The Effects of Different Amount of Protein and Vitamin e Supplementation in Rations on Lipid and Antioxidant Metabolism of Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress

Heat stress, causes economic losses and has negative effects on both broiler husbandry and animal welfare. Nutritional strategies are applied for minimizing the negative effects of heat stress. In the present study, at the finishing period (24-39 days of age) of heat stress, the effects of diet involving 21% and 19% proteins and vitamin E on lipid metabolism and antioxidant mechanism of action, aimed to be identified. This study was carried out in six groups as: HPC (24oC heat + 21% crude protein (CP)), HPS (34oC heat + 21% CP), LPC (24oC heat + 19% CP), LPS (34oC heat + 19% CP), HPSVE (34oC heat + 21% CP + Vitamin E) and LPSVE (34oC heat + 19% CP + vitamin E) groups. Superficial pectoral muscles (breast) and liver tissues were used for oxidative stress and antioxidant defence determinations. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels have also been determined in blood serums. During the research, it is found that heat stress increased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, where Vitamin E has recovered triglyceride levels limitedly and cholesterol levels significantly. It is also observed that the adverse effect of high temperature was directly related to oxidative stress. Protein levels and vitamin supplementation relatively ameliorated these adverse effects, suggesting the tissue specificity. Consequently, the importance of feeding strategies such as the presence of Vitamin E and protein ratios on broiler nutrition in heat stress was established.(AU)

The Effects of Different Amount of Protein and Vitamin e Supplementation in Rations on Lipid and Antioxidant Metabolism of Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress

Heat stress, causes economic losses and has negative effects on both broiler husbandry and animal welfare. Nutritional strategies are applied for minimizing the negative effects of heat stress. In the present study, at the finishing period (24-39 days of age) of heat stress, the effects of diet involving 21% and 19% proteins and vitamin E on lipid metabolism and antioxidant mechanism of action, aimed to be identified. This study was carried out in six groups as: HPC (24oC heat + 21% crude protein (CP)), HPS (34oC heat + 21% CP), LPC (24oC heat + 19% CP), LPS (34oC heat + 19% CP), HPSVE (34oC heat + 21% CP + Vitamin E) and LPSVE (34oC heat + 19% CP + vitamin E) groups. Superficial pectoral muscles (breast) and liver tissues were used for oxidative stress and antioxidant defence determinations. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels have also been determined in blood serums. During the research, it is found that heat stress increased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, where Vitamin E has recovered triglyceride levels limitedly and cholesterol levels significantly. It is also observed that the adverse effect of high temperature was directly related to oxidative stress. Protein levels and vitamin supplementation relatively ameliorated these adverse effects, suggesting the tissue specificity. Consequently, the importance of feeding strategies such as the presence of Vitamin E and protein ratios on broiler nutrition in heat stress was established.

Chemical composition of lipids from native and exotic fish in reservoirs of the state of Ceará, Brazil / Composição química de lipídeos de peixes nativos e exóticos presentes em açudes do Ceará, Brasil

Current study analyzes the chemical composition of lipids in fish commonly found in the dams of the state of Ceará, Brazil, namely Pterygoplichthys pardalis (bodó), Hoplias malabaricus (traira), Cichla ocellaris (tucunaré), Prochilodus brevis (curimatã) and Oreochomis niloticus (tilapia). The animals were collected during the summer and Folch extraction procedure was used for the extraction of lipids, whilst Iupac methodology (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry [Iupac], 1987) was used to methylate the fatty acids. Methyl esters were analyzed by GC/MS and the different components in fish oil were identified. Palmitic acid, C16:0 (35.71-45.02%), was the saturated fatty acid with the highest percentage, while oleic acid, C18:19 (10.62-25.29%) had the highest percentage among the unsaturated fatty acids. The chemical composition of analyzed freshwater fish lipids revealed low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a composição química de lipídeos de peixes comumente encontrados em açudes do estado do Ceará: Ancistrus sp (bodó), Hoplias malabaricus (traíra), Cichla ocellaris (tucunaré), Prochilodus brevis (curimatã) e Oreochomis niloticus (tilápia). A coleta dos animais foi realizada durante o verão. Os lipídeos foram obtidos segundo o método de extração de Folch e os ácidos graxos foram metilados seguindo a metodologia da Iupac (União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada [Iupac], 1987). A análise química dos ésteres metílicos foi feita por CG/EM. Dentre os ácidos graxos saturados, o palmítico C16:0 (35.71-45.02%) apresentou o maior percentual e entre os ácidos graxos insaturados o oleico C18:19 (10.62-25.29%) foi o mais abundante. A composição química de lipídeos dos peixes de água doce analisados revelou baixos teores de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados.

Chemical composition of lipids from native and exotic fish in reservoirs of the state of Ceará, Brazil / Composição química de lipídeos de peixes nativos e exóticos presentes em açudes do Ceará, Brasil

Current study analyzes the chemical composition of lipids in fish commonly found in the dams of the state of Ceará, Brazil, namely Pterygoplichthys pardalis (bodó), Hoplias malabaricus (traira), Cichla ocellaris (tucunaré), Prochilodus brevis (curimatã) and Oreochomis niloticus (tilapia). The animals were collected during the summer and Folch extraction procedure was used for the extraction of lipids, whilst Iupac methodology (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry [Iupac], 1987) was used to methylate the fatty acids. Methyl esters were analyzed by GC/MS and the different components in fish oil were identified. Palmitic acid, C16:0 (35.71-45.02%), was the saturated fatty acid with the highest percentage, while oleic acid, C18:19 (10.62-25.29%) had the highest percentage among the unsaturated fatty acids. The chemical composition of analyzed freshwater fish lipids revealed low levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a composição química de lipídeos de peixes comumente encontrados em açudes do estado do Ceará: Ancistrus sp (bodó), Hoplias malabaricus (traíra), Cichla ocellaris (tucunaré), Prochilodus brevis (curimatã) e Oreochomis niloticus (tilápia). A coleta dos animais foi realizada durante o verão. Os lipídeos foram obtidos segundo o método de extração de Folch e os ácidos graxos foram metilados seguindo a metodologia da Iupac (União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada [Iupac], 1987). A análise química dos ésteres metílicos foi feita por CG/EM. Dentre os ácidos graxos saturados, o palmítico C16:0 (35.71-45.02%) apresentou o maior percentual e entre os ácidos graxos insaturados o oleico C18:19 (10.62-25.29%) foi o mais abundante. A composição química de lipídeos dos peixes de água doce analisados revelou baixos teores de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados.(AU)

Effect of Cottonseed Meal Fermented with Yeast on the Lipid-related Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens

Fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) is widely used in poultry diets in China. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FCSM on lipid-related gene expression in broilers. Initially, 180 broiler chickens (21-days-old, equal number of males and females) were randomly divided into three groups, with six pens per group and 10 birds per pen. The chickens in the control group were fed a diet containing unfermented cottonseed meal, and those in the treatment groups were fed with diets including either CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis (Ct group) or CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis plus Saccharomyces cerevisae (Ct-Sc group) until 64 days old. The results revealed that, compared with the control group (p 0.05), the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-a) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were upregulated in the livers of Ct-Sc males. The expression of PPAR-a was also upregulated in the livers of Ct females. The expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and LPL in the liver of males and the expression of PPAR-a in the liver of females were significantly different between the Ct and Ct-Sc groups (p 0.05). However, gene expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in the liver were not altered when the broilers were fed FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). Likewise, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-g) and LPL in the abdominal fat were not altered by the FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). The results in this study indicate that CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeeffectively regulated the genes involved in fatty acid b-oxidation and triglyceride hydrolysis in male broiler chickens. Furthermore, the effects of the FCSM-supplemented diets were significantly different between bird sexes and between yeast strains used in the fermentation process.

Effect of Cottonseed Meal Fermented with Yeast on the Lipid-related Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens

Fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) is widely used in poultry diets in China. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of FCSM on lipid-related gene expression in broilers. Initially, 180 broiler chickens (21-days-old, equal number of males and females) were randomly divided into three groups, with six pens per group and 10 birds per pen. The chickens in the control group were fed a diet containing unfermented cottonseed meal, and those in the treatment groups were fed with diets including either CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis (Ct group) or CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis plus Saccharomyces cerevisae (Ct-Sc group) until 64 days old. The results revealed that, compared with the control group (p 0.05), the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-a) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were upregulated in the livers of Ct-Sc males. The expression of PPAR-a was also upregulated in the livers of Ct females. The expression levels of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and LPL in the liver of males and the expression of PPAR-a in the liver of females were significantly different between the Ct and Ct-Sc groups (p 0.05). However, gene expressions of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) in the liver were not altered when the broilers were fed FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). Likewise, the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-g) and LPL in the abdominal fat were not altered by the FCSM-supplemented diets (p>0.05). The results in this study indicate that CSM fermented by Candida tropicalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiaeeffectively regulated the genes involved in fatty acid b-oxidation and triglyceride hydrolysis in male broiler chickens. Furthermore, the effects of the FCSM-supplemented diets were significantly different between bird sexes and between yeast strains used in the fermentation process.(AU)

Padrões de deslocamento de bezerras de corte que receberam suplementos isolipídicos em pastagem de azevém / Displacement patterns of beef heifers receiving iso lipidic supplements on ryegrass pasture

Foram avaliados o uso de estações alimentares, o deslocamento e a taxa de bocado de bezerras de corte que foram mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem de azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ou receberam suplementos (grão de milho ou gordura). O método de pastejo foi contínuo, com número variável de animais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com medidas repetidas no tempo. O número de bocados realizados por estação alimentar é similar quando as bezerras recebem suplemento ou não. As equações de predição mostram que a massa de lâminas foliares exerce maior influência no tempo por estação alimentar quando as bezerras permanecem exclusivamente em pastejo de azevém ou recebem grão de milho como suplemento, enquanto para bezerras que recebem gordura, essa variável é influenciada pela oferta de forragem. O deslocamento (passos entre estações e passos por minuto) de bezerras exclusivamente em pastejo e que recebem grão de milho é influenciado pela estrutura e qualidade do pasto. A taxa de bocado dos animais suplementados com grão de milho e gordura é influenciada pela proporção de lâminas foliares no dossel. Equações de regressão múltipla, considerando-se os atributos do pasto e da pastagem, podem ser utilizadas como modelos preditores do uso de estações alimentares, deslocamento e taxa de bocado de bezerras de corte.(AU)

The use of feeding stations, displacement patterns and bite rate of beef heifers kept exclusively on Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) or receiving supplements (corn grain or fat) were evaluated. The grazing method was continuous with a variable number of animals. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with repeated time measures. The number of bites per feeding station is similar when heifers receive supplement or not. The prediction equations show that the mass of leaf lamina has greater influence on the time per feeding station when heifers remain exclusively grazing ryegrass or receive corn grain as a supplement, while for calves that receive fat this variable is influenced by forage allowance. The displacement (steps between stations and steps per minute) of heifers exclusively on ryegrass or receiving corn grain is influenced by the structure and quality of grass. The bite rate of heifers supplemented with corn grain and fat is influenced by the proportion of leaf lamina in the sward. Multiple regression equations considering the attributes of grass and pasture can be used as models to predict the use of feeding stations, displacement and bite rate of beef heifers.(AU)

Perfil lipídico de ratos wistar submetidos á alimentação suplementada com ovo / Lipid profile of Wistar rats subjected to food supplemented with egg

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil lipídico de ratos Wistar suplementado com ovo em pó, visto as discordâncias científicas quanto ao seu efeito maléfico ou benéfico à saúde humana. Foram utilizados 16 ratos machos da linhagem Wistar, divididos em dois grupos: G1 (controle) e G2 (dieta suplementada com dois ovos/dia), sendo que o estudo teve a duração de 60 dias. A quantidade de ração e água foi de acordo com os parâmetros de referência para ratos, respectivamente 10g/100g e 10 a 12 mL/100g de peso-animal/dia. Os ratos foram sacrificados para realização das análises clínicas (trigliacilglicerol, colesterol total e frações), no início e no final do experimento. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o nível de colesterol LDL/mg/dL foi superior nos animais com dieta suplementada com ovos em pó. Em contrapartida, os níveis de triglicérides/mg/dL e VLDL/mg/dL e VLDL/mg/dL foram maiores nos animais do grupo controle. Esses resultados permitem concluir que o consumo do ovo não é responsável majoritariamente pelo aumento da concentração dos lipídeos séricos.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate thelipid profile of rats supplementedwith powdered egg, since the scientificdisagreement about its beneficial or harmful effect on human health.We used 16 male Wistar rats weredivided into two groups: G1(control)and G2 (diet supplemented with twoeggs / day), and the study lasted 60days. The amount of food and waterwas in line with the benchmarks forrats, respectively 1Og/100g and 10-12mL/100 g peso-animal/dia. The ratswere sacrificed to perform the clinicalanalysis (trigliacilglicerol, total cholesteroland fractions) at the beginningand end of the experiment. The resultsshowed that levels of LDL cholesterol/ mg / dL was higher in animais witha diet supplemented with powderedeggs.1n contrast, levels oftriglyceride/ mg / dL and VLDL / mg / dL washigher in the control group. Theseresults indicate that egg consumptionis not responsible mainly by increasingthe concentration of serum lipids. (AU)

Desenvolvimento in vitro de oócitos oriundos de cabras alimentadas com diferentes níveis de lipídios / In vitro development of oocytes from goats fed with increased levels of lipid

[...] Além disso, durante todo o protocolo alimentar, foram realizadas sucessivas colheitas de sangue (3 em 3 dias) afim de se analisar a concentração de colesterol total no plasma. No laboratório, os ovários foram pesados, o número e diâmetro dos folículos visíveis foram avaliados e puncionados a fim de se obter o fluido folicular para a análise de colesterol. Os oócitos foram recuperados a partir da técnica de slicing e foram classificados morfologicamente em graus qualitativos. Os oócitos foram separados em graus qualitativos e maturados in vitro por 22 horas, onde a taxa de maturação foi observada a partir da extrusão do 1º corpúsculo polar. Posterior à maturação, os oócitos maturados foram ativados partenogeneticamente e cultivados in vitro por um período de 7 dias, onde foram avaliadas as taxas de clivagem (dia 2) e de blastocistos (dia 7). Os animais alimentados com 11% de lipídios (G3) apresentaram concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol significativamente maior do que os outros grupos alimentares (P 0,05). Quanto à qualidade dos oócitos, o grupo G3 registrou um número significativamente maior de oócitos atrésicos e/ou degenerados (P 0,05). Não houve diferença quanto às taxas de maturação e o desenvolvimento após a ativação partenogenética entre os grupos alimentares (P > 0,05). Neste estudo, o grupo com concentrados apresentando níveis de lipídios de 11% alterou significativamente a concentração de colesterol plasmático e a qualidade oocitária. Adicionalmente, o incremento de lipídios alimentares no concentrado acima de 3% não produziu efeitos sobre a concentração de colesterol folicular, nem afetou o desenvolvimento in vitro dos oócitos.

[...] Additionally, throughout the dietary protocol, successive blood samples were collected (3 to 3 days) to analyze the plasma total cholesterol concentration. At the laboratory, the ovaries were weighed and the number and size of follicles were evaluated and the follicles were punctured to obtain the follicular fluid also for analysis of cholesterol. The oocytes were recovered from the slicing technique and were morphologically classified in degrees of quality. Oocytes were divided into qualitative degrees and matured in vitro for 22 hours, where the maturation rate was observed from the extrusion of the first polar body. After maturation, oocytes were used for parthenogenect activation and cultured in vitro for 7 days, which we evaluated the rates of cleavage (day 2) and blastocysts (day 7). The animals fed with 11% lipids (G3) had plasma cholesterol levels significantly higher than other groups (P 0.05). In quality of oocytes, the G3 group had a significantly higher number of atretic and / or degenerate oocytes (P 0.05). There was no difference in the rates of maturation and development after parthenogenetic activation among food groups. In this study, the group with lipid levels of 11% on concentrate significantly altered the concentration of plasma cholesterol and oocyte quality. Additionally, the increase of lipid concentration in diet above 3% had no effect on follicular cholesterol concentration nor affected the development of oocytes in vitro.

Desenvolvimento in vitro de oócitos oriundos de cabras alimentadas com diferentes níveis de lipídios / In vitro development of oocytes from goats fed with increased levels of lipid

[...] Além disso, durante todo o protocolo alimentar, foram realizadas sucessivas colheitas de sangue (3 em 3 dias) afim de se analisar a concentração de colesterol total no plasma. No laboratório, os ovários foram pesados, o número e diâmetro dos folículos visíveis foram avaliados e puncionados a fim de se obter o fluido folicular para a análise de colesterol. Os oócitos foram recuperados a partir da técnica de slicing e foram classificados morfologicamente em graus qualitativos. Os oócitos foram separados em graus qualitativos e maturados in vitro por 22 horas, onde a taxa de maturação foi observada a partir da extrusão do 1º corpúsculo polar. Posterior à maturação, os oócitos maturados foram ativados partenogeneticamente e cultivados in vitro por um período de 7 dias, onde foram avaliadas as taxas de clivagem (dia 2) e de blastocistos (dia 7). Os animais alimentados com 11% de lipídios (G3) apresentaram concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol significativamente maior do que os outros grupos alimentares (P < 0,001). Porém, esta diferença não foi observada no fluido folicular. Também não houve efeito da dieta na atividade ovariana (número e diâmetro de folículos visíveis) (P > 0,05). Quanto à qualidade dos oócitos, o grupo G3 registrou um número significativamente maior de oócitos atrésicos e/ou degenerados (P < 0,05), porém, a média de oócitos viáveis recuperados não diferiu entre os grupos (P > 0,05). Não houve diferença quanto às taxas de maturação e o desenvolvimento após a ativação partenogenética entre os grupos alimentares (P > 0,05). Neste estudo, o grupo com concentrados apresentando níveis de lipídios de 11% alterou significativamente a concentração de colesterol plasmático e a qualidade oocitária. Adicionalmente, o incremento de lipídios alimentares no concentrado acima de 3% não produziu efeitos sobre a concentração de colesterol folicular, nem afetou o desenvolvimento in vitro dos oócitos.(AU)

[...] Additionally, throughout the dietary protocol, successive blood samples were collected (3 to 3 days) to analyze the plasma total cholesterol concentration. At the laboratory, the ovaries were weighed and the number and size of follicles were evaluated and the follicles were punctured to obtain the follicular fluid also for analysis of cholesterol. The oocytes were recovered from the slicing technique and were morphologically classified in degrees of quality. Oocytes were divided into qualitative degrees and matured in vitro for 22 hours, where the maturation rate was observed from the extrusion of the first polar body. After maturation, oocytes were used for parthenogenect activation and cultured in vitro for 7 days, which we evaluated the rates of cleavage (day 2) and blastocysts (day 7). The animals fed with 11% lipids (G3) had plasma cholesterol levels significantly higher than other groups (P <0.001). However, this difference was not observed in follicular fluid. There was also no effect of diet on ovarian activity (number and size of follicles visible) (P> 0.05). In quality of oocytes, the G3 group had a significantly higher number of atretic and / or degenerate oocytes (P <0.05), however, the average of viable oocytes retrieved did not differ among groups (P> 0.05). There was no difference in the rates of maturation and development after parthenogenetic activation among food groups. In this study, the group with lipid levels of 11% on concentrate significantly altered the concentration of plasma cholesterol and oocyte quality. Additionally, the increase of lipid concentration in diet above 3% had no effect on follicular cholesterol concentration nor affected the development of oocytes in vitro.(AU)