Taiwan cobra envenoming: serum venom concentration before and after specific treatment and relationship with debridement of necrotic wound tissue

Background: Bivalent freeze-dried neurotoxic (FN) antivenom has been the primary treatment since the 1980s for Taiwan cobra (Naja atra) envenomation in Taiwan. However, envenomation-related wound necrosis is a significant problem after cobra snakebites. In the present study, we analyzed the changes in serum venom concentration before and after antivenom administration to discover their clinical implications and the surgical treatment options for wound necrosis. Methods: The patients were divided into limb swelling and wound necrosis groups. The clinical outcome was that swelling started to subside 12 hours after antivenom treatment in the first group. Serum venom concentrations before and after using antivenoms were measured to assess the antivenom's ability to neutralize the circulating cobra venom. The venom levels in wound wet dressing gauzes, blister fluids, and debrided tissues were also investigated to determine their clinical significance. We also observed the evolutional changes of wound necrosis and chose a better wound debridement timing. Results: We prospectively enrolled 15 Taiwan cobra snakebite patients. Males accounted for most of this study population (n = 11, 73%). The wound necrosis group received more antivenom doses than the limb swelling group (4; IQR:2-6 vs 1; IQR:1-2, p = 0.05), and less records of serum venom concentrations changed before/after antivenom use (p = 0.0079). The necrotic wound site may release venom into circulation and cause more severe envenomation symptoms. Antivenom can efficiently diminish limb swelling in cobra bite patients. However, antivenom cannot reduce wound necrosis. Patients with early debridement of wound necrosis had a better limb outcome, while late or without debridement may have long-term hospital stay and distal limb morbidity. Conclusions: Antivenom can efficiently eliminate the circulating cobra venom in limb swelling patients without wound necrosis. Early debridement of the bite site wound and wet dressing management are suggestions for preventing extended tissue necrosis and hospital stay.(AU)

Necrotic wound caused by jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) in a dog - hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBTO)

Background: Snakebites are the main responsible for envenoming in dogs and the bothropic venom remains the mostcommon in Brazil, which can induce a necrotic skin wound. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) use 100% oxygen underhigh pressure and used to treat different wounds in human patients. To the authors’ knowledge, no reports regarding to usethe HBOT in skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) are present in the literature. The present clinical caseaimed to describe the use of HBOT for the treatment of an extensive necrotic wound caused by jararaca snakebite in a dog.Case: A neutered 8-year-old mixed-breed dog, weighing 12 kg, was admitted with a 7-day history of extensive necroticwound was identified in the face and neck causing by a snakebite, and no sign of pain. The procedure of HBOT (singlesessions of 1.5 ATM, 45 min, repeated every 48 h, up to 12 sessions) was decided, and the complete blood cells, alanineaminotransferase, creatinine, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, wound clinicalevaluation were measured at the following time-points: 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 12th sessions. At the 5th session was identifiedleukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia. Wound re-epithelialization was initiated after the 5th session, and the completeepithelialization was identified at the 12th session of HBOT. During the HBOT no side effects were identified. Threemonths after the HBOT finished, the animal returned to the clinic and the clinical status evolved positively, and the woundwas completed healed.Discussion: This report described the treatment of an extensive necrotic skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca)in an 8-year-old, neutered, mixed-breed dog using the HBOT. The wound healing...

Necrotic wound caused by jararaca (Bothrops jararaca) in a dog - hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBTO)

Background: Snakebites are the main responsible for envenoming in dogs and the bothropic venom remains the mostcommon in Brazil, which can induce a necrotic skin wound. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) use 100% oxygen underhigh pressure and used to treat different wounds in human patients. To the authors knowledge, no reports regarding to usethe HBOT in skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca) are present in the literature. The present clinical caseaimed to describe the use of HBOT for the treatment of an extensive necrotic wound caused by jararaca snakebite in a dog.Case: A neutered 8-year-old mixed-breed dog, weighing 12 kg, was admitted with a 7-day history of extensive necroticwound was identified in the face and neck causing by a snakebite, and no sign of pain. The procedure of HBOT (singlesessions of 1.5 ATM, 45 min, repeated every 48 h, up to 12 sessions) was decided, and the complete blood cells, alanineaminotransferase, creatinine, creatine kinase, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, wound clinicalevaluation were measured at the following time-points: 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 12th sessions. At the 5th session was identifiedleukopenia, neutropenia and lymphopenia. Wound re-epithelialization was initiated after the 5th session, and the completeepithelialization was identified at the 12th session of HBOT. During the HBOT no side effects were identified. Threemonths after the HBOT finished, the animal returned to the clinic and the clinical status evolved positively, and the woundwas completed healed.Discussion: This report described the treatment of an extensive necrotic skin wound caused by snakebite (Bothrops jararaca)in an 8-year-old, neutered, mixed-breed dog using the HBOT. The wound healing...(AU)

Downer cow syndrome causing rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in a 17-month-old Guzerá heifer / Síndrome da vaca caída causando rabdomiólise e insuficiência renal aguda em uma novilha Guzerá de 17 meses

The downer cow syndrome (DCS) is characterized by an alert cow showing inability or reluctance to stand for 12 hours or more. This paper reported clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings in a Guzerá heifer with rhabdomyolysis, pigmenturia and acute renal failure following DCS. A 17-month-old Guzerá heifer was transported via a 350-km ride in a truck and showed sternal recumbency and severe difficulty in standing and walking. Neurological examination was unremarkable, and the heifer presented normal response to cranial nerves and spinal cord tests. Rectal palpation revealed a 5-month gravid uterus. No other abnormalities were noted in the pelvis or around the coxofemoral joints. Biochemical abnormalities included extremely high muscular enzyme activities (creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase) and high creatinine levels. Urinalysis revealed blackish and cloudy urine, proteinuria, and a positive occult blood test. Spinal cord ultrasonography showed no abnormalities. This report highlighted an uncommon clinical presentation (myoglobinuria) and pathological findings in a heifer with DCS as a consequence of severe compressive muscle damage. Practitioners and producers must be aware of the risk of careless road transportation for long distances of cattle, especially obese cows, avoiding unnecessary suffering and expenses due to DCS.

A síndrome da vaca caída (SVC) é caracterizada por um bovino alerta que mostra incapacidade ou relutância em permanecer em estação por 12 horas ou mais. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos em uma novilha Guzerá com rabdomiólise, pigmentúria e insuficiência renal aguda após a SVC. Uma novilha da raça Guzerá, de 17 meses de idade, foi transportada de caminhão por 350 km e apresentou decúbito esternal, grande dificuldade para assumir estação e caminhar. O exame neurológico não demonstrou alterações, e a novilha possuía resposta normal aos testes de nervos cranianos e medula espinhal. A palpação retal revelou útero grávido de cinco meses. Nenhuma outra anormalidade foi observada na pelve ou na região das articulações coxofemorais. As anormalidades bioquímicas incluíram atividades de enzimas musculares (creatina fosfoquinase e aspartato aminotransferase) extremamente aumentadas e níveis elevados de creatinina. A urinálise revelou urina enegrecida e turva, proteinúria e teste de sangue oculto positivo. O exame ultrassonográfico da medula espinhal não apresentou anormalidades. Este relato evidencia uma apresentação clínica (mioglobinúria) e achados patológicos incomuns em uma novilha com SVC em consequência de extensa lesão muscular compressiva. Veterinários e produtores devem estar atentos aos riscos do transporte rodoviário descuidado por longas distâncias de bovinos, especialmente vacas obesas, evitando assim sofrimento e despesas desnecessárias decorrentes da SVC.

Ionóforos e intoxicação em equinos / Ionophores and poisoning in horses

Ionóforos são substâncias que foram inicialmente utilizadas como coccidiostáticos na produção de frangos de corte e, posteriormente, passaram a ser adicionados como aditivos na dieta de ruminantes. A intoxicação por ionóforos pode ocorrer em diversas espécies animais, no entanto, a espécie equina é especialmente sensível. O quadro clínico e anatomopatológico relacionado à intoxicação em equinos é caracterizado por sinais clínicos decorrentes de cardiomiopatia e miopatia da musculatura esquelética devido a necrose causada nestes tecidos. Não existe tratamento específico para os quadros de intoxicação por ionóforos, sendo assim, a prevenção deve ser preconizada de modo a evitar exposição dos equinos a alimentos que contenham ionóforos, especialmente nas criações em que bovinos e equinos compartilham do mesmo ambiente de criação. O objetivo deste artigo é abordar os principais aspectos relacionados aos ionóforos, bem como a intoxicação por estas substâncias em equinos.(AU)

Ionophores are substances that were initially used as coccidiostats in the production of broilers and later were added as additives in the diet of ruminants. Ionophores poisoning can occur in several animal species, however, horses are especially sensitive. The clinical and anatomopathological features related to poisoning in horses are characterized by clinical signs resulting from cardiomyopathy and myopathy of the skeletal musculature due to necrosis caused in these tissues. There is no specific treatment for ionophores poisoning conditions, therefore, prevention must be advocated in order to avoid exposure of horses to feed containing ionophores, especially in breeding where cattle and horses share the same rearing environment. The aim of this article is to address the main aspects related to ionophores, as well as poisoning by these substances in horses.(AU)

Polioencephalomalacia in sheep - clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings

Background: Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a neurological disease in ruminants, which is characterized by malacia of brain gray matter. Thiamine deficiency and sulfur intoxication are the most common causes of PEM in sheep. Affected animals present signs of cerebrocortical syndrome, including amaurosis, ataxia, head pressing, mental depression, seizures, and opisthotonus. The neurological examination aims to determine the neurolocalization of the lesions and advanced imaging techniques are useful for confirming the affected area(s) in the central nervous system. The aim of this study is to describe clinical features and ante-mortem diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a sheep with PEM. Case: A 18-month-old male Dorper sheep from a flock started receiving concentrate 7 days before. According to the owner, no clinical signs of abnormality were observed on the previous morning. However, in the afternoon, the animal became selfisolated and did not follow the flock to the sheepfold. The following day, he was found in recumbency. Physical examination revealed lateral recumbency, rectal temperature 39.5ºC, 52 bpm, 120 bpm, congested mucous membranes, capillary refill time 1 s, ruminal (4/5 min) and intestinal hypomotility. The assessment of the central nervous system revealed a decreased level of consciousness, focal seizures, opisthotonus, and absence of menace response. The following differential diagnoses were listed: PEM, head trauma, focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, bacterial encephalitis, and rabies. Treatment was composed of dexamethasone [0.2 mg/kg - i.v., SID (1st-3rd day), 0.1 mg/kg, i.v., SID (4th-6th day), and 0.05 mg/kg, i.v., SID (7th-9th day)]; mannitol [1 g/kg - i.v. and diazepam 0.4 mg/kg, i.v. single dose at admission]; vitamin B1 [10 mg/kg - i.m., SID], furosemide [1 mg/kg - i.v., SID for 3 days] and sulfadoxine/trimethoprim [30 mg/kg - i.m., SID for 10 days]. After the initial treatment, the patient showed mild clinical improvement; however, the amaurosis was still present. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed on the 2nd day of hospitalization, showing a symmetrical hypersignal in the parietal and occipital cortices, in the axial and sagittal sequences weighted in T2 and FLAIR. Discussion: This study aimed to describe the clinical signs and MRI findings in a sheep with PEM. In this case, the sudden change to the feed composition probably led to ruminal dysbiosis, inhibition of thiamine-producing microorganisms and proliferation of bacteria that synthesize thiaminase. Thiamine therapy proved to be effective and capable of reverting the clinical signs. The decrease in the level of consciousness, cortical blindness, and opisthotonus are due to alterations in the parietal cortex, in the occipital cortex, and in the cerebellum, respectively, which were demonstrated by hypersignal areas in the MRI. Therefore, the neurolocalization of the lesion based on neurologic examination and the MRI findings were related. The physicochemical and cytological evaluations of the cerebrospinal fluid, and dosage of thiamine and the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen were not performed. However, the response to thiamine treatment associated with the neurologic examination and MRI findings helped in determining the diagnosis. Additionally, MRI can be used as a useful tool for the ante mortem diagnosis of PEM.

Atypical chronic copper poisoning in a sheep secondary to copper wire ingestion: case report / Intoxicação crônica por cobre atípica em ovino pelo consumo de fios de cobre: relato de caso

A 14-month-old female Texel sheep that came from a herd made up of 19 animals showed haemoglobinuria, apathy, and anorexia, and died two days after the start of the clinical signals. The sheep remained in a natural grassland, where trailers were repaired, and multiple copper wires were deposited on the pasture. The animal had tachycardia, tachypnoea, pale mucous membranes, groaning pain on abdominal palpation, circling, head pressing, intensely hemolyzed plasma, and intense azotaemia. The necropsy showed focally extensive oedema in the inguinal and medial region of pelvic limbs, kidneys dark brown, and liver diffusely yellow with an evident moderate diffuse lobular pattern. The abomasum had a considerable amount of enameled material of thickness, firm to the cut, with 1-5 mm (copper wires). Histopathological examination showed marked diffuse tubular and glomerular coagulative necrosis in the kidneys, in addition to neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells with moderate multifocal nephritis. The liver showed centrilobular necrosis, moderate hepatocellular edema, multifocal cholestasis, and in the lungs and brain mild to moderate diffuse edema. Copper content in the frozen liver (in natura) reached 1,598 mg/kg. Copper mesh ingestion led to sheep poisoning, which in this case was considered an atypical form of chronic primary copper poisoning.

Um ovino Texel de 14 meses de idade, que fazia parte de um rebanho de 19 animais, apresentou hemoglobinúria, apatia, anorexia e morreu dois dias após o início dos sinais clínicos. Os ovinos permaneciam em campo nativo, onde eram realizados consertos de trailers, e múltiplos fios de cobre ficavam depositados na pastagem. O animal apresentou taquicardia, taquipneia, mucosas pálidas, gemido de dor à palpação abdominal, além de andar em círculo, e pressão da cabeça contra obstáculos, plasma intensamente hemolisado e azotemia intensa. Na necropsia, havia edema na região inguinal e medial de membros pélvicos focalmente extenso, rins enegrecidos, e o fígado estava difusamente amarelado, com padrão lobular evidente difuso moderado. No abomaso, havia grande quantidade de material esmaltado, com 1-5mm de espessura, firme, que rangia ao ser cortado (fios de cobre). No exame histopatológico nos rins, havia necrose tubular e glomerular hemoglobinúrica difusa acentuada, além de nefrite de neutrófilios, macrófagos, linfócitos e plasmócitos multifocal moderada. No fígado, havia necrose centrolobular, tumefação hepatocelular e colestase multifocais moderadas; nos pulmões e no cérebro, edema difuso discreto a moderado. A dosagem de Cu no fígado revelou a presença de 1598mg/kg. A ingestão de malhas de cobre levou à intoxicação do ovino que, nesse caso, foi considerada uma forma atípica de intoxicação primária crônica por cobre.

Reação farmacodérmica em um Yorkshire Terrier após administração de metronidazol com amoxicilina clavulanato de potássio / Pharmacodermic reaction in a Yorkshire Terrier after administration of metronidazole with amoxillin-clavulanate potassium

A administração de fármacos para tratamento, prevenção e diagnóstico de doenças é amplamente utilizada na medicina veterinária; porém, esta prática pode provocar reações indesejadas em alguns casos, mesmo quando empregados nas doses, vias de administração e intervalos recomendados. Com relação às manifestações clínicas, essas podem envolver qualquer órgão ou sistema, mas a pele é o órgão mais frequentemente acometido, classificando-se então como uma farmacodermia. Uma farmacodermia, embora seja considerada uma afecção de rara ocorrência em cães, é extremamente importante na rotina veterinária, dada a sua gravidade e difícil diagnóstico decorrente da inespecificidade de sinais clínicos. O presente relato de caso teve como objetivo descrever o caso de uma cadela de onze anos de idade, da raça Yorkshire Terrier. O animal foi tratado com amoxicilina + clavulanato de potássio via subcutânea na dose de 20mg/mL, a cada 8 horas e metronidazol via intravenosa na dose de 15mg/mL, a cada 12 horas. Após o tratamento, este apresentou lesões cutâneas necróticas no dorso, demonstrando melhora clínica e regressão das lesões, após a suspensão imediata dos medicamentos. Assim, foi definido como diagnóstico presuntivo a farmacodermia do tipo necrólise epidermal tóxica. Desta forma, o presente trabalho visa difundir informações sobre a farmacodermia, buscando orientar na conduta terapêutica de pacientes com essa afecção, pelo fato de se tratar de uma doença pouco relatada na medicina veterinária.

The administration of drugs for the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of diseases is widely used in veterinary medicine; however, this practice may cause unwanted reactions in some cases, even when used at the recommended doses, routes of administration, and intervals. Regarding the clinical manifestations, these can involve any organ or system, but the skin is the most frequently affected organ, classifying it as a pharmacoderma. Pharmacoderma, although considered a rare condition in dogs, is extremely important in the veterinary routine, given its severity and difficult diagnosis due to the non-specificity of clinical signs. The present case report aimed to describe the case of an eleven-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier. The animal was treated with amoxicillin + potassium clavulanate subcutaneously at a dose of 20mg/mL every 8 hours and intravenous metronidazole at a dose of 15mg/mL, every 12 hours. After the treatment, it presented necrotic skin lesions on the back, showing clinical improvement and regression of lesions after immediate suspension of medication. Thus, the pharmacoderma of toxic epidermal necrolysis type was defined as the presumptive diagnosis. In this way, Therefore, the present work aims to disseminate information about pharmacodermia, seeking to guide the therapeutic conduct of patients with this condition since it is a disease that is rarely reported in veterinary medicine.

Myonecrosis caused by Clostridium septicum in a horse from Southern Brazil / Mionecrose causada por Clostridium septicum em um cavalo do sul do Brasil

Clostridial myonecrosis is a highly fatal infectious disease of the muscle that is caused by pathogenic clostridia. When it occurs in equine muscle, the infection can cause a variety of clinical signs. The present report described a case of acute myonecrosis caused by Clostridium septicum in a horse, which had a favorable clinical evolution. A 6-year-old mare was admitted to a veterinary hospital due to increased volume and lameness in the left pelvic limb after an intramuscular injection of an anti-inflammatory drug. The diagnosis of myonecrosis caused by C. septicum was based on clinical and laboratory findings. The animal showed significant improvement after 5 months of treatment and was discharged from the hospital. There is very limited information regarding myonecrosis caused by C. septicum in horses in Brazil; our study showed that early diagnosis and prompt appropriate treatment can ensure significant improvement and recovery of affected animals.

Mionecroses clostridiais são doenças altamente fatais, causadas por uma ou mais espécies de Clostridium sp. patogênicos. Entretanto, no músculo equino, a infecção pode produzir uma variedade de lesões e sinais clínicos. O presente relato descreve um caso de mionecrose aguda em um cavalo causada por Clostridium septicum, que apresentou uma evolução clínica favorável. Uma égua de seis anos foi internada em um hospital veterinário devido a um aumento de volume e claudicação no membro pélvico esquerdo, observado após injeção intramuscular de anti-inflamatório. O diagnóstico de mionecrose por C. septicum foi baseado nos achados clínicos e laboratoriais. Houve uma melhora significativa do animal após cinco meses de tratamento, permitindo que o mesmo fosse liberado do hospital veterinário. Considerando que as informações sobre C. septicum causadores de mionecroses em cavalos no Brasil são muito limitadas, este relato demonstra que o diagnóstico precoce e a implementação adequada do tratamento podem garantir uma melhora significativa e a recuperação dos animais afetados.

Achados post mortem em cães intoxicados por picadas de abelhas / Post mortem findings in dogs intoxicated by bee stings

As intoxicações por picadas de abelhas possuem grande relevância na medicina humana e veterinária. Os componentes da toxina apresentam ações lesivas aos tecidos, principalmente aos rins, e podem culminar com a morte, mesmo quando a dose inoculada é pequena. A identificação precoce desse tipo de intoxicação permite a implementação de medidas terapêuticas adequadas e a melhoria do prognóstico. Desta forma, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de relatar os achados anatomopatológicos observados em dois cães, sem raça definida, os quais foram vítimas fatais de picadas de abelhas. Os animais eram irmãos de ninhada, um macho e uma fêmea, com três anos de idade e com cerca de 30kg. Os cães foram encontrados mortos no período da noite, já em rigor mortis, o que conduziu à suspeita de que a morte havia ocorrido há, no máximo, cinco horas. As principais lesões macroscópicas observadas foram: petéquias cutâneas, algumas associadas à presença de ferrões; congestão generalizada; hemorragia; necrose e edema; assim como insetos com morfologia compatível com Apis mellifera dispersos no trato gastrointestinal. Microscopicamente, degeneração, necrose e hemorragias renais constituíram os achados de maior importância, além de acentuado edema pulmonar, ao qual foi atribuída a causa mortis. Assim, as alterações mais importantes neste tipo de intoxicação são necrose, hemorragia, edema e congestão. Além disso, o óbito pode ocorrer de forma rápida, mesmo com baixas doses da toxina.

Bee sting poisonings have great relevance for both human and veterinary medicine. The toxin components present harmful actions on tissues, especially on kidneys, and can lead to death, even when the inoculated dose is small. The early identification of this type of intoxication allows the implementation of appropriate therapeutic measures and improvement of the prognosis. Thus, the present study aimed to report the anatomopathological findings of two mixed-breed dogs, which were fatal victims of bee stings. The animals were litter brothers, one male and one female, with three years old and weighing about 30kg. The dogs were found dead at night, already in rigor mortis, which led to the suspicion that the death had occurred no more than five hours ago. The main macroscopic lesions were: cutaneous petechiae, some of them associated with bee stingers, generalized congestion, haemorrhage, necrosis, and oedema, as well as insects with morphology compatible with Apis mellifera dispersed in the gastrointestinal tract. Microscopically, degeneration, necrosis, and renal haemorrhages were the most relevant findings, in addition to marked pulmonary oedema, which was considered the causa mortis. Thus, the most important alterations in this type of intoxication are necrosis, haemorrhage, oedema, and congestion. Moreover, death can occur quickly, even with low doses of the toxin.

Spontaneous poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) in cattle in Southern Brazil / Intoxicação espontânea por Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) em bovinos no sul do Brasil

In this study, an outbreak of spontaneous poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) in a herd of dairy cattle in the municipality of Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, was investigated. Three deaths occurred in a batch of 16 Jersey cattle, aged between three and four years, kept in a native field. The clinical signs observed were apathy, decreased production, and anorexia, with death occurring within approximately 48 h after the onset of signs. The three cattle were necropsied, and tissue samples were sent for histopathological examination. Necropsy findings included serosanguineous fluid in the abdominal cavity, intestines with congested serosa, and marked mesenteric edema. The mucosa of the abomasum of two of the animals was hemorrhagic with bloody content, and among the ruminal content of a bovine, leaves with morphological characteristics compatible with D. viscosa were observed. The livers of the three animals were enlarged, with accentuation of the lobular pattern. Histologically, centrilobular coagulation necrosis with congestion and hemorrhage was observed in the liver. Vacuolization and degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in the mid-zonal and periportal regions. The diagnosis of poisoning by D. viscosa leaves was based on epidemiological data, necropsy findings, and histopathological alterations. The presence of the plant in the rumen and in the grazing site of the affected cattle was essential for the diagnosis.(AU)

Neste trabalho, é descrito um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) ocorrido em um rebanho de bovinos leiteiros, no município de Capão do Leão, no Rio Grande do Sul. Ocorreram três mortes em um lote de 16 bovinos da raça Jersey com idades entre três e quatro anos, mantidos em campo nativo. Os sinais clínicos observados foram apatia, queda na produção e anorexia, com morte em aproximadamente 48 horas após o início dos sinais. Os três bovinos foram necropsiados, e amostras de tecidos foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico. Os achados de necropsia incluíam líquido serossanguinolento na cavidade abdominal, intestinos com serosas congestas e marcado edema de mesentério. A mucosa do abomaso de dois animais apresentava-se hemorrágica com conteúdo sanguinolento e, em meio ao conteúdo ruminal de um bovino foram observadas folhas com caracteres morfológicos compatíveis com D. viscosa. O fígado dos três animais estava aumentado, com acentuação do padrão lobular. Histologicamente no fígado havia necrose de coagulação centrolobular com congestão e hemorragia. Nas regiões médio-zonal e periportal observou-se vacuolização e degeneração dos hepatócitos. O diagnóstico de intoxicação pelas folhas D. viscosa foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, nos achados de necropsia e nas alterações histopatológicas. A presença da planta no rúmen e no local de pastoreio dos bovinos afetados foi fundamental para o diagnóstico.(AU)

Peritonitis and necrotizing hepatitis in Ara ararauna caused by a foreign body

Background: The ingestion of foreign bodies in parrots has already been described and associated with the curious behaviorof the birds or with stressful conditions. Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract are usually diagnosed through clinicalsigns, laboratory tests, and radiographic findings in the historical data. Foreign bodies are usually metallic and can lodgein any segment of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly found in the proventricle and gizzard. This study investigated acase of necrotizing hepatitis due to a foreign body in Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758).Case: An approximately 9-month-old specimen of caninde macaw, had sudden death and was referred for autopsy. Themacroscopic examination revealed a fibrous, thick, reddish membrane involving the left hepatic lobe and partially the gizzard in continuity with the peritoneum. Inside the capsule, the liver had a friable and necrotic appearance and the gizzardhad a focal perforation area containing a foreign body (gavage tube feeding). We performed the histopathological examination of the liver and gizzard and observed that the membrane surrounding the liver and partially the gizzard had a chronicinflammatory process with a marked proliferation of fibrous tissue and fibrin deposition. The hepatic parenchyma of theleft lobe showed diffuse and marked necrosis, with signs of ischemic necrosis. In the region of transmural perforation ofthe gizzard, the mucosa showed a focal area of extensive necrosis accompanied by the presence of intralesional bacteria.The lesions observed are attributed to the perforation of the organs by the foreign body. It is not known whether the birdingested the object accidently during food handling as a young or due to the curious behavior of the bird or even the stressit may have been exposed to. The post mortem examination revealed localized peritonitis...

Spontaneous poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) in cattle in Southern Brazil / Intoxicação espontânea por Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) em bovinos no sul do Brasil

In this study, an outbreak of spontaneous poisoning by Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) in a herd of dairy cattle in the municipality of Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul, was investigated. Three deaths occurred in a batch of 16 Jersey cattle, aged between three and four years, kept in a native field. The clinical signs observed were apathy, decreased production, and anorexia, with death occurring within approximately 48 h after the onset of signs. The three cattle were necropsied, and tissue samples were sent for histopathological examination. Necropsy findings included serosanguineous fluid in the abdominal cavity, intestines with congested serosa, and marked mesenteric edema. The mucosa of the abomasum of two of the animals was hemorrhagic with bloody content, and among the ruminal content of a bovine, leaves with morphological characteristics compatible with D. viscosa were observed. The livers of the three animals were enlarged, with accentuation of the lobular pattern. Histologically, centrilobular coagulation necrosis with congestion and hemorrhage was observed in the liver. Vacuolization and degeneration of hepatocytes were observed in the mid-zonal and periportal regions. The diagnosis of poisoning by D. viscosa leaves was based on epidemiological data, necropsy findings, and histopathological alterations. The presence of the plant in the rumen and in the grazing site of the affected cattle was essential for the diagnosis.(AU)

Neste trabalho, é descrito um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Dodonaea viscosa (D. viscosa) ocorrido em um rebanho de bovinos leiteiros, no município de Capão do Leão, no Rio Grande do Sul. Ocorreram três mortes em um lote de 16 bovinos da raça Jersey com idades entre três e quatro anos, mantidos em campo nativo. Os sinais clínicos observados foram apatia, queda na produção e anorexia, com morte em aproximadamente 48 horas após o início dos sinais. Os três bovinos foram necropsiados, e amostras de tecidos foram encaminhadas para exame histopatológico. Os achados de necropsia incluíam líquido serossanguinolento na cavidade abdominal, intestinos com serosas congestas e marcado edema de mesentério. A mucosa do abomaso de dois animais apresentava-se hemorrágica com conteúdo sanguinolento e, em meio ao conteúdo ruminal de um bovino foram observadas folhas com caracteres morfológicos compatíveis com D. viscosa. O fígado dos três animais estava aumentado, com acentuação do padrão lobular. Histologicamente no fígado havia necrose de coagulação centrolobular com congestão e hemorragia. Nas regiões médio-zonal e periportal observou-se vacuolização e degeneração dos hepatócitos. O diagnóstico de intoxicação pelas folhas D. viscosa foi baseado nos dados epidemiológicos, nos achados de necropsia e nas alterações histopatológicas. A presença da planta no rúmen e no local de pastoreio dos bovinos afetados foi fundamental para o diagnóstico.(AU)

Peritonitis and necrotizing hepatitis in Ara ararauna caused by a foreign body

Background: The ingestion of foreign bodies in parrots has already been described and associated with the curious behaviorof the birds or with stressful conditions. Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract are usually diagnosed through clinicalsigns, laboratory tests, and radiographic findings in the historical data. Foreign bodies are usually metallic and can lodgein any segment of the gastrointestinal tract, commonly found in the proventricle and gizzard. This study investigated acase of necrotizing hepatitis due to a foreign body in Ara ararauna (Linnaeus, 1758).Case: An approximately 9-month-old specimen of caninde macaw, had sudden death and was referred for autopsy. Themacroscopic examination revealed a fibrous, thick, reddish membrane involving the left hepatic lobe and partially the gizzard in continuity with the peritoneum. Inside the capsule, the liver had a friable and necrotic appearance and the gizzardhad a focal perforation area containing a foreign body (gavage tube feeding). We performed the histopathological examination of the liver and gizzard and observed that the membrane surrounding the liver and partially the gizzard had a chronicinflammatory process with a marked proliferation of fibrous tissue and fibrin deposition. The hepatic parenchyma of theleft lobe showed diffuse and marked necrosis, with signs of ischemic necrosis. In the region of transmural perforation ofthe gizzard, the mucosa showed a focal area of extensive necrosis accompanied by the presence of intralesional bacteria.The lesions observed are attributed to the perforation of the organs by the foreign body. It is not known whether the birdingested the object accidently during food handling as a young or due to the curious behavior of the bird or even the stressit may have been exposed to. The post mortem examination revealed localized peritonitis...(AU)

Intoxicação por lasalocida em bezerros búfalos no Estado do Pará, Brasil / Lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves in the state of Pará, Brazil

Background: Ionophore antibiotics are food additives with coccidiostatic or antimicrobial action; they are also used as growth promoters, ruminal pH regulators, volatile fatty acid molar modifiers, and methanogenesis reducers. However, these compounds have the potential to cause microbial resistance, in addition to the risk of intoxication. Ionophore poisoning may be caused by excessive intake, sensitivity of certain animal species, and concomitant use with other drugs. In Brazil, cases of ionophore poisoning in buffalos are rare. This study aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings of lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves. Case: A visit was made to a farm in the municipality of Mojú, Pará state to care for Murrah buffalo calves. After weaning, the buffalos were grazed in paddocks with Panicum spp., and received a supplement of mineral, protein, and vitamin. This supplement contained, per kg, 250 g PB, 50 g Ca, 20 g P, 8 g S, 39 g Na, 20 mg Co, 557 mg Cu, 200 mg Fe, 12.4 mg Se, 2040 mg Zn, 0.19 mg biotin, 26750 IU of vitamin A, 4175 IU of vitamin D, 155 IU of vitamin E and 300 mg/kg of lasalocid. The product was made available to all calves, at 1-2 g/kg body weight (BW), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Older calves were raised together with those less than 30 days old; as a result, the older calves tended to eat more, which could lead to a supplementation consumption of more than 1 kg body weight per animal per day. It was reported that between 40 and 60 days after the introduction of this supplement, 16 calves fell ill and died due to apathy, motor instability, tremors, and distended neck. The herd had a mortality rate of 33.3%. Two calves underwent a necroscopic examination at the Pathology Section of the Veterinary Institute of the Federal University of Pará. Macroscopic examination revealed extensive pale areas in the skeletal muscles, myocardium, and tongue. Fragments of these muscles and various organs were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed according to the routine histological technique, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stain. Microscopic examination of the histologic samples revealed foci of muscle atrophy and necrosis characterized by an increase in cytoplasmic eosinophilia associated with the loss of stretch marks, and hyperchromatic nuclei that were displaced to the periphery. The necrosis of the muscle fibers was highlighted by Masson's trichrome staining. Discussion: The diagnosis of lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves was based on epidemiological data, clinical findings, results of macroscopic and histopathological examination, and based on the estimated ionophore intake, obtained directly from the supplement label and by the calf's handler. Based on the absence of stratification of the calves by similarity of age and because the buffalo calves older than 30 days could eat more than 1 kg of the supplement (containing 300 mg/kg of lasalocid), it was possible to estimate the intake of lasalocid per kg CP (body weight). Therefore, the intake of lasalocid by a 70-kg buffalo calf in approximately 90 days and daily supplement consumption between 1 and 1.5 kg would be between 4.2 and 6.4 mg/kg of body weight. This report reinforces that notion that buffalo calves should never ingest ionophores; however, if necessary, strict protocols must be followed to avoid poisoning in these animals. This study highlighted the fact that stratification of buffaloes by different age groups during feeding became a risk factor that allowed greater consumption by older animals; this led to the estimated consumption of 4.2-6.4 mg/kg of lasalocid.

Diminuição do índice de necrose em enxertos cutâneos em coelhos mediante a aplicação de células tronco mesenquimais xenógenas / Reducing of the necrosis index in skin grafts in rabbits through application of xenogenous mesenchymal stem cells

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a inflamação em auto-enxertos cutâneos obtidos no terceiro, sétimo e décimo quarto dia de pós-operatório, além disso, buscou-se determinar diferenças no processo de cicatrização no grupo tratado com células tronco mesenquimais xenógenas em relação ao grupo controle utilizando a avaliação microscópica e imuno-histoquímico. A avaliação microscópica foi realizada utilizando cortes histológicos corados pela técnica de histoquímica com hematoxilina-eosina (HE), e a imuno-histoquímica, com cortes submetidos a anticorpos específicos. As variáveis analisadas foram quantidade de vasos, células inflamatórias, COX-2, Macrófagos e presença de necrose. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo software R. A quantidade de vasos foi maior (p<0,0001) no grupo tratamento (GT) durante o dia 3, enquanto no grupo controle (GC) foi maior no dia 7. No dia 3 houve menor porcentagem de necrose no grupo tratamento (GT) (p = 0,038). Nos demais dias avaliados não houve diferença entre a porcentagem de necrose observada nos dois tratamentos (p = 0,98), sendo de 53% para o grupo controle (GC) e 47% para o grupo tratamento (GT). Em relação ao número de macrófagos não houve diferença entre os grupos (p = 0,5637). Entretanto, entre os dias houve diferença significativa (p = 0,0223), sendo menor número de macrófagos no terceiro dia. A imunomarcação de COX-2 foi similar entre os grupos (p = 0,5637) e entre os dias (p = 0,9843). Portanto, o emprego das células tronco mesenquimais xenógenas em enxertos cutâneos promoveu menor ocorrência de necrose, favorecendo sua cicatrização, e não induziu o processo inflamatório, sendo assim factível seu uso em cirurgias reconstrutivas.

The present study aimed to assess inflammation in skin autografts obtained on the third, seventh and fourteenth postoperative day, in addition, it sought to determine differences in the healing process in the group treated with xenogenous mesenchymal stem cells in relation to to the control group using microscopic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Microscopic evaluation was performed using histological sections, stained by the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) histochemistry technique, and immunohistochemistry with sections were subjected to specific antibodies. The variables analyzed were the number of vessels, inflammatory cells (COX-2 and Macrophages) and the presence of necrosis. The data were analyzed statistically by software R. The number of vessels was higher (p< 0.0001) ) in the treatment group (GT) during day 3, while in the control group (CG) it was higher on day 7. On day 3 there was a lower percentage of necrosis in the treatment group (GT) (p = 0.038). On the other evaluated days, there was no difference between the percentage of necrosis observed in the two treatments (p = 0.98), being 53% for the control group (CG) and 47% for the treatment group (GT). Regarding the number of macrophages, there was no difference between groups (p = 0.5637). However, between days there was a significant difference (p = 0.0223), with a lower number of macrophages on the third day. The immunostaining of COX-2 was similar between groups (p = 0.5637) and between days (p = 0.9843). Therefore, the use of xenogenous mesenchymal stem cells in skin grafts promoted a lower occurrence of necrosis, favoring its healing, and did not induce the inflammatory process, thus making its use in reconstructive surgery feasible.

A utilização do laser de baixa intensidade na cicatrização de ferida em cão / The use of low intensity laser in wound healing in dog

Background: Low-intensity laser is effective in cellular metabolism, analgesia, and tissue repair. The bioelectric, bioenergetic, and biochemical effects of laser therapy stimulate local circulation, collagen formation, and epithelization. The objective of this study was to report the use of gallium-aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) laser (830 nm) in healing two woundscaused by necrosis in a dog. Case: An 8-year-old bitch, a rescued victim of animal abuse, had tibiotarsal dislocation in the left posterior limb. Orthopedic surgery was performed with the placement of an external fixation device with six pins in the distal third of the left posterior limb. A radiographic examination performed 42 days after the surgery revealed the loss of the tibiotarsal ratio, decreased radiopacity of the carpal bones, edema, inflammation, muscle atrophy, and the rotation of the anatomical axis of the metatarsals and phalanges. It was then decided to perform a second orthopedic surgery, in which a bone graft and arthrodesis with an 8-screw titanium plate were performed. Four of the plate screws were placed proximally to the tibia and four distally to the tarsus in addition to a screw and a pin transfixed through the distal metaphyseal region of the tibia and calcaneus. Traction was felt during suturing in the dermis and epidermis of the limb, suggesting the possibility of dehiscence of the stitches. After 3 h of surgery, the limb was cold and edematous. After 5 days, the tissue of the medial region of the tarsus developed necrosis, exposing a wound 6 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and 2 mm deep (wound 1). Another necrotic lesion was observed in the dorsal region of the tarsos - 6.5 cm long, 2 cm wide, 3 mm deep, and exposing 5 cm of the titanium plate (wound 2). Therapy with GaAlAs laser was then performed over the entire length of the wounds. In each therapeutic session, the laser was first used in punctual mode at 10 J/cm², 830 nm, 20 s at each point of the length of the lesion and then in scan mode at 10 J/cm², 830 nm, 1000 Hz, and 40 s continuously. Laser therapy sessions were conducted at 2-4 day intervals, with a 12-day interval between the eighth and ninth sessions. During the entire treatment, cleansing and debridement of the wounds were performed every 48 h with saline and chlorhexidine digluconate, using a compression bandage, as described earlier. Wound 1 healed completely after two laser therapy sessions. In wound 2, tissue repair stagnated after the ninth and last laser session, leaving 4 cm of the titanium plate still exposed. The limb could not support the body weight of the patient, and radiographic examination revealed that the anatomical axis of the metatarsals and the phalanges was rotated and bone conformation was poor. Given the anatomical conditions associated with the patient's clinical picture, it was decided to amputate the limb between the femur and tibia. Discussion: Therapeutic lasers act on mitochondrial respiration, increasing respiratory metabolism and stimulating DNA synthesis and tissue proliferation. In the present case, there was a decrease in inflammatory cells, edema, and the size of the wounds. The pathological conditions of the affected site, influence of trauma, and degree of tissue damage affected the results of the laser therapy. Despite the size difference between wounds 1 and 2, the exposed titanium plate was a determining factor for the partial healing of wound 2.

Diminuição do índice de necrose em enxertos cutâneos em coelhos mediante a aplicação de células tronco mesenquimais xenógenas / Reducing of the necrosis index in skin grafts in rabbits through application of xenogenous mesenchymal stem cells

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a inflamação em auto-enxertos cutâneos obtidos no terceiro, sétimo e décimo quarto dia de pós-operatório, além disso, buscou-se determinar diferenças no processo de cicatrização no grupo tratado com células tronco mesenquimais xenógenas em relação ao grupo controle utilizando a avaliação microscópica e imuno-histoquímico. A avaliação microscópica foi realizada utilizando cortes histológicos corados pela técnica de histoquímica com hematoxilina-eosina (HE), e a imuno-histoquímica, com cortes submetidos a anticorpos específicos. As variáveis analisadas foram quantidade de vasos, células inflamatórias, COX-2, Macrófagos e presença de necrose. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo software R. A quantidade de vasos foi maior (p<0,0001) no grupo tratamento (GT) durante o dia 3, enquanto no grupo controle (GC) foi maior no dia 7. No dia 3 houve menor porcentagem de necrose no grupo tratamento (GT) (p = 0,038). Nos demais dias avaliados não houve diferença entre a porcentagem de necrose observada nos dois tratamentos (p = 0,98), sendo de 53% para o grupo controle (GC) e 47% para o grupo tratamento (GT). Em relação ao número de macrófagos não houve diferença entre os grupos (p = 0,5637). Entretanto, entre os dias houve diferença significativa (p = 0,0223), sendo menor número de macrófagos no terceiro dia. A imunomarcação de COX-2 foi similar entre os grupos (p = 0,5637) e entre os dias (p = 0,9843). Portanto, o emprego das células tronco mesenquimais xenógenas em enxertos cutâneos promoveu menor ocorrência de necrose, favorecendo sua cicatrização, e não induziu o processo inflamatório, sendo assim factível seu uso em cirurgias reconstrutivas.(AU)

The present study aimed to assess inflammation in skin autografts obtained on the third, seventh and fourteenth postoperative day, in addition, it sought to determine differences in the healing process in the group treated with xenogenous mesenchymal stem cells in relation to to the control group using microscopic and immunohistochemical evaluation. Microscopic evaluation was performed using histological sections, stained by the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) histochemistry technique, and immunohistochemistry with sections were subjected to specific antibodies. The variables analyzed were the number of vessels, inflammatory cells (COX-2 and Macrophages) and the presence of necrosis. The data were analyzed statistically by software R. The number of vessels was higher (p< 0.0001) ) in the treatment group (GT) during day 3, while in the control group (CG) it was higher on day 7. On day 3 there was a lower percentage of necrosis in the treatment group (GT) (p = 0.038). On the other evaluated days, there was no difference between the percentage of necrosis observed in the two treatments (p = 0.98), being 53% for the control group (CG) and 47% for the treatment group (GT). Regarding the number of macrophages, there was no difference between groups (p = 0.5637). However, between days there was a significant difference (p = 0.0223), with a lower number of macrophages on the third day. The immunostaining of COX-2 was similar between groups (p = 0.5637) and between days (p = 0.9843). Therefore, the use of xenogenous mesenchymal stem cells in skin grafts promoted a lower occurrence of necrosis, favoring its healing, and did not induce the inflammatory process, thus making its use in reconstructive surgery feasible.(AU)

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% in goats / Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos

This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% concentration in goats. The outbreak occurred on a farm in the municipality of Prata, Paraíba state. Nitroxinil was administered to a herd of 120 goats, of which 18 presented with anorexia, vocalization, abdominal distension, weakness, staggering, and falls. Necropsy of three goats revealed that the main lesion was acute liver injury. Histologically the liver showed centrilobular necrosis associated with hemorrhage and hepatocyte degeneration. In the kidneys, tubular nephrosis with granular cylinder formations was observed. The lungs showed multifocal to coalescent areas of moderate interalveolar edema and vascular congestion. Experimental poisoning was carried out in two goats, with the same medication and doses administered on the farm. The experimental goats showed clinical signs and macroscopic and histological changes similar to the spontaneously poisoned goats. The diagnosis of nitroxinil poisoning was made based on epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data, and confirmed by experimental poisoning. The administration of nitroxinil in high doses, associated with high ambient temperature and physical exercises, can cause poisoning with high lethality in goats.(AU)

Este estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos. O surto ocorreu em uma fazenda no município de Prata, Paraíba. Nitroxinil foi administrado a um rebanho de 120 cabras, das quais 18 apresentavam anorexia, vocalização, distensão abdominal, fraqueza, cambaleando e quedas. A necropsia de três cabras revelou que a lesão principal era uma lesão hepática aguda. Histologicamente, o fígado apresentava necrose centrolobular associada a hemorragia e degeneração de hepatócitos. Nos rins, nefrose tubular com formações de cilindro granular foi observada. Os pulmões apresentavam áreas multifocais a coalescentes de edema interalveolar moderado e congestão vascular. A intoxicação experimental foi realizada em duas cabras, com a mesma medicação e doses administradas na fazenda. As cabras experimentais apresentaram sinais clínicos e alterações macroscópicas e histológicas semelhantes às cabras intoxicadas espontaneamente. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitroxinil foi feito com base em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos, e confirmado por intoxicação experimental. A administração de nitroxinil em altas doses, associada à alta temperatura ambiente e exercícios físicos, pode causar intoxicação com alta letalidade em caprinos.(AU)

Spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% in goats / Intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos

This study describes the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of spontaneous and experimental poisoning by nitroxinil at 34% concentration in goats. The outbreak occurred on a farm in the municipality of Prata, Paraíba state. Nitroxinil was administered to a herd of 120 goats, of which 18 presented with anorexia, vocalization, abdominal distension, weakness, staggering, and falls. Necropsy of three goats revealed that the main lesion was acute liver injury. Histologically the liver showed centrilobular necrosis associated with hemorrhage and hepatocyte degeneration. In the kidneys, tubular nephrosis with granular cylinder formations was observed. The lungs showed multifocal to coalescent areas of moderate interalveolar edema and vascular congestion. Experimental poisoning was carried out in two goats, with the same medication and doses administered on the farm. The experimental goats showed clinical signs and macroscopic and histological changes similar to the spontaneously poisoned goats. The diagnosis of nitroxinil poisoning was made based on epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data, and confirmed by experimental poisoning. The administration of nitroxinil in high doses, associated with high ambient temperature and physical exercises, can cause poisoning with high lethality in goats.(AU)

Este estudo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação espontânea e experimental por nitroxinil na concentração de 34% em caprinos. O surto ocorreu em uma fazenda no município de Prata, Paraíba. Nitroxinil foi administrado a um rebanho de 120 cabras, das quais 18 apresentavam anorexia, vocalização, distensão abdominal, fraqueza, cambaleando e quedas. A necropsia de três cabras revelou que a lesão principal era uma lesão hepática aguda. Histologicamente, o fígado apresentava necrose centrolobular associada a hemorragia e degeneração de hepatócitos. Nos rins, nefrose tubular com formações de cilindro granular foi observada. Os pulmões apresentavam áreas multifocais a coalescentes de edema interalveolar moderado e congestão vascular. A intoxicação experimental foi realizada em duas cabras, com a mesma medicação e doses administradas na fazenda. As cabras experimentais apresentaram sinais clínicos e alterações macroscópicas e histológicas semelhantes às cabras intoxicadas espontaneamente. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitroxinil foi feito com base em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos, e confirmado por intoxicação experimental. A administração de nitroxinil em altas doses, associada à alta temperatura ambiente e exercícios físicos, pode causar intoxicação com alta letalidade em caprinos.(AU)