Cardiac hypertrophy associated with Corynebacterium spp. in Didelphis albiventris cubs

The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the clinical-pathological aspects of cardiac hypertrophy related to the presence of Corynebacterium spp. in three Didelphis albiventris cubs. In necropsy, macroscopically, in the heart, cardiomegaly, concentric hypertrophy of the ventricles and the ventricular septum were observed, with consequent reduction of the chamber. Microscopically, the primary lesions found in the heart were cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and necrosis, myocytolysis, and the presence of myriad basophilic bacteria. Liver fragments and endocardial swabs were sent for bacterial culture, in which pleomorphic Gram-positive rods grew, forming small and hemolytic colonies. Chemical tests demonstrated characteristics compatible with Corynebacterium spp. Thus, this report represents the first description of cardiac hypertrophy associated with Corynebacterium spp. in white-eared opossums cubs, representing an essential contribution to studying diseases in wild animals.(AU)

Urethral obstruction due to seminal vesiculitis in a sheep: case report / Obstrução uretral por vesiculite seminal em ovino: relato de caso

We report a case of urethral obstruction due to seminal vesiculitis in a Dorper sheep, with symptoms of anuria, rectal prolapse, orchitis/epididymitis, and uroperitoneum and biochemical tests indicating severe azotemia. The animal died due to advanced azotemia, and necropsy revealed kidneys with cortical and medullary necrosis, pyelonephritis of renal calyces, hydronephrosis, ruptured and necrotic bladder, and vesicular, bulbourethral, and ampoule accessory sex glands. There was prostate hyperplasia that revealed a large amount of pus in the cross section, which was also observed bilaterally in the epididymis and right testis. Morphotintorial and biochemical analyses of bacteria obtained from microbiological culture revealed Corynebacterium sp. and Escherichia coli. Infection, hyperplasia, and abscessation of accessory sex glands caused urethral compression, resulting in an obstructive condition, similar to urolithiasis, in addition to bacteremia. Hyperplastic seminal vesiculitis, although rare, must be included among the differential diagnoses of obstructive processes in the urinary tract of sheep.

Relata-se um caso de obstrução uretral decorrente de vesiculite seminal em carneiro da raça Dorper, com quadro de anúria, prolapso retal, orquite/epididimite e uroperitôneo, com exames bioquímicos indicativos de severa azotemia. Devido ao quadro avançado de azotemia, o animal faleceu e, na necropsia, foi observado:: rins com necrose de cortical e medular, pielonefrite dos cálices renais e hidronefrose, bexiga rompida e necrosada, assim como glândulas sexuais acessórias vesiculares, bulbouretrais e ampola. Havia hiperplasia de próstata que, ao corte transversal, revelou grande quantidade de pus, que também foi observado bilateralmente no epidídimo e no testículo direito. As análises morfotintoriais e bioquímicas das bactérias obtidas a partir do cultivo microbiológico foram compatíveis com Corynebacterium sp. e Escherichia coli. A infecção, a hiperplasia e a abscedação das glândulas sexuais acessória, causaram compressão uretral, levando a um quadro obstrutivo, semelhante à urolitíase, somado à bacteremia. A vesiculite seminal hiperplásica, apesar de rara, deve ser incluída entre os diagnósticos diferenciais dos processos obstrutivos do trato urinário de carneiros.

Molecular characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, C. silvaticum, and C. auriscanis by ERIC-PCR / Caracterização molecular de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, C. silvaticum e C. auriscanis pelo ERIC-PCR

The aims of the present study were (i) to genotype Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, C. silvaticum, and C. auriscanis strains using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR), and (ii) to analyze the epidemiological relationships among isolates according to biovar (Equi and Ovis), species, host, and geographical origin of the C. pseudotuberculosis strains. Sixty-eight C. pseudotuberculosis, nine C. silvaticum, and one C. auriscanis, C. pseudotuberculosis ATCC® 19410™ strain and the attenuated C. pseudotuberculosis 1002 vaccinal strain were fingerprinted by ERIC 1+2-PCR. Field strains were isolated from various hosts (cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, and pigs) in six countries (Mexico, Portugal, Brazil, Equatorial Guinea, Egypt, and Israel). High genetic diversity was found among the studied Corynebacterium spp. isolates, clustering in 24 genotypes with a Hunter & Gaston diversity index (HGDI) of 0.937. The minimal spanning tree of Corynebacterium spp. revealed three clonal complexes, each associated with one bacterial species. Twenty-two genotypes were observed among C. pseudotuberculosis isolates, with an HGDI of 0.934. Three major clonal complexes were formed at the minimal spanning tree, grouped around the geographic origin of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates. These results reinforce the high typeability, epidemiological concordance, and discriminatory power of ERIC-PCR as a consistent genotyping method for C. pseudotuberculosis, which could be useful as an epidemiological tool to control caseous lymphadenitis. Moreover, our results also indicate the potential of ERIC 1+2-PCR for the genotyping of other species of Corynebacterium other than C. pseudotuberculosis.

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram (i) genotipar amostras de Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, C. silvaticum e C. auriscanis usando Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC-PCR), bem como (ii) analisar as relações epidemiológicas entre os isolados de acordo com biovar (Equi e Ovis), espécie, hospedeiro e origem geográfica das amostras de C. pseudotuberculosis. Sessenta e oito isolados de C. pseudotuberculosis, nove C. silvaticum, um C. auriscanis, C. pseudotuberculosis ATCC® 19410 ™ e a amostra vacinal atenuada C. pseudotuberculosis 1002 foram tipificadas por ERIC 1 + 2-PCR. As amostras de campo foram isoladas de diferentes hospedeiros (bovinos, búfalos, ovinos, caprinos, equinos, cães e suínos) em seis países (México, Portugal, Brasil, Guiné Equatorial, Egito e Israel). Uma alta diversidade genética foi observada entre os isolados de Corynebacterium spp., agrupados em vinte e quatro genótipos com um índice de diversidade Hunter & Gaston (HGDI) de 0,937. A análise da minimal spanning tree (MST) de Corynebacterium spp. revelou três complexos clonais, cada um associado a uma espécie bacteriana. Vinte e dois genótipos foram observados entre isolados de C. pseudotuberculosis, com um HGDI de 0,934. Na análise da MST, três grandes complexos clonais foram formados, agrupando-se em torno da origem geográfica dos isolados de C. pseudotuberculosis. Esses resultados reforçam a alta tipabilidade, concordância epidemiológica e poder discriminatório do ERIC-PCR como método consistente de genotipagem para C. pseudotuberculosis, podendo ser útil como ferramenta epidemiológica no controle da linfadenite caseosa. Além disso, os resultados também indicam o grande potencial de ERIC 1 + 2-PCR para genotipagem de espécies do gênero Corynebacterium além de C. pseudotuberculosis.

Soroprevalência da infecção por Corynebacterium pseudotuberulosis em caprinos no Nordeste brasileiro utilizando técnica de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA-indireto) / Serological study on Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in goats in the Brazilian Northeast using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-indirect)

A caprinocultura na região Nordeste do Brasil desempenha importante função socioeconômica e estratégica. A rusticidade desta atividade nesta região, aliada a sua rápida expansão em outros estados, tem gerado perdas na sua cadeia produtiva a nível regional e nacional, causadas por doenças infecciosas, destacando-se a Linfadenite Caseosa (LC), afecção amplamente difundida nos rebanhos caprinos, acarretando sérios prejuízos econômicos à atividade. Embora LC tenha sido detectada como um problema endêmico no nordeste brasileiro, uma análise abrangente e mais recente desta prevalência nos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros se faz necessária. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em cinco dos nove estados que compõem a região Nordeste do Brasil. Foram processadas amostras de soro de 2571 caprinos provenientes de 218 propriedades rurais oriundas de cinco estados da região Nordeste do Brasil, coletadas entre os anos de 2010 a 2012. O diagnóstico da infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis foi realizado pela técnica de ELISA-indireto. Em 88,5% (193/218) das propriedades investigadas, pelo menos um caprino foi soropositivo para C. pseudotuberculosis, sugerindo que o agente se encontra disseminado nos rebanhos do Nordeste, com a maior prevalência encontrada no Rio Grande do Norte (94,5%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (70,3%). Foram identificados 783 (30,4%; IC 95%=28,7-32,2%) caprinos soropositivos, com a maior prevalência entre animais encontrada no Piauí (41,4%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (22,5%). De um total de 279 reprodutores avaliados, 106 (37,9%) resultaram soropositivos, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 45,30%, e Piauí com 46,8% dos reprodutores positivos para LC. Das 1420 matrizes testadas, 599(42,1%) apresentaram sorologia positiva para C. pseudotuberculosis. Entre os estados esta distribuição também se manteve semelhante, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 47,5% e Piauí com 59,5% das matrizes positivos para LC. Entre os 872 caprinos jovens avaliados, 78 (8,9%) foram soropositivos para LC, observando-se uma diferença estatística na frequência de sopositividade obtidas entre os adultos e os jovens (P<0,001). Reforça-se a necessidade do diagnóstico da enfermidade em rebanhos caprinos da região Nordeste para possível implementação de programas de controle da doença e medidas mais precisas no manejo da LC junto aos criadores de caprinos.(AU)

Goat farming in the Northeast region of Brazil plays an important socioeconomic and strategic role. The rusticity of this activity in this region, allied with its rapid expansion in other states, has caused losses in its production chain in regional and national levels, caused by infectious diseases, especially caseous lymphadenitis (CL), a widespread goat herds disease which has been causing serious economic loss to this activity. Although CL has been detected as an endemic problem in the Brazilian Northeast, a comprehensive and more recent analysis of this prevalence in Brazilian goats is necessary. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antibodies in five of nine states of the northeast region of Brazil. Serum samples were collected from 2571 goats from 218 farms in five states in the Northeast region of Brazil, collected between 2010 and 2012. The diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis infection was made using the ELISA-indirect technique. In 88.5% (193/218) of the investigated properties, at least one goat was seropositive for C. pseudotuberculosis, suggesting that the agent is widespread in Northeast herds, with the highest prevalence found in Rio Grande do Norte (94.5%) and the lowest one in the state of Sergipe (70.3%). A total of 783 (30.45%; 95% CI = 28.71-32.26%) seropositive goats were found, and the highest prevalence among animals was found in Piauí (41.4%) and the lowest in the state of Sergipe (22.5%). Out of a total of 279 breeding herds, 106 (37.99%) were seropositive, standing out the Rio Grande do Norte, with a total of 45.30%, and Piauí 46.8% of positive breeding for CL. A total of the 1420 tested matrices, 599 (42.1%) presented positive serology for C. pseudotuberculosis. Among the States, this distribution also remained similar, standing out Rio Grande do Norte with 47.5%, and Piauí with 59.5% of positive matrices for CL. Among 872 young goats evaluated, 78 (8.9%) were seropositive for CL, observing a statistical difference in the frequency of soropositivity obtained between adults and young adults (P<0.001). The necessity to diagnose the disease in goat herds in the Northeast region is reinforced for the possible implementation of disease control programs and more precise measures to manage CL along with goat farmers.(AU)

Soroprevalência da infecção por Corynebacterium pseudotuberulosis em caprinos no Nordeste brasileiro utilizando técnica de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA-indireto) / Serological study on Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in goats in the Brazilian Northeast using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-indirect)

A caprinocultura na região Nordeste do Brasil desempenha importante função socioeconômica e estratégica. A rusticidade desta atividade nesta região, aliada a sua rápida expansão em outros estados, tem gerado perdas na sua cadeia produtiva a nível regional e nacional, causadas por doenças infecciosas, destacando-se a Linfadenite Caseosa (LC), afecção amplamente difundida nos rebanhos caprinos, acarretando sérios prejuízos econômicos à atividade. Embora LC tenha sido detectada como um problema endêmico no nordeste brasileiro, uma análise abrangente e mais recente desta prevalência nos rebanhos caprinos brasileiros se faz necessária. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a frequência de anticorpos anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis em cinco dos nove estados que compõem a região Nordeste do Brasil. Foram processadas amostras de soro de 2571 caprinos provenientes de 218 propriedades rurais oriundas de cinco estados da região Nordeste do Brasil, coletadas entre os anos de 2010 a 2012. O diagnóstico da infecção por C. pseudotuberculosis foi realizado pela técnica de ELISA-indireto. Em 88,5% (193/218) das propriedades investigadas, pelo menos um caprino foi soropositivo para C. pseudotuberculosis, sugerindo que o agente se encontra disseminado nos rebanhos do Nordeste, com a maior prevalência encontrada no Rio Grande do Norte (94,5%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (70,3%). Foram identificados 783 (30,4%; IC 95%=28,7-32,2%) caprinos soropositivos, com a maior prevalência entre animais encontrada no Piauí (41,4%) e a menor no estado de Sergipe (22,5%). De um total de 279 reprodutores avaliados, 106 (37,9%) resultaram soropositivos, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte, com 45,30%, e Piauí com 46,8% dos reprodutores positivos para LC. Das 1420 matrizes testadas, 599(42,1%) apresentaram sorologia positiva para C. pseudotuberculosis. Entre os estados esta distribuição também se manteve semelhante, destacando-se o Rio Grande do Norte...(AU)

Goat farming in the Northeast region of Brazil plays an important socioeconomic and strategic role. The rusticity of this activity in this region, allied with its rapid expansion in other states, has caused losses in its production chain in regional and national levels, caused by infectious diseases, especially caseous lymphadenitis (CL), a widespread goat herds disease which has been causing serious economic loss to this activity. Although CL has been detected as an endemic problem in the Brazilian Northeast, a comprehensive and more recent analysis of this prevalence in Brazilian goats is necessary. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of anti-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antibodies in five of nine states of the northeast region of Brazil. Serum samples were collected from 2571 goats from 218 farms in five states in the Northeast region of Brazil, collected between 2010 and 2012. The diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis infection was made using the ELISA-indirect technique. In 88.5% (193/218) of the investigated properties, at least one goat was seropositive for C. pseudotuberculosis, suggesting that the agent is widespread in Northeast herds, with the highest prevalence found in Rio Grande do Norte (94.5%) and the lowest one in the state of Sergipe (70.3%). A total of 783 (30.45%; 95% CI = 28.71-32.26%) seropositive goats were found, and the highest prevalence among animals was found in Piauí (41.4%) and the lowest in the state of Sergipe (22.5%). Out of a total of 279 breeding herds, 106 (37.99%) were seropositive, standing out the Rio Grande do Norte, with a total of 45.30%, and Piauí 46.8% of positive breeding for CL. A total of the 1420 tested matrices, 599 (42.1%) presented positive serology for C. pseudotuberculosis. Among the States, this distribution also remained similar, standing out Rio Grande do Norte with 47.5%, and Piauí with 59.5% of positive matrices for CL. Among 872 young goats... (AU)

Etiology And In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile Of Strains Isolated From Bovine Mastitis In Dairy Herds From The Midwest Region Of Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Dairy farming is an important social and economic activity in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. However, despite technological advances in the productive chain, mastitis is still considered the main disease of dairy herds, due its high economic impact. Bacterial pathogens are the main cause of this disease and failures in the treatment of clinical cases are attributed in part to the antimicrobial resistance of these pathogens. As an alternative, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests of strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases have been carried out; the information generated contributes to strategic treatment measures, and also to the control of microorganism resistance. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the etiology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of bacterial strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in dairy herds from the Midwest region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. For this purpose, 345 milk samples were collected from 70 herds located in 16 different municipalities. The main pathogens isolated were: staphylococci (55.9%), streptococci (34.8%), Corynebacterium spp. (7.8%) and Escherichia coli (1.4%). The resistance rates of staphylococcus strains to ampicillin and to gentamicin were lower (24.9%) and higher (33%), respectively, than those obtained in other Brazilian studies. The resistance profiles of streptococcus strains were similar to those described in the literature, while Corynebacterium spp., showed high resistance rates to tetracycline (85.2%). Moreover, a considerable prevalence of staphylococcus (27.5%) and streptococcus (11.7%) multiresistant strains was verified. These data reinforce the need for regional characterization of microorganisms.

Etiology And In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile Of Strains Isolated From Bovine Mastitis In Dairy Herds From The Midwest Region Of Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Dairy farming is an important social and economic activity in the Midwest region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. However, despite technological advances in the productive chain, mastitis is still considered the main disease of dairy herds, due its high economic impact. Bacterial pathogens are the main cause of this disease and failures in the treatment of clinical cases are attributed in part to the antimicrobial resistance of these pathogens. As an alternative, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests of strains isolated from bovine mastitis cases have been carried out; the information generated contributes to strategic treatment measures, and also to the control of microorganism resistance. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the etiology and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of bacterial strains isolated from cases of bovine mastitis in dairy herds from the Midwest region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. For this purpose, 345 milk samples were collected from 70 herds located in 16 different municipalities. The main pathogens isolated were: staphylococci (55.9%), streptococci (34.8%), Corynebacterium spp. (7.8%) and Escherichia coli (1.4%). The resistance rates of staphylococcus strains to ampicillin and to gentamicin were lower (24.9%) and higher (33%), respectively, than those obtained in other Brazilian studies. The resistance profiles of streptococcus strains were similar to those described in the literature, while Corynebacterium spp., showed high resistance rates to tetracycline (85.2%). Moreover, a considerable prevalence of staphylococcus (27.5%) and streptococcus (11.7%) multiresistant strains was verified. These data reinforce the need for regional characterization of microorganisms.(AU)

Expression of CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 by milk neutrophils in bovine mammary glands infected with Corynebacterium bovis / Expressão de CD14 e dos receptores do tipo toll 2 e 4 por neutrófilos lácteos provenientes de glândulas infectadas por Corynebacterium bovis

This study evaluated the expression of CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 on the surface of milk neutrophils in bovine mammary glands infected with Corynebacterium bovis. Here, we used 23 culture-negative control quarters with no abnormal secretion on the strip cup test and milk somatic cell count lower than 1x105 cells/mL, and 14 C. bovis infected quarters. The identification of neutrophils, as well as, the percentage of neutrophils that expressed CD14, TLR2 and TLR4 were analyzed by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies. The present study encountered no significant difference in the percentages of milk neutrophils that expressed TLR2 and TLR4 or in the expression of TLR4 by milk neutrophils. Conversely, a lower median fluorescence intensity of TLR2 in milk neutrophils was observed in C. bovis-infected quarters. The percentage of neutrophils that expressed CD14 and the median fluorescence intensity of CD14 in milk neutrophils was also lower in C. bovis-infected quarters.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar alterações na expressão de CD14, e dos receptores do tipo toll (TLR) 2 e 4 na superfície de neutrófilos lácteos provenientes de glândulas mamárias infectadas por Corynebacterium bovis. O presente estudo utilizou 23 quartos negativos no exame bacteriológico, sem alterações na prova de fundo escuro e com contagem automática de células somáticas menor que 1 x105 células/mL, e 14 quartos mamários infectados por C. bovis A identificação de neutrófilos, assim como a porcentagem de neutrófilos lácteos que expressaram CD14, TLR2 e 4 foram avaliadas por citometria de fluxo utilizando anticorpos monoclonais. A porcentagem de neutrófilos que expressaram TLR2 e TLR4 nos quartos mamários infectados por C. bovis não diferiu dos quartos mamários sadios, assim como na expressão de TLR4. No entanto, a intensidade de fluorescência do TLR2 na superfície dos neutrófilos foi menor nos quartos mamários infectados por C. bovis. A porcentagem de neutrófilos que expressaram CD14 e a intensidade de fluorescência da molécula de CD14 foi menor na superfície dos neutrófilos lácteos dos quartos infectados por C. bovis.(AU)

Occurrence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in Jaguapitã county, state of Paraná - Brazil / Ocorrência de patógenos causadores de mastite subclínica no município de Jaguapitã, estado do Paraná - Brasil

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar a ocorrência dos patógenos causadores de mastite subclínica em um rebanho leiteiro tipo B no município de Jaguapitã, estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram realizados 400 testes de Califórnia Mastite Teste (CMT) em amostras de leite de 100 animais, totalizando 400 tetos. Dentre os animais testados 55% reagiram ao CMT apresentando grau dois ou superior, com 157 tetos positivos. Após as amostras de leite dos 157 tetos serem submetidos à cultura em ágar sangue, 25,48% (40/157) não apresentaram crescimento ou houve crescimento de mais de duas colônias bacterianas, 28,03% (44/157) foram observadas Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (CNS), 8,28% (13/157) Streptococcus uberis, 7,64% (12/157) Staphylococcus aureus, 7,64% (12/157) Corynebacterium spp, 7,01% (11/157) Staphylococcus intermedius, 4,46% (7/157) Staphylococcus hyicus, 3,82% (6/157) Bacillus spp., 2,55% (4/157) para Streptococcus dysgalacteae, Enterobactéria e Leveduras. Conclui-se que a CNS é o mais relevante agente causador de mastite subclínica.(AU)

The aim of this research was to identify the occurrence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in grade B milk farms of the Jaguapitã county, state of Paraná, Brazil. California Mastitis Test (CMT) were carried out in 400 milk samples from 100 animals and 157 teats from 55 animals (55%) were positive, showed score two or higher to CMT. When these 157 positive samples to CMT were transported for bacterial culture in blood agar, 25.48% (40/157) samples showed no bacterial growth or more than two types of bacterial colonies grew, 28.03% (44/157) were Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 8.28% (13/157) were Streptococcus uberis, 7.64% (12/157) were Staphylococcus aureus, 7.64% (12/157) were Corynebacterium spp, 7.01% (11/157) were Staphylococcus intermedius, 4.46% (7/157) were Staphylococcus hyicus, 3.82% (6/157) were Bacillus spp., 2.55% (4/157) were Streptococcus dysgalacteae, Enterobacteria and Yeasts. We conclude that CNS is the most relevant subclinical mastitis causative agent.(AU)

Interdigital foot infections: Corynebacterium minutissimum and agents of superficial mycoses

Interdigital foot infections are mostly caused initially by dermatophytes, yeasts and less frequently by bacteria. Erythrasma caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum can be confused with superficial mycoses. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of the etiologic agents of superficial mycoses and the frequency of Corynebacterium minutissimum in interdigital foot infections. All the samples obtained from the 121 patients with interdigital foot infections were examined directly with the use of 20% potassium hydroxide mounts and Gram stain under the microscope and cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar plates. In identification of superficial mycoses, the rate was found to be 14% with the cultural method and 14% with direct microscopic examination. Using a combination of direct microscopic examination and culture, a 33.8% ratio was achieved. In the culture of these samples, the most isolated factor was Trichophyton rubrum (33.7%). In 24 of the patients (19.8%) Corynebacterium minutissimum was detected by Gram staining, in 6 of these patients Trichophyton rubrum was found, Trichophyton mentagrophytes was found in 2 and Trichosporon spp. was found in 1. The examination of interdigital foot lesions in the laboratory, the coexistence of erythrasma with dermatophytes and yeast should be considered.

Effect of Corynebacterium cutis lysate on serum oxidative stress and plasma prostaglandin F2 alfa metabolite levels

Background: The Corynebacterium cutis lysate is commercial product. Unbalance between oxidants and antioxidantscause oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the cell. Macrophages phagocytose large pieces of bacteria and synthesizecytokines. In addition to the benefi cial results of the drug have side effects. Since changes in biochemical parameters refl ect structural dysfunction in the organism, monitoring changes of these parameters is a way to keep track of side effects.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Corynebacterium cutis lysate on serum thiobarbituric acid-reactivesubstances (TBARS) and plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandinF2α (PGM) levels in sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: Six Merino crossbred ewes (aged >2 years, weight 40-60 kg) were used in this study. Theprocedures were approved by the Ethics Committee. A dose of 8 mg (0.4 mL) of commercial Corynebacterium cutis lysatewas subcutaneously injected to each of the 6 Merino crossbred ewes. Blood specimens were taken from the sheep prior toinjection (day 0, control) and after the injection on days 1, 2, 3, and 4. The levels of serum TBARS and plasma PGM weredetermined using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) reader. The values of the hemogram [white bloodcells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), hematocrit (HTC), and hemoglobin (HBG)] were assessed using ablood cell count apparatus. The levels of plasma creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanineaminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total protein (TP), albumin(ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and cholesterol were determined on an autoanalyzer. The data obtainedwere analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffes test as a post hoc test (SPSS 19.0). A P < 0.05 value was taken as the cut-offvalue for...(AU)

Effect of Corynebacterium cutis lysate on serum oxidative stress and plasma prostaglandin F2 alfa metabolite levels

Background: The Corynebacterium cutis lysate is commercial product. Unbalance between oxidants and antioxidantscause oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the cell. Macrophages phagocytose large pieces of bacteria and synthesizecytokines. In addition to the benefi cial results of the drug have side effects. Since changes in biochemical parameters refl ect structural dysfunction in the organism, monitoring changes of these parameters is a way to keep track of side effects.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Corynebacterium cutis lysate on serum thiobarbituric acid-reactivesubstances (TBARS) and plasma 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandinF2α (PGM) levels in sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: Six Merino crossbred ewes (aged >2 years, weight 40-60 kg) were used in this study. Theprocedures were approved by the Ethics Committee. A dose of 8 mg (0.4 mL) of commercial Corynebacterium cutis lysatewas subcutaneously injected to each of the 6 Merino crossbred ewes. Blood specimens were taken from the sheep prior toinjection (day 0, control) and after the injection on days 1, 2, 3, and 4. The levels of serum TBARS and plasma PGM weredetermined using an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) reader. The values of the hemogram [white bloodcells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), hematocrit (HTC), and hemoglobin (HBG)] were assessed using ablood cell count apparatus. The levels of plasma creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanineaminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total protein (TP), albumin(ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and cholesterol were determined on an autoanalyzer. The data obtainedwere analyzed using ANOVA and Scheffe’s test as a post hoc test (SPSS 19.0). A P < 0.05 value was taken as the cut-offvalue for...

A fatal case of urosepsis due to Corynebacterium riegelii

Corynebacterium species other than Corynebacterium diphtheriae rarely cause infections in human but rather reside in flora, however they have been reported to cause opportunistic infections in both immunocompromised and immunecompetent patients. Here we report for the first time a case of an elderly female patient presenting with a fatal urosepsis caused by a recently defined pathogen, Corynebacterium riegelii, identified on second day after patient hospitalization leading to a progressive worsening and death of the patient on 6th day.

A fatal case of urosepsis due to Corynebacterium riegelii

Corynebacterium species other than Corynebacterium diphtheriae rarely cause infections in human but rather reside in flora, however they have been reported to cause opportunistic infections in both immunocompromised and immunecompetent patients. Here we report for the first time a case of an elderly female patient presenting with a fatal urosepsis caused by a recently defined pathogen, Corynebacterium riegelii, identified on second day after patient hospitalization leading to a progressive worsening and death of the patient on 6th day.(AU)

Prevalência de Corynebacterium sp no leite de vacas, sua relação com o manejo de ordenha e California Mastitis Test / Prevalence of Corynebacterium sp in the Milk of Cows, their Relationship with Milking Practices and the California Mastitis Test

Background: Corynebacterium bovis is the species among the Corynebacterium spp. more often isolated from mammary glands and despite being classified as a secondary pathogen, its role in intramammary infection is not yet defined. Some studies have shown that this agent causes no change in production and milk composition, while others noted the ability of Corynebacterium sp. in causing mastitis, considering it as a limiting factor for production of quality milk. This study aims were to determine the prevalence of Corynebacterium sp. in herds of five Brazilian States and assess the risk factors associated with the presence of this agent in milk samples. It was also analyzed the influence of Corynebacterium sp. on the California Mastitis Test of each cow in the dairy herds in Santa Catarina State (SC), Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: It was conducted a longitudinal study in dairy herds in the States of Pernambuco (PE), Minas Gerais (MG), Paraná (PR), Santa Catarina (SC) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Herds were sampled four times in the period from January 2010 to July 2011, at six months intervals. Milk samples were collected from each animal, composed of the mixture of the four mammary quarters, packed in ice and sent to laboratories responsible for each State for microbiological analysis. Bacteria examination was performed by inoculation 10 µL of each milk sample, using a calibrated disposable loop on blood Agar plates with 5% sheep blood and incubated at 37ºC for 24 - 48 h. The microorganisms were identified following the recomendations of National Mastitis Council (NMC). From the total of 4949 milk samples, 666 (13,46%) were positive for Corynebacterium sp. The results of bacterial isolation and identification, and questionnaire data from herds in the States of Minas Gerais (MG), Pernambuco (PE), Paraná (PR) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS) were sent to the CAV/UDESC - Lages, SC. A questionnaire was applied to the farmers for information on management practices for milking and mastitis control including questions about foremilk stripping, washing and drying udders before milking, teat disinfection before and after milking, and treatment of clinical cases and of dry cows. Only in herds from Santa Catarina State California Mastitis Test (CMT) was performed in the milk of animals sampled as an indirect measure of somatic cell count (SCC). The prevalence of Corynebacterium sp. in herds from Minas Gerais State showed a significant higher difference in relation to the herds in other States, with a percentage of isolation of 21,07%. Discussion: Although Corynebacterium sp. is considered a secondary pathogen, the isolation of this agent was comparable to the observed for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae, which are considered major pathogens. Corynebacterium sp. was isolated in all dairy herds of Minas Gerais and Pernambuco States. The risk factors evaluated through the questionnaire showed no significant influence on the isolation of Corynebacterium sp. of milk samples from herds in all five States. The isolation of Corynebacterium sp. was related to changes in California Mastitis Test of milk samples from herds in Santa Catarina State, not only in the number of positive mammary quarters, but also in the California Mastitis Test score.

Thoracic aortic aneurysm in a buck associated with caseous lymphadenitis / Aneurisma de aorta torácica associado à linfadenite caseosa em caprino reprodutor

This paper reports the clinical, bacteriological and pathological findings of a thoracic aortic aneurysm in a four-year-old Anglo-Nubian goat buck, related to a framework of visceral caseous lymphadenitis. General clinical examination showed heart rate of 75 beats per minute, respiratory rate of 20 movements per minute and ruminal movements of four movements per minute. Superficial lymph nodes were normal upon palpation. Rectal temperature was slightly high (40.5°C). Blood test showed an intense leukocytosis (54,000/µL), characterized by strong neutrophil shift to the left. At necropsy, a large blood clot was detected in the thoracic cavity. The thickening of the myocardium and dilatation of the aorta in the thoracic portion, presenting a saculiform format was also observed. A large number of abscesses were disseminated in the media and intima layers of aorta. The aorta lumen obstruction by arterial plaques consisting of inflammatory infiltrate, predominantly neutrophilic was also detected. Abscesses were found spread in turbinate, rumen, reticulum, kidneys, liver, spleen, testicles and aorta wall. The microbiological exam of exudate confirmed Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis as the causal agent.(AU)

Este trabalho descreve os achados clínicos, bacteriológicos e patológicos de um aneurisma da aorta torácica em um reprodutor caprino da raça Anglo-Nubiana, de quatro anos de idade, relacionado a um caso de linfadenite caseosa visceral. Ao exame clínico geral observaram-se: frequência cardíaca de 75 batimentos por minuto, frequência respiratória de 20 movimentos por minuto e movimentos ruminais de quatro movimentos por minuto. Os linfonodos superficiais encontravam-se normais à palpação. A temperatura retal estava ligeiramente aumentada (40,5°C). No hemograma completo, observou-se leucocitose intensa, 54.000/µL, caracterizada por um forte desvio neutrofílico à direita. Nos achados de necropsia, observou-se, na cavidade torácica, presença de um grande coágulo de sangue. No coração, foi identificado espessamento do miocárdio. Uma dilatação na porção torácica da artéria aorta foi detectada, apresentando um aspecto saculiforme. Um grande número de abscessos estava presente nas camadas média e íntima da aorta. Observou-se, também, obstrução do lúmen da aorta por placas de infiltrado inflamatório, predominantemente neutrofílico. A disseminação de abscessos nos cornetos, rúmen, retículo, fígado, baço, rins, testículos e parede da aorta foi detectada. O exame microbiológico do exsudato confirmou o Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis como o agente causal.(AU)

Isolation and identification of main mastitis pathogens in Mexico / Isolação e identificação dos micróbios patogênicos principais da mastite em México

The present work is a large epidemiological study aiming to detect the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and to investigate the major udder pathogens in Jalisco State, western Mexico. For this purpose, 2205 dairy cows, representing 33 Mexican dairy herds, were involved. Of 2205 cows, 752 mastitic animals were diagnosed and only 2,979 milk samples could be obtained for further investigation. All 2979 milk samples were subjected to California Mastitis Test (CMT) to differentiate clinical cases from subclinical ones where 1996 samples (67 %) reacted positively. Of these, 1087 samples (54.5%) came from cows suffering from clinical cases of mastitis. Bacteriological identification of the causative agents revealed the presence of a major group of pathogens including the Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS), S.aureus, S.agalactiae, Corynebacterium spp. and Coliform bacteria which were detected in 464 (15.6%), 175 (5.9%), 200 (6.8%), 417 (14%) and 123 (4.1%) of the 2927 investigated quarters, 295 (15.4%), 118 (15.7%), 111 (14.8%), 227 (30.2%) and 109 (14.5%) of the 752 examined cows and in 33 (100%), 22 (66.7%), 19 (57.6%), 30 (90.1%) and 27 (81.8%) of the 33 herds involved, respectively. Other pathogens could be detected in the investigated milk samples such as S. dysgalactiae (0.4%), S.uberis (0.37%), Bacillus spp. (1%), Nocardia spp. (0.6%) und Candida spp. (0.1%). Meanwhile, others were present in a negligible ratio; including the Aerococcus viridans, and Enterococcus spp., Lactococcus lactis, S. bovis.(AU)

O trabalho atual é um estudo epidemiológico que objetiva detectar a predominância da mastite subclínica e investigar os micróbios patogênicos principais do úbere no México ocidental. Com esta finalidade, foram utilizadas 2205 vacas leiteiras, representando 33 rebanhos de leiteiras mexicanas. Além dessas 2205 vacas, 752 animais com mastite foram diagnosticados, considerando-se que somente 2979 amostras do leite poderiam ser obtidas para a posterior investigação. Todas as 2979 amostras do leite foram submetidas ao teste da mastite de Califórnia (CMT) para diferenciar casos clínicos dos subclínicos, visto que 1996 amostras (67%) reagiram positivamente. Além dessas, 1087 amostras (54.5%) vieram das vacas que sofrem de casos clínicos de mastite. A identificação bacteriológica dos agentes causais revelou a presença dos Staphylococcus negativos para coagulase (CNS), S. aureus, S. agalactiae, outros spp. Streptococcal, Corynebacterium spp., e as bactérias de coliformes foram detectadas em 464 (15.6%), 175 (5.9%), 200 (6.8%), 109 (3.9%), 417 (14%) e em 123 (4.1%) dos 2927 quartos investigados; em 295 (15.4%), 118 (15.7%), 111 (14.8%), 95 (12.6%), 227 (30.2%) e em 109 (14.5%) das 752 vacas examinadas e, finalmente, em 33 (100%), 22 (66.7%), 19 (57.6%), 30 (90.1%), 30 (90.1%) e em 27 (81.8%) dos 33 rebanhos envolvidos, respectivamente.(AU)

Etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus spp. and risk factors associated with bovine mastitis in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco / Etiologia, perfil de sensibilidade dos Staphylococcus spp. aos antimicrobianos e fatores de risco associados à mastite bovina nos estados da Bahia e Pernambuco

The purpose of this paper was to study the etiology of mastitis, determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus spp. and to identify the risk factors associated with infection in dairy cows in the states of Bahia and Pernambuco, Brazil. From the 2,064 milk samples analyzed, 2.6% were associated with cases of clinical mastitis and 28.2% with subclinical mastitis. In the microbiological culture, Staphylococcus spp. (49.1%) and Corynebacterium spp. (35.3%) were the main agents found, followed by Prototheca spp. (4.6%) and Gram negative bacilli (3.6%). In the antimicrobial susceptibility testing, all 218 Staphylococcus spp. were susceptible to rifampicin and the least effective drug was amoxicillin (32.6%). Multidrug resistance to three or more drugs was observed in 65.6% of Staphylococcus spp. The risk factors identified for mastitis were the extensive production system, not providing feed supplements, teat drying process, not disinfecting the teats before and after milking, and inadequate hygiene habits of the milking workers. The presence of multiresistant isolates in bovine milk demonstrates the importance of the choice and appropriate use of antimicrobial agents. Prophylactic and control measures, including teat antisepsis and best practices for achieving hygienic milking should be established in order to prevent new cases of the disease in herds.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar a etiologia da mastite, determinar o perfil de sensibilidade dos Staphylococcus spp. aos antimicrobianos e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção em vacas leiteiras nos estados da Bahia e Pernambuco. Das 2.064 amostras de leite analisadas, 2,6% estavam associadas a casos de mastite clínica e 28,2% à mastite subclínica. No exame microbiológico, Staphylococcus spp. (49,1%) e Corynebacterium spp. (35,3%) foram os principais agentes isolados, seguidos de Prototheca spp. (4,6%) e bacilos Gram negativos (3,6%). No teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos, todos os 218 Staphylococcus spp. apresentaram-se sensíveis à rifampicina e a droga menos eficaz foi a amoxicilina (32,6%). A resistência simultânea a três ou mais drogas foi observada em 65,6% dos Staphylococcus spp. Os fatores de risco identificados para a mastite foram o sistema de criação extensivo, não realização de suplementação alimentar, processo de secagem dos tetos, não realização de desinfecção dos tetos antes e após a ordenha e hábitos higiênicos inadequados dos ordenhadores. A presença de isolados multirresistentes no leite bovino demonstra a importância da escolha e da utilização adequada de antimicrobianos. Medidas de controle e profilaxia, incluindo a antissepsia dos tetos e boas práticas para a obtenção de ordenha higiênica devem ser estabelecidas, com o intuito de prevenir novos casos da doença nos rebanhos.(AU)

Effects of environmental modification on mastitis occurrence and hormonal changes in Holstein cows / Efeito da modificação ambiental sobre a ocorrência de mastite e alterações hormonais de vacas Holandesas

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effects of evaporative cooling in freestall on mastitis occurrence, milk production, and composition, as well as cortisol, T3 (triiodothyronine), and T4 (thyroxin) levels in lactating dairy cows. Twenty-eight multiparous cows averaging 70 ± 10 day postpartum were used in four treatments from January to March 2003. The treatments were: Day (cooling from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.); Night (cooling from 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.); 24-hour (cooling 24-hour); and Control (no cooling). Wired cup test was used for clinical mastitis diagnosis, and the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was used to identify subclinical mastitis. Blood and milk samples were taken weekly for microbiological and hormonal analyses. The cortisol levels were higher than normal values in all treatment groups, suggesting stress conditions, but T3 and T4 levels remained normal in all groups. The occurrence of subclinical mastitis was lower in Day and Night groups than in Control and 24-hour groups. Regarding the microbiological analyses, in all groups the isolation of Corynebacterium sp. from milk samples increased while negative coagulase staphylococci (CNS) declined as etiological agents of subclinical mastitis. However, in Day and 24-hour groups, coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) increased mainly Staphylococcus aureus (49.8% and 47.7% respectively). The Night group showed a decrease in subclinical mastitis occurrences. Our data indicate that all animals subjected to treatments presented high levels of cortisol, indicating a stress condition. The Night treatment presented a reduction in microbial isolation, suggesting a reduced susceptibility to mastitis.(AU)

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do sistema de resfriamento adiabático evaporativo, acionado em diferentes horários, em instalação do tipo freestall e seus reflexos sobre a ocorrência de mastite, produção e composição do leite e respostas hormonais de vacas em lactação. Foram utilizadas 28 vacas em lactação (70±10 dias), multíparas, das raças Holandesa Preta e Branca e Pardo Suíça, com produção média diária de 23±2,3 kg leite/dia. O período experimental de 56 dias teve início em 20 de janeiro de 2003. Os tratamentos foram: Controle (sem resfriamento); Dia (resfriamento 7 as 19 h); Noite (resfriamento 19 às 7 h) e 24 horas (resfriamento durante 24 h). A temperatura de bulbo seco (TBS), umidade relativa do ar (UR) e a temperatura de globo negro (TGN) foram mensuradas ao longo das 24 horas. A ordenha foi realizada às 7 h e 19 h. Amostragens semanais de leite e sangue foram realizadas para análise da composição do leite (gordura, proteína, lactose e contagem de células somáticas) e determinações hormonais de cortisol, tiroxina (T4) e triiodotironina (T3). Para avaliação da ocorrência de mastite clínica e subclínica foram feitos exames semanais de TAMIS (caneca de fundo preto) e California Mastitis Test (CMT). Foram colhidas amostras de leite de todos os quartos para identificação microbiológica dos agentes causais da mastite. O tratamento Dia diminuiu (P<0,05) a temperatura do freestall em 5,3°C às 12h e em 3,5°C às 14h em relação ao grupo Controle. A umidade relativa esteve elevada (P<0,05) às 7h no tratamento Noite e às 12h, 14h e 21h no tratamento Dia. Os maiores valores de ITU foram registrados no tratamento Noite às 12h, 14h e 21h. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) para a produção e composição do leite. Nos animais do tratamento Os níveis de cortisol mostraram-se acima (P<0,05) dos níveis normais em todos os tratamentos. Já os teores de T3 e T4 estiveram dentro da faixa de normalidade. Na fase pré-experimental a maior frequência de isolamento bacteriano foi para Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. No tratamento noite e dia, houve uma diminuição na proporção de casos positivos de mastite subclínica da fase pré-experimental em relação à última semana da fase experimental. Na última semana da fase experimental houve uma diminuição de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa e aumento da ocorrência de Corynebacterium sp.(AU)

Identificação de bactérias no sêmen de ovinos em diferentes sistemas de criação e o efeito do uso de Kilol-L® / Identification of bacteria in the semen in different breeding systems and the effect of Kilol-L®

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e quantificar as bactérias do sêmen fresco de ovino, avaliar o uso do higienizante Kilol-L® antes da coleta do sêmen e testar a sensibilidade das cepas bacterianas frente ao antibiograma. Foram selecionados 24 ovinos machos, clinicamente sadios, com idade média de quatro anos, da raça Santa Inês, agrupados em dois sistemas de criação: a pasto (n=12) e confinamento (n=12). Dos 120 ejaculados coletados, 99 tiveram crescimento bacteriano correspondendo a 82,5% das amostras. Os gêneros bacterianos isolados com maior frequência foram Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Listeria spp.e Escherichia coli. Dos antibióticos testados, a amicacina e a gentamicina foram 100% eficazes para Bacillus spp. e E. coli. O ceftiofur foi efetivo para todas as bactérias isoladas, exceto Rodococcus equi. Streptococcus spp. foram sensíveis à ampicilina e eritromicina, Staphylococcus spp. foram sensíveis à gentamicina. O uso Kilol-L® reduziu o número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL) do ejaculado sem prejudicar a sua qualidade. Dos antibióticos testados, ceftiofur e gentamicina foram os mais efetivos frente às cepas bacterianas isoladas. Dessa forma, a utilização desses antibióticos no meio diluidor do sêmen ovino é uma alternativa para controlar o crescimento bacteriano.

The objective of this study was to identify and quantify bacteria from fresh ram semen, evaluate the use of sanitizer Kilol-L® prior to semen collection, and test the sensitivity of bacterial strains against antibiotics. We selected 24 Santa Inês rams clinically healthy, at 4 years of aged, and grouped them into two systems: on pasture (n=12) and confined (n=12). The microbiological results indicated that of the total of 120 ejaculates, 99 had bacterial growth, representing 82.5% of the samples. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Bacillus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Streptococcus spp. From the tested antibiotics, amicacin and gentamicin were 100% effective for Bacillus spp. and E. Coli. Ceftiofur was effective for all isolates except for Rodococcus equi. Streptococcus spp. were susceptible to ampicillin and erythromycin and Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive to gentamycin. The use of Kilol-L® reduced the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU/mL) from ejaculate without damaging semen quality. From the tested antibiotics, ceftiofur and gentamicin were more effective against the isolated bacterial strains; thus the use of these antibiotics in the ram semen extender is an alternative to control bacterial growth.