Association between non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from commercial poultry sheds and associated factors in Paraná, Brazil: Cross-sectional retrospective study

The epidemiology of salmonellosis in poultry is complex, which makes it difficult to identify the origin and spread of this disease in poultry farms. The aims of this study were to characterize the spatial distribution of Salmonella enterica in epidemiological units in Paraná, Brazil; and to investigate correlations between this microorganism and associated factors. Among the epidemiological units, 78 of 243 (32.10%) were positive. Spatially, the northwestern and western regions had higher concentrations of positive cases than the other regions. In bivariate analyses, the presence of other animal species in the epidemiological unit (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.64; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.43­0.95; p = 0.022) and proximity to establishments at risk (PR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.32­0.81; p = 0.001) did not influence positivity, but the average population per poultry shed (between 30,501 and 32,500; PR = 2.57; 95% CI = 1.72­3.83; p = 0.001) was associated with Salmonella positivity. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the average population per poultry shed, presence of surrounding risk-posing establishments and presence of surrounding poultry sheds produced a significant multiple model for S. enterica. The results indicated that the presence of S. enterica may be related to higher density broiler in poultry sheds, presence of surrounding poultry sheds, proximity between positive and negative epidemiological units and altitude of the municipality. The information obtained showed that some factors were related to positivity for this microorganism and emphasizes the importance of serotyping to obtain other epidemiological data.

Epidemiological and pathological aspects of salmonellosis in cattle in southern Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de salmonelose em bovinos no Sul do Brasil

Salmonellosis is a bacterial disease that affects several domestic animal species, and is commonly diagnosed in cattle, horses, and pigs. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological findings of eleven cases of enteric salmonellosis and two cases of salmonellosis with pulmonary involvement in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Clinical signs included fever, yellow diarrhea, sometimes with blood streaks, and dyspnea, with a clinical course ranging from 1 to 30 days. Eight cases occurred as outbreaks, whereas five cases occurred individually. Risk factors included inadequate handling practices, such as overcrowded facilities and comorbidities, including anaplasmosis. The main gross finding of the enteric presentation was fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis, occasionally associated with button ulcers, mesenteric lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, cholecystitis and hepatomegaly. In addition, one steer with a chronic clinical progression presented severe segmental thickening of the ileum, associated with intestinal rupture and peritonitis. In the respiratory system, the main findings were reddened, non-collapsed lungs, with multifocal areas of atelectasis. The main microscopic findings were observed in the small and large intestines, and these were characterized by severe necrosis and mucosal ulceration, associated with marked inflammatory infiltrate of neutrophils and fibrin deposition intermixed by rod-shaped bacterial aggregates, and fibrosis, as well as interstitial pneumonia. Seven cases yielded positive bacterial cultures for Salmonella spp. and three serovars, namely Typhimurium, Dublin, and Panama were identified. All cases exhibited immunolabeling for Salmonella spp. using immunohistochemistry.(AU)

Salmonelose é uma doença bacteriana que afeta inúmeras espécies animais, especialmente os bovinos, os equinos e os suínos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e patológicos de onze casos de salmonelose entérica e dois de salmonelose pulmonar em bovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os sinais clínicos incluíram febre, diarreia amarelada, por vezes com estrias de sangue, anorexia, perda de peso e dispneia, com curso clínico que variou de um a 30 dias. Em oito casos, a doença ocorreu em forma de surtos e cinco foram individuais. Identificou-se fatores de risco relacionados ao manejo inadequado com os bovinos, como alta lotação, além de comorbidades associadas, como anaplasmose. Os principais achados macroscópicos da forma entérica consistiram em enterocolite fibrinonecrótica, por vezes associada a formação de úlceras botonosas, linfonodos mesentéricos e baço aumentados, colecistite e hepatomegalia. Ainda, um bovino com quadro clínico crônico apresentou acentuado espessamento segmentar da parede do íleo associado a ruptura intestinal e peritonite. Na forma respiratória, os principais achados incluíram pulmões não colabados, avermelhados, com áreas multifocais de atelectasia. Os principais achados microscópicos foram observados no intestino delgado e grosso e foram caracterizados por acentuada necrose e ulceração da mucosa, associada a acentuado infiltrado inflamatório de neutrófilos e deposição de fibrina entremeada por agregados bacterianos cocobacilares e fibrose, além de pneumonia intersticial. Sete casos foram positivos para Salmonella sp. no cultivo bacteriano, com identificação dos sorovares Typhimurium, Dublin e Panama. Ao exame imuno-histoquímico para Salmonella sp. todos os casos apresentaram marcação positiva nos órgãos avaliados.(AU)

Outbreak of multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in calves at a veterinary hospital in Brazil / Surto de Salmonella Typhimurium multirresistante em bezerros em um hospital veterinário do Brasil

The present study aimed to describe and characterize a nosocomial outbreak caused by a multidrug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium in hospitalized calves at a veterinary medical teaching hospital from Brazil. Sixty-three (96.9%) calves showed lethargy, hyperthermia and profuse diarrhea and despite treatment, 26 (41.2%) animals died. Five animals were necropsied and stool samples of six calves were collected. The isolated strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test by disc-difusion method and were fingerprinted by ERIC-PCR. Macroscopic lesions suggestive of salmonellosis, such as fibrinonecrotic enteritis and hepatosplenomegaly were observed. Salmonellosis was confirmed by isolation of S. Typhimurium from stool samples and organs from seven affected animals. Six out of seven isolates of S. Typhimurium, exhibited 100% of similarity at ERIC-PCR, suggesting occurrence of nosocomial transmission of S. Typhimurium among the hospitalized calves. All but one S. Typhimurium isolated were resistant to marbofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, antimicrobial agents largely used for humans and animal treatment. This is the first study of a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium in a veterinary hospital in Brazil and highlighted the need for preventive measures to reduce the risks for inpatients and humans in contact with animals.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo é descrever e caracterizar um surto nosocomial provocado por S. Typhimurium multirresistente em bezerros hospitalizados em um hospital escola de medicina veteriária localizado no Brasil. Sessenta e três (96,9%) bezerros apresentaram letargia, hipertermia e diarreia profusa e, apesar do tratamento, vinte e seis animais (41,2%) morreram. Cinco animais foram necropsiados e amostras fecais de seis bezerros foram coletadas. As estirpes isoladas foram submetidas a testes de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos pelo método de disco-difusão e foram genotipadas pelo ERIC-PCR. Lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de salmonelose, como enterite fibrinonecrótica e hepatoesplenomegalia, foram observadas. Salmonelose foi confirmada pelo isolamento de S. Typhimurium em amostras fecais e órgãos de sete animais. Dos sete isolados, seis apresentaram 100% de similaridade ao ERIC-PCR, sugerindo ocorrẽncia de transmissão nosocomial de S. Typhimurium entre os bezerros hospitalizados. Com excessão de uma estirpe, todas foram resistentes a marbofloxacina, enrofloxacina, florfenicol, oxitetraciclina e trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol, agentes antimicrobianos amplamente utilizados para o tratamento humano e animal. Esse é o primeiro estudo que demonstra um surto nosocomial de estirpes de S. Typhimurium resistentes a múltiplas drogas em um hospital veterinário no Brasil, enfatizando a necessidade de medidas preventivas que reduzam os riscos aos animais hospitalizados e a pessoas que entrarem em contato com esses animais.(AU)

Salmonella spp. prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and risk factor determination in Colombian swine farms / Salmonella spp. prevalência, resistência antimicrobiana e determinação de fatores de risco em granjas suínas colombianas

To determine Salmonella spp. prevalence/seroprevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factor identification associated with its presence in Colombian swine farms. 504 samples (Faeces, swabs and environment samples) were obtained from 21 farms distributed in four geographical regions in Colombia. Salmonella spp. microbiological and molecular detection were determined by two Salmonella spp. MDS3M™ and MALDI-TOF MS assays, respectively. In addition, for serological evaluation 231 serum samples were analyzed employing ELISA Salmonella Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (QUIAGEN®). Additionally, 41 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using broth microdilution technique (Panel B1016-180 Beckman Coulter NC72®) and verified with WHONET 2016 software. Risk factors were assessed from a survey and analyzed for statistical significance by U Mann-Whitney test. An 8.9% prevalence (n=45) and 38.1% (n=88) seroprevalence were determined. All isolates presented 100% antimicrobial susceptibility against amikacin. However, resistance against penicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was present in more than 50% of evaluated strains. Risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. presence were surface water use, rough-surfaced on floors, presence of hoppers as feeders and worker's boots. Bacteria were present in animals and environmental samples from evaluated farms. Animal contact and/or exposure with the microorganism were also evident in obtained serological response. Bacteria presence depended on management practices and infrastructure, likewise antibiotic use, supplemented in the diet may have induced an increase in Salmonella spp. antimicrobial resistance.(AU)

Para determinar Salmonellaspp. prevalência/soroprevalência, padrões de resistência antimicrobiana e identificação de fatores de risco associados à sua presença em granjas suínas colombianas. Foram obtidas 504 amostras (fezes, zaragatoas e amostras do ambiente) de 21 fazendas distribuídas em quatro regiões geográficas da Colômbia. Salmonella spp., a detecção microbiológica e molecular foi determinada por 2 Salmonella spp. Ensaios MDS3M™ e MALDI-TOF MS, respectivamente. Além disso, para avaliação sorológica, foram analisadas 231 amostras de soro empregando ELISA Salmonella Pigtype® - Salmonella Ab (QUIAGEN®). Além disso, 41 isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade antimicrobiana usando a técnica de microdiluição em caldo (Painel B1016-180 Beckman Coulter NC72®) e verificados com o software WHONET 2016. Os fatores de risco foram avaliados em uma pesquisa e analisados quanto à significância estatística pelo teste U Mann-Whitney. Foram determinadas prevalências de 8,9% (n=45) e 38,1% (n=88). Todos os isolados apresentaram 100% de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana à amicacina. No entanto, resistência à penicilina, tetraciclina, cefuroxima e trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol estava presente em mais de 50% das cepas avaliadas. Fatores de risco associados à Salmonella spp., presença de uso de água de superfície, superfície áspera no chão, presença de tremonhas como alimentadores e botas de trabalho. Bactérias estavam presentes em animais e amostras ambientais de fazendas avaliadas. O contato animal e/ou a exposição ao microrganismo também foram evidentes na resposta sorológica obtida. A presença de bactérias dependia de práticas de manejo e infraestrutura, assim como o uso de antibióticos suplementados na dieta pode ter induzido um aumento de Salmonella spp. resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Salmonella spp. prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and risk factor determination in Colombian swine farms / Salmonella spp. prevalência, resistência antimicrobiana e determinação de fatores de risco em granjas suínas colombianas

To determine Salmonella spp. prevalence/seroprevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factor identification associated with its presence in Colombian swine farms. 504 samples (Faeces, swabs and environment samples) were obtained from 21 farms distributed in four geographical regions in Colombia. Salmonella spp. microbiological and molecular detection were determined by two Salmonella spp. MDS3M™ and MALDI-TOF MS assays, respectively. In addition, for serological evaluation 231 serum samples were analyzed employing ELISA Salmonella Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (QUIAGEN®). Additionally, 41 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using broth microdilution technique (Panel B1016-180 Beckman Coulter NC72®) and verified with WHONET 2016 software. Risk factors were assessed from a survey and analyzed for statistical significance by U Mann-Whitney test. An 8.9% prevalence (n=45) and 38.1% (n=88) seroprevalence were determined. All isolates presented 100% antimicrobial susceptibility against amikacin. However, resistance against penicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was present in more than 50% of evaluated strains. Risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. presence were surface water use, rough-surfaced on floors, presence of hoppers as feeders and worker's boots. Bacteria were present in animals and environmental samples from evaluated farms. Animal contact and/or exposure with the microorganism were also evident in obtained serological response. Bacteria presence depended on management practices and infrastructure, likewise antibiotic use, supplemented in the diet may have induced an increase in Salmonella spp. antimicrobial resistance.(AU)

Para determinar Salmonellaspp. prevalência/soroprevalência, padrões de resistência antimicrobiana e identificação de fatores de risco associados à sua presença em granjas suínas colombianas. Foram obtidas 504 amostras (fezes, zaragatoas e amostras do ambiente) de 21 fazendas distribuídas em quatro regiões geográficas da Colômbia. Salmonella spp., a detecção microbiológica e molecular foi determinada por 2 Salmonella spp. Ensaios MDS3M™ e MALDI-TOF MS, respectivamente. Além disso, para avaliação sorológica, foram analisadas 231 amostras de soro empregando ELISA Salmonella Pigtype® - Salmonella Ab (QUIAGEN®). Além disso, 41 isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade antimicrobiana usando a técnica de microdiluição em caldo (Painel B1016-180 Beckman Coulter NC72®) e verificados com o software WHONET 2016. Os fatores de risco foram avaliados em uma pesquisa e analisados quanto à significância estatística pelo teste U Mann-Whitney. Foram determinadas prevalências de 8,9% (n=45) e 38,1% (n=88). Todos os isolados apresentaram 100% de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana à amicacina. No entanto, resistência à penicilina, tetraciclina, cefuroxima e trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol estava presente em mais de 50% das cepas avaliadas. Fatores de risco associados à Salmonella spp., presença de uso de água de superfície, superfície áspera no chão, presença de tremonhas como alimentadores e botas de trabalho. Bactérias estavam presentes em animais e amostras ambientais de fazendas avaliadas. O contato animal e/ou a exposição ao microrganismo também foram evidentes na resposta sorológica obtida. A presença de bactérias dependia de práticas de manejo e infraestrutura, assim como o uso de antibióticos suplementados na dieta pode ter induzido um aumento de Salmonella spp. resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Survey on pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)

We surveyed healthy captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) for Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Cloacal swabs were collected from 94 cockatiels kept in commercial breeders, private residencies and pet shops in the cities of São Paulo/SP and Niterói/RJ (Brazil). Three strains of E. coli from each individual were tested for the presence of ExPEC-, APEC- and DEC-related genes. We evaluated the blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA, blaCMY, blaCTX-M, tetA, tetB, aadA, aphA, strAB, sul1, sul2, sul3, qnrA, qnrD, qnrB, qnrS, oqxAB, aac (6)′-Ib-cr, qepA resistance genes and markers for plasmid incompatibility groups. Salmonella spp. was not detected. E. coli was isolated in 10% of the animals (9/94). Four APEC genes (ironN, ompT, iss and hlyF) were detected in two strains (2/27–7%), and iss (1/27–4%) in one isolate. The highest resistance rates were observed with amoxicillin (22/27–82%), ampicillin (21/27–79%), streptomycin (18/27–67%), tetracycline (11/27–41%). Multiresistance was verified in 59% (16/27) of the isolates. We detected strAB, bla TEM, tetA, tetB, aadA, aphaA, sul1, sul2, sul3 resistance genes and plasmid Inc groups in 20 (74%) of the strains. E. coli isolated from these cockatiels are of epidemiological importance, since these pets could transmit pathogenic and multiresistant microorganisms to humans and other animals.(AU)

Frequency, serotyping and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella from feces and lymph nodes of pigs / Isolamento, sorotipagem e padrões de resistência a antimicrobianos de Salmonella em fezes e linfonodos de suínos

Salmonellosis is a foodborne disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella, being pigs and pork-products potentially important for its occurrence. In recent decades, some serovars of Salmonella have shown increase of resistance to conventional antimicrobials used in human and animal therapy, with serious risks for public health. The aim of this study was to evaluate feces (n=50), mediastinal (n=50), mesenteric (n=50) and mandibular (n=50) lymph nodes obtained from slaughter houses for Salmonella spp. Positive samples were serotyped and subjected to an in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test, including the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Salmonella species were identified in 10% (20/200) of total samples. From these, 20% (10/50) were identified in the submandibular lymph nodes, 18% (9/50) in the mesenteric lymph nodes, 2% (1/50) in feces and 0% (0/50) in the mediastinal lymph nodes. The serotypes found were Salonella Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg and S. Derby with 5% (5% each). All strains showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial; 90% were resistant to four or more antimicrobials, and 15% were multidrug-resistant. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and nalidixic acid was particularly prevalent amongst the tested serovars. Here, we highlighted the impact of pigs in the epidemiological chain of salmonellosis in domestic animals and humans, as well as the high antimicrobial resistance rates of Salmonella strains, reinforcing the necessity for responsible use of antimicrobials for animals as an emergent One Health issue, and to keep these drugs for human therapy approaches.(AU)

Nas últimas décadas, o aumento de cepas circulante de Salmonella concomitantemente a resistência microbiana tem despertado a preocupação dos órgãos de Saúde Pública. Deste modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi pesquisar a presença de Salmonella a partir de fezes (n=50), linfonodos mediastinos (n=50), mesentéricos (n=50) e submandibular (n=50) oriundos de um abatedouro suíno. As cepas isoladas foram sorotipadas e testadas quanto a resistência antimicrobiana. A presença de Salmonella isolada foram em 10% (20/200) do total de amostras, sendo 20% dos linfonodos submandibulares, 18% dos linfonodos mesentéricos e 2% das fezes. Os sorotipos encontrados foram S. Typhimurium (55%), S. enterica subsp. enterica 4,5,12: i: - (35%), S. Brandenburg (5%) e S. Derby (5%). Todas a cepas apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um antimicrobiano testado, sendo 90% resistente pelo menos quatro antimicrobianos. Destes, 15% foram classificadas como multidrogas resistentes. Os antimicrobianos mais resistentes entre os sorovares isolados foram a ciprofloxacina, tetraciclina e o ácido nalidixico. A presença de cepas de Salmonella resistente a antimicrobianos na espécie suína tem gerado um grande impacto epidemiológico entre homem e animal, reforçando cada vez mais a necessidade do uso adequado de drogas principalmente relacionado com o tema "One Health".(AU)

Importance of breeding pigs in the spread of Salmonella on farms

Background: Pigs infected with Salmonella represent a high risk for contamination and cross-contamination of carcasses with Salmonella from feces, tonsils and mesenteric lymph nodes, which occurs on the slaughter line. The environment itself represents a potential source of infection, as it is Salmonella infection of other individuals in the herd (sows, boars, piglets, fattener pigs). One of the leading sources of infection is contaminated feed for pigs, or its ingredients. If an infection occurs at any stage and category of production, those individual animals can become a potential source of infection for all others on farm. Materials, Methods & Results: This study examines the importance of breeding categories of pigs in the spread of salmonellosis in piglets and fattener pigs on seven farrow-to-finish farms in Serbia. From each farm, 30 sows, 121 boars and 90 piglets were tested from the weaning to the time of dispatch to the slaughterhouse. Pigs were examined for the presence of Salmonella-specific antibodies in blood sera and the presence of Salmonella in feces. Pigs feed on the farms were also examined for the presence of Salmonella. The identification of serotypes was conducted according to the Kauffmann-White scheme. For antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance testing, isolates were tested by disc diffusion against a panel of 11 antimicrobials. The numbers...(AU)

Importance of breeding pigs in the spread of Salmonella on farms

Background: Pigs infected with Salmonella represent a high risk for contamination and cross-contamination of carcasses with Salmonella from feces, tonsils and mesenteric lymph nodes, which occurs on the slaughter line. The environment itself represents a potential source of infection, as it is Salmonella infection of other individuals in the herd (sows, boars, piglets, fattener pigs). One of the leading sources of infection is contaminated feed for pigs, or its ingredients. If an infection occurs at any stage and category of production, those individual animals can become a potential source of infection for all others on farm. Materials, Methods & Results: This study examines the importance of breeding categories of pigs in the spread of salmonellosis in piglets and fattener pigs on seven farrow-to-finish farms in Serbia. From each farm, 30 sows, 121 boars and 90 piglets were tested from the weaning to the time of dispatch to the slaughterhouse. Pigs were examined for the presence of Salmonella-specific antibodies in blood sera and the presence of Salmonella in feces. Pigs feed on the farms were also examined for the presence of Salmonella. The identification of serotypes was conducted according to the Kauffmann-White scheme. For antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance testing, isolates were tested by disc diffusion against a panel of 11 antimicrobials. The numbers...

Comparação de três metodologias para quantificação de Salmonella sp. em efluentes de sistemas de tratamento de dejetos / Comparison of three methods for Salmonella sp. quantification in wastewater

O aumento da produção animal trouxe como consequência a geração de grande quantidade de dejetos os quais são destinados, após tratamento, à agricultura ou coleções de superfície. Entre os microrganismos presentes nos dejetos encontram-se as salmonelas. No meio ambiente esta bactéria torna-se uma importante fonte de transmissão e, consequentemente, potencial risco à produção animal e à saúde pública sendo que seu monitoramento se faz necessário. Neste sentido, compararam-se três metodologias para a quantificação de Salmonella sp. a fim de determinar a melhor técnica de estimativa do Número Mais Provável (NMP) a ser aplicado em efluentes de sistemas de tratamento de dejetos. Em cinco amostras de efluente, inocularam-se 105 a 106 UFC de Salmonella Typhimurium e determinou-se o NMP por três diferentes metodologias (A, B e C). Comparado às contagens bacterianas do inóculo de Salmonella Typhimurium, verificou-se que o NMP médio (4,441 UFC) no método A é bastante próximo a estas (P>0,05). Por outro lado, o NMP médio observado nos métodos B (1,380 UFC) e C (3,204 UFC) diferem estatisticamente daquelas (P<0,001 e P<0,01, respectivamente). Como o método A foi aquele que demonstrou valores mais próximos de NMP às quantidades inoculadas, sugere-se a utilização desta metodologia para análise de efluentes.(AU)

The increase in animal production has increased the amount of effluents destined, most of times, to agriculture and aquatic resources. As the same of others enteric microorganisms, Salmonella is present in feces. In the environment Salmonella sp. become an important source of transmission and, consequently, a risk to animal production and public health. In this experiment, three methodologies for quantifying Salmonella sp. were compared, so as to determine the best estimation technique of the Most Probable Number (MPN) to be applied in liquid waste from effluent treatment systems. In this study, were used five water samples from an aquaculture tank. Compared to the bacterial count of the Salmonella Typhimuriums inoculum (105 a 106 CFU), it was verified that the average MPN (4.441 CFU) in method A is very similar to those counts (P>0.05). On the other hand, the average MNP observed in method B (1.380 CFU) and C (3.204 CFU) are statistically different from them (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). Considering that method A was the one to present MPN values closest to the inoculated amounts, the employment of this methodology is suggested for the analysis of effluents.(AU)

Comparação de três metodologias para quantificação de Salmonella sp. em efluentes de sistemas de tratamento de dejetos / Comparison of three methods for Salmonella sp. quantification in wastewater

O aumento da produção animal trouxe como consequência a geração de grande quantidade de dejetos os quais são destinados, após tratamento, à agricultura ou coleções de superfície. Entre os microrganismos presentes nos dejetos encontram-se as salmonelas. No meio ambiente esta bactéria torna-se uma importante fonte de transmissão e, consequentemente, potencial risco à produção animal e à saúde pública sendo que seu monitoramento se faz necessário. Neste sentido, compararam-se três metodologias para a quantificação de Salmonella sp. a fim de determinar a melhor técnica de estimativa do Número Mais Provável (NMP) a ser aplicado em efluentes de sistemas de tratamento de dejetos. Em cinco amostras de efluente, inocularam-se 105 a 106 UFC de Salmonella Typhimurium e determinou-se o NMP por três diferentes metodologias (A, B e C). Comparado às contagens bacterianas do inóculo de Salmonella Typhimurium, verificou-se que o NMP médio (4,441 UFC) no método A é bastante próximo a estas (P>0,05). Por outro lado, o NMP médio observado nos métodos B (1,380 UFC) e C (3,204 UFC) diferem estatisticamente daquelas (P<0,001 e P<0,01, respectivamente). Como o método A foi aquele que demonstrou valores mais próximos de NMP às quantidades inoculadas, sugere-se a utilização desta metodologia para análise de efluentes.

The increase in animal production has increased the amount of effluents destined, most of times, to agriculture and aquatic resources. As the same of others enteric microorganisms, Salmonella is present in feces. In the environment Salmonella sp. become an important source of transmission and, consequently, a risk to animal production and public health. In this experiment, three methodologies for quantifying Salmonella sp. were compared, so as to determine the best estimation technique of the Most Probable Number (MPN) to be applied in liquid waste from effluent treatment systems. In this study, were used five water samples from an aquaculture tank. Compared to the bacterial count of the Salmonella Typhimurium’s inoculum (105 a 106 CFU), it was verified that the average MPN (4.441 CFU) in method A is very similar to those counts (P>0.05). On the other hand, the average MNP observed in method B (1.380 CFU) and C (3.204 CFU) are statistically different from them (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). Considering that method A was the one to present MPN values closest to the inoculated amounts, the employment of this methodology is suggested for the analysis of effluents.

Investigação de um surto de salmonelose ocorrido em Santo André, SP / Investigation of an outbreak of salmonellosis occurred in Santo André, SP

Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar a investigação de um surto de salmonelose ocorrido em Santo André, SP. Embora este surto tenha ocorrido em 2002, o conhecimento dos fatores, que desencadearam o surto, é de grande importância epidemiológica, principalmente para implementar os programas de prevenção em saúde. Foram envolvidas seis pessoas, todas hospitalizadas devido aos sintomas severos. O período de incubação variou entre 9 e 11 horas. O veículo de transmissão do agente etiológico foi uma sobremesa fria preparada com ovos crus. A receita foi divulgada por uma emissora de TV aberta e elaborada por uma das vítimas. A investigação realizada pela Vigilância Sanitária foi determinante para a elucidação desse surto.(AU)

The objective of this report is to describe the investigation of a salmonellas outbreak that occurred inSanto André, SP. Although the outbreak occurred in 2002, the knowledge on the factors that led to theoutbreak is of great epidemiological importance, mainly in order to implement health prevention programs. Six people were involved in the outbreak, and all of them were hospitalized due to severity of the symptoms. lncubation period ranged from 9 to 11 hours. The vehicle for the etiological agent was acold dessert prepared with raw eggs. The recipe was shown in a public TV channel and was preparedby one of the victims. The investigation carried out by the Office of Health Surveillance was essentialfor the understanding of the outbreak. (AU)

Ocorrência de sorotipos exóticos de Salmonella encontrados em cães assintomáticos nos distritos do município de Ilhéus / BA - Brasil / Occurrence of exotic Salmonella serovar in assymptomatic dogs in Ilheus City / BA - Brazil

Amostras fecais de cães provenientes de distritos carentes do Município de Ilhéus / BA foram analisadas para a presença de Salmonella spp durante o período de junho de 2001 a abril de 2002. Dezoito (9,47 por cento) dos 190 animais foram considerados positivos sendo que 66,6 por cento destes casos ocorreram com animais até 1 ano de idade, 56 por cento se alimentavam com comida caseira, 66 por cento tinham acesso à fonte de água não tratada e 67 por cento possuía comportamento domiciliar. A sintomatologia da doença não foi percebida em 83,3 por cento dos animais. A S. Gafsa representou o sorotipo mais prevalente (38,9 por cento), seguido pela S. Rubislaw (27,8), S. Carrau (16,7 por cento) e S. enterica subsp. Houtenae (11,1 por cento). Uma cepa não pôde ser identificada. O antibiograma revelou a gentamicina como sendo a droga mais potente, in vitro, para o tratamento das salmonelas encontradas na região de Ilhéus, seguida pela ampicilina. Nossos resultados confirmam que cães representam um importante reservatório de sorotipos exóticos de Salmonella e que ocorre padrões diferentes de sensibilidade a antibióticos entre eles. (AU)

Fecal samples from dogs residing in areas of poor living conditions in Ilhéus city / BA were examined for Salmonella spp from June 2001 to April 2002. Eighteen (9.47%) of 190 animals were found to be positive. 66.6% of those samples were taken from one year old puppies, 56% of the positive animals were fed by table scrap, 66% did not drink treated water and 67% had a domiciliary behavior. Symptoms of salmonellosis were not present in 83% of all positive animals. S. Gafsa represented the most prevalent serovar (38.9%), followed by S. Rubislaw (27.8%), S. Carrau (16.7%) and S. enterica subsp. Houtenae (11.1%). One sample could not be identified. Gentamicin was the most potent in vitro drug for the treatment of salmonelosis, followed by ampicilin. Our results confirmed that dogs represent an important reservoir of exotic Salmonella serovars and that there are different patterns of sensitivity to drugs among them. (AU)

Pequeno dossiê epidemiológico da Salmonella, como causadora de infecções alimentares / Epidemiologic studies of the Salmonella, as casual of infections food

A salmonelose é considerada um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública em todos os países. O gênero Salmonella é um dos principais agentes envolvidos nos surtos de toxinfecções alimentares. Grande parte dos surtos está associada ao consumo de alimentos de origem animal. Este artigo descreve a ação da Salmonella como agente causador de surtos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos, em diferentes partes do mundo. Além de apresentar as principais medidas de controle e prevenção.(AU)

Salmonelosis is considered to be one of the most important public health problems in all countries. The Salmonella gender is one of agent principal involved in food poisoning outbreak. Numerous outbreaks are associate to the consumption of the foods from animal origin. This article describes the Salmonella as the casual agent of foodborne disease in different parts of the world. Beyond present main measure of control and prevention. (AU)