Atualizações no controle do ciclo estral em ovinos / Updates on the control of the estrous cycle in sheep

Nos últimos anos, observou-se um aumento no tamanho do rebanho ovino no país, indicando uma retomada na ovinocultura. Para melhorar a eficiência reprodutiva desses animais, a utilização de biotécnicas tem se mostrado uma ferramenta importante. Dentre essas biotécnicas, destacam-se os protocolos de sincronização do ciclo estral, os quais frequentemente utilizam progesterona associada a gonadotrofinas ou análogos da prostaglandina em duas aplicações. Este artigo tem como objetivo revisar os protocolos de sincronização utilizados em ovinos e apresentar atualizações relevantes sobre os mesmos.(AU)

In recent years, there has been an increase in the size of the sheep herd in the country, indicating a recovery in sheep farming. To improve the reproductive efficiency of these animals, the use of biotechniques has been shown to be an important tool. Among these biotechniques, estrous cycle synchronization protocols stand out, which frequently use progesterone associated with gonadotropins or prostaglandin analogues in two applications. This article aims to review the synchronization protocols used in sheep and present relevant updates about them.(AU)

Recent advances in treatments for resynchronization of ovulation in small ruminants: a review

Hormonal methodologies to control small ruminants' estrous cycle are worldwide used and evolved, adjusting the application to the precise female physiological moments to enhance reproductive performance. The estrous cycle can be induced and/or synchronized, aiming for fixed-time artificial insemination, or based on estrus behavior signs for insemination, natural or guided mating. Successive protocols can be performed to resynchronize ovulation and increase reproductive outcomes in females that failed to conceive. These recently developed treatments aim to resynchronize the ovulation as earlier as non-pregnancy is detected. The present review aimed to summarize the recent advances and main findings regarding resynchronization protocols used in small ruminants. Lastly, we present future perspectives and new paths to be studied in the subject. The resynchronization treatment is still a growing field in small ruminant reproduction, nevertheless, some enhancements are found in the reproductive outcome, showing that such protocols can be successfully used in sheep and goat production.(AU)

Vaginal cytology in mares in the different stages of the estral cycle associated with the seasons of the year / Citologia vaginal em éguas nas diferentes fases do ciclo estral associadas as estações do ano

The reproductive biotechnologies directly assist in the development of different methods of reproductive evaluation. The objective of this study was to develop a new method to determine the estrous cycle phase in equine females through vaginal cytology throughout the seasons, as well as to establish an estimate of inflammatory cells present in the vagina. Six mares were evaluated at different ages without a defined breed and reproductive activity and were subjected to ultrasound evaluation of the reproductive system and cytological analysis of the vaginal region. In the summer, there was a predominance of keratinized epithelial cells in the estrus and intermediate in the diestrus. In the autumn, there was a predominance of keratinized cells in estrus and parabasal cells in estrus and diestrus. In anestrus (winter), a greater number of parabasal cells was identified in relation to the other cell types. In estrus (spring), there was a predominance of parabasal and intermediate cells. Conversely, in diestrus, parabasals were found in greater numbers. The evaluation of inflammatory cells of the vaginal epithelium of mares showed greater activity in the summer; however, there are no reference values for healthy animals in the literature, and it is necessary to conduct studies on the subject. It is concluded that there is an influence of cyclicity on the vaginal epithelium of the equine species, varying according to the season. Additionally, vaginal cytological evaluation is an important complementary tool in the diagnosis of vaginitis in mares, requiring further research on the subject.(AU)

As biotecnologias reprodutivas auxiliam diretamente no desenvolvimento de diferentes métodos de avaliação repro-dutiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um novo método para determinar a fase do ciclo estral em fêmeas equinas através da citologia vaginal ao longo das estações, bem como estabelecer uma estimativa das células inflamatórias presentes na vagina. Seis éguas foram avaliadas em diferentes idades, sem raça definida e em atividade reprodutiva, e foram submetidas à avaliação ultrassonográfica do aparelho reprodutor e análise citológica da região vaginal. No verão, houve predomínio de células epiteliais queratinizadas no estro e intermediárias no diestro. No outono, houve predomínio de células queratinizadas no estro e células parabasais no estro e diestro. No anestro (inverno), foi identificado maior número de células parabasais em relação aos demais tipos celulares. No estro (primavera), houve predomínio de células parabasais e intermediárias. Por outro lado, no diestro, os parabasais foram encontrados em maior número. A avaliação das células inflamatórias do epitélio vaginal de éguas mostrou maior atividade no verão; entretanto, não há valores de referência para animais saudáveis na literatura, sendo necessário a rea-lização de estudos sobre o assunto. Conclui-se que há influência da ciclicidade no epitélio vaginal da espécie equina, variando de acordo com a estação do ano. Além disso, a avaliação citológica vaginal é uma importante ferramenta complementar no diagnóstico da vaginite em éguas, necessitando de mais pesquisas sobre o assunto.(AU)

Sazonalidade reprodutiva no gato doméstico / Estacionalidad reproductiva en el gato doméstico / Reproductive seasonality in the domestic cat

Algunas especies de animales como equinos, pequeños rumiantes, algunos roedores y caninos y felinos silvestres presentan un período de reposo sexual estacional de duración e intensidad variable. Esta estacionalidad está directamente relacionada con las horas luz diarias (fotoperiodo) a las que se hallan sometidos los animales y se evidencia en las localizaciones geográficas en las que existen marcadas variaciones en la duración del día durante el año. En el felino doméstico (Felis silvestris catus) la estacionalidad ovulatoria y estral de la hembra se halla bien documentada y ocurre durante los días que presentan más de 12 horas de luz (primavera-verano). Sin embargo, la estacionalidad reproductiva del gato ha sido definida más tardíamente. Es así que se ha observado que, si bien los gatos producen espermatozoides todo el año, la producción espermática es mayor en la estación reproductiva acompañando la estacionalidad de la hembra. Estos hallazgos han permitido utilizar estos conocimientos para el control de la reproducción y aplicación de biotecnología en felinos domésticos. Asimismo, los conocimientos obtenidos pueden ser aplicados a felinos silvestres tomando al gato doméstico como modelo.(AU)

Algumas espécies de animais como equinos, pequenos ruminantes, alguns roedores e os caninos e felinos selvagens apresentam um período de repouso sexual sazonal de duração e intensidade variáveis. Essa sazonalidade está diretamente relacionada às horas diárias de luz (fotoperíodo) a que os animais são submetidos e é evidenciada em localizações geográficas onde ocorrem variações marcantes na duração do dia durante o ano. No felino doméstico (Felis silvestris catus) a sazonalidade ovulatória e estral da fêmea é bem documentada e ocorre em dias com mais de 12 horas de luz (primavera-verão). No entanto, a sazonalidade reprodutiva do gato foi definida posteriormente, quando foi observado que, embora os gatos produzam espermatozoides ao longo do ano, a produção de espermatozoides é maior na estação reprodutiva, acompanhando a sazonalidade da fêmea. A utilização desses conhecimentos possibilitaram o controle da reprodução e aplicação da biotecnologia em felinos domésticos. Da mesma forma, tomando o gato doméstico como modelo, os conhecimentos obtidos podem ser aplicados aos gatos selvagens.(AU)

Tópicos do ciclo estral em cadelas / Estrous cycle topics in bitches

As cadelas possuem características especiais da fisiologia da reprodução que as diferenciam das outras espécies domésticas. Elas são monoéstricas não sazonais com ovulação espontânea. A puberdade ocorre com variação entre 6 e 24 meses de idade conforme raça, tamanho individual e predisposições individuais. O interestro ocorre com intervalos de 5 a 12 meses sendo em média com 6 meses. O ciclo reprodutivo das cadelas é composto de 4 fases distintas: proestro (duração de 5 a 20 dias), estro (duração de 5 a 15 dias), diestro (duração de 50 a 80 dias) e anestro (duração de 80 a 240 dias). O diagnóstico e acompanhamento das fases do ciclo estral é feito com observação de comportamento reprodutivo, sintomas e sinais anatômicos e fisiológicos, citologia vaginal, dosagem do nível sérico de progesterona, vaginoscopia e utrassonografia dos órgãos do sistema reprodutivo, em especial dos ovários em cada fase do ciclo estral.(AU)

Female dogs have special features of reproduction physiology that differentiate them from other domestic species. Theu are non-seasonal monoestrus with spontaneous ovulation. Puberty occurs with a variation between 6 and 24 months of age according to breed, individual size, and individual predispositions. The inter-estrus occurs at intervals of 5 to 12 months, with an average of 6 months. The reproductive cycle of bitches is composed of 4 distinct phases: proestrus (duration from 5 to 20 days), estrus (duration from 5 to 15 days), diestrus (duration from 50 to 80 days) and anestrus (duration from 80 to 240 days). The diagnosis and monitoring of the phases of the estrous cycle is made with observation of reproductive behavior, symptoms and anatomical and physiological signs, vaginal cytology, measurement of serum progesterone levels, vaginoscopy and ultrasound of the organs of the reproductive system, especially the ovaries in each phase of the estrus cycle.(AU)

Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii do not suppress ovarian cyclicity and pregnancy in cattle: case report / [Metaplasia escamosa da rete ovarii não interrompe a ciclicidade ovariana e a gestação em bovinos: relato de caso]

Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii is an ovarian pathologic change characterized by replacement of the normal single layered cuboidal epithelium of the rete ovarii by a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Uterus and ovaries from a local slaughterhouse pregnant crossbreed cow were evaluated through ultrasound, macroscopically and histologically. Grossly, there were multiple cysts in both ovaries, which were histologically characterized as rete ovarii cysts with squamous metaplasia and intraluminal accumulation of keratinized material. Squamous metaplasia of the rete ovarii has been previously reported in cows, however this is the first report of this condition in a pregnant animal, demonstrating that this ovarian change is compatible with pregnancy.(AU)

A metaplasia escamosa da rete ovarii é uma patologia ovariana caracterizada pela substituição do epitélio simples cuboidal normal da rete ovarii por um epitélio estratificado escamoso queratinizado. Útero e ovários de uma vaca mestiça gestante, proveniente de abatedouro, foram avaliados por ultrassonografia, macroscopia e histologia. Verificaram-se vários cistos em ambos os ovários, histologicamente caracterizados como cistos de rete ovarii com metaplasia escamosa, com acúmulo intraluminal de material queratinizado. Metaplasia escamosa da rete ovarii foi relatada anteriormente em vacas, porém este é o primeiro relato em que essa alteração ovariana é compatível com manutenção da ciclicidde ovariana e gestação na vaca.(AU)

Effect of hCG application at different moments of the estrous cycle on corpus luteum and uterine vascularization and serum progesterone concentration in mares

Establishment of pregnancy after embryo transfer is the ultimate goal of an embryo transfer program and increasing pregnancy rates and reducing pregnancy loss are mandatory. The utilization of treatments to improve conception rates in recipient mares has been the focus of several research groups over the last years and the results are controversial. Some studies using human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) found promising results. Our hypothesis was that hCG administration would cause an additional stimulation on luteal function, uterine and luteal vascularization and progesterone concentration, and the mares would have increased uterine and cervix tone. Therefore, in the present study the effects of hCG administration to induce ovulation, on day 0 (day of ovulation) or day 5 postovulation were evaluated on corpus luteum characteristics, reproductive tract vascularization, and serum progesterone concentration from ovulation until day 15 postovulation. Groups were: G1: (control) - no hCG; G2: 2500 IU of hCG to induce ovulation when a follicle greater than 35mm and uterine edema were detected; G3: 2500 IU hCG on day 0; G4: 2500 IU hCG on day 5 postovulation. Twelve mares were randomly assigned to each group, during consecutive cycles, in a Latin Square experimental design, in a total of 48 cycles. Doppler ultrasound evaluations were performed daily from day 0 until day 15 postovulation, including mesometrial vascularity, endometrial vascularity and corpus luteum vascularity. Blood samples were collected for serum progesterone concentration. Data was analyzed using the Proc Glimmix SAS Procedure for nonparametric variables and Proc Mixed for parametric parameters. There was no treatment effect for all variables studied (P > 0.05). Characteristics were only affected by day (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that hCG administration at the time points suggested in the current study did not alter the characteristics evaluated.

Effect of hCG application at different moments of the estrous cycle on corpus luteum and uterine vascularization and serum progesterone concentration in mares

Establishment of pregnancy after embryo transfer is the ultimate goal of an embryo transfer program and increasing pregnancy rates and reducing pregnancy loss are mandatory. The utilization of treatments to improve conception rates in recipient mares has been the focus of several research groups over the last years and the results are controversial. Some studies using human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) found promising results. Our hypothesis was that hCG administration would cause an additional stimulation on luteal function, uterine and luteal vascularization and progesterone concentration, and the mares would have increased uterine and cervix tone. Therefore, in the present study the effects of hCG administration to induce ovulation, on day 0 (day of ovulation) or day 5 postovulation were evaluated on corpus luteum characteristics, reproductive tract vascularization, and serum progesterone concentration from ovulation until day 15 postovulation. Groups were: G1: (control) - no hCG; G2: 2500 IU of hCG to induce ovulation when a follicle greater than 35mm and uterine edema were detected; G3: 2500 IU hCG on day 0; G4: 2500 IU hCG on day 5 postovulation. Twelve mares were randomly assigned to each group, during consecutive cycles, in a Latin Square experimental design, in a total of 48 cycles. Doppler ultrasound evaluations were performed daily from day 0 until day 15 postovulation, including mesometrial vascularity, endometrial vascularity and corpus luteum vascularity. Blood samples were collected for serum progesterone concentration. Data was analyzed using the Proc Glimmix SAS Procedure for nonparametric variables and Proc Mixed for parametric parameters. There was no treatment effect for all variables studied (P > 0.05). Characteristics were only affected by day (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that hCG administration at the time points suggested in the current study did not alter the characteristics evaluated.(AU)

Síndrome do tremor responsivo a corticosteroide associada ao estro em uma cadela / Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome associated with estrus in a female dog

Background: Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome is an immune-mediated disorder that primarily affects smalldogs aged 1 to 5 years. It is manifested by generalized tremors of high frequency and low amplitude, with involvement ofhead, trunk and limbs. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs and laboratory tests to rule out other conditions, aswell as on the response to corticosteroid treatment. The aim of the present study was to report a case of a female dog withcorticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome that began after estrus.Case: A 1-year-old, undetermined dog, weighing 4.9 kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba, with generalized tremors that impaired her walking and feeding. The picture had an acute onset, there was no history of intoxication, trauma, but the animal had an organophosphate-based collar. The bitch was not castrated and had been in heat fora month. In the clinical evaluation, it was observed that besides the tremors, the dog had hypermetria and hyperthermia.Suspected adverse reaction to organophosphorus or encephalitis. The collar was removed from the animal. Hemogram,serum biochemistry, analysis and culture of cerebrospinal fluid and test for distemper were performed. The hemogramwas leukopenia due to lymphopenia. No alterations were observed in serum biochemistry CSF culture and the distempertest were negative. The CSF analyte revealed pleocytosis with predominantly lymphocytes, density and glucose increasedslightly. The diagnosis of encephalitis of inflammatory etiology was established. Treatment with prednisone and diazepamwas performed. Clinical signs improved after seven days of therapy. Approximately one and a half years after the initialclinical picture, the animal presented recurrence of the tremors associated with estrus again. The same treatment was instituted and the dog underwent ovariohysterectomy. There was no relapse of the clinical...

Síndrome do tremor responsivo a corticosteroide associada ao estro em uma cadela / Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome associated with estrus in a female dog

Background: Corticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome is an immune-mediated disorder that primarily affects smalldogs aged 1 to 5 years. It is manifested by generalized tremors of high frequency and low amplitude, with involvement ofhead, trunk and limbs. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs and laboratory tests to rule out other conditions, aswell as on the response to corticosteroid treatment. The aim of the present study was to report a case of a female dog withcorticosteroid responsive tremor syndrome that began after estrus.Case: A 1-year-old, undetermined dog, weighing 4.9 kg, was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba, with generalized tremors that impaired her walking and feeding. The picture had an acute onset, there was no history of intoxication, trauma, but the animal had an organophosphate-based collar. The bitch was not castrated and had been in heat fora month. In the clinical evaluation, it was observed that besides the tremors, the dog had hypermetria and hyperthermia.Suspected adverse reaction to organophosphorus or encephalitis. The collar was removed from the animal. Hemogram,serum biochemistry, analysis and culture of cerebrospinal fluid and test for distemper were performed. The hemogramwas leukopenia due to lymphopenia. No alterations were observed in serum biochemistry CSF culture and the distempertest were negative. The CSF analyte revealed pleocytosis with predominantly lymphocytes, density and glucose increasedslightly. The diagnosis of encephalitis of inflammatory etiology was established. Treatment with prednisone and diazepamwas performed. Clinical signs improved after seven days of therapy. Approximately one and a half years after the initialclinical picture, the animal presented recurrence of the tremors associated with estrus again. The same treatment was instituted and the dog underwent ovariohysterectomy. There was no relapse of the clinical...(AU)

Reproductive disorders in does experimentally infected by Toxoplasma gondii / Distúrbios reprodutivos em cabras experimentalmente infectadas por Toxoplasma gondii

The aim of this study was to describe the reproductive disorders related to experimental infection by artificial insemination with semen contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii of four goats in the chronic phase of the infection. In the end of the study, the does were submitted to necropsy, and PCR and histopathological evaluations were performed. Among infected does that exhibited embryonic loss, two were in anestrus and two exhibited repeated estrus. One of the latter animals exhibited clinical signs of estrus at seven-day intervals, whereas the other had a 21-day estrous cycle. However, both does were naturally mated on subsequent natural estrous and were not able to get pregnant until the end of the experiment (90 d). Two of the goats exhibited abnormalities in the ultrasound examinations, one of which was an ovarian cyst, while the other was a hydrosalpinx, both of which were confirmed in the post-mortem examination. The main microscopic injuries in this group were neutrophilic infiltration of the lungs, interstitial glomerulonephritis and neutrophilic infiltration of the liver. T. gondii DNA was found in the organs (heart and brain) of three does. In conclusion, does infected with Toxoplasma gondii in semen at the time of artificial insemination display reproductive disorders in the chronic phase of infection that might be associated with toxoplasmosis.

Objetivou-se descrever os distúrbios reprodutivos associados à infecção experimental por Toxoplasma gondii através da inseminação artificial com sêmen contaminado em quatro cabras no estágio crônico da infecção. As características do trato reprodutor foram avaliadas através de ultrassonografia transretal, visando o diagnóstico gestacional ou de desordens reprodutivas, após a infecção experimental. Ao final do experimento, os animais foram necropsiados e avaliações histopatológicas e PCR foram realizados. Dentre os animais infectados que exibiram mortalidade embrionária, duas apresentaram anestro e duas apresentaram repetição de estro, sendo que destas uma apresentou intervalos entre estros reduzido (sete dias) e outra em intervalo regular (21 dias). Todavia, ambas foram submetidas a monta natural durante os estros naturais subsequentese não foi confirmada gestação até o final do experimento (90 dias). Duas cabras exibiram alterações nos exames de ultrassonografia, sendo identificadas um cisto ovariano, e uma hidrossalpinge, ambas confirmadas no exame post-mortem. As principais lesões microscópicas nesse grupo foram infiltração neutrofílica dos pulmões, glomerulonefrite intersticial e infiltração neutrofílica do fígado. O DNA de T. gondii foi encontrado nos órgãos (coração e cérebro) de três cabras. Em conclusão, cabras infectadas comsêmen contendoT. gondii no momento da inseminação artificial apresentam distúrbios reprodutivos na fase crônica da infecção que podem estar associados à toxoplasmose.

The effect of the intensity of estrus expression on the follicular diameter and fertility of Nellore cows managed under a FTAI program / Efeito da intensidade da expressão do estro no diâmetro folicular e na fertilidade de vacas Nelore submetidas a um programa de IATF

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the intensity of estrus expression on the ovulatory follicle diameter (OFD) and its effect on the conception rate in zebu females managed under a FTAI program. On a random day of the estrous cycle, day 0, 308 Nellore females received an intravaginal progesterone device and 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate were administered intramuscularly (IM). On day 8, the progesterone device was removed, and 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin, 150 g of d-cloprostenol, and 1.0 mg of estradiol cypionate were administered IM. The animals were then painted with animal marker spray between the sacral tuberosity and the tailhead. On day 10, the animals were categorized into three groups: no estrus expression (n = 78), low intensity of estrus expression (n = 66) and high intensity of estrus expression (n = 164). The OFD was then measured, and artificial insemination (AI) was performed. The results suggest that determining the intensity of estrus expression is a good parameter to identify females with greater follicular diameter and increased fertility in Nellore cows submitted to a FTAI protocol.

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a relação da intensidade da expressão do estro sobre o diâmetro do folículo ovulatório e seu impacto sobre a taxa de concepção em fêmeas zebuínas submetidas a um programa de IATF. Em um dia aleatório do ciclo estral denominado D0, 308 fêmeas da raça Nelore receberam um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona e foram administrados 2,0 mg de benzoato de estradiol intramuscular (IM). No D8, retirou-se o dispositivo de progesterona e foram aplicados 300UI de Gonadotrofina coriônica equina, 150 µg de d-Cloprostenol e 1,0 mg de cipionato de estradiol IM. Neste momento, os animais foram pintados com bastão marcador entre a tuberosidade sacral e a inserção da cauda. No D10, os animais foram caracterizados em três grupos: Grupo sem expressão do estro (n=78), Grupo baixa intensidade da expressão do estro (n=66) e Grupo alta intensidade da expressão do estro (n=164). Em seguida, procedeu-se à mensuração do diâmetro do folículo ovulatório e foi realizada a inseminação artificial. Os resultados sugerem que a detecção da intensidade da expressão do estro constitui um bom parâmetro para auxiliar na identificação de fêmeas com maior diâmetro folicular e elevada fertilidade em vacas Nelore submetidas a um protocolo de IATF.

Follicular dynamics of induced estrus of females from the Pantaneira breed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of heifers from the Pantaneira breed in FTAI programs and characterize follicular dynamics after induced estrus synchronization programs. The pregnancy rate observed in an FTAI program (36,4%) followed by the AI of estrus return was 45.5%. The study of follicular dynamics revealed that females from this breed, on average, show ovulation 77 hours after the withdrawal of the progesterone device, being therefore later than in other bovine breeds. The results suggest that the late ovulation of the females submitted to estrus synchronization programs may negatively influence their pregnancy rates.

Follicular dynamics of induced estrus of females from the Pantaneira breed

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of heifers from the Pantaneira breed in FTAI programs and characterize follicular dynamics after induced estrus synchronization programs. The pregnancy rate observed in an FTAI program (36,4%) followed by the AI of estrus return was 45.5%. The study of follicular dynamics revealed that females from this breed, on average, show ovulation 77 hours after the withdrawal of the progesterone device, being therefore later than in other bovine breeds. The results suggest that the late ovulation of the females submitted to estrus synchronization programs may negatively influence their pregnancy rates.(AU)

The effect of the intensity of estrus expression on the follicular diameter and fertility of Nellore cows managed under a FTAI program / Efeito da intensidade da expressão do estro no diâmetro folicular e na fertilidade de vacas Nelore submetidas a um programa de IATF

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the intensity of estrus expression on the ovulatory follicle diameter (OFD) and its effect on the conception rate in zebu females managed under a FTAI program. On a random day of the estrous cycle, day 0, 308 Nellore females received an intravaginal progesterone device and 2.0 mg of estradiol benzoate were administered intramuscularly (IM). On day 8, the progesterone device was removed, and 300 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin, 150 g of d-cloprostenol, and 1.0 mg of estradiol cypionate were administered IM. The animals were then painted with animal marker spray between the sacral tuberosity and the tailhead. On day 10, the animals were categorized into three groups: no estrus expression (n = 78), low intensity of estrus expression (n = 66) and high intensity of estrus expression (n = 164). The OFD was then measured, and artificial insemination (AI) was performed. The results suggest that determining the intensity of estrus expression is a good parameter to identify females with greater follicular diameter and increased fertility in Nellore cows submitted to a FTAI protocol.(AU)

Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a relação da intensidade da expressão do estro sobre o diâmetro do folículo ovulatório e seu impacto sobre a taxa de concepção em fêmeas zebuínas submetidas a um programa de IATF. Em um dia aleatório do ciclo estral denominado D0, 308 fêmeas da raça Nelore receberam um dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona e foram administrados 2,0 mg de benzoato de estradiol intramuscular (IM). No D8, retirou-se o dispositivo de progesterona e foram aplicados 300UI de Gonadotrofina coriônica equina, 150 µg de d-Cloprostenol e 1,0 mg de cipionato de estradiol IM. Neste momento, os animais foram pintados com bastão marcador entre a tuberosidade sacral e a inserção da cauda. No D10, os animais foram caracterizados em três grupos: Grupo sem expressão do estro (n=78), Grupo baixa intensidade da expressão do estro (n=66) e Grupo alta intensidade da expressão do estro (n=164). Em seguida, procedeu-se à mensuração do diâmetro do folículo ovulatório e foi realizada a inseminação artificial. Os resultados sugerem que a detecção da intensidade da expressão do estro constitui um bom parâmetro para auxiliar na identificação de fêmeas com maior diâmetro folicular e elevada fertilidade em vacas Nelore submetidas a um protocolo de IATF.(AU)

Insulin binding characteristics in canine muscle tissue: effects of the estrous cycle phases / Características de ligação da insulina no tecido muscular canino: efeitos da fase do ciclo estral

Hormonal fluctuations during the different estrous cycle are a well-recognized cause of insulin resistance in bitches, and little is known about insulin receptor binding or post-binding defects associated with insulin resistance in dogs. To evaluate insulin binding characteristics in muscle tissue of bitches during the estrous cycle, 17 owned bitches were used in the study (six in anestrus, five in estrus, and six in diestrus). An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed in all patients by means of injection of 1mL/kg of a glucose 50% solution (500mg/kg), with blood sample collection for glucose determination at 0, 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after glucose infusion. Muscle samples, taken after spaying surgery, were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80 ºC until the membranes were prepared by sequential centrifugation after being homogenized. For binding studies, membranes were incubated in the presence of 20,000cpm of human 125I-insulin and in increasing concentrations of unlabeled human regular insulin for cold saturation. The IVGTT showed no differences among bitches during the estrous cycle regarding baseline glycemia or glycemic response after glucose infusion. Two insulin binding sites - high-affinity and low-affinity ones - were detected by Scatchard analysis, and significant statistical differences were observed in the dissociation constant (Kd1) and maximum binding capacity (Bmax1) of the high-affinity binding sites. The Kd1 for the anestrus group (6.54±2.77nM/mg of protein) was smaller (P<0.001) than for the estrus (28.54±6.94nM/mg of protein) and diestrus (15.56±3.88nM/mg of protein) groups. Bmax1 in the estrus (0.83±0.42nM/mg of protein) and diestrus (1.24±0.24nM/mg of protein) groups were also higher (P<0.001) than the values observed in anestrus (0.35±0.06nM/mg of protein). These results indicate modulation of insulin binding characteristics during different phases of the estrous cycle in dogs, showing that muscle insulin binding affinity for its receptor is reduced during estrus and diestrus. However, this poor hormone-receptor affinity is compensated for by a greater total binding capacity, once there is no difference in patients' glycemic response after an intravenous glucose load.(AU)

As flutuações hormonais durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral são uma causa importante de resistência insulínica em fêmeas caninas, e poucas informações são conhecidas sobre defeitos na ligação da insulina ao seu receptor, ou defeitos pós-receptor associados com resistência à insulina em cães. Para avaliar as características da ligação insulina-receptor no tecido muscular de cadelas durante o ciclo estral, dezessete pacientes foram utilizadas no estudo (seis em anestro, cinco em estro e seis em diestro). Um teste de tolerância à glicose intravenosa (IVGTT) foi realizado em todas as pacientes por meio da infusão de 1mL/kg de uma solução de glicose 50% (500mg/kg), com coletas de sangue para determinação de glicemia nos tempos 0, 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos da injeção de glicose. Amostras de tecido muscular foram coletadas durante ovariohisterectomia, imediatamente congeladas em nitrogênio líquido, e posteriormente armazenadas a -80°C até a preparação das membranas por meio de homogeneização e centrifugação sequencial. Para os experimentos de ligação hormônio-receptor, as membranas foram incubadas na presença de 20.000cpm de 125I-insulina humana, e concentrações crescentes de insulina regular humana não marcada para saturação fria. O IVGTT não mostrou diferenças entre as pacientes em diferentes fases do ciclo estral com relação a glicemia basal, ou na resposta glicêmica após infusão de glicose nos tempos estudados. Dois sítios de ligação da insulina, um de alta-afinidade, e outro de baixa afinidade, foram detectados pela análise de Scatchard, e diferenças significativas foram detectadas na constante de dissociação (Kd1) e capacidade de ligação máxima (Bmax1) dos sítios de ligação de alta-afinidade. O Kd1 para o grupo anestro (6,54±2,77nM/mg de proteína) foi menor (P<0,001) que os Kd1 dos grupos estro (28,54±6,94 nM/mg de proteína) e diestro (15,56±3,88nM/mg de proteína). Os Bmax1 dos grupos estro (0,83±0,42nM/mg de proteína) e diestro (1,24±0,24nM/mg de proteína) também foram maiores que os valores encontrados no grupo anestro (0,35±0,06nM/mg de proteína). Estes resultados demonstram uma modulação das características de ligação da insulina nas diferentes fases do ciclo estral em cães, evidenciando uma menor afinidade de ligação da insulina ao seu receptor no tecido muscular durante o estro e diestro. Contudo, esta menor afinidade de ligação hormônio-receptor é compensada por uma maior capacidade de ligação, o que fica também evidenciado pela ausência de diferenças na resposta glicêmica das pacientes após um desafio com glicose por via endovenosa.(AU)

Insulin binding characteristics in canine muscle tissue: effects of the estrous cycle phases / Características de ligação da insulina no tecido muscular canino: efeitos da fase do ciclo estral

Hormonal fluctuations during the different estrous cycle are a well-recognized cause of insulin resistance in bitches, and little is known about insulin receptor binding or post-binding defects associated with insulin resistance in dogs. To evaluate insulin binding characteristics in muscle tissue of bitches during the estrous cycle, 17 owned bitches were used in the study (six in anestrus, five in estrus, and six in diestrus). An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed in all patients by means of injection of 1mL/kg of a glucose 50% solution (500mg/kg), with blood sample collection for glucose determination at 0, 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after glucose infusion. Muscle samples, taken after spaying surgery, were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80 ºC until the membranes were prepared by sequential centrifugation after being homogenized. For binding studies, membranes were incubated in the presence of 20,000cpm of human 125I-insulin and in increasing concentrations of unlabeled human regular insulin for cold saturation. The IVGTT showed no differences among bitches during the estrous cycle regarding baseline glycemia or glycemic response after glucose infusion. Two insulin binding sites - high-affinity and low-affinity ones - were detected by Scatchard analysis, and significant statistical differences were observed in the dissociation constant (Kd1) and maximum binding capacity (Bmax1) of the high-affinity binding sites. The Kd1 for the anestrus group (6.54±2.77nM/mg of protein) was smaller (P<0.001) than for the estrus (28.54±6.94nM/mg of protein) and diestrus (15.56±3.88nM/mg of protein) groups. Bmax1 in the estrus (0.83±0.42nM/mg of protein) and diestrus (1.24±0.24nM/mg of protein) groups were also higher (P<0.001) than the values observed in anestrus (0.35±0.06nM/mg of protein). [...] (AU)

As flutuações hormonais durante as diferentes fases do ciclo estral são uma causa importante de resistência insulínica em fêmeas caninas, e poucas informações são conhecidas sobre defeitos na ligação da insulina ao seu receptor, ou defeitos pós-receptor associados com resistência à insulina em cães. Para avaliar as características da ligação insulina-receptor no tecido muscular de cadelas durante o ciclo estral, dezessete pacientes foram utilizadas no estudo (seis em anestro, cinco em estro e seis em diestro). Um teste de tolerância à glicose intravenosa (IVGTT) foi realizado em todas as pacientes por meio da infusão de 1mL/kg de uma solução de glicose 50% (500mg/kg), com coletas de sangue para determinação de glicemia nos tempos 0, 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, 45 e 60 minutos da injeção de glicose. Amostras de tecido muscular foram coletadas durante ovariohisterectomia, imediatamente congeladas em nitrogênio líquido, e posteriormente armazenadas a -80°C até a preparação das membranas por meio de homogeneização e centrifugação sequencial. Para os experimentos de ligação hormônio-receptor, as membranas foram incubadas na presença de 20.000cpm de 125I-insulina humana, e concentrações crescentes de insulina regular humana não marcada para saturação fria. O IVGTT não mostrou diferenças entre as pacientes em diferentes fases do ciclo estral com relação a glicemia basal, ou na resposta glicêmica após infusão de glicose nos tempos estudados. Dois sítios de ligação da insulina, um de alta-afinidade, e outro de baixa afinidade, foram detectados pela análise de Scatchard, e diferenças significativas foram detectadas na constante de dissociação (Kd1) e capacidade de ligação máxima (Bmax1) dos sítios de ligação de alta-afinidade. O Kd1 para o grupo anestro (6,54±2,77nM/mg de proteína) foi menor (P<0,001) que os Kd1 dos grupos estro (28,54±6,94 nM/mg de proteína) e diestro (15,56±3,88nM/mg de proteína).[...] (AU)

Controle do ciclo estral em cadelas

Studies on reproductive biology in bitches have significantly increased, which has been associated withgreater availability of pharmacological agents for the manipulation of the estrous cycle. Progestins are by farthe most commonly used agents in bitches, but more recently other drugs such as prolactin inhibitors and GnRHagonists have become available and have been shown to be useful for manipulation of reproduction in thisspecies. This work aims to make a brief review on the drugs used in the canine estrous control.(AU)

Controle do ciclo estral em cadelas

Studies on reproductive biology in bitches have significantly increased, which has been associated withgreater availability of pharmacological agents for the manipulation of the estrous cycle. Progestins are by farthe most commonly used agents in bitches, but more recently other drugs such as prolactin inhibitors and GnRHagonists have become available and have been shown to be useful for manipulation of reproduction in thisspecies. This work aims to make a brief review on the drugs used in the canine estrous control.

Avaliação do ciclo estral e da toxicidade sistêmica do látex de Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson em ratas Wistar / The estrous cycle evaluation and systemic toxicity in the latex of Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson in Wistar rats

It aimed to investigate the possible effects induced by the diluted latex oral administration of H. sucuuba(LdHs) in Wistar rats on the estrous cycle and other organ systems. The Wistar rats received by gavage the LdHs.The results showed that there was a decrease in average daily intake and ponderable development negativeinterference in the group treated with the dose 100 mg / kg. The number of primary follicles and in the dose 100 mg/ kg LdHs was superior to the control group. It was also observed a decrease in the number of estrous cycles andan increase in the average duration of the estrous cycle in this group. Therefore, doses 25 and 50 mg / kg of LdHshave been shown safe, however the dose 100 mg / kg decreased reproductive efficiency and promoted a lowsystemic toxicity as caused a decrease in feed consumption and interfered with the ponderable development.(AU)