Clinical-pathological and immunohistochemical evaluations of cardiac lesions in cats with chronic kidney disease / Avaliações clínico-patológica e imuno-histoquímica de lesões cardíacas em gatos com doença renal crônica

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible morphostructural lesions that can progressively evolve to chronic renal insufficiency and kidney failure. It is known that the heart and kidneys are closely related, and that communication between these organs occurs through a variety of pathways; subtle physiological changes in one of them are compensated by the other. Histopathological cardiac evaluation through routine staining presents a limitation to identify specific or discreet lesions in the cardiomyocytes. This study aimed to evaluate serum troponin levels in cats with CKD, associated with clinical and pathological findings, as well as to correlate the morphostructural cardiac lesions to determine their distribution through macroscopic and histological assessments and anti-cardiac troponin C (cTnC) immunohistochemistry (IHC). To this end, 20 cats (18 diagnosed with CKD and two controls) were selected. Anti-human cTnC IHC was conducted after necropsy and separation in eight regions of each collected heart. Heart fragments from two cats without CKD were used as controls. The anti-human cTnC antibody is useful in detecting cardiac lesions and has shown decreased expression in cardiomyocytes of cats with CKD. Serum troponin was above the reference values in 11/18 (61.11%) animals and decreased expression for the cTnC antibody was observed in individual cardiomyocytes in 9/18 (50%) animals. It was verified that the number of regions with decreased expression for the cTnC antibody in cardiomyocytes is significantly correlated with serum troponin. The anti-human cTnC antibody has been found effective in detecting cardiac lesions and has shown decreased expression in the cardiomyocytes of cats with CKD. Correlation was observed between increased serum cTnI and loss of immunoreactivity at anti-cTnC antibody IHC in cats with CKD, which proves damage to cardiomyocytes secondary to kidney disease.(AU)

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é caracterizada por lesões morfoestruturais irreversíveis, que podem evoluir progressivamente para insuficiência renal crônica e falência renal. Sabe-se que o coração e os rins mantêm estreita relação e a comunicação entre esses órgãos ocorre por uma variedade de vias; alterações fisiológicas sutis em um desses órgãos são compensadas pelo outro. A avaliação histopatológica cardíaca mediante a colorações rotineiras são limitadas para identificar lesões específicas ou discretas em cardiomiócitos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os níveis séricos de troponina em gatos com DRC, associados aos achados clínico-patológicos, bem como correlacionar as lesões cardíacas morfoestruturais, a fim de determinar a distribuição destas, por meio da avaliação macroscópica, histológica e imuno-histoquímica com anti-cTnC. Neste estudo foram selecionados 20 gatos (18 diagnosticados com DRC e 2 animais controle). Para a aplicação da técnica de imuno-histoquímica anti-troponina C humana, necropsias foram realizadas e cada coração coletado separadamente em 8 regiões. Fragmentos do coração de 2 gatos sem lesão cardíaca foram utilizados como controle. O anticorpo anti-TnC humano é útil na detecção de lesões cardíacas e apresentou expressão diminuída em cardiomiócitos de gatos com DRC. Em 11/18 animais (61,11%) a troponina sérica encontrava-se acima dos valores de referência e foram observadas diminuição da expressão para anticorpo-cTnC em cardiomiócitos individuais em 9/18 (50%). Notou-se que o número de regiões com diminuição da expressão para anticorpo-cTnC em cardiomiócitos está significativamente correlacionado com a troponina sérica. O anticorpo anti-TnC humano se mostrou eficaz para detectar lesões cardíacas e demonstrou diminuição da expressão nos cardiomiócitos de gatos com DRC. Houve correlação entre o aumento da CTnI sérica e perda da imunorretividade na avaliação imuno-histoquímica com anticorpo anti-TnC em gatos com DRC o que comprova danos em cardiomiócitos secundários a doença renal.(AU)

Clinical-pathological and immunohistochemical evaluations of cardiac lesions in cats with chronic kidney disease / Avaliações clínico-patológica e imuno-histoquímica de lesões cardíacas em gatos com doença renal crônica

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by irreversible morphostructural lesions that can progressively evolve to chronic renal insufficiency and kidney failure. It is known that the heart and kidneys are closely related, and that communication between these organs occurs through a variety of pathways; subtle physiological changes in one of them are compensated by the other. Histopathological cardiac evaluation through routine staining presents a limitation to identify specific or discreet lesions in the cardiomyocytes. This study aimed to evaluate serum troponin levels in cats with CKD, associated with clinical and pathological findings, as well as to correlate the morphostructural cardiac lesions to determine their distribution through macroscopic and histological assessments and anti-cardiac troponin C (cTnC) immunohistochemistry (IHC). To this end, 20 cats (18 diagnosed with CKD and two controls) were selected. Anti-human cTnC IHC was conducted after necropsy and separation in eight regions of each collected heart. Heart fragments from two cats without CKD were used as controls. The anti-human cTnC antibody is useful in detecting cardiac lesions and has shown decreased expression in cardiomyocytes of cats with CKD. Serum troponin was above the reference values in 11/18 (61.11%) animals and decreased expression for the cTnC antibody was observed in individual cardiomyocytes in 9/18 (50%) animals. It was verified that the number of regions with decreased expression for the cTnC antibody in cardiomyocytes is significantly correlated with serum troponin. The anti-human cTnC antibody has been found effective in detecting cardiac lesions and has shown decreased expression in the cardiomyocytes of cats with CKD. Correlation was observed between increased serum cTnI and loss of immunoreactivity at anti-cTnC antibody IHC in cats with CKD, which proves damage to cardiomyocytes secondary to kidney disease.(AU)

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é caracterizada por lesões morfoestruturais irreversíveis, que podem evoluir progressivamente para insuficiência renal crônica e falência renal. Sabe-se que o coração e os rins mantêm estreita relação e a comunicação entre esses órgãos ocorre por uma variedade de vias; alterações fisiológicas sutis em um desses órgãos são compensadas pelo outro. A avaliação histopatológica cardíaca mediante a colorações rotineiras são limitadas para identificar lesões específicas ou discretas em cardiomiócitos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os níveis séricos de troponina em gatos com DRC, associados aos achados clínico-patológicos, bem como correlacionar as lesões cardíacas morfoestruturais, a fim de determinar a distribuição destas, por meio da avaliação macroscópica, histológica e imuno-histoquímica com anti-cTnC. Neste estudo foram selecionados 20 gatos (18 diagnosticados com DRC e 2 animais controle). Para a aplicação da técnica de imuno-histoquímica anti-troponina C humana, necropsias foram realizadas e cada coração coletado separadamente em 8 regiões. Fragmentos do coração de 2 gatos sem lesão cardíaca foram utilizados como controle. O anticorpo anti-TnC humano é útil na detecção de lesões cardíacas e apresentou expressão diminuída em cardiomiócitos de gatos com DRC. Em 11/18 animais (61,11%) a troponina sérica encontrava-se acima dos valores de referência e foram observadas diminuição da expressão para anticorpo-cTnC em cardiomiócitos individuais em 9/18 (50%). Notou-se que o número de regiões com diminuição da expressão para anticorpo-cTnC em cardiomiócitos está significativamente correlacionado com a troponina sérica. O anticorpo anti-TnC humano se mostrou eficaz para detectar lesões cardíacas e demonstrou diminuição da expressão nos cardiomiócitos de gatos com DRC. Houve correlação entre o aumento da CTnI sérica e perda da imunorretividade na avaliação imuno-histoquímica com anticorpo anti-TnC em gatos com DRC o que comprova danos em cardiomiócitos secundários a doença renal.(AU)

Renal dysplasia in dogs: retrospective study (2008-2013) / Displasia renal em cães: estudo retrospectivo (2008-2013)

Background: Renal dysplasia, which has been reported in some dogs and human patients, refers to a developmental disorder of renal parenchyma due to imperfect inductive interaction between the mesonephric duct and the metanephric blastemal. In dogs, the characteristic histological findings on which diagnosis is based include (1) persistent metanephric ducts surrounded by primitive mesenchyme, (2) fetal or immature glomeruli, (3) fetal or immature tubules, and (4) anomalous presence of interstitial fibrous tissue. The aim of this study was to report the major pathological and immunohistochemical features of nine young dogs necropsied with renal dysplasia.Cases: The necropsy files from the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) of the Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT) were reviewed between the years 2008 and 2013. Dogs diagnosed with chronic kidney failure and macroscopic and histopathological renal lesions consistent with renal dysplasia were selected. Kidney fragments in paraffin blocks were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using anti-vimentin and anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies. The staining was considered positive for the presence of at least one renal cell marked with brown cytoplasmic staining clear and unambiguous. A total of 787 necropsies of dogs were performed. Of these, 64 had a clinical diagnosis of [...]

Renal dysplasia in dogs: retrospective study (2008-2013) / Displasia renal em cães: estudo retrospectivo (2008-2013)

Background: Renal dysplasia, which has been reported in some dogs and human patients, refers to a developmental disorder of renal parenchyma due to imperfect inductive interaction between the mesonephric duct and the metanephric blastemal. In dogs, the characteristic histological findings on which diagnosis is based include (1) persistent metanephric ducts surrounded by primitive mesenchyme, (2) fetal or immature glomeruli, (3) fetal or immature tubules, and (4) anomalous presence of interstitial fibrous tissue. The aim of this study was to report the major pathological and immunohistochemical features of nine young dogs necropsied with renal dysplasia.Cases: The necropsy files from the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV) of the Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT) were reviewed between the years 2008 and 2013. Dogs diagnosed with chronic kidney failure and macroscopic and histopathological renal lesions consistent with renal dysplasia were selected. Kidney fragments in paraffin blocks were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using anti-vimentin and anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies. The staining was considered positive for the presence of at least one renal cell marked with brown cytoplasmic staining clear and unambiguous. A total of 787 necropsies of dogs were performed. Of these, 64 had a clinical diagnosis of [...](AU)

Characterization of an experimental model of progressive renal disease in rats

PURPOSE:To characterize an experimental model of progressive renal disease induced by different degrees of nephrectomy in rats.METHODS:Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n=20/group): sham surgery (control group), progressive degrees of nephrectomy leading to mild uremia (group 1), moderate uremia (group 2) and severe uremia (group 3). Ten animals of each group were followed for two or four weeks. At the end, blood and 24-hour urine samples were collected to determine renal function parameters. Urine output and water and food intake were daily monitored.RESULTS:In rats of group 1, serum levels of creatinine and urea and microalbuminuria were increased, while reduced creatinine clearance (p<0.05, compared with control group), without changing blood pressure. Animals of group 2 had more accentuated alterations: increases in urinary output, blood pressure, serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and in microalbuminuria, and reduction of creatinine clearance (p<0.05). Group 3 exhibited even more increased serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium, blood pressure and microalbuminuria, and decreased creatinine clearance (p<0.05) in comparison with control group and unilateral nephrectomy.CONCLUSION:Progressive nephrectomy in rats seems to be useful to study the physiopathology of chronic kidney disease and its mechanisms of progression.(AU)

Toxicidade do pericarpo da Jatropha curcas em ovinos / Jatropha curcas pericarp toxicity in sheep

O pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é uma planta cultivada para a produção de biocombustível. O pericarpo é um coproduto com potencial para alimentação animal, e a presença de componentes tóxicos, principalmente ésteres de forbol, pode limitar sua utilização. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a toxicidade do pericarpo. Vinte ovinos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos - um grupo-controle, que não recebeu a planta, e três experimentais, que receberam o pericarpo nas concentrações de 15% (G15), 30% (G30) e 45% (G45), durante 23 dias. Após o 10º dia, a ingestão do pericarpo promoveu redução do consumo de alimento, diarreia, desidratação e caquexia. Todos os grupos tratados apresentaram redução na concentração de fosfatase alcalina. Animais do G30 apresentaram redução na concentração de ureia e proteínas totais e elevação de potássio e sódio. No G45, houve aumento de aspartato aminotransferase, albumina, creatinina bilirrubina indireta e total. A avaliação anatomo-histopatológica revelou ascite, hidropericárdio, congestão no trato gastrintestinal e nos pulmões, edema pulmonar, aderências à parede torácica, degeneração hepática centrolobular e das células tubulares renais, pneumonia linfo-histiocitica e enterite linfoplasmocitária e histiocítica. À análise fitoquímica, constatou-se 0,3845mg de ésteres de forbol/g de pericarpo. Conclui-se que o pericarpo de J. curcas é tóxico, não sendo recomendado para alimentação de ovinos.(AU)

Physic nut (Jatropha curcas) is a plant cultivated for biofuel production. Pericarp is a potential livestock food source by-product. However, its use may be limited due to the presence of toxic compounds, mainly phorbol esters. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate pericarp toxicity. Twenty sheep were divided in four groups, one control group which did not receive the plant and three experimental groups which received pericarp in 15% (G15), 30% (G30) and 45% (G45) concentrations for 23 days. After 10 days of treatment, pericarp ingestion produced food intake decrease, diarrhea, dehydration and loss of body condition. All treated groups showed decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity. G30 animals presented reductions in urea and total protein concentrations, and increase in potassium and sodium levels. G45 animals showed increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase activity and in albumin, creatinin, total and indirect bilirubin levels. Anatomohistopathologic findings included ascites, hydropericardium, congestion of the gastintestinal tract and lungs, pulmonary edema and adhesions in the thoracic cavity, renal tubular cells and centrilobular cytoplasmic vacuolation and lymphohistiocytic pneumonia and lymphoplasmacytic and histiocytic enteritis. On the physiochemical analysis 0.3845mg of phorbol esters/g of pericarp were detected. It is concluded that J. curcas pericarp is toxic and is not recommended for sheep feeding.(AU)