Utilização de métodos alternativos como indutor de muda forçada em codornas poedeiras / Use of alternative methods as an inducer of forced molting in laying quail

Objetivou-se avaliar métodos alternativos de restrição alimentar qualitativa e quantitativa em comparação à técnica convencional de muda forçada em codornas japonesas para o segundo ciclo de produção. O período de muda forçada teve duração de 10 dias e dois períodos de 21 dias de pós-muda. Foram utilizadas 72 codornas japonesas fêmeas, emfinal de produção com 72 semanas deidade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e quatro repetições cada, com seiscodornas por repetição. Os tratamentos experimentais foram:T1 ­aves submetidas a três dias de jejum com posterior fornecimento de ração de postura à vontade por setedias; T2 ­aves que receberam alimentação controlada (10 g/ave/dia) por 10 dias; T3 ­aves que receberam farelo de arroz à vontade por 10 dias. Durante todo o experimento todasas aves foram submetidas a iluminação natural com média de 12 horas de luz diária e água a vontade e após os 10 dias de muda foi fornecido ração de postura a vontade. A utilização do T2 (10 g/ave/dia de ração de postura) e de farelo de arroz como alimentoalternativo no programa de muda forçada foi viável. Mesmo a perda de peso sendo abaixo do recomentado, as aves que receberam 10 g de ração ave/dia e farelo de arroz à vontade apresentaram resultados de desempenho e qualidade do ovo pós muda semelhantes àsaves que ficaram em jejum, além de possibilitar melhores condições de bem-estar animal.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate alternative methods of qualitative and quantitative feed restriction compared to theconventional technique of forced moulting in Japanese quails for the second production cycle. The forced moulting period lasted 10 days and two 21-day post-molt periods. 72 female Japanese quails were used, at the end of production at 72 weeks of age. Thebirds were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications each, with sixquails per replicate. The experimental treatments were: T1 ­birds submitted to three days of fasting with subsequent provision of layingfeed ad libitum for sevendays; T2 ­birds that received controlled feeding (10 g/bird/day) for 10 days; T3 ­birds that received rice bran ad libitum for 10 days. Throughout the experiment, all birds were submitted tonatural lighting with an average of12hours of daily light and water ad libitum and after 10 days of molting, laying feed was provided ad libitum. The use of T2 (10 g/bird/day of laying ration) and ricebran as an alternativefood in the forced molt program was feasible. Even the weight loss being below the recommended, the birds that received 10 g of poultry feed/day and rice bran ad libitum showed similar post-moult performance and egg quality results to birds that were fasted, in addition to enabling better conditions. of animal welfare.(AU)

Productive Performance, Egg Quality, and Pigments on Sorghum-Based Feed for Japanese Quail

The study aimed to determine evaluate the use of sorghum as a substitute for maize in the laying quail diet and its effect on performance and quality of the eggs produced the best levels of lutein (Marigold flower extract) and canthaxanthin inclusion in sorghum based Japanese quail feed as well as its influence in storage time of the eggs. A total of 680 Japanese laying quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), with 64 weeks of age was distributed in a 4 × x4 factorial + 1 control scheme, with four levels of lutein (LUT), and four levels of canthaxanthin (CTX) and control group with no addition of pigments, with five replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. The experiment was divided into three cycles of 21 days, where the performance and egg quality parameters were evaluated. To evaluate the time of deposition and permanence of the pigments in the yolk, three eggs were evaluated per treatment for 12 days at the beginning of the experiment and 12 days at the end, from the last day of consumption of rations containing pigments. For performance and egg quality, no maybe only differences (p> 0.05) were observed, except for the yolk color, with higher color scores according to the increase in lutein and canthaxanthin consumption. Whereas color parameters, it was observed that at the beginning of the period of consumption, canthaxanthin levels influenced the red color reading and lutein levels influenced the yellow color readings, while in the final period the interaction of the levels of 5.4 ppm of lutein and 1.3 ppm of canthaxanthin provided better color parameters up to 10 days after the end of consumption of rations with pigment.(AU)

Calcium Requirement and Vitamin D Supplementation in Meat-Type Quail at First Stage of Growth

Currently, feed formulations for quail are based on foreign data or data from other species; this undermines productivity with the use of excessive or deficient levels of some nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutritional requirement levels of calcium (Ca) and supplementation vitamin D in meat-type quail from 1 to 14 d of age. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (levels of Ca: 0.42, 0.58, 0.74 and 0.90% and levels of vitamin D: 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000 IU) with 3 replicate pens and 43 quails per pen. Weight gain increased quadratically with increased levels of Ca and vitamin D; this variable yielded estimated levels of 0.73% Ca and 2,883 IU vitamin D. There was no Ca x vitamin D interaction effect on bone variables. Bone Ca, bone phosphorus, bone ash, femoral bone strength, tibial bone strength and the femoral Seedor index increased quadratically with an increase in Ca levels. These variables yielded estimated values of 0.78, 0.71, 0.78, 0.77, 0.83, and 0.71% Ca, respectively. It is concluded that the requirements of Ca and vitamin D for the maximum weight gain of meat-type quails, in the period from one to 14 days of age, were 0.73% Ca (p=0.001) and 2,883 IU vitamin D (p=0.02), respectively.(AU)

Calcium Requirement and Vitamin D Supplementation in Meat-Type Quail at First Stage of Growth

Currently, feed formulations for quail are based on foreign data or data from other species; this undermines productivity with the use of excessive or deficient levels of some nutrients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutritional requirement levels of calcium (Ca) and supplementation vitamin D in meat-type quail from 1 to 14 d of age. The experiment was a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement of treatments (levels of Ca: 0.42, 0.58, 0.74 and 0.90% and levels of vitamin D: 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000 IU) with 3 replicate pens and 43 quails per pen. Weight gain increased quadratically with increased levels of Ca and vitamin D; this variable yielded estimated levels of 0.73% Ca and 2,883 IU vitamin D. There was no Ca x vitamin D interaction effect on bone variables. Bone Ca, bone phosphorus, bone ash, femoral bone strength, tibial bone strength and the femoral Seedor index increased quadratically with an increase in Ca levels. These variables yielded estimated values of 0.78, 0.71, 0.78, 0.77, 0.83, and 0.71% Ca, respectively. It is concluded that the requirements of Ca and vitamin D for the maximum weight gain of meat-type quails, in the period from one to 14 days of age, were 0.73% Ca (p=0.001) and 2,883 IU vitamin D (p=0.02), respectively.

Calcareous seaweed flour in the diet of Japanese quails and its effects on egg conservation / Farinha de alga calcária na dieta de codornas japonesas e seus efeitos na conservação

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of including levels of calcareous seaweed flour in replacement for calcite limestone on the diet under egg conservation at different storage periods. 140 Japanese quails were used in a completely randomized experiment consisting of a 4x4 factorial design. The factorial design was four inclusions of calcareous seaweed (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and four storage periods (zero, seven, 14, and 21 days) with ten replications of three eggs each. The egg quality variables were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using Tukey test and polynomial regression at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction effect between the factor's storage time and inclusion of calcareous seaweed (p>0.05). There was an increasing linear effect on shell weight and thickness in relation to inclusion levels of calcareous seaweed. There was an individual effect of egg storage time (p>0.05) on egg weight, yolk color, albumen and yolk height, yolk weight and percentage, albumen, yolk index, yolk diameter, specific gravity, and Haugh unit. The inclusion of up to 30% of calcareous seaweed in replacement for calcite limestone in the diet of Japanese quails improves the weight and thickness of eggshells but does not influence the conservation of the eggs up to 21 days of storage.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da inclusão de níveis de farinha de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta sob a conservação de ovos em diferentes períodos de armazenamento. Foram utilizadas 140 codornas japonesas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto por um fatorial 4x4. Sendo 4 inclusões de alga calcária (0%, 10%, 20% e 30%) e 4 períodos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14 e 21dias) com dez repetições de três ovos em cada. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de qualidade de ovos das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância utilizando o teste de Tukey e regressão polinomial ao nível de 5% de significância. Não houve efeito da interação entre os fatores tempo de armazenamento e inclusão de alga calcárea (p>0,05). Houve efeito linear crescente no peso e espessura da casca em relação aos níveis de inclusão de alga calcárea. Houve efeito individual do tempo de armazenamento dos ovos (p>0,05) sobre parâmetros peso de ovo, coloração da gema, altura de albúmen e gema, peso e porcentagem da gema, albúmen, índice de gema, diâmetro de gema, gravidade especifica e unidade Haugh. A inclusão de até 30 % de alga calcária em substituição ao calcário calcítico na dieta codornas japonesas aprimora o peso e a espessura da casca do ovo, mas não influencia na conservação dos ovos até 21 dias de armazenamento.(AU)

Turmeric powder in the diet of Japanese quails improves the quality of stored eggs / Açafrão em pó em dietas de codornas japonesas melhora a qualidade de ovos armazenados

This study evaluated the effect of turmeric powder (TP) on the productivity and egg quality of quails and on the quality of eggs stored at different temperatures for 7 or 14 d. Quails were distributed in three treatments that consisted of sorghum-based diets with 1.5% and 3% TP or zero TP inclusion, with five replicates for 84 d. Eggs were stored at ambient temperature or refrigerated for 7 or 14 d in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with three TP levels × two storage temperatures (ST) × two storage periods (SP). Inclusion of TP did not affect the performance of the quails or egg quality at 84 d. Interaction SP × ST influenced the height and diameter of yolk and albumen, and the Haugh unit value. Eggs of quails with a diet supplemented with 3% TP and stored for 14 d showed specific gravity similar to the eggs stored for 7 d, despite the TP supplementation. It was concluded that diets with 3% TP did not affect the performance and quality of fresh eggs but improved the quality of eggs stored for 14 d at ambient temperature.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de açafrão em pó (AP) sobre a produtividade e qualidade de ovos de codornas e sobre a qualidade de ovos armazenados em diferentes temperaturas por 7 ou 14 dias. Codornas foram distribuídas em três tratamentos que consistiram em dietas baseadas em sorgo com (1,5 e 3%) ou sem inclusão de AP e cinco repetições por 84 dias. Ovos foram armazenados em temperatura ambiente ou refrigerados por 7 ou 14 dias em arranjo fatorial 3 × 2 × 2 com três níveis de AP × duas temperaturas de armazenamento (TA) × dois períodos de armazenamento (PA). A inclusão de AP não afetou o desempenho das codornas ou a qualidade de ovo aos 84 dias. A interação TA × PA influenciou a altura e o diâmetro de gema e albúmen e o valor de unidade Haugh. Ovos de codornas com dietas suplementadas com 3% AP e armazenados por 14 dias mostraram peso específico similar ao de ovos armazenados por 7 dias, independente da suplementação com AP. Concluiu-se que dietas com 3% de AP não afetaram o desempenho e qualidade de ovos frescos mas melhorou a qualidade de ovos armazenados por 14 dias em temperatura ambiente.(AU)

Turmeric powder in the diet of Japanese quails improves the quality of stored eggs / Açafrão em pó em dietas de codornas japonesas melhora a qualidade de ovos armazenados

This study evaluated the effect of turmeric powder (TP) on the productivity and egg quality of quails and on the quality of eggs stored at different temperatures for 7 or 14 d. Quails were distributed in three treatments that consisted of sorghum-based diets with 1.5% and 3% TP or zero TP inclusion, with five replicates for 84 d. Eggs were stored at ambient temperature or refrigerated for 7 or 14 d in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with three TP levels × two storage temperatures (ST) × two storage periods (SP). Inclusion of TP did not affect the performance of the quails or egg quality at 84 d. Interaction SP × ST influenced the height and diameter of yolk and albumen, and the Haugh unit value. Eggs of quails with a diet supplemented with 3% TP and stored for 14 d showed specific gravity similar to the eggs stored for 7 d, despite the TP supplementation. It was concluded that diets with 3% TP did not affect the performance and quality of fresh eggs but improved the quality of eggs stored for 14 d at ambient temperature.

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de açafrão em pó (AP) sobre a produtividade e qualidade de ovos de codornas e sobre a qualidade de ovos armazenados em diferentes temperaturas por 7 ou 14 dias. Codornas foram distribuídas em três tratamentos que consistiram em dietas baseadas em sorgo com (1,5 e 3%) ou sem inclusão de AP e cinco repetições por 84 dias. Ovos foram armazenados em temperatura ambiente ou refrigerados por 7 ou 14 dias em arranjo fatorial 3 × 2 × 2 com três níveis de AP × duas temperaturas de armazenamento (TA) × dois períodos de armazenamento (PA). A inclusão de AP não afetou o desempenho das codornas ou a qualidade de ovo aos 84 dias. A interação TA × PA influenciou a altura e o diâmetro de gema e albúmen e o valor de unidade Haugh. Ovos de codornas com dietas suplementadas com 3% AP e armazenados por 14 dias mostraram peso específico similar ao de ovos armazenados por 7 dias, independente da suplementação com AP. Concluiu-se que dietas com 3% de AP não afetaram o desempenho e qualidade de ovos frescos mas melhorou a qualidade de ovos armazenados por 14 dias em temperatura ambiente.

Egg characteristics of Japanese quail fed diets containing guava extract (Psidium guajavaL. )

The main purposeof this study was to evaluate the characteristics of eggs produced by Japanese quails fed with guava extract.A total of 400 eggs collected from the quails fed with experimental diets, were distributed in a completely randomized design infactorial arrangement 4x4 with main effects including four dietary levels of guava extract(0, 3, 6 and 9 gkg-1)andfour storage periods (0, 9,18 and 27 days)totalizing 16 treatmentswith five replicates of five eggs. The eggs were produced by Japanese quails, fed with experimental diets. The diets were isonutritive formulated by corn-soybean basis. The eggs were stored for different periods, at the same conditions, to constitute the treatments. Theparameters evaluated were egg weight loss(g and %), yolk color, Haugh unit, specific gravity, eggshell thickness and pH of the yolk and albumen. Datawere submitted to ANOVA, and means were compared using Scott-Knotttest, using α= 0.05.The specific gravity of fresh eggs was better with the use of 6 g kg-1of guava extract in the diet. The use of 3 g kg-1of guava extractresulted in smaller eggshell thickness of fresh eggs. The Haugh unit was affectedjust by the storage periods. The dietary guava extract (3, 6 or9 g kg-1) increased the pH of albumen ineggs stored for 27 days. The use of 6 g kg-1 of guava extract in quails diet increase thespecific gravity in fresh eggs and increase the yolk color when the eggs are stored.(AU)

Inclusion of broken rice in meat-quail diets at different ages

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of 50% broken rice (BR) in diets for meat quail from 1 to 35 days old, starting at different ages. A total of 875 mixed quail were allocated to five treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates of 35 birds. The treatments consisted of a maize- and soybean meal-based control diet and four other similar diets in which the inclusion of 50% BR was started at different ages, namely, 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd days. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and mortality rate were evaluated weekly. At 35 days, 10 quail per plot were weighed and selected to be slaughtered for evaluations of live weight, carcass yield and gizzard yield. Lastly, a study of economic viability was carried out. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was detected for the performance parameters, live weight or carcass yield, but a higher gizzard yield was found (p < 0.05) in the treatment without BR. The inclusion of BR from the first day of life provided better economic viability. Diets with a maximum inclusion of 50% BR can be formulated for meat quail at any age.(AU)

Egg characteristics of Japanese quail fed diets containing guava extract (Psidium guajavaL. )

The main purposeof this study was to evaluate the characteristics of eggs produced by Japanese quails fed with guava extract.A total of 400 eggs collected from the quails fed with experimental diets, were distributed in a completely randomized design infactorial arrangement 4x4 with main effects including four dietary levels of guava extract(0, 3, 6 and 9 gkg-1)andfour storage periods (0, 9,18 and 27 days)totalizing 16 treatmentswith five replicates of five eggs. The eggs were produced by Japanese quails, fed with experimental diets. The diets were isonutritive formulated by corn-soybean basis. The eggs were stored for different periods, at the same conditions, to constitute the treatments. Theparameters evaluated were egg weight loss(g and %), yolk color, Haugh unit, specific gravity, eggshell thickness and pH of the yolk and albumen. Datawere submitted to ANOVA, and means were compared using Scott-Knotttest, using α= 0.05.The specific gravity of fresh eggs was better with the use of 6 g kg-1of guava extract in the diet. The use of 3 g kg-1of guava extractresulted in smaller eggshell thickness of fresh eggs. The Haugh unit was affectedjust by the storage periods. The dietary guava extract (3, 6 or9 g kg-1) increased the pH of albumen ineggs stored for 27 days. The use of 6 g kg-1 of guava extract in quails diet increase thespecific gravity in fresh eggs and increase the yolk color when the eggs are stored.

Inclusion of broken rice in meat-quail diets at different ages

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of 50% broken rice (BR) in diets for meat quail from 1 to 35 days old, starting at different ages. A total of 875 mixed quail were allocated to five treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates of 35 birds. The treatments consisted of a maize- and soybean meal-based control diet and four other similar diets in which the inclusion of 50% BR was started at different ages, namely, 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd days. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and mortality rate were evaluated weekly. At 35 days, 10 quail per plot were weighed and selected to be slaughtered for evaluations of live weight, carcass yield and gizzard yield. Lastly, a study of economic viability was carried out. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was detected for the performance parameters, live weight or carcass yield, but a higher gizzard yield was found (p < 0.05) in the treatment without BR. The inclusion of BR from the first day of life provided better economic viability. Diets with a maximum inclusion of 50% BR can be formulated for meat quail at any age.

Location, distribution, and quantification of myenteric plexus neurons of the jejunum of quails fed with different levels of commercial Macleaya cordata extract / Localização, distribuição e quantificação dos neurônios do plexo mioentérico do jejuno de codornas de postura alimentadas com diferentes inclusões do extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata

Coturniculture has been promising, progressing from a subsistence to a technical activity due to its quick production, low breeding investment, and rapid economic return. After the restriction of antimicrobials as growth promoters, some studies aimed to evaluate alternative products that would make the farming of healthy birds viable without impacting their performance, with commercial Macleaya cordata extract being one of these substitutes. The functions of the gastrointestinal tract are coordinated mainly by the enteric nervous system, and the myenteric plexus is responsible for the reflex control of contractile activities of the external muscles. Thus, this study located and demonstrated the distribution of the myenteric plexus, quantifing the total population of myenteric neurons (Giemsa+) and the subpopulation of myenteric nitrergic neurons (NADPH-d+), and evaluated the effects of commercial Macleaya cordata extract on these populations of quail jejunum neurons. A total of 240 one-day-old female laying quails were distributed into four treatments, with four repetitions of 15 birds each. The test groups (T1, T2, and T3) were treated with commercial Macleaya cordata extract throughout the experimental period using the following doses: T1 - test group, basal diet added with 150 ppm of the extract in the feed; T2- test group, basal diet added with100 ppm of the extract in the feed; T3 - test group, basal diet added with 50 ppm of the extract in the feed; and T4 - control group, basal diet with no added extract. The study included histological analysis, Giemsa+, and NADPH-d+ myenteric neuron staining. The results showed that the myenteric plexus is located between longitudinal layer fibers and in the transition region between the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscular tunic, with the myenteric population organized into ganglia and [...].

A coturnicultura tem apresentado características promissoras, deixando de ser uma atividade de subsistência e ocupando patamares tecnificados devido a sua precocidade produtiva, baixo investimento de criação e rápido retorno econômico. A partir da restrição da utilização de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento, estudos foram direcionados com o objetivo de se avaliar produtos alternativos que viabilizassem a criação de aves saudáveis, sem comprometer seu desempenho, sendo o extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata um destes substitutos. As funções do trato gastrintestinal são coordenadas principalmente pelo sistema nervoso entérico, sendo o plexo mioentérico responsável pelo controle reflexo das atividades contráteis da musculatura externa. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo localizar e demonstrar a distribuição do plexo mioentérico, quantificar a população total de neurônios mioentéricos (Giemsa+), e a subpopulação de neurônios mioentéricos nitrérgicos (NADPH-d+), além de avaliar os efeitos do extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata sobre estas populações de neurônios do jejuno de codornas. Foram alojadas 240 codornas de postura, fêmeas, com um dia de idade, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos, com quatro repetições de 15 aves cada. Os grupos testes (T1, T2 e T3) foram tratados com extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata durante todo o período experimental conforme as doses indicadas, sendo: T1 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 150 ppm do extrato na ração; T2 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 100 ppm do extrato na ração; T3 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 50 ppm do extrato na ração, e T4 - grupo controle, com dieta basal isenta do extrato. Foram realizadas análise histológica e a marcação dos neurônios mioentéricos Giemsa+ e NADPH-d+. Os resultados demonstraram que o plexo mioentérico está localizado entre as fibras do [...].

Exigência de triptofano digestível para codornas japonesas / Digestible tryptophan requirements for Japanese quais

A coturnicultura é uma parte do setor avícola que vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço, pois possui inúmeras vantagens e entre elas a alta densidade na criação, redução no custo com mão-de-obra, alta prolificidade, rusticidade, precocidade, rápido ganho de peso, longevidade na vida produtiva, alta produtividade e rápido retorno do capital investido. Assim, torna-se necessário o fornecimento de rações que atendam às exigências nutricionais do animal, atrelado à disposição dos aminoácidos essenciais digestíveis na dieta, pois dos 20disponíveis as aves conseguem sintetizar apenas 10. O triptofano é um aminoácido essencial que atua no aumento do consumo, em uma possível redução no estresse e em várias vias metabólicas, tais como a via da serotonina, da melatonina e do ácido nicotínico, além de ter função também na biossíntese proteica. A serotonina é um neurotransmissor que influencia o comportamento, a secreção do hormônio do estresse e não pode atravessar a barreira hematoencefálica, mas o triptofano através de um transportador tem essa capacidade, tal fator promove uma melhor sinalização da serotonina. A melatonina é um neuro-hormônio sintetizado principalmente pela glândula pineal e pela retina, e está relacionada com a regulação do sono e do ritmo circadiano. O triptofano é precursor do ácido niacínico, que pode ser convertido em niacina, uma vitamina hidrossolúvel que atua como precursora das coenzimas NAD e NADP. Este estudo permitirá um maior conhecimento da atuação e metabolismo do triptofano, bem como suas exigências nutricionais para codornas de postura japonesas.

Quail farming is a part of the poultry sector that has been gaining more and more space, as it has numerous advantages and among them the high density in the creation, reduced labor costs, high prolificity, rusticity, precocity, rapid weight gain, longevity in productive life, high productivity and quick return on invested capital. Thus, it is necessary to provide rations that meet the animal's nutritional requirements, linked to the availability of digestible essential amino acids in the diet, since birds can synthesize only 10 of the 20 available. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that acts in increasing consumption, a possible reduction in stress and in several metabolic pathways, such as the serotonin, melatonin and nicotinic acid pathways, in addition to having a role in protein biosynthesis. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that influences the behavior, secretion of stress hormone and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, but tryptophan through a transporter has this capacity, such a factor promotes better signaling of serotonin. Melatonin is a neurohormone synthesized mainly by the pineal gland and the retina and is related to the regulation of sleep and circadian rhythm. Tryptophan is a precursor to niacinic acid, which can be converted into niacin, a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a precursor to the NAD and NADP coenzymes. This study will allow a greater understanding of the performance and metabolism of tryptophan, as well as its nutritional requirements for Japanese quails.

Exigência de triptofano digestível para codornas japonesas / Digestible tryptophan requirements for Japanese quais

A coturnicultura é uma parte do setor avícola que vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço, pois possui inúmeras vantagens e entre elas a alta densidade na criação, redução no custo com mão-de-obra, alta prolificidade, rusticidade, precocidade, rápido ganho de peso, longevidade na vida produtiva, alta produtividade e rápido retorno do capital investido. Assim, torna-se necessário o fornecimento de rações que atendam às exigências nutricionais do animal, atrelado à disposição dos aminoácidos essenciais digestíveis na dieta, pois dos 20disponíveis as aves conseguem sintetizar apenas 10. O triptofano é um aminoácido essencial que atua no aumento do consumo, em uma possível redução no estresse e em várias vias metabólicas, tais como a via da serotonina, da melatonina e do ácido nicotínico, além de ter função também na biossíntese proteica. A serotonina é um neurotransmissor que influencia o comportamento, a secreção do hormônio do estresse e não pode atravessar a barreira hematoencefálica, mas o triptofano através de um transportador tem essa capacidade, tal fator promove uma melhor sinalização da serotonina. A melatonina é um neuro-hormônio sintetizado principalmente pela glândula pineal e pela retina, e está relacionada com a regulação do sono e do ritmo circadiano. O triptofano é precursor do ácido niacínico, que pode ser convertido em niacina, uma vitamina hidrossolúvel que atua como precursora das coenzimas NAD e NADP. Este estudo permitirá um maior conhecimento da atuação e metabolismo do triptofano, bem como suas exigências nutricionais para codornas de postura japonesas.(AU)

Quail farming is a part of the poultry sector that has been gaining more and more space, as it has numerous advantages and among them the high density in the creation, reduced labor costs, high prolificity, rusticity, precocity, rapid weight gain, longevity in productive life, high productivity and quick return on invested capital. Thus, it is necessary to provide rations that meet the animal's nutritional requirements, linked to the availability of digestible essential amino acids in the diet, since birds can synthesize only 10 of the 20 available. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that acts in increasing consumption, a possible reduction in stress and in several metabolic pathways, such as the serotonin, melatonin and nicotinic acid pathways, in addition to having a role in protein biosynthesis. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that influences the behavior, secretion of stress hormone and cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, but tryptophan through a transporter has this capacity, such a factor promotes better signaling of serotonin. Melatonin is a neurohormone synthesized mainly by the pineal gland and the retina and is related to the regulation of sleep and circadian rhythm. Tryptophan is a precursor to niacinic acid, which can be converted into niacin, a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a precursor to the NAD and NADP coenzymes. This study will allow a greater understanding of the performance and metabolism of tryptophan, as well as its nutritional requirements for Japanese quails.(AU)

Location, distribution, and quantification of myenteric plexus neurons of the jejunum of quails fed with different levels of commercial Macleaya cordata extract / Localização, distribuição e quantificação dos neurônios do plexo mioentérico do jejuno de codornas de postura alimentadas com diferentes inclusões do extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata

Coturniculture has been promising, progressing from a subsistence to a technical activity due to its quick production, low breeding investment, and rapid economic return. After the restriction of antimicrobials as growth promoters, some studies aimed to evaluate alternative products that would make the farming of healthy birds viable without impacting their performance, with commercial Macleaya cordata extract being one of these substitutes. The functions of the gastrointestinal tract are coordinated mainly by the enteric nervous system, and the myenteric plexus is responsible for the reflex control of contractile activities of the external muscles. Thus, this study located and demonstrated the distribution of the myenteric plexus, quantifing the total population of myenteric neurons (Giemsa+) and the subpopulation of myenteric nitrergic neurons (NADPH-d+), and evaluated the effects of commercial Macleaya cordata extract on these populations of quail jejunum neurons. A total of 240 one-day-old female laying quails were distributed into four treatments, with four repetitions of 15 birds each. The test groups (T1, T2, and T3) were treated with commercial Macleaya cordata extract throughout the experimental period using the following doses: T1 - test group, basal diet added with 150 ppm of the extract in the feed; T2- test group, basal diet added with100 ppm of the extract in the feed; T3 - test group, basal diet added with 50 ppm of the extract in the feed; and T4 - control group, basal diet with no added extract. The study included histological analysis, Giemsa+, and NADPH-d+ myenteric neuron staining. The results showed that the myenteric plexus is located between longitudinal layer fibers and in the transition region between the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscular tunic, with the myenteric population organized into ganglia and [...].(AU)

A coturnicultura tem apresentado características promissoras, deixando de ser uma atividade de subsistência e ocupando patamares tecnificados devido a sua precocidade produtiva, baixo investimento de criação e rápido retorno econômico. A partir da restrição da utilização de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento, estudos foram direcionados com o objetivo de se avaliar produtos alternativos que viabilizassem a criação de aves saudáveis, sem comprometer seu desempenho, sendo o extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata um destes substitutos. As funções do trato gastrintestinal são coordenadas principalmente pelo sistema nervoso entérico, sendo o plexo mioentérico responsável pelo controle reflexo das atividades contráteis da musculatura externa. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo localizar e demonstrar a distribuição do plexo mioentérico, quantificar a população total de neurônios mioentéricos (Giemsa+), e a subpopulação de neurônios mioentéricos nitrérgicos (NADPH-d+), além de avaliar os efeitos do extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata sobre estas populações de neurônios do jejuno de codornas. Foram alojadas 240 codornas de postura, fêmeas, com um dia de idade, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos, com quatro repetições de 15 aves cada. Os grupos testes (T1, T2 e T3) foram tratados com extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata durante todo o período experimental conforme as doses indicadas, sendo: T1 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 150 ppm do extrato na ração; T2 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 100 ppm do extrato na ração; T3 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 50 ppm do extrato na ração, e T4 - grupo controle, com dieta basal isenta do extrato. Foram realizadas análise histológica e a marcação dos neurônios mioentéricos Giemsa+ e NADPH-d+. Os resultados demonstraram que o plexo mioentérico está localizado entre as fibras do [...].(AU)

Wafer-type biscuit waste in meat-quail diets / Resíduo de biscoito tipo wafer na alimentação de codornas de corte

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the nutritional composition and effect of different levels of inclusion of wafer-type biscuit waste (WW) in the diet of European quail on production performance, carcass yield and economic viability. In the metabolizability trial, WW showed 87.45% DM, 4,128.53 kcal/kg GE, 3,833.14 kcal/kg AME, 3,818.92 kcal/kg AMEn, 9.37% CP and 17% EE. The metabolizability coefficients of DM, GE, EE and CP were 93.20, 92.85, 93.01 and 47.16%, respectively. In the performance trial, feed intake decreased linearly (P 0.05) by WW inclusion. The WW inclusion levels did not influence (P>0.05) carcass yield. The diet with 20% inclusion of WW provided the best financial return. Wafer-type biscuit waste can be included up to the level of 20% in quail diets without compromising production performance, carcass yield or the economic viability of the activity.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a composição nutricional e a utilização de diferentes níveis de inclusão de resíduo de biscoito tipo wafer (RB), na alimentação de codornas europeias, sobre o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e viabilidade econômica. No ensaio de metabolizabilidade, o RB apresentou 87,45% de MS, EB de 4.128,53 kcal/kg, EMA de 3.833,14 kcal/kg, EMAn de 3.818,92 kcal/kg, com 9,37% de PB e 17% de EE. Os valores do coeficiente de metabolizabilidade (CM) para MS, EB, EE e PB foram: 93,20; 92,85; 93,01 e 47,16%, respectivamente. No ensaio de desempenho, houve redução linear (P 0,05) pela inclusão do RB. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de inclusão do RB sobre o rendimento de carcaça. A ração com 20% demonstra ser mais rentável. Recomenda-se a inclusão do RB até o nível de 20% nas dietas para codornas, sem comprometer o desempenho produtivo, o rendimento de carcaça e a viabilidade econômica.

Coconut Cake in Diets for Quail in the Laying Phase

Currently, agro-industrial by-products have increasingly been used in animal feeding, as they constitute an alternative source of nutrients for the animal diet and a way to simultaneously reduce environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to examine increasing levels of inclusion of coconut cake in Japanese quail diets in the laying phase on their production performance and egg quality. A total of 360 Japanese quails were allotted to eight treatments with nine replicates and eight birds per experimental unit, in a randomized-block design. Five diets were formulated: a diet without inclusion of the by-product; and diets containing 3, 6, 9, and 12% coconut cake. The experiment lasted 63 days, with evaluations occurring at every 21 days. The following variables were analyzed: feed intake, laying rate, feed conversion, egg weight, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk, albumen and shell percentage, shell thickness, and shell weight. The treatments elicited a positive linear response from laying rate, whereas feed conversion per egg mass decreased linearly. In terms of egg-quality traits, shell percentage was influenced, increasing linearly. Coconut cake inclusion at 12% in the diet of Japanese quail in the laying improved feed conversion per egg mass and increased egg-laying rate and eggshell percentage.(AU)

Wafer-type biscuit waste in meat-quail diets / Resíduo de biscoito tipo wafer na alimentação de codornas de corte

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the nutritional composition and effect of different levels of inclusion of wafer-type biscuit waste (WW) in the diet of European quail on production performance, carcass yield and economic viability. In the metabolizability trial, WW showed 87.45% DM, 4,128.53 kcal/kg GE, 3,833.14 kcal/kg AME, 3,818.92 kcal/kg AMEn, 9.37% CP and 17% EE. The metabolizability coefficients of DM, GE, EE and CP were 93.20, 92.85, 93.01 and 47.16%, respectively. In the performance trial, feed intake decreased linearly (P < 0.05) from 22 to 42 and from one to 42 days of age. Weight gain and feed conversion were not influenced (P>0.05) by WW inclusion. The WW inclusion levels did not influence (P>0.05) carcass yield. The diet with 20% inclusion of WW provided the best financial return. Wafer-type biscuit waste can be included up to the level of 20% in quail diets without compromising production performance, carcass yield or the economic viability of the activity.(AU)

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a composição nutricional e a utilização de diferentes níveis de inclusão de resíduo de biscoito tipo wafer (RB), na alimentação de codornas europeias, sobre o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e viabilidade econômica. No ensaio de metabolizabilidade, o RB apresentou 87,45% de MS, EB de 4.128,53 kcal/kg, EMA de 3.833,14 kcal/kg, EMAn de 3.818,92 kcal/kg, com 9,37% de PB e 17% de EE. Os valores do coeficiente de metabolizabilidade (CM) para MS, EB, EE e PB foram: 93,20; 92,85; 93,01 e 47,16%, respectivamente. No ensaio de desempenho, houve redução linear (P < 0,05) do consumo de ração das aves nos períodos de 22 a 42 dias e de um a 42 dias de idade. O ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar das aves não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela inclusão do RB. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de inclusão do RB sobre o rendimento de carcaça. A ração com 20% demonstra ser mais rentável. Recomenda-se a inclusão do RB até o nível de 20% nas dietas para codornas, sem comprometer o desempenho produtivo, o rendimento de carcaça e a viabilidade econômica.(AU)

Coconut Cake in Diets for Quail in the Laying Phase

Currently, agro-industrial by-products have increasingly been used in animal feeding, as they constitute an alternative source of nutrients for the animal diet and a way to simultaneously reduce environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to examine increasing levels of inclusion of coconut cake in Japanese quail diets in the laying phase on their production performance and egg quality. A total of 360 Japanese quails were allotted to eight treatments with nine replicates and eight birds per experimental unit, in a randomized-block design. Five diets were formulated: a diet without inclusion of the by-product; and diets containing 3, 6, 9, and 12% coconut cake. The experiment lasted 63 days, with evaluations occurring at every 21 days. The following variables were analyzed: feed intake, laying rate, feed conversion, egg weight, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk, albumen and shell percentage, shell thickness, and shell weight. The treatments elicited a positive linear response from laying rate, whereas feed conversion per egg mass decreased linearly. In terms of egg-quality traits, shell percentage was influenced, increasing linearly. Coconut cake inclusion at 12% in the diet of Japanese quail in the laying improved feed conversion per egg mass and increased egg-laying rate and eggshell percentage.

Arthrospira (Spirulina) Platensis Can Be Considered as a Probiotic Alternative to Reduce Heat Stress in Laying Japanese Quails

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina platensis, SP) on feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, hen day egg production, intestinal microflora, heat stress biomarkers, and HSP70 gene expression in laying Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) suffering heat stress condition. A total of 250 female quails were allocated to 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 10 birds in each replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included: 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet+ 0.03 % probiotic, 3) basal diet+ 0.1 % SP, 4) basal diet+ 0.3 % SP, 5) basal diet+ 0.5 % SP. During the last 6 days of the experiment, the quails were exposed to 8h of 34±1°C. The birds had free access to feed and water during the experiment. The results showed that using probiotic and different levels of Spirulina had no significant effect on laying performance of Japanese quails (p>0.05). Probiotic supplement increased Lactobacil bacteria population in laying quails ileum under heat stress (p 0.05). Different levels of SP decreased Escherichia coli population in laying quails ileum suffering heat stress (p 0.05).SP at the level of 0.5% caused the lowest blood Malondialdehyde level, heterophil, and H/L ratio (p 0.05).However, HSP70 gene expression in the heart or the liver of laying quails was not different (p>0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that SP at the level of 0.5 % has the potential to be considered as a probiotic alternative in the diet of laying quails suffering heat stress condition.(AU)