Processos que afetam a taxa de gestação pós-inovulação do embrião equino / Processes that affect pregnancy rate after embryo transfer

A transferência de embriões equinos é uma biotecnologia que traz inúmeros benefícios reprodutivos para um haras. Entretanto, os índices reprodutivos obtidos numa estação de monta podem ser afetados por diversos fatores que interferem tanto na recuperação embrionária que normalmente são relacionados à doadora de embriões, quanto na taxa de gestação na receptora de embriões. O objetivo do presente artigo foi revisar os fatores relacionados à receptora de embriões em programas de transferência de embriões equinos.(AU)

Equine embryo transfer is a biotechnology that brings reproductive benefits to a stud farm. However, the reproductive rates obtained in a breeding season can be affected by several factors that interfere both in the embryonic recovery that are normally related to the embryo donor, and in the pregnancy rate in the embryo recipient. The aim of this article was to review the factors related to the recipient of embryos in equine embryo transfer programs.(AU)

Analysis of variables inherent to the dynamics of the practice of vaquejada to determine its influence on the result obtained in the competition / Análise de variáveis inerentes à dinâmica da prática da vaquejada para determinação de sua influência sobre o resultado obtido na competição

The objective of this work was to evaluate several attempts to knock down neats and to correlate the success obtained with actions performed by the horse/rider sets through an analysis of public domain videos of vaquejadas. Approximately 300 videos were considered, and the groups were evaluated according to the competition category, that is, amateur/aspirant and professional, and the animals used in the test, that is, pulling or tracking of the neat. It was found that for the pull set in the professional competition category, only the characteristics of directing the cow on the track, and the guiding behavior and positioning in the pull were significant (p<0.01), while for the amateur/aspirant category, the characteristics of remaining in the pull after falling of the cattle and of the behavior at the gate had an effect (p<0.01). The characteristic of remaining in the pull after the fall of the neats, in the category of professional pulling athletes, exists in greater prevalence during the competition with 85.3%, while the characteristic of directing the neat to the side of the track is performed by 87.6% of the competitors. For the set used to track the cattle, the values of the dimensions 1 and 2 were 96.56% and 3.43%, respectively, which is 99.9% of the total variance of the data based on those selected for the final result of "earn the ox". The use of multiple diversity analysis in this study of variables associated with the vaquejada set proved to be quite advantageous, and there was not much variation in the elements obtained with a greater weight in the determination of the final result.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar por meio de análise de vídeos de domínio público de competições de vaquejadas, diversas tentativas de derrubada de rezes e correlacionar o êxito obtido com ações desempenhadas pelos conjuntos cavalo/ cavaleiro. Foram considerados aproximadamente 300 vídeos, sendo os grupos avaliados quanto à categoria de competição, Amador/Aspirante e Profissional, e aos animais utilizados na prova, Puxar ou Esteirar a rês. Verificou-se que para o conjunto de puxar, da categoria profissional de competição, apenas as características de direcionamento da rês na pista, comportamento na condução e posicionamento na puxada foram significativos (p<0,01), enquanto para a categoria amador/ aspirante houve efeito (p<0,01) para a característica de permanecer ou não na puxada após queda da rês e para o comportamento na porteira. A característica, permanecer na puxada após a queda da rês, na categoria de atletas puxadores profissionais, existe em maior prevalência em ações durante a prova com 85,3% dos casos, enquanto a característica de direcionar a rês para a lateral da pista é realizada por 87,6% dos competidores. Para o conjunto utilizado para esteirar a rês, os valores das dimensões 1 e 2 foram de 96,56% e 3,43%, respectivamente, totalizando 99,9% da variância total dos dados com base nos critérios selecionados para o resultado final de "Valeu o boi". O uso da análise de correspondência múltipla no estudo de variáveis associadas ao sucesso em competições de vaquejada mostrou-se bastante eficaz, no que tange a diminuição do universo de elementos com maior peso de determinação no resultado final obtido.(AU)

Luz artificial na reprodução equina ­ Revisão / Artificial lighting in the equine reproduction ­ A review

Os equinos são animais poliéstricos sazonais, fotoperiódico positivos, apresentando ciclos reprodutivos em estações definidas do ano, primavera e verão, e estações com ausência ou baixa atividade reprodutiva, outono e inverno. A necessidade da maximização do período reprodutivo, bem como a definição de um ano hípico iniciando em julho, no hemisfério sul (para algumas raças como o Puro Sangue de Corrida e o Quarto de milha) levou ao desenvolvimento de técnicas para diminuir o tempo que essas éguas permanecem em anestro reprodutivo. Uma das técnicas mais utilizadas destaca-se o uso de iluminação artificial. Consistindo no fornecimento de luz branca incandescente ou led azul ou branco em baias, piquetes ou por meio de máscaras, a fim de simular os efeitos de dias longos no organismo assim liberar o eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal. Para estimular o retorno antecipado à ciclicidade, a égua deve ser exposta a um estímulo de 14 a 15 horas de luz diárias, totalizando 9 a 10 horas de escuridão, ou receber um estímulo de 1 hora de luz, aproximadamente 9 horas após o anoitecer. É fundamental que a égua esteja com escore corporal adequado e alguns cuidados com o fornecimento da luz artificial sejam atendidos, como a continuidade no fornecimento para o sucesso da técnica.(AU)

Horses are seasonally breeding animals which means that they natural breed in specific seasons (Spring, and Summer), with non or low reproductive activity on the other seasons (Winter and Fall). The development of techniques to shorten the anoestrus can be necessary to anticipate the breeding season, starting in July in the Southern Hemisphere, for some breeds such as Thoroughbred and Quarter Horses. The most common technique is the use of artificial lighting with incandescent, or blue/white led light, applied in stalls, paddocks or with a light mask to mimic the effects of a long day and release the hipotalamic-hipophysarie-gonadal axis. To stimulate an early return to cyclicity, the mare should be exposed to a 14-to-15-hour light stimulus daily, totalling 9 to 10 hours of darkness, or receive a 1-hour light stimulus, approximately 9 hours after dusk. It is fundamental that the mare has an adequate body condition score and some awareness with the provision of artificial light are considered, such as the continuity of the light program for the success of the technique.(AU)

Biópsia endometrial na égua: importância no diagnóstico da subfertilidade e principais achados / Endometrial biopsy in the mare: importance in the diagnosis of subfertility and main findings

A biópsia endometrial na égua é uma técnica simples e bastante antiga. É uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico de patologia no endométrio nesta espécie utilizada para determinar o estágio do ciclo estral, para detectar a presença de inflamações agudas ou crônicas e para determina a possibilidade do útero levar a gestação a termo. Mais recentemente outras alterações tais como a má-diferenciação e as angiopatias, também estão sendo avaliadas em amostras de biópsia endometrial em éguas, uma vez que também podem interferir no prognóstico reprodutivo destas fêmeas. Esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever a avaliação da biópsia endometrial e as principais alterações que ocorrem no endométrio das éguas.(AU)

Endometrial biopsy in the mare is a simple and quite old technique. It is an important tool for the diagnosis of pathology in the endometrium in this species, used to determine the stage of the estrous cycle, to detect the presence of acute or chronic inflammation and to determine the possibility of the uterus carrying the pregnancy to term. More recently, other alterations, such as poor differentiation and angiopathies, are also being evaluated in endometrial biopsy samples in mares, since they may also interfere with the reproductive prognosis of these females. This review aims to describe the evaluation of the endometrial biopsy and the main changes that occur in the endometrium of mares.(AU)

Idiopathic subfertility in stallions. Clinical approaches to a complex problem

At least 30-40% of stallions in commercial breeding programs are moderately fertile and 8-12% are subfertile (0.5-3% with severe subfertility). From the total reported cases of the subfertility, in 2-20% of the stallions the cause is unknown or was not established. The objective of this work is to present the concept of subfertile stallion based on the current state of knowledge and advanced molecular diagnostic technologies. Low pregnancy rates have been reported in stallions with normal semen quality after conventional evaluation. Acrosome reaction (AR) is necessary for natural fertilization and impaired acrosome reaction (IAR) leads to subfertility or infertility in horses, however, AR test is not included in routine semen analysis. Genome-wide association study identified FKBP6 as a strong candidate gene responsible for this failure. The gene encodes for FK506 binding protein 6 (FKBP6) which is involved in sperm development and functions. We could conclude that the evaluation of the acrosomal status is essential in cases of stallions with good motility, concentration, morphology and viability but unexplained (idiopathic) subfertility or infertility. It is important to highlight the recent increase in reports of fertility problems in stallions related to disorders of genetic origin.(AU)

A arte de inseminar éguas com sêmen congelado / The art of inseminating mares with frozen semen

Nos últimos quinze anos, a equideocultura foi uma atividade em destaque com significativo crescimento no Brasil e no mundo. O Brasil é o segundo país no mundo que mais utiliza transporte de sêmen equino, ficando atrás apenas dos Estados Unidos e a utilização do sêmen congelado no país vem expandido a cada dia. O índice de prenhez por ciclo, com sêmen equino congelado é variável e oscila entre 25 e 40%. Adicionalmente, sabe-se que o sêmen de alguns garanhões apresenta baixa viabilidade após o descongelamento. A primeira prenhez obtida com sêmen equino congelado foi relatada há cinco décadas. Segundo Cazalez, 2020, é muito difícil recomendar uma dose inseminante padrão para sêmen congelado em equinos. A maioria dos estudos científicos não consegue controlar o efeito de outros fatores "de confusão" como método de processo, fator égua, fator garanhão, técnica de inseminação etc., tornando difícil uma comparação crítica dos mesmos. Rigby et al. (2001) obtiveram taxas de prenhez similares ao se comparar a inseminação artificial profunda em corno uterino com endoscópio e pipeta flexível.(AU)

In the last fifteen years, equine breeding has been a prominent activity with significant growth in Brazil and in the world. Brazil is the second country in the world that most uses equine semen transport, second only to the United States, and the use of frozen semen in the country is expanding every day. The pregnancy rate per cycle with frozen equine semen is variable and ranges from 25 to 40%. Additionally, it is known that the semen of some stallions has low viability after thawing. The first pregnancy obtained with frozen equine semen was reported five decades ago. According to Cazalez, 2020, it is very difficult to recommend a standard insemination dose for frozen semen in horses. Most scientific studies cannot control for the effect of other "confounding" factors such as processing method, mare factor, stallion factor, insemination technique, etc., making it difficult to critically compare them. Rigby et al. (2001) obtained similar pregnancy rates when comparing deep artificial insemination in the uterine horn with an endoscope and flexible pipette.(AU)

Reprodução equina: um modelo de ensino / Equine reproduction: a teaching model

Vivemos nos últimos anos um momento difícil em relação ao ensino de qualidade na medicina veterinária brasileira. Por sua vez, a equideocultura brasileira possui destaque internacional pela alta demanda de empregabilidade e pela excelência de seu plantel. Sempre a frente do seu tempo, a Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, a PUCPR, possui um curso de 28 anos de história, onde a excelência no ensino é reconhecida de norte a sul do país. Ao longo dessa história, um dos grandes diferenciais da universidade são os grupos de estudos, que são realizados por áreas específicas no curso e que acontecem no contraturno do estudante. Um dos primeiros grupos de estudos formados na PUCPR, foi em 2003: o Grupo de Estudos em Reprodução Animal. E com um grande interesse dos estudantes pela área de equinos, em 2008 nasce o Grupo de Estudos em Reprodução de Equídeos que perdura até os dias de hoje com o nome de Liga Acadêmica em Reprodução de Equídeos lado a lado da Liga Acadêmica de Reprodução de Bovinos. Desde então, na área da reprodução equina, um trabalho realizado com os estudantes que simula a vida real de um haras de criação e um centro de reprodução equina junto ao rebanho didático da instituição. O que torna esse modelo de ensino da PUCPR especial é como ele é conduzido, levando o estudante através de trilhas ao longo da graduação que permite que ele realmente se forme podendo trabalhar e exercer na plenitude a reprodução equina. Ao longo de 23 anos, se observa que os profissionais ligados a reprodução equina e bovina, egressos do curso de medicina veterinária da PUCPR são referências em renomados criatórios de equinos no Brasil. Com todo esse trabalho desenvolvido ao longo dos 5 anos com esses estudantes temos a tranquilidade e a satisfação de entregar a sociedade profissionais extremamente capacitados, e prontos para o mercado do cavalo, de forma ética e respeitando os cavalos e todas as formas de bem-estar animal.(AU)

In recent years, we have experienced a difficult time in relation to quality teaching in Brazilian veterinary medicine. On the other hand, the Brazilian equideoculture has international prominence due to the high demand for employability and the excellence of its herd. Always ahead of its time, the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, PUCPR, has a course of 28 years of history, where excellence in teaching is recognized from north to south of the country. Throughout this history, one of the great differentials of the university are the study groups, which are carried out by specific areas in the course, and which take place in the student's after-school period. One of the first study groups formed at PUCPR was in 2003: the Animal Reproduction Study Group. And with a great interest of students in the equine area, in 2008 the Equine Reproduction Study Group was born, which lasts until today under the name of Academic League in Equine Reproduction side by side with the Academic League of Bovine Reproduction. Since then, around equine reproduction, work has been carried out with students that simulates the real life of a stud farm and an equine reproduction center with the institution's didactic herd. What makes this PUCPR teaching model special is how it is conducted, taking the student through paths throughout graduation that allow him to really graduate, being able to work and fully exercise equine reproduction. Over 23 years, it has been observed that professionals linked to equine and bovine reproduction, graduates of the PUCPR Veterinary Medicine course, are references in renowned equine breeding centers in Brazil. With all this work developed over the 5 years with these students, we have the tranquility and satisfaction of delivering extremely qualified professionals to society, ready for the horse market, ethically and respecting horses and all forms of welfare animal.(AU)

The equine endometrium and its multiple connections, interrelationships and clinical effects in aged mares

Mares, which make up 90% of animals requiring reproductive assistance in commercial equine production systems, are subjected to strong breeding and reproductive efficiency pressure throughout their lives, but the effects of aging on overall and reproductive systems in particular; it often means that we are forcing the natural homeostasis mechanisms under pressure over time. The objective of this brief communication is to summarize some concepts related to the role and importance of equine endometrium, particularly in old mares, the most challenged category to achieve productive and efficiency goals established by humans. Endometritis is one of the most frequent and recurrent pathologies in equine gynecology and is responsible for enormous economic losses in the industry. Alterations of the microbiota, molecular signals and uterine endocrine microenvironment can lead to infertility, but degenerative phenomena associated with age and parity can lead to endometriosis altering maternal recognition of pregnancy and pregnancy maintenance. Maintaining horses in an adequate nutrition status and environment is essential to achieve pregnancy but also to obtain healthy offspring.(AU)

Study of the mutation causing type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in a Mangalarga Marchador population used in breeding programs / Estudo da mutação causadora da miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo tipo 1 em uma população de cavalos Mangalarga Marchador utilizados em programas de melhoramento

The Mangalarga Marchador (MM) breed, which originated in Brazil, constitutes the largest number of horses in the country. The animals are versatile and used in several sports because of major investments made for the genetic improve-ment of the breed. In recent decades, advances in molecular techniques enabled the identification of genetic diseases in hor-ses. Conducting molecular tests and determining the occurrence of mutations are fundamental for the early identification and prevention of abnormalities. Among the known genetic diseases that occur in horses, the c.926G>A mutation in the GYS1gene that causes type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1) stands out, because it has been identified in several breeds of horses. Although myopathy is common in MM horses, the occurrence of the c.926G>A mutation in the GYS1 gene has not yet been evaluated. The lack of knowledge about the possible presence of PSSM1 averts the adoption of control measures to prevent the spread of the disease in MM horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of the muta-tion that causes PSSM1 in MM horses used in breeding programs. Blood DNA was extracted and the region of the GYS1gene containing the mutation was amplified and sequenced. No mutation in the GYS1 gene was found in the evaluated sam-ples. However, since clinical signs of myopathy are frequently observed in MM horses, further studies, including histological analysis, are necessary to establish the underlying causes. In addition, if there is a genetic pattern of occurrence, molecular studies should be considered.(AU)

A raça Mangalarga Marchador (MM), originária do Brasil, constitui a raça de maior número de equinos no país. Os animais são versáteis e utilizados em diversos esportes devido aos seus grandes investimentos em melhoramento genético. Nas últimas décadas, o avanço das técnicas moleculares permitiu a identificação de doenças genéticas em cavalos. A realização de testes moleculares e a determinação da ocorrência de mutações são fundamentais para a identificação precoce e prevenção de anormalidades. Dentre as doenças genéticas conhecidas em equinos, destaca-se a mutação c.926G>A no gene GYS1 causadora da miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo tipo 1 (PSSM1), pois foi identificada em diversas raças equinas. Embora a miopatia seja comum em cavalos MM, a ocorrência da mutação c.926G>A no gene GYS1 ainda não foi avaliada. A falta de conhecimento sobre a possível presença de PSSM1 inviabiliza a adoção de medidas de controle para prevenir a disseminação da doença em equinos MM. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência da mutação causadora de PSSM1 em cavalos MM utilizados em programas de melhoramento. O DNA sanguíneo foi extraído e a região do gene GYS1contendo a mutação foi amplificada e sequenciada. Nenhuma mutação no gene GYS1 foi encontrada nas amostras avaliadas. No entanto, como sinais clínicos de miopatia são frequentemente observados em cavalos com MM, mais estudos, incluindo análises histológicas, são necessários para estabelecer as causas subjacentes. Além disso, se houver um padrão genético de ocorrência, estudos moleculares devem ser considerados.(AU)

Clinical and epidemiological findings of cecal disorders in horses in the state of Paraíba / Achados clínicos e epidemiológicos dos distúrbios cecais em cavalos no estado da Paraíba

This was a retrospective case study of colic syndrome of cecal origin in 159 horses treated at a reference Veterinary Center between June 2015 and July 2021. The data studied were breed, age, sex, clinical examinations of the initial emergency care, treatment protocols (clinical and/or surgical) and resolution (hospital discharge, euthanasia or death). It was observed that 7.55% (n = 12) of the cases corresponded to colic syndrome of cecal origin, where 75% (n = 9) had heart rate within the physiological range for the species, as well as 50% (n = 6) for capillary refill time values, 33.33% (n = 4) for pink mucosa, 41.67% (n = 5) for rectal temperature, and 16.67% (n = 2) on abdominal auscultation. In 58.34% (n = 7) of patients, pain could be controlled with analgesics, with recurrence in 41.67% (n = 5). All treated cases were cecal impaction, where 58.33% (n = 7) ruptured the cecum. In 75% (n = 9) of the cases, surgical treatment was performed. Regarding the general resolution of cases, 41.67% (n = 5) of the animals were discharged. Therefore, it is concluded that despite the increase in the diagnosis of colic of cecal origin, this disease is still rare (7.55%) and has a high potential for death since there are few clinical alterations, making its early diagnosis difficult.(AU)

Este foi um estudo retrospectivo dos casos de síndrome cólica de origem cecal em 159 cavalos atendidos em um Centro Veterinário de referência entre junho de 2015 e julho de 2021. Os dados estudados foram raça, idade, sexo, exames clínicos do atendimento inicial de emergência, protocolos de tratamento (clínico e/ou cirúrgica) e resolução (alta hospitalar, eutanásia ou óbito). Observou-se que 7,55% (n = 12) dos casos correspondiam à síndrome cólica de origem cecal, onde 75% (n = 9) apresentavam frequência cardíaca dentro da faixa fisiológica para a espécie, assim como 50% (n = 6) para valores de tempo de enchimento capilar, 33,33% (n = 4) para mucosa rosada, 41,67% (n = 5) para temperatura retal e 16,67% (n = 2) para ausculta abdominal. Em 58,34% (n = 7) dos pacientes, a dor pôde ser controlada com analgésicos, com recidiva em 41,67% (n = 5). Todos os casos tratados foram de impactação cecal, onde 58,33% (n = 7) romperam o ceco. Em 75% (n = 9) dos casos, o tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado. Em relação à resolução geral dos casos, 41,67% (n = 5) dos animais tiveram alta. Portanto, conclui-se que apesar do aumento do diagnóstico de cólica de origem cecal, esta enfermidade ainda é rara (7,55%) e apresenta um alto potencial de óbito visto que há poucas alterações clínicas dificultando seu diagnóstico precoce.(AU)

Relato de caso: tratamento de ferida perfurante no dígito de equino / Case report: treatment of a perforating wound in the equine digit / Caso clínico: tratamiento de una herida perforante en el dedo equino

Apesar dos avanços na medicina equina, certas condições de claudicação ainda representam um desafio significativo para os clínicos veterinários, especialmente quando se trata de afecções distais, como feridas perfurantes no casco do equino. Essas lesões podem afetar estruturas vitais, incluindo a articulação interfalângica distal, o osso navicular, a bolsa do osso navicular, o tendão flexor digital profundo, a bainha sinovial e a terceira falange. O presente estudo tem como objetivo esclarecer que um diagnóstico mais rápido e preciso das estruturas afetadas e do grau de lesões resultantes leva a um tratamento mais eficaz. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o tratamento convencional com antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios não esteroides sistêmicos -AINEs,em combinação com terapias alternativas, como campo magnético pulsado, laser classe III e Ozonioterapia, apresentou um efeito sinérgico com resultados excelentes.(AU)

Despite advances in equine medicine, certain claudication conditions still pose a significant challenge to veterinary clinicians, especially when it comes to distal affections such as puncture wounds on the equine hoof. These injuries can affect vital structures, including the distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bone, navicular bone pouch, deep digital flexor tendon, synovial sheath, and third phalanx. The present study aims to clarify that a more rapid and accurate diagnosis of the affected structures and the resulting degree of injury leads to more effective treatment. Furthermore, it was shown that conventional treatment with antibiotics and systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -NSAIDs, in combination with alternative therapies, such as pulsed magnetic field, class III laser and ozone therapy, presented a synergistic effect with excellent results.(AU)

A pesar de los avances en medicina equina, ciertas afecciones claudicantes siguen planteando un reto importante a los clínicos veterinarios, especialmente cuando se trata de afecciones distales como las heridas perforantes en el casco equino. Estas lesiones pueden afectar a estructuras vitales, como la articulación interfalángica distal, el hueso navicular, la bolsa del hueso navicular, el tendón flexor digital profundo, la vaina sinovial y la tercera falange. El presente estudio pretende aclarar que un diagnóstico más rápido y preciso de las estructuras afectadas y del grado de lesión resultante conduce a un tratamiento más eficaz. Además, se demostró que el tratamiento convencional con antibióticos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos sistémicos -AINE, en combinación con terapias alternativas, como el campo magnético pulsado, el láser de clase III y la ozonoterapia, presentaban un efecto sinérgico con excelentes resultados.(AU)

Nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis in a horse - case report / Conjuntivite linfocítica nodular em equino - relato de caso

The case of an equine with nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis is described. A 14-year-old crossbred mare was seen presenting with development of a mass in the nasal angle of the right eye, behind the third eyelid. The tutor reported slow growth over 4 years, always accompanied by epiphora, and that no treatment had been performed prior to consultation. The histopathological and immunohistochemical results found a nodular, subepithelial structure, composed predominantly of densely packed small lymphocytes. Through the exams, associated with studies with monoclonal anti B lymphocyte antibodies and polyclonal anti T lymphocyte antibodies, the diagnosis of nodular lymphocytic conjunctivitis was reached. Only clinical pharmacological treatment was chosen, based on the use of topical and intralesional hydrocortisone acetate. After one month of treatment the mass completely disappeared without sequelae.

Descreve-se o caso de um equino com conjuntivite linfocítica nodular. Uma égua, mestiça, de 14 anos, foi atendida apresentando desenvolvimento de uma massa no ângulo nasal do olho direito, atrás da terceira pálpebra. O tutor relatou um crescimento lento durante 4 anos, sempre acompanhado de epífora, para o qual não foi realizado tratamento prévio à consulta. Os resultados histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico constataram uma estrutura nodular e subepitelial, composta predominantemente por linfocitos pequenos densamente agrupados. Por meio dos exames, associados a estudos com anticorpos monoclonais antilinfocitos B e anticorpos policlonais antilinfocitos T, chegou-se ao diagnóstico de conjuntivite linfocítica nodular. Optou-se apenas pelo tratamento clínico farmacológico, baseando-se na utilização de acetato de hidrocortisona tópica e intralesional. Após um mês de tratamento, a massa involuiu por completo, sem deixar sequelas.

Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy

Clinical History: A euthanized, 14-year-old, Warmblood gelding that had participated in an equine show was presented for necropsy and diagnostic workup to the San Bernardino laboratory of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System. The animal had a 4-day history of mildly swollen limbs and hyperthermia, and developed neurologic signs shortly before euthanasia. Necropsy Findings: The urinary bladder had multifocal to coalescing hemorrhages in the mucosa and approximately 5 ml of turbid urine with sandy sludge (Figure 1). The entire spinal cord was removed and cross-sectioned serially after fixation in 10% neutral-buffered formalin during 48h. Multifocally, in multiple sections of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments, there were uni- or bilateral and asymmetrical, wedge-shaped areas of gray discoloration and hemorrhage (Figures 2-4). In addition, there were extensive hemorrhages around the nerve roots of the cauda equina. Follow-up questions: Five differential diagnoses for the gross lesions in the spinal cord (Fig. 1B-1D) Microscopic description for the lesions in the spinal cord (Fig. 2A-2D) Most likely cause based on clinical history and gross and microscopic findings.

Hematological parameters in endurance horses pre and post 120 km race / Parâmetros hematológicos em cavalos de enduro pré e pós prova de 120 km

The endurance discipline has the shortest history in Bulgaria compared with other disciplines of equestrian sports. Endurance competitions are held over distances from 40 km to 160 km. The present study focused on the effect of exercise on horses over a distance of 120 km. Changes in the following hematological parameters were investigated:Leukocytes (WBC, g/l); Erythrocytes (RBC, T/l); Platelets (PLT, g/l); Hemoglobin (Hb, g/l); Hematocrit (HCT,%); Mean corpuscular volume(MCV, fl); Mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH, pg); Mean cell hemoglobin concentration(MCHC, g/l), Leukogram (Eos; Bas; Neu; Lym; Mon,%) as well as some electrolytes and hormone concentration. The study aimed to establish the changes in these indicators' values before and after the competition. Analysis of the haemogram showed a significant increase in the mean values of 4 of the indicators under study. No significant differences were established in MCV, MCH and MCHC. A decrease was found in the number of Lym, Eos, and Mon and a significant increase in Neu after the competition. The concentration of electrolytes (Ca, Na and K) in the blood serum decreased, and the levels of CK and LDH significantly increased.(AU)

A disciplina de resistência tem a história maiscurta na Bulgária em comparação com outras disciplinas de esportes equestres. As competições de resistência são realizadas em distâncias de 40 km a 160 km. O presente estudo focou no efeito do exercício em cavalos em uma distância de 120 km. Foram investigadas alterações nos seguintes parâmetros hematológicos: Leucócitos (g/l); Eritrócitos (T/l); Plaquetas (g/l); Hemoglobina (g/l); Hematócrito (%); Volume corpuscular médio (VCM, fl); Hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM, pg); Concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média(CHCM, g/l), Leucograma (Eos; Bas; Neu; Lin; Mon,%), bem como alguns eletrólitos e concentração hormonal. O estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer as mudanças nos valores desses indicadores antes e depois da competição. A análise do hemograma mostrou um aumento significativo nos valores médios de 4 dos indicadores estudados. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no VMC, HCM e CHCM. Foi encontrada uma diminuição no número de Lin, Eos e Mon e um aumento significativo em Neu após a competição. A concentração de eletrólitos (Ca, Na e K) no soro sanguíneo diminuiu e os níveis de Creatina Quinase (CK) e Lactato Desidrogenase (LDH) aumentaram significativamente.(AU)

Polysaccharide storage myopathy in two Percheron horses / Miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo em dois equinos da raça Percheron

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a genetic disorder or by undetermined cause characterized by the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and polysaccharides in skeletal muscle fibers. The present report describes two Percheron horses, from different properties in the municipality of Pouso Redondo -SC, with locomotor clinical signs that started after work. The clinical signs observed were rigid gait, mainly of the pelvic limbs, muscle weakness, and recumbency. In the first case, the animal was diagnosed with severe multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, moderate multifocal myoglobin nephrosisand severe diffuse transmural fibrinonecrotic gastritis. PSSM was confirmed by the presence of polysaccharide inclusions in myofiber sarcolemma visualized by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In the second case, the horse presented two episodes ofmuscle disorder after work. The therapeutic protocol was based on penicillin, flunixin meglumine and fluid therapy with ringer lactate. An increase in creatine kinase (669.0 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (669.0 UI/L) was observed in the serum biochemical evaluation. Research for mutation in the GYS1 gene was performed, with a positive heterozygote result. After rest and gradual recovery, the horse was only submitted to light work, with no return of the clinical condition since then. Thus, this report describes two cases of PSSM with distinct clinical evolution and diagnostic methods.(AU)

A miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeos (PSSM) é uma desordem genética ou de causa indeterminada caracterizada pelo acúmulo anormal de glicogênio e polissacarídeos nas fibras musculares esqueléticas. O presente relato descreve dois cavalos Percheron, oriundos de diferentes propriedades do município de Pouso Redondo ­SC, com sinais clínicos locomotores que iniciaram após o trabalho. Os sinais clínicos observados foram marcha rígida, principalmente dos membros pélvicos, fraqueza muscular, e decúbito. No primeiro caso, o animal foi diagnosticado com rabdomionecrose multifocal acentuada, nefrose mioglobínica multifocal moderada e gastrite fibrinonecrótica transmural difusa acentuada. A PSSM foi confirmada pela presença de inclusões polissacarídicas no sarcolema de miofibras visualizadas pela coloração com ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No segundo caso, o equino apresentou dois episódios de disfunção muscular após o trabalho. O protocolo terapêutico foi baseado em penicilina, flunixin megluminee fluidoterapia com ringer lactato. Um aumento de creatina quinase (669,0 UI/L) e aspartato aminotransferase (669,0 UI/L) foi observado na avaliação bioquímica sérica. Foi realizada pesquisa de mutação nogene GYS1, com resultado heterozigoto positivo. Após repouso e recuperação gradual, o cavalo foi submetido apenas a trabalhos leves, sem retorno do quadro clínico desde então. Assim, este relato descreve dois casos com PSSM com evolução clínica e métodos diagnósticos distintos.(AU)

Trypanosoma evansi in horses from Colombia - associated infection factors

Background: Trypanosoma evansi is the most common protozoan in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, due to its ability to maintain and be transmitted by vectors such as Stomoxys spp. and Tabanus spp. This protozoan causes high morbidity and mortality rates in horses in African, American and Asian countries. In the years 2021 and 2022, a high mortality rate was reported among horses with symptoms associated with Trypanosoma spp. in the municipality of Arauca, department of Arauca, Colombia. The investigation described here was therefore carried out, seeking to identify the pathogens and risk factors that led to the death of the horses in this region of Colombia. Cases: Blood samples were collected from Colombian criollo horses and dogs, as were samples of ticks, flies and horseflies that infested the horses. A variety of tissue samples were removed from the horses a few min after their death for histopathological analysis. Two questionnaires were applied to obtain information about the horses and the environment in which they live. The results of the clinical examination revealed pale mucous membranes, jaundice, high fever, dehydration and lethargy. The horses were also infested with Amblyomma mixtum (17.6%) and Dermacentor nitens (82.4%) ticks, and with Tabanus pungens (74%), Tabanus spp. (26%), and Stomoxys calcitrans flies (100%), while the dogs were infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (77.7%) and Amblyomma mixtum (22.2%) ticks. The blood smear test results revealed the presence of Trypanosoma spp. in 66.6% (n = 4) of the horse blood samples, and in 50% (n = 1) of the dog blood samples. PCR performed to identify the Trypanosoma species confirmed the presence of T. evansi. Histological examination of the spleen revealed the involvement and dissemination of T. evansi in the tissues. The horses also showed the presence of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV). Discussion: This is the first updated specific report of T. evansi in criollo horses in the savannah flood zone of the municipality of Arauca, Colombia. The main risk associated with T. evansi infection in horses was found to be infestation with the natural vector T. pungens and the mechanical vector S. calcitrans, which are efficient ectoparasites for the transmission of this parasite. The presence of T. evansi in dogs represents a constant risk to horses, because dogs may serve as a reservoir for the maintenance of the hemoparasite in the population under study. Another risk factor for horses could be the presence of vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), a species of bat that has been described as a vector and reservoir of T. evansi in Colombia. The presence of EIAV antibodies in the horses under study can be attributed to the exposure of sick horses to vectors of this virus, such as Tabanus spp., S. calcitrans and inanimate needle-shaped fomites. This is the first study that identifies the coinfection of T. evansi and EIAV in horses in the floodplain region of Colombia. In view of the importance of these 2 pathologies to the health of horses, a greater number of tests and a larger animal population will be required to determine if this coinfection is the cause of the death of criollo horses in this region of Colombia. Lastly, the owners reported that pharmacological control with trypanocides has not been successful in most of the outbreaks that occurred during the years 2021 and 2022. This may suggest that Trypanosoma evansi is developing resistance to these drugs; therefore, specific studies will be required in the future to test this hypothesis.

First microscopic and molecular parasitological survey of Strongylus vulgaris in Brazilian ponies / Primeiro levantamento parasitológico microscópico e molecular de Strongylus vulgaris em pôneis brasileiros

The frequency of gastrointestinal parasites with an emphasis on Strongylus vulgaris was investigated among the Brazilian Pony breed kept on farms in the municipality of Teresópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples were collected in three stud farms: A (n= 22 animals), B (n= 3), and C (n= 2). Fecal samples were subjected to the quantitative Mini-FLOTAC technique, using three different solutions, and to qualitative techniques. The parasite prevalence was found to be 81.4%. Eggs from strongylids were identified in 74% of the ponies. Eggs of Parascaris spp. were detected in 22.7% of the animals, which were all females of farm A. At this locality, mares were kept with their foals in fenced paddocks all the time. The NaCl solution of d = 1.200 g/ml was generally the one that presented the highest frequency of diagnosis of nematode eggs and the highest mean of fecal eggs per gram. The fecal samples were also subjected to the polymerase chain reaction for amplification of DNA from the ITS2 region for Strongylus vulgaris. Twelve samples presented nucleotide sequences for S. vulgaris. In the end, this study revealed the high frequency (96.3%) of S. vulgaris among ponies on farms in Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.(AU)

A frequência de parasitos gastrointestinais, com ênfase na pesquisa de Strongylus vulgaris, foi investigada entre os Pôneis Brasileiros criados em haras na cidade de Teresópolis, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais foram coletadas em três haras: A (n=22 animais), B (n=3) e C (n=2). Amostras fecais foram submetidas à técnica quantitativa de Mini-FLOTAC utilizando três diferentes soluções e técnicas qualitativas. A prevalência de parasitos foi de 81,4%. Ovos de estrôngilos foram identificados em 74% dos pôneis. Ovos de Parascaris spp. foram detectados em 22,7% dos animais, sendo todos fêmeas do haras A. Nesta propriedade, as éguas eram mantidas com os pôneis em piquetes cercados durante todo o tempo. A solução de NaCl, com densidade de 1.200 g/ml, foi a que apresentou a maior frequência diagnóstica de ovos de nematoides e a maior contagem de ovos por grama de fezes. As amostras também foram submetidas à reação de polimerase em cadeia para amplificar DNA da região ITS2 de Strongylus vulgaris. Doze amostras fecais apresentaram sequências nucleotídicas de S. vulgaris. Ao final, este estudo demonstrou a alta frequência (96.3%) de S. vulgaris em pôneis mantidos em haras na cidade de Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.(AU)

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses associated to pituitary adenoma / Disfunção da pars intermedia da hipófise em equinos associado a adenoma pituitário

The clinical syndrome of the pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is the most common endocrinopathy of older horses. This syndrome is characterized by several clinical and pathological changes, which are usually associated with adenomas of the pars intermedia (PI) of the pituitary gland. The aim of this work is to describe five cases of pituitary adenoma of the PI associated with PPID in horses, addressing its clinical and pathological aspects. The horses had a mean of 22 years of age. The main clinical signs were hirsutism and paresis of hind limbs, and at post mortem examination all horses had hirsutism, and a nodule in the pituitary gland, which was histologically characterized as an adenoma of PI (5/5). Furthermore, two horses had gross lesions suggestive of chronic laminitis. Moreover, there was intense parasitism of Sarcocystis neurona (2/5), Strongylus vulgaris (1/5), Parascaris equorum (1/5), Draschia megastoma (1/5), and Klossiella equi (1/5).

A síndrome clínica da disfunção da pars intermedia da hipófise (PPID) é a endocrinopatia mais comum em cavalos idosos. Essa síndrome é caracterizada por várias alterações clínicas e patológicas, geralmente associadas a adenomas da pars intermedia (PI) da hipófise. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever cinco casos de adenoma hipofisário de PI associado a PPID em equinos, abordando seus aspectos clínicos e patológicos. Os cavalos apresentaram média de 22 anos de idade. Os principais sinais clínicos incluíam hirsutismo e paresia dos membros pélvicos, e no exame post mortem todos os equinos apresentavam hirsutismo e um nódulo na glândula pituitária, que foi histologicamente caracterizada como um adenoma de PI (5/5). Além disso, dois cavalos tinham lesões macroscópicas sugestivas de laminite crônica. Ainda, havia intenso parasitismo de Sarcocystis neurona (2/5), Strongylus vulgaris (1/5), Parascaris equorum (1/5), Draschia megastoma (1/5) e Klossiella equi (1/5).

Úlcera de córnea em bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans) - tratamento com soro heterólogo / Corneal ulcer in a Southern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) - treatment with heterologous serum

Background: In the routine care of non-human primates, ocular trauma is frequent, however, unlike the small animal clinic, the prevalence of corneal ulcers is not documented. Among the numerous therapeutic options available in dogs, blood serum is being increasingly used as an adjuvant treatment in these conditions, due to its tear-like properties. Based on this, the present study aims to describe a case of corneal ulcer in a southern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) attacked by a porcupine, and the use of heterologous serum obtained from an equine as an adjuvant treatment. Case: A southern brown howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans), which had been attacked by porcupine quills, was treated at a University Veterinary Hospital. During the clinical examination, the presence of blepharospasm and secretion in the right eye was noticed. The ophthalmological examination, through the fluorescein test, detected the presence of an extensive superficial corneal ulcer in the right eye. After removing the spines, the corneal ulcer was treated with tobramycin-based eye drops, 1% atropine sulfate eye drops, and serum from equine blood in the form of eye drops, as an adjuvant therapy. After 5 days of treatment, the fluorescein test was repeated, which was negative in both eyes due to complete healing of the lesion, and thus the treatment was concluded. Discussion: The scarcity of scientific literature on wild animals is one of the factors responsible for the difficulty in advancing clinical and surgical procedures in non-human primates. Corneal ulcers are characterized by the loss of corneal epithelium with exposure of the stroma. The main clinical treatments adopted include antimicrobial therapy, analgesics, lubricating agents, and antiprotease drugs. Widely used as an adjuvant therapy in corneal ulcers in small animals, blood serum presents some advantages, as it is rich in growth factors, vitamins, immunoglobulins, and anti-collagenolytic substances, in addition to being obtained for a low cost. Considering the aforementioned, in the case reported, it was decided to use blood serum obtained from an equine as an adjuvant treatment of the corneal ulcer in a southern brown howler monkey. Complete healing of the corneal ulcer was confirmed in just five days, contributing to the well-being of this animal and contributing to the evolution of ophthalmology in this species that is still poorly studied.

Ozonioterapia, PRP, fitoterapia, misoprostol e imunomodulação: Novas abordagens terapêuticas para a solução de velhos problemas / Ozone therapy, PRP, phytotherapy, misoprostol and immunomodulation: New therapeutic approaches to solving old problems

A resistência aos antimicrobianos representa uma ameaça sanitária global crescente, que deve ser abordada com urgência na saúde pública, na produção animal, agrícola e no meio ambiente. Essa circunstância põe em risco a eficiência do tratamento e diminui a eficácia contra infecções causadas pelos mais diversos agentes etiológicos, resultando em enfermidades mais prolongadas afetando diretamente os índices de fertilidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo dessa revisão foi abordar diferentes formas terapêuticas para sub/infertilidade em equinos, com o intuito de minimizar os problemas acarretados pelo uso indiscriminado de fármacos, relatando novas terapias alternativas, tais como ozonioterapia, plasma rico em plaquetas, uso de prostaglandina E1 e imunomoduladores na tentativa de solucionar velhos problemas.(AU)

Antimicrobial resistance represents a growing global health threat that must be urgently addressed in public health, animal production, agriculture and the environment. This circumstance jeopardizes the efficiency of the treatment and decreases the effectiveness against infections caused by the most diverse etiological agents, resulting in more prolonged illnesses, directly affecting fertility rates. Thus, the objective of this review was to address different therapeutic forms for sub/infertility in horses, with the aim of minimizing the problems caused by the indiscriminate use of drugs, reporting new alternative therapies, such as ozone therapy, platelet-rich plasma, use of prostaglandin E1 and immunomodulators in an attempt to solve old problems.(AU)