Aortic thromboembolism in a cat

Background: The aortic thromboembolism in cats is usually associated with cardiomyopathy, when a thrombus or a clot is formed in the heart, transported through the bloodstream and fixed at somewhere. According to Virchows triad, changes in the endocardial surface or in the blood flow/composition can result in thrombus formation. The most common clinical signs are: hind limb paralysis, lack of femoral pulse, cold and cyanotic extremities. The treatment should be performed as soon as possible and it is based on antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, thrombolytics agents or surgical procedures. It is reported the case of a cat presenting aortic thromboembolism. Case: Macroscopically it was observed that the hind limb extremities were with a dark red color and with a bad odor on cut. There were in the subcutaneous tissue of the hind limbs a severe and diffuse accumulation of a reddish material, translucent, shiny, gelatinous (intense diffuse edema) and the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs had extensive pale and friable areas. Inside the medial saphenous vein lumen there was a greyish-white and soft material which adhered to the vessel wall. The lungs were not fully collapsed, it had a smooth and shiny surface and an extensive dark red area in the right middle lobe (moderate extensive bleeding). The spleen was with slightly bulging edges and on cut flowed moderate amount of blood [...]

Aortic thromboembolism in a cat

Background: The aortic thromboembolism in cats is usually associated with cardiomyopathy, when a thrombus or a clot is formed in the heart, transported through the bloodstream and fixed at somewhere. According to Virchows triad, changes in the endocardial surface or in the blood flow/composition can result in thrombus formation. The most common clinical signs are: hind limb paralysis, lack of femoral pulse, cold and cyanotic extremities. The treatment should be performed as soon as possible and it is based on antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, thrombolytics agents or surgical procedures. It is reported the case of a cat presenting aortic thromboembolism. Case: Macroscopically it was observed that the hind limb extremities were with a dark red color and with a bad odor on cut. There were in the subcutaneous tissue of the hind limbs a severe and diffuse accumulation of a reddish material, translucent, shiny, gelatinous (intense diffuse edema) and the skeletal muscles of the hind limbs had extensive pale and friable areas. Inside the medial saphenous vein lumen there was a greyish-white and soft material which adhered to the vessel wall. The lungs were not fully collapsed, it had a smooth and shiny surface and an extensive dark red area in the right middle lobe (moderate extensive bleeding). The spleen was with slightly bulging edges and on cut flowed moderate amount of blood [...](AU)

Effects of cilostazol in kidney and skeletal striated muscle of Wistar rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion of hind limbs / Efeitos do cilostazol em rim e musculatura estriada esquelética de ratos Wistar submetidos à isquemia aguda e reperfusão de membros posteriores

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of cilostazol, in kidney and skeletal muscle of rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion. METHODS: Fourty three animals were randomized and divided into two groups. Group I received a solution of cilostazol (10 mg/Kg) and group II received saline solution 0.9% (SS) by orogastric tube after ligature of the abdominal aorta. After four hours of ischemia the animals were divided into four subgroups: group IA (Cilostazol): two hours of reperfusion. Group IIA (SS): two hours of reperfusion. Group IB (Cilostazol): six hours of reperfusion. Group IIB (SS) six hours of reperfusion. After reperfusion, a left nephrectomy was performed and removal of the muscles of the hind limb. The histological parameters were studied. In kidney cylinders of myoglobin, vacuolar degeneration and acute tubular necrosis. In muscle interstitial edema, inflammatory infiltrate, hypereosinophilia fiber, cariopicnose and necrosis. Apoptosis was assessed by immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase-3 and TUNEL. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: Cilostazol had no protective effect on the kidney and the skeletal striated muscle in rats submitted to acute ischemia and reperfusion in this model.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito do cilostazol no rim e na musculatura esquelética de ratos submetidos à isquemia aguda e reperfusão. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e três animais foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois grupos. Grupo I recebeu solução de cilostazol (10 mg/Kg) e Grupo II recebeu solução fisiológica a 0,9% (SF), após ligadura da aorta abdominal. Decorridas quatro horas de isquemia os animais foram distribuídos em quatro subgrupos: Grupo IA (Cilostazol): duas horas de reperfusão. Grupo IIA (SF): duas horas de reperfusão. Grupo IB (Cilostazol): seis horas de reperfusão. Grupo IIB (SF): seis horas de reperfusão. Após a reperfusão, realizou-se nefrectomia esquerda e a retirada da musculatura de membro posterior. Os parâmetros histológicos estudados em rim foram cilindros de mioglobina, degeneração vacuolar e necrose tubular. Em músculo foram edema, infiltrado inflamatório, hipereosinofilia de fibras, cariopicnose e necrose. A apoptose foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica, através da caspase-3 clivada e TUNEL. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: O cilostazol não teve efeito protetor sobre o rim e sobre a musculatura estriada esquelética em ratos Wistar submetidos à isquemia aguda e reperfusão no modelo estudado.(AU)

Novel role of antiplatelet agents (aspirin plus clopidogrel) in an incoagulable blood of a victim of russell's viper snakebite

Snake antivenom is a specific antidote to the venom action, neutralizing the circulating venom. However, it fails to neutralize the venom fixed to target organs such as platelets, renal tubules, etc. Russell's viper venom initiates rapid coagulation in a victim by activating blood platelets, factors V, X, and anticoagulant cofactors. Activation of thrombin, resulting in formation of micro-thrombi, fibrinolysis, and a vicious cascade, sets in. Inhibition of activated platelets by aspirin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) and clopidogrel (ADP receptor inhibitor) helps to break this vicious circle induced by Russell's venom and may initiate the natural physiological clotting mechanism. They can be utilized as an adjuvant treatment.(AU)