Effects of sublethal zinc ions and acute crude oil exposure on serum enzymes activity of Carassius gibelio

The current study was intended to investigate the responses of freshwater fish Carassius gibelio as an in vivo model by measuring the activity of the enzyme of the liver. Fish exposed to sub-lethal toxicities due to zinc metal and crude oil. Fish were treated to 0.6 and 1.2 mg/l for zinc ions as well as 500 and 2500 mg/l for crude oil during 96h, and the alterations in serum enzyme activities were determined aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Zinc toxicity elevated activity levelin hepatic enzymes in a significant way (P < 0.05). The present study appeared the slightly augmented levels of AST in the serum of C. gibelio when exposed to sub-lethal Zinc concentration while the serum ALT activity increased in response to the high level of Zn exposure when compared to control after (96 h). In addition, acute concentrations of crude oil after 96 h exposure can cause harmful effects on Carassius gibelio including the induction of (AST). However, not effecting found (ALT). We are concluded that changes in the activity of the enzyme can be considered as a pointer of the pollution impact in fish. (AU)

Effects of sublethal zinc ions and acute crude oil exposure on serum enzymes activity of Carassius gibelio

The current study was intended to investigate the responses of freshwater fish Carassius gibelio as an in vivo model by measuring the activity of the enzyme of the liver. Fish exposed to sub-lethal toxicities due to zinc metal and crude oil. Fish were treated to 0.6 and 1.2 mg/l for zinc ions as well as 500 and 2500 mg/l for crude oil during 96h, and the alterations in serum enzyme activities were determined aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Zinc toxicity elevated activity levelin hepatic enzymes in a significant way (P < 0.05). The present study appeared the slightly augmented levels of AST in the serum of C. gibelio when exposed to sub-lethal Zinc concentration while the serum ALT activity increased in response to the high level of Zn exposure when compared to control after (96 h). In addition, acute concentrations of crude oil after 96 h exposure can cause harmful effects on Carassius gibelio including the induction of (AST). However, not effecting found (ALT). We are concluded that changes in the activity of the enzyme can be considered as a pointer of the pollution impact in fish.

Exploring the role of zinc fertilization methods for agronomic bio-fortification and its impact on phenology, growth and yield characteristics of maize / Explorando o papel dos métodos de fertilização com zinco para bio-fortificação agronômica e seu impacto na fenologia, crescimento e características de rendimento do milho

Zinc (Zn) is a key mineral nutrient for plant and human growth and its deficiency can reduce the plant growth and development, however; agronomic bio-fortification can cure plant and human Zn deficiency. By using different Zn fertilization approaches, this study investigated the role and its impact on phenology, growth and yield of maize during two growing seasons 2015 and 2016. The treatments comprised of: no Zn application (ZnC0), basal application of 10 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnB1), basal application of 15 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnB2), foliar application of 1% solution of ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnF3), foliar application of 1.5% solution of ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnF4) applied to two hybrids of maize (YSM-112 and DK-6525). The maize hybrid DK-6525 showed superiority in term of growth and yield than YSM-112. The ZnF4 brings early emergence, tasseling and silking that resulted in early crop maturity. However, ZnB2 improved crop growth rate, grain yield and Zn concentration in maize grain by 44, 11.39 and 33.24%, respectively than ZnC0 (control). Regression model indicated that each 1 g increment in 1000-grain weight improved the grain yield by 0.01 and 0.16 t ha-1 of YSM-112 and DK-6525, respectively. Conclusively, it is concluded that DK-6525 with ZnB2 is suitable for optimal growth and yield of maize and would also be helpful to optimize the yield and Zn concentration of maize.

O zinco (Zn) é um nutriente mineral chave para o crescimento de plantas e humanos, e sua deficiência pode reduzir o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas; bio-fortificação agronômica pode curar a deficiência de Zn humano e vegetal. Utilizando diferentes abordagens de fertilização com Zn, este estudo investigou o papel e seu impacto na fenologia, crescimento e produção de milho durante duas safras 2015 e 2016. Os tratamentos foram compostos por: sem aplicação de Zn (ZnC0), aplicação basal de 10 kg de ZnSO4. 7H2O ha-1 (ZnB1), aplicação basal de 15 kg de ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnB2), aplicação foliar de solução a 1% de ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnF3), aplicação foliar de solução a 1,5% de ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnF4) aplicado a dois híbridos de milho (YSM-112 e DK-6525). O híbrido de milho DK-6525 apresentou superioridade em termos de crescimento e produtividade que o YSM-112. O ZnF4 traz emergência precoce, pendoamento e silagem que resultaram em maturação precoce da cultura. No entanto, o ZnB2 melhorou a taxa de crescimento da cultura, a produtividade de grãos e a concentração de Zn no grão de milho em 44, 11,39 e 33,24%, respectivamente, do que ZnC0 (controle). O modelo de regressão indicou que cada incremento de 1 g no peso de 1000 grãos melhorou o rendimento de grãos em 0,01 e 0,16 t ha-1 de YSM-112 e DK-6525, respectivamente. Conclusivamente, conclui-se que o DK-6525 com ZnB2 é adequado para o crescimento e produção ideais de milho e também seria útil para otimizar o rendimento e a concentração de Zn do milho.

Exploring the role of zinc fertilization methods for agronomic bio-fortification and its impact on phenology, growth and yield characteristics of maize / Explorando o papel dos métodos de fertilização com zinco para bio-fortificação agronômica e seu impacto na fenologia, crescimento e características de rendimento do milho

Zinc (Zn) is a key mineral nutrient for plant and human growth and its deficiency can reduce the plant growth and development, however; agronomic bio-fortification can cure plant and human Zn deficiency. By using different Zn fertilization approaches, this study investigated the role and its impact on phenology, growth and yield of maize during two growing seasons 2015 and 2016. The treatments comprised of: no Zn application (ZnC0), basal application of 10 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnB1), basal application of 15 kg ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnB2), foliar application of 1% solution of ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnF3), foliar application of 1.5% solution of ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnF4) applied to two hybrids of maize (YSM-112 and DK-6525). The maize hybrid DK-6525 showed superiority in term of growth and yield than YSM-112. The ZnF4 brings early emergence, tasseling and silking that resulted in early crop maturity. However, ZnB2 improved crop growth rate, grain yield and Zn concentration in maize grain by 44, 11.39 and 33.24%, respectively than ZnC0 (control). Regression model indicated that each 1 g increment in 1000-grain weight improved the grain yield by 0.01 and 0.16 t ha-1 of YSM-112 and DK-6525, respectively. Conclusively, it is concluded that DK-6525 with ZnB2 is suitable for optimal growth and yield of maize and would also be helpful to optimize the yield and Zn concentration of maize.(AU)

O zinco (Zn) é um nutriente mineral chave para o crescimento de plantas e humanos, e sua deficiência pode reduzir o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das plantas; bio-fortificação agronômica pode curar a deficiência de Zn humano e vegetal. Utilizando diferentes abordagens de fertilização com Zn, este estudo investigou o papel e seu impacto na fenologia, crescimento e produção de milho durante duas safras 2015 e 2016. Os tratamentos foram compostos por: sem aplicação de Zn (ZnC0), aplicação basal de 10 kg de ZnSO4. 7H2O ha-1 (ZnB1), aplicação basal de 15 kg de ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnB2), aplicação foliar de solução a 1% de ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnF3), aplicação foliar de solução a 1,5% de ZnSO4.7H2O ha-1 (ZnF4) aplicado a dois híbridos de milho (YSM-112 e DK-6525). O híbrido de milho DK-6525 apresentou superioridade em termos de crescimento e produtividade que o YSM-112. O ZnF4 traz emergência precoce, pendoamento e silagem que resultaram em maturação precoce da cultura. No entanto, o ZnB2 melhorou a taxa de crescimento da cultura, a produtividade de grãos e a concentração de Zn no grão de milho em 44, 11,39 e 33,24%, respectivamente, do que ZnC0 (controle). O modelo de regressão indicou que cada incremento de 1 g no peso de 1000 grãos melhorou o rendimento de grãos em 0,01 e 0,16 t ha-1 de YSM-112 e DK-6525, respectivamente. Conclusivamente, conclui-se que o DK-6525 com ZnB2 é adequado para o crescimento e produção ideais de milho e também seria útil para otimizar o rendimento e a concentração de Zn do milho.(AU)

Iron and zinc mycelial bioaccumulation in Agaricus subrufescens strains / Bioacumulação micelial de ferro e zinco em linhagens de Agaricus subrufescens

Agaricus subrufescens, a basidiomycete native to Brazil, is worldwide cultivated due to its medicinal properties. This fungus is capable of bioaccumulating metals in the mycelial biomass when cultured in the presence of them; however, this capacity is little explored for functional food production. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of iron or zinc bioaccumulated in the vegetative mycelium of sixteen strains of A. subrufescens. Mycelia were grown in malt extract agar added with 50 mg/L of iron or with 7.5 mg/L of zinc. The metal bioaccumulation in the mycelial biomass was strain-dependent. In general, metal can inhibit or stimulate the mycelial growth ranging from -81 to +78% for iron and from -86 to +100% for zinc. The highest bioaccumulated iron and zinc concentrations in the mycelial biomass was 2,595.65 mg/kg and 1,655.83 mg/kg, respectively and occurred in the U4-4 strain. The supplementation of mycelial biomass using iron or zinc is an alternative to develop food supplements, that can be used both in the human and animal diet and in the prevention of diseases.

Agaricus subrufescens, basidiomiceto nativo do Brasil, é cultivado mundialmente devido aos seus aspectos medicinais. Este fungo tem capacidade de bioacumulação de metais na biomassa micelial, no entanto, esta propriedade é pouco explorada para a produção de alimentos funcionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a quantidade de ferro ou zinco bioacumulada no micélio vegetativo de diversas linhagens de Agaricus subrufescens. Foram utilizadas 16 linhagens de A. subrufescens da coleção de culturas da Universidade Paranaense. O crescimento da biomassa micelial e a bioacumulação de ferro e zinco foram avaliados em micélio crescido em ágar extrato de malte adicionado de 50 mg L-1 de ferro ou 7,5 mg L-1 de zinco. A bioacumulação dos metais na biomassa micelial foi linhagem dependente. De forma geral, os metais podem inibir ou estimular o crescimento com variação entre de -81 a +78% para o ferro e de -86 a +100% para o zinco. A maior concentração de ferro na biomassa foi para o ferro de 2595,65 mg kg-1 e para o zinco de 1655,83 mg kg-1, ambos para a linhagem U4-4. O enriquecimento da biomassa micelial com ferro e/ou zinco é uma alternativa ao desenvolvimento de novos alimentos ou suplementos alimentares fonte de ferro e zinco de origem não-animal.

Iron and zinc mycelial bioaccumulation in Agaricus subrufescens strains / Bioacumulação micelial de ferro e zinco em linhagens de Agaricus subrufescens

Agaricus subrufescens, a basidiomycete native to Brazil, is worldwide cultivated due to its medicinal properties. This fungus is capable of bioaccumulating metals in the mycelial biomass when cultured in the presence of them; however, this capacity is little explored for functional food production. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of iron or zinc bioaccumulated in the vegetative mycelium of sixteen strains of A. subrufescens. Mycelia were grown in malt extract agar added with 50 mg/L of iron or with 7.5 mg/L of zinc. The metal bioaccumulation in the mycelial biomass was strain-dependent. In general, metal can inhibit or stimulate the mycelial growth ranging from -81 to +78% for iron and from -86 to +100% for zinc. The highest bioaccumulated iron and zinc concentrations in the mycelial biomass was 2,595.65 mg/kg and 1,655.83 mg/kg, respectively and occurred in the U4-4 strain. The supplementation of mycelial biomass using iron or zinc is an alternative to develop food supplements, that can be used both in the human and animal diet and in the prevention of diseases.(AU)

Agaricus subrufescens, basidiomiceto nativo do Brasil, é cultivado mundialmente devido aos seus aspectos medicinais. Este fungo tem capacidade de bioacumulação de metais na biomassa micelial, no entanto, esta propriedade é pouco explorada para a produção de alimentos funcionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a quantidade de ferro ou zinco bioacumulada no micélio vegetativo de diversas linhagens de Agaricus subrufescens. Foram utilizadas 16 linhagens de A. subrufescens da coleção de culturas da Universidade Paranaense. O crescimento da biomassa micelial e a bioacumulação de ferro e zinco foram avaliados em micélio crescido em ágar extrato de malte adicionado de 50 mg L-1 de ferro ou 7,5 mg L-1 de zinco. A bioacumulação dos metais na biomassa micelial foi linhagem dependente. De forma geral, os metais podem inibir ou estimular o crescimento com variação entre de -81 a +78% para o ferro e de -86 a +100% para o zinco. A maior concentração de ferro na biomassa foi para o ferro de 2595,65 mg kg-1 e para o zinco de 1655,83 mg kg-1, ambos para a linhagem U4-4. O enriquecimento da biomassa micelial com ferro e/ou zinco é uma alternativa ao desenvolvimento de novos alimentos ou suplementos alimentares fonte de ferro e zinco de origem não-animal.(AU)

Avaliação do teor de zinco em Pereskia grandfolia Haw / Evaluation of the zinc content in Pereskia grandfolia Haw

A utilização de alimentos alternativos para o combate à fome na população de baixa renda é assunto que tem recebido atenção no Brasil nos últimos anos. O ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia grandfolia Haw), é uma planta de origem tropical de uso popular como alimento e medicinal, objeto de interesse na indústria alimentícia e farmacológica nos últimos anos, pelo alto teor de proteínas, lisina e mucilagem que apresenta. Estudos têm reforçado a importância do zinco na saúde humana. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença do micronutriente zinco nas folhas, no caule e nas flores da Pereskia grandfolia Haw. A análise do mineral foi realizada utilizando espectrofotometria de absorção atômica acoplado a UV visível. Foi observado maior quantidade de zinco nas flores da hortaliça (24,8 mg/Kg). Nas folhas o resultado foi 23,8 mg/Kg e no caule 17,8 mg/Kg. Portanto, ora-pro-nobis pode complementar as necessidades diárias de zinco.(AU)

Avaliação do teor de zinco em Pereskia grandfolia Haw / Evaluation of the zinc content in Pereskia grandfolia Haw

A utilização de alimentos alternativos para o combate à fome na população de baixa renda é assunto que tem recebido atenção no Brasil nos últimos anos. O ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia grandfolia Haw), é uma planta de origem tropical de uso popular como alimento e medicinal, objeto de interesse na indústria alimentícia e farmacológica nos últimos anos, pelo alto teor de proteínas, lisina e mucilagem que apresenta. Estudos têm reforçado a importância do zinco na saúde humana. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença do micronutriente zinco nas folhas, no caule e nas flores da Pereskia grandfolia Haw. A análise do mineral foi realizada utilizando espectrofotometria de absorção atômica acoplado a UV visível. Foi observado maior quantidade de zinco nas flores da hortaliça (24,8 mg/Kg). Nas folhas o resultado foi 23,8 mg/Kg e no caule 17,8 mg/Kg. Portanto, ora-pro-nobis pode complementar as necessidades diárias de zinco.

Avaliação da zinco protoporfirina (ZPP) em ruminantes domésticos / Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) evaluation in domestic ruminants

Nos sistemas de criação de ruminantes, a anemia crônica pode levar a grandes prejuízos econômicos, sendo decorrente da deficiência de ferro no organismo. Quando este se torna indisponível para ser incorporado à hemoglobina, forma-se um composto denominado zinco protoporfirina (ZPP), que pode ser um marcador precoce para a anemia, útil, portanto, para seu diagnóstico. Porém, para a utilidade dessa mensuração, é necessário que se conheçam os valores normais de ZPP para cada espécie. Assim, foram utilizados 30 bezerros, 30 caprinos e 30 ovinos, todos saudáveis, nos quais foram mensurados esses valores. Essa mensuração foi determinada em amostras de sangue refrigeradas, coletadas com EDTA, obtendo-se valores em hemácias não lavadas e lavadas. A lavagem visou à eliminação de substâncias interferentes nessas medidas. A média da ZPP nas amostras não lavadas foi de 80,9µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos bezerros; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos caprinos e 73,76µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos ovinos. Após a lavagem, os valores foram 61,4µmol ZPP/mol de heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol de heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol de heme, nos bezerros, caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Devido à praticidade da técnica, essa pode ser empregada para a detecção precoce da anemia ferropriva, sendo recomendada a prévia lavagem das hemácias.(AU)

In ruminant breeding systems, chronic anemia can lead to economic losses, resulting from iron deficiency in the organismo. When iron is unavailable for incorporation into hemoglobin, a compound called zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is formed, may be an early marker for anemia and is useful for its diagnosis. However, for this measurement to be useful, it is necessary to know the normal values for the species. Therefore, 30 calves, 30 goats and 30 sheep, all of them healthy, to standardize the values were used. This measurement was determined on refrigerated blood samples collected with EDTA, obtaining values in red blood cells not washed and washed. The washing aimed at the elimination of interfering substances in these measures. The mean of the ZPP in the unwashed samples was 80,9µmol ZPP/mol of heme in calves; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol of heme in goats and 73,76µmol ZPP/mol of heme in sheep. After washing, the values were 61,4µmol ZPP/mol of heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol of heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol of heme, in calves, goats and sheep, respectively. Due to its practicality, the techniquecan be used for the early detection of iron deficiency anemia, recommending the previous lavage of the red blood cells.(AU)

Avaliação da zinco protoporfirina (ZPP) em ruminantes domésticos / Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) evaluation in domestic ruminants

Nos sistemas de criação de ruminantes, a anemia crônica pode levar a grandes prejuízos econômicos, sendo decorrente da deficiência de ferro no organismo. Quando este se torna indisponível para ser incorporado à hemoglobina, forma-se um composto denominado zinco protoporfirina (ZPP), que pode ser um marcador precoce para a anemia, útil, portanto, para seu diagnóstico. Porém, para a utilidade dessa mensuração, é necessário que se conheçam os valores normais de ZPP para cada espécie. Assim, foram utilizados 30 bezerros, 30 caprinos e 30 ovinos, todos saudáveis, nos quais foram mensurados esses valores. Essa mensuração foi determinada em amostras de sangue refrigeradas, coletadas com EDTA, obtendo-se valores em hemácias não lavadas e lavadas. A lavagem visou à eliminação de substâncias interferentes nessas medidas. A média da ZPP nas amostras não lavadas foi de 80,9µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos bezerros; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos caprinos e 73,76µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos ovinos. Após a lavagem, os valores foram 61,4µmol ZPP/mol de heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol de heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol de heme, nos bezerros, caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Devido à praticidade da técnica, essa pode ser empregada para a detecção precoce da anemia ferropriva, sendo recomendada a prévia lavagem das hemácias.(AU)

In ruminant breeding systems, chronic anemia can lead to economic losses, resulting from iron deficiency in the organismo. When iron is unavailable for incorporation into hemoglobin, a compound called zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is formed, may be an early marker for anemia and is useful for its diagnosis. However, for this measurement to be useful, it is necessary to know the normal values for the species. Therefore, 30 calves, 30 goats and 30 sheep, all of them healthy, to standardize the values were used. This measurement was determined on refrigerated blood samples collected with EDTA, obtaining values in red blood cells not washed and washed. The washing aimed at the elimination of interfering substances in these measures. The mean of the ZPP in the unwashed samples was 80,9µmol ZPP/mol of heme in calves; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol of heme in goats and 73,76µmol ZPP/mol of heme in sheep. After washing, the values were 61,4µmol ZPP/mol of heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol of heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol of heme, in calves, goats and sheep, respectively. Due to its practicality, the techniquecan be used for the early detection of iron deficiency anemia, recommending the previous lavage of the red blood cells.(AU)

Performance and carcass traits of Nellore cattle fattening on pasture receiving different zinc contents in the mineral supplementation / Desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça de bovinos Nelore em regime de engorda a pasto recebendo diferentes teores de zinco na suplementação mineral

The objective of this work was to study the effect of different zinc content (ZnSO4) in the mineral supplementation for Nellore steers grazing Brachiaria brizantha (cv) MG-4, on productive performance and carcass traits. Twenty-eight castrated animals with average body weight of 355 kg, were used. The animals were randomly divided into four groups and housed in paddocks of 6.25 ha each one, equipped with covered feeders and waterers, and grazed alternately each 28 days. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four zinc (Zn) content and seven repetitions. Different zinc content were: Zn-0, without Zn; Zn-2, with 2,000 mg Zn kg-1; Zn-4, with 4,000 mg Zn kg-1; and Zn-6, with 6,000 mg Zn kg-1; in the inorganic form (Zinc Sulphate) in mineral supplement. Mineral supplements were givenad libitum in covered troughs and previously weighed, with leftovers control for determining intake. The experimental period was 370 days. Organs, viscera, carcass and non-carcass components were weighed from each slaughtered animal. Loin eye area (LEA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFAT),as well as, color, pH and lipid oxidation, were evaluated. The increasing inclusion of zinc content in the diet of steers do not affected (P>0.05) final body weight (FBW) and average daily weight gain (ADWG). Difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the Zn intake (ZnI) (Ŷ = -2.09386 + 146.9616x; R2=0.99) and hot carcass weight (Ŷ= 299.92662 + 3.33362x; R2 = 0.24), as well as, in meat lipid oxidation (Ŷ = 0.15170 + 0.02539x; R2 = 0.31). There was an increasing linear effect for meat color, evaluated by values of L* (luminosity) (Ŷ = 32.23309 + 0.41445x, R2 = 0.14), a* (red-green intensity) (Ŷ = 0.88592 + 18.16225x, R2 = 0.25) and b* (yellow-blue intensity) (Ŷ = 9.35295 + 0.45030x, R2 = 0.20), but remained within normal values for meat.[...](AU)

Objetivou-se estudar o efeito de diferentes teores de Zinco na suplementação mineral de novilhos Nelore em pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha cultivar (cv) MG-4, sobre o desempenho produtivo e características de carcaça. Foram utilizados 28 animais, castrados, com peso vivo médio inicial de 355 kg. Os animais foram divididos ao acaso em quatro grupos e alojados em piquetes de 6,25 hectares cada, equipados com comedouro coberto e bebedouros, sendo pastejados alternadamente a cada pesagem (28 dias). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro dosagens de zinco (Zn) no suplemento mineral e sete repetições. As doses de zinco avaliadas foram: Zn-0, sem adição de Zinco; Zn-2, com 2.000 mg de Zn kg-1; Zn-4, com 4.000 mg de Zn kg-1; e Zn-6, com 6.000 mg de Zn kg-1; sob forma inorgânica (Sulfato de Zinco) no suplemento mineral. Os suplementos minerais foram pesados e fornecidos ad libitum, em cochos cobertos, com controle das sobras para determinação do consumo. O período experimental foi de 370 dias. De cada animal abatido pesaram-se órgãos, vísceras, carcaça e componentes não carcaça. Avaliaram-se a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e espessura da gordura subcutânea (EGSC), bem como a cor, pH e oxidação lipídica. A crescente inclusão do zinco na dieta dos bovinos, não influenciou (P > 0,05) o peso vivo final (PVF) e o ganho de peso médio diário (GPMD). Observou-se diferença (P<0,05) no consumo de Zn (CZn) (Ŷ = -2,09386 + 146,9616x; R2 =0,99) e peso de carcaça quente (Ŷ= 299,92662 + 3,33362x, R2= 0,24), bem como na oxidação lipídica da carne (Ŷ= 0,15170 + 0,02539x; R2 =0,31). Houve efeitos lineares crescentes sobre a cor da carne, avaliados pelos valores de “L*” (luminosidade) (Ŷ= 32,23309 + 0,41445x; R2 = 0,14), “a*” (intensidade de vermelho-verde) (Ŷ= 0,88592 + 18,16225x, R2 = 0.25) e “b*” (intensidade de amarelo-azul) (Ŷ= 9,35295 + 0,45030x; R2 =0,20), porém mantiveram-se dentro dos valores normais para carne bovina.[...](AU)

Effects of dietary zinc levels on the growth performance, organ zinc content, and zinc retention in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to investigate the optimal zinc (Zn) requirement of broiler chickens based on Zn retention. On the day of hatch, 350 male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to seven treatments with five replicates of ten birds each. Zinc was supplemented as ZnSO4·7H2O at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, or 120 mg/kg in the starter diet (fed from 1 to 21 d of age) and at 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, or 96 mg/kg in the grower diet (fed from 22 to 42 d of age). The analyzed Zn levels were 34.98 and 27.57 mg/kg in the basal starter and grower diets, respectively. Supplemental Zn levels did not influence body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or liver Zn content of broilers at 21 and 42 d of age (p>0.05). Tibia ash Zn content of 21-d-old broilers increased when Zn supplementation level increased from 0 to 40 mg/kg Zn in (p<0.05). The highest breast muscle Zn content in 42-d-old broilers was observed when 100 and 80 mg Zn/kg was supplemented in the starter and grower diets, respectively. Fecal Zn content, Zn intake, Zn excretion, and Zn retention of 31- to 33-d-old broilers linearly increased with supplemental Zn levels (p<0.05). Zinc retention values, calculated as the difference between Zn intake and Zn excretion, were negative, about zero, and positive when starter/grower diets were supplemented with 0/0 and 20/16, 40/32, and 60/48 and 120/96 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that supplementing 40 and 32 mg Zn/kg in starter and grower diets, respectively, promote the growth performance of broiler chickens, while reduce Zn excretion in the environment.(AU)

Effects of dietary zinc levels on the growth performance, organ zinc content, and zinc retention in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to investigate the optimal zinc (Zn) requirement of broiler chickens based on Zn retention. On the day of hatch, 350 male Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to seven treatments with five replicates of ten birds each. Zinc was supplemented as ZnSO4·7H2O at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, or 120 mg/kg in the starter diet (fed from 1 to 21 d of age) and at 0, 16, 32, 48, 64, 80, or 96 mg/kg in the grower diet (fed from 22 to 42 d of age). The analyzed Zn levels were 34.98 and 27.57 mg/kg in the basal starter and grower diets, respectively. Supplemental Zn levels did not influence body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or liver Zn content of broilers at 21 and 42 d of age (p>0.05). Tibia ash Zn content of 21-d-old broilers increased when Zn supplementation level increased from 0 to 40 mg/kg Zn in (p<0.05). The highest breast muscle Zn content in 42-d-old broilers was observed when 100 and 80 mg Zn/kg was supplemented in the starter and grower diets, respectively. Fecal Zn content, Zn intake, Zn excretion, and Zn retention of 31- to 33-d-old broilers linearly increased with supplemental Zn levels (p<0.05). Zinc retention values, calculated as the difference between Zn intake and Zn excretion, were negative, about zero, and positive when starter/grower diets were supplemented with 0/0 and 20/16, 40/32, and 60/48 and 120/96 mg/kg, respectively. These results indicate that supplementing 40 and 32 mg Zn/kg in starter and grower diets, respectively, promote the growth performance of broiler chickens, while reduce Zn excretion in the environment.

Effect of Sources and Levels of Dietary Zinc on the Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Parameters of Broilers

ABSTRACT A total of 400 one-day-old, straight-run, commercial (Ross 308) broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effects of two dietary levels of zinc (Zn) sources on broiler chick performance, carcass traits and blood parameters. Corn-soybean diets were formulated for three rearing phases (starter, grower and finisher). The two dietary treatments applied consisted of the addition per kg of diet of 80mg of inorganic Zn (ZnO) (T1), or 80mg of ZnO plus 42mg of an organic Zn-amino acid complex (Availa-Zn120; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA), totaling 122mg of the combined organic and inorganic Zn sources (T2). Birds were distributed according to a completely randomized design in the two treatments with eight replicates (pens) of 25 birds each. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. On day 42, blood samples were taken from four birds closest to the group average weight per replicate (32 per treatment) and then slaughtered for carcass evaluation. The results of this study did not find any significant effect of either of the evaluated Zn sources on broiler growth performance. Mortality rate was significantly lower (p 0.05) by the higher Zn concentration and the Zn sources group (T2). Carcass yields were not significantly influenced by the treatments. Breast quality showed significant improvement (p 0.05) in shear force (T2), indicating juicier meat. Higher concentrations (p 0.05) of Zn, Phosphorus (P), and total protein in blood were noted in (T2). Birds fed a mixture of organic and inorganic Zn source (T2) presented overall better results.(AU)

Effect of Sources and Levels of Dietary Zinc on the Performance, Carcass Traits and Blood Parameters of Broilers

ABSTRACT A total of 400 one-day-old, straight-run, commercial (Ross 308) broiler chicks were used to evaluate the effects of two dietary levels of zinc (Zn) sources on broiler chick performance, carcass traits and blood parameters. Corn-soybean diets were formulated for three rearing phases (starter, grower and finisher). The two dietary treatments applied consisted of the addition per kg of diet of 80mg of inorganic Zn (ZnO) (T1), or 80mg of ZnO plus 42mg of an organic Zn-amino acid complex (Availa-Zn120; Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA), totaling 122mg of the combined organic and inorganic Zn sources (T2). Birds were distributed according to a completely randomized design in the two treatments with eight replicates (pens) of 25 birds each. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. On day 42, blood samples were taken from four birds closest to the group average weight per replicate (32 per treatment) and then slaughtered for carcass evaluation. The results of this study did not find any significant effect of either of the evaluated Zn sources on broiler growth performance. Mortality rate was significantly lower (p 0.05) by the higher Zn concentration and the Zn sources group (T2). Carcass yields were not significantly influenced by the treatments. Breast quality showed significant improvement (p 0.05) in shear force (T2), indicating juicier meat. Higher concentrations (p 0.05) of Zn, Phosphorus (P), and total protein in blood were noted in (T2). Birds fed a mixture of organic and inorganic Zn source (T2) presented overall better results.

Effect of zinc level and source (zinc oxide vs. Zinc glycine) on bone mechanical and geometric parameters, and histomorphology in male ross 308 broiler chicken

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding zinc (Zn) mineral supplements from organic (ZnGly) and inorganic (ZnO) sources to growing male Ross 308 chickens on the mechanical, geometric, and histomorphometrical parameters of long bones. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with Zn at 50 or 100 mg·kg-1 of a premix, except the control group (0 suppl). The serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 was higher in the ZnGly50 group compared with the control group. Positive influence of Zn on the femur is highlighted when considering the significant increase in parameters such as mean relative wall thickness, and maximum elastic and ultimate strengths after Zn administration. Zinc supplementation did not affect tibial parameters. The histomorphometric analysis showed a positive impact of Zn supplementation (irrespective of source and level) on femoral trabecular thickness. Rapid loss in actual bone volume in tibial metaphyseal trabeculae was observed with ZnGly at 50 mg·kg-1. In conclusion, this study showed that dietary Zn supplementation positively influences bone mechanical properties, confirming its beneficial effect on the development of the skeletal system and bone tissue of broilers tested for a nutritional-osteoporotic factor. Adverse health effects in trabecular bone as a result of the use of Zn at 50 mg·kg-1 of the premix show that supplementing Zn at the recommended dose (100 mg·kg-1) is essential.

Effect of zinc level and source (zinc oxide vs. Zinc glycine) on bone mechanical and geometric parameters, and histomorphology in male ross 308 broiler chicken

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding zinc (Zn) mineral supplements from organic (ZnGly) and inorganic (ZnO) sources to growing male Ross 308 chickens on the mechanical, geometric, and histomorphometrical parameters of long bones. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with Zn at 50 or 100 mg·kg-1 of a premix, except the control group (0 suppl). The serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor 1 was higher in the ZnGly50 group compared with the control group. Positive influence of Zn on the femur is highlighted when considering the significant increase in parameters such as mean relative wall thickness, and maximum elastic and ultimate strengths after Zn administration. Zinc supplementation did not affect tibial parameters. The histomorphometric analysis showed a positive impact of Zn supplementation (irrespective of source and level) on femoral trabecular thickness. Rapid loss in actual bone volume in tibial metaphyseal trabeculae was observed with ZnGly at 50 mg·kg-1. In conclusion, this study showed that dietary Zn supplementation positively influences bone mechanical properties, confirming its beneficial effect on the development of the skeletal system and bone tissue of broilers tested for a nutritional-osteoporotic factor. Adverse health effects in trabecular bone as a result of the use of Zn at 50 mg·kg-1 of the premix show that supplementing Zn at the recommended dose (100 mg·kg-1) is essential.(AU)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and colonization stimulant in cotton and maize / Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e estimulante da colonização na cultura do algodoeiro e do milho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native to Cerrado, associated with the application of colonization stimulant (7-hydroxy, 4-methoxy-isoflavone) at the initial growth of cotton and maize plants in a greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design and 7x2 factorial scheme, with five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and combined inoculation (uniting all species in equal proportion) and native fungi, in the presence and absence of colonization stimulant in maize and cotton crops. Shoots dry matter (SDM), roots dry matter (RDM), mycorrhizal colonization and accumulation of calcium, zinc and phosphorus in the SDM were evaluated at flowering. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the use of colonization stimulant at low density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi propagules was beneficial to plant development. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi demonstrated different effects for the various parameters evaluated in cotton and maize, and the application of colonization stimulant promoted higher mycorrhizal colonization and initial growth in cotton, when associated with native AMF, and in corn, when associated with inoculation with Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita and Rhizophagus clarus.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com diferentes fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos do Cerrado, associados à aplicação de estimulante de colonização (7-hidroxi, 4-metoxi-isoflavona) no crescimento inicial de plantas de algodão e milho em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial 7x2, com cinco espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e inoculação combinada (unindo todas as espécies em proporção igual) e fungos nativos, na presença e ausência de estimulante de colonização em culturas de milho e algodão. Avaliou-se a massa de matéria seca (SDM), matéria seca de raízes (RDM), colonização micorrízica e acúmulo de cálcio, zinco e fósforo na SDM. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o uso de estimulante de colonização em baixa densidade de propágulos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares foi benéfico para o desenvolvimento da planta. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos mostrou efeitos diferentes para os vários parâmetros avaliados no algodão e no milho, e a aplicação de estimulante de colonização promoveu maior colonização micorrízica e crescimento inicial no algodão quando associado à fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativa e no milho quando associado à inoculação com Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita e Rhizophagus clarus.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and colonization stimulant in cotton and maize / Fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e estimulante da colonização na cultura do algodoeiro e do milho

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation with different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi native to Cerrado, associated with the application of colonization stimulant (7-hydroxy, 4-methoxy-isoflavone) at the initial growth of cotton and maize plants in a greenhouse. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design and 7x2 factorial scheme, with five species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and combined inoculation (uniting all species in equal proportion) and native fungi, in the presence and absence of colonization stimulant in maize and cotton crops. Shoots dry matter (SDM), roots dry matter (RDM), mycorrhizal colonization and accumulation of calcium, zinc and phosphorus in the SDM were evaluated at flowering. Inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the use of colonization stimulant at low density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi propagules was beneficial to plant development. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi demonstrated different effects for the various parameters evaluated in cotton and maize, and the application of colonization stimulant promoted higher mycorrhizal colonization and initial growth in cotton, when associated with native AMF, and in corn, when associated with inoculation with Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita and Rhizophagus clarus.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação com diferentes fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos do Cerrado, associados à aplicação de estimulante de colonização (7-hidroxi, 4-metoxi-isoflavona) no crescimento inicial de plantas de algodão e milho em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e esquema fatorial 7x2, com cinco espécies de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e inoculação combinada (unindo todas as espécies em proporção igual) e fungos nativos, na presença e ausência de estimulante de colonização em culturas de milho e algodão. Avaliou-se a massa de matéria seca (SDM), matéria seca de raízes (RDM), colonização micorrízica e acúmulo de cálcio, zinco e fósforo na SDM. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o uso de estimulante de colonização em baixa densidade de propágulos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares foi benéfico para o desenvolvimento da planta. A inoculação com fungos micorrízicos mostrou efeitos diferentes para os vários parâmetros avaliados no algodão e no milho, e a aplicação de estimulante de colonização promoveu maior colonização micorrízica e crescimento inicial no algodão quando associado à fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativa e no milho quando associado à inoculação com Dentiscutata heterogama, Gigaspora margarita e Rhizophagus clarus.(AU)

Bioacumulação de zinco em micélio de Agaricus subrufescens / Zinc bioaccumulation in Agaricus subrufescens mycelium / Bioacumulación de zinc en micelio de Agaricus subrufescens

Fungos basidiomicetos têm a capacidade de bioacumular metais pesados, no entanto existem poucos trabalhos sobre bioacumulação de zinco em micélio de Agaricussubrufescens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a bioacumulação de zinco em micélio vegetativo de A. subrufescens cultivado em meio sólido e líquido. O fungo foi crescido em meio sólido ou em meio líquido a base de extrato de malte adicionado de ZnSO4 a fim de obter zero; 2,5; 5; 7,5; 10; 15 ou 20 ppm de zinco. Os meios foram inoculados e após 14 dias foi determinada a biomassa e a bioacumulação de zinco. A adição de zinco no meio de cultivo inibiu o crescimento micelial e induziu a bioacumulação na biomassa tanto no cultivo sólido como no líquido. Adições acima de 7,5 ppm de zinco inibiram totalmente o crescimento micelial. O fungo crescido em meio de cultivo líquido sofre maior inibição do crescimento com a adição de zinco e maior bioacumulação que no meio sólido.(AU)

Fungi basidiomycetes have the ability to bioaccumulate heavy metals, but there are few studies on zinc bioaccumulation in the mycelium of Agaricus subrufescens. The objective of this study is to evaluate the zinc bioaccumulation in the mycelium of A. subrufescens cultivated in solid and liquid culture media. Mycelium was grown on solid or liquid medium in malt extract base added with ZnSO4 to obtain zero, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 or 20-ppm zinc. Mycelial biomass and zinc bioaccumulation were determined 14 days after inoculation in the culture media. Addition of zinc in culture medium inhibited mycelial growth and induced biomass bioaccumulation both in solid and in liquid culture. Additions higher than 7.5-ppm zinc completely inhibited mycelial growth in culture medium. Mycelial growth in liquid culture presented greater increase of growth inhibition with the addition of zinc and greater bioaccumulation than in solid medium.(AU)

Hongos basidiomicetos tienen la capacidad de bioacumular metales pesados, sin embargo hay pocos estudios sobre la bioacumulación de zinc en el micelio de Agaricus subrufescens. El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar la bioacumulación de zinc en el micelio de A. subrufescens cultivado en medio sólido y líquido. El hongo ha crecido en medio sólido o líquido a base de extracto de malta agregado de ZnSO4 para obtener cero; 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15 o 20 ppm de zinc. Los medios fueron inoculados y después de 14 días se determinó la biomasa y la bioacumulación de zinc. La adición de zinc en el medio del cultivo inhibió el crecimiento micelial y indujo la bioacumulación de la biomasa tanto en el cultivo sólido como en el líquido. Adiciones superiores a 7.5 ppm de zinc inhibieron completamente el crecimiento del micelio. El hongo crecido en medio de cultivo líquido sufre mayor inhibición del crecimiento con la adición de zinc y mayor bioacumulación que en el medio sólido.(AU)