To evaluate fertility ingestion of fruit of the plant caused deleterious effects in rats female and moderate toxicity in rats male. The identification of B. tomentosa demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, lignans and tannins. Flavonoids are substances that are included within the group of phytoestrogens which are compounds capable of performing activities similar to natural hormones, altering the functioning of the endocrine system. Thus, considering that B. tomentosa may be ingested by animals of production of childbearing age and in under normal conditions it is important to evaluate its effects on reproduction. (AU)

Toxicidade de Buchenavia tomentosa – Revisão de literatura / Toxicity of Buchenavia tomentosa – Review

Produtores de bovinos criados em sistema extensivo afirmam que o consumo de frutos da mirindiba, Buchenavia tomentosa, causa abortos em vacas. A B. tomentosa é uma planta arbórea comumente encontrada na caatinga e cerrado brasileiro. Experimentalmente a inclusão de 10% do fruto de mirindiba na ração de ratas no período gestacional induziu diminuição do peso materno e retardo no desenvolvimento físico dos filhotes machos. Na avaliação da fertilidade a ingestão dos frutos da planta causou efeito deletério nas ratas e toxicidade moderada em ratos. A identificação de B. tomentosa demostrou a presença de compostos fenólicos como flavonoides, lignanas e taninos. Os flavonoides são substâncias que estão inclusas dentro do grupo de fitoestrógenos que são compostos capazes de desempenhar atividades semelhantes a dos hormônios naturais, alterando o funcionamento do sistema endócrino. Assim, considerando que a B. tomentosa pode ser ingerida por animais de produção em idade fértil e em condições naturais torna-se importante avaliar seus efeitos sobre a reprodução.

Producers of cattle raised on system extensive say the consumption of fruits of mirindiba, Buchenavia tomentosa, cause abortions in cows. B. tomentosa is an arboreal plant commonly found in the Brazilian cerrado and caatinga. Experimentally the inclusion of 10% of the fruit of mirindiba the ration of rats during pregnancy induced decreases in maternal weight and delayed physical development of the male offspring. To evaluate fertility ingestion of fruit of the plant caused deleterious effects in rats female and moderate toxicity in rats male. The identification of B. tomentosa demonstrated the presence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, lignans and tannins. Flavonoids are substances that are included within the group of phytoestrogens which are compounds capable of performing activities similar to natural hormones, altering the functioning of the endocrine system. Thus, considering that B. tomentosa may be ingested by animals of production of childbearing age and in under normal conditions it is important to evaluate its effects on reproduction.

Anti-Escherichia coli activity of Brazilian plant extracts: New trends in Veterinary research / Atividade anti-Escherichia coli de extratos de plantas brasileiras: Novas tendências em pesquisa veterinária

Escherichia coli é uma bactéria presente no trato intestinal de animais de sangue quente. Entretanto, a perda do equilíbrio em sua relação com o hospedeiro pode causar doenças que levam a perdas econômicas, quando se trata de animais de produção, e perdas incalculáveis, quando se trata de animais silvestres. O presente estudo testou diversos extratos aquosos e orgânicos, obtidos de plantas da Amazônia brasileira, contra Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Usando o ensaio de disco difusão em ágar Mueller-Hinton (DDA), foram testados 1.791 extratos quanto à sua atividade antibacteriana. Os extratos que mostraram halo de inibição de crescimento bacteriano foram testados no modelo da microdiluição em caldo (MDBC) contra uma suspensão bacteriana preparada na escala de 0,5 McFarland para determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Dois extratos orgânicos (EB 127 e EB725) e dois extratos aquosos (EB 272 e EB 934) testados inibiram o crescimento bacteriano no modelo DDA. O extrato orgânico EB127, obtido de Microplumeria sp., apresentou CIM e CBM≥700mg/mL; o extrato aquoso EB272, obtido de Casearia sp., apresentou CIM=CBM=600mg/mL; o extrato orgânico EB725, obtido de Buchenavia sp., apresentou CIM=CBM<400mg/mL; e o extrato aquoso EB934, obtido de Caryocar sp., apresentou 400mg/mL