Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in association with vaccination on the bacteriological cure of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in lactating cows / Eficácia da terapia antimicrobiana associada à vacinação na cura bacteriológica de mastite subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus em vacas em lactação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the antibiotic therapy associated with vaccination on the microbiological cure rate of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in lactating dairy cows. A total of five herds, from which 72 cows (120 mammary quarters - MQ) were diagnosed with S. aureus subclinical mastitis, were included in this study. Cows were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: a) Control (no treatment); b) ATB (antibiotic therapy); and c) ATB+VAC (antibiotic therapy plus vaccination against S. aureus). Intramammary treatment consisted of twice-daily infusion of ampicillin 75mg + cloxacillin 200mg, for 5 days. Parenteral treatment was done by injection of a single dose (7.5mg/kg) of enrofloxacin, on the first day of the treatment protocol. Vaccinated cows received three doses of a commercial vaccine 14 days before treatment (d-14), on the first day of treatment protocol (d1), and 14 days after the treatment protocol (d+14). Non-treated cows had a lower cure rate (0.06) than cows treated with ATB (0.84) and ATB+VAC (0.85). No difference in cure rate was observed between cows treated with ATB and ATB+VAC. On the other hand, vaccinated cows had lower somatic cell count (SCC) after 28 days of the treatment protocols (4.76 log10) than non-treated cows (5.37 log10). In conclusion, treatment with intramammary ampicillin and cloxacillin, associated with intramuscular enrofloxacin presented a high cure rate for SCM caused by S. aureus during lactation. The use of vaccination against S. aureus in association with antibiotic therapy did not increase the cure rate of MQ during lactation, but it was effective in reducing the SCC when compared to non-treated MQ. Although to ensure that the decrease of the SCC in ATB+VAC group was associated with the vaccination, the study should have included an additional group of only vaccinated cows, without antimicrobial therapy, with was not done in the present study, and therefore is one of the limitations of the experimental protocol used.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da antibioticoterapia associada à vacinação sobre a taxa de cura microbiológica de mastite subclínica causada por Staphylococcus aureus em vacas leiteiras em lactação. Foram selecionados 5 rebanhos, dos quais 72 vacas (120 quartos mamários, QM) foram diagnosticadas com mastite subclínica por S. aureus e foram alocadas aleatoriamente em um de três grupos de tratamento: a) Controle (sem tratamento); b) ATB (antibioticoterapia); e c) ATB+VAC (antibioticoterapia mais vacinação contra S. aureus). O tratamento intramamário consistiu em infusão de ampicilina 75 mg + cloxacilina 200 mg duas vezes ao dia, durante 5 dias. O tratamento parenteral foi feito por injeção de uma dose única (7,5 mg/kg) de enrofloxacina, no primeiro dia do protocolo de tratamento. As vacas vacinadas receberam três doses de uma vacina comercial, 14 dias antes do tratamento (d-14), no primeiro dia do protocolo de tratamento (d1) e 14 dias após o protocolo de tratamento (d+14). A taxa de cura das vacas não tratadas foi menor (0,06) do que das vacas tratadas com ATB (0,84) e ATB+VAC (0,85). Não foi observada diferença de taxa de cura entre vacas tratadas com ATB e ATB+VAC. Por outro lado, as vacas vacinadas apresentaram menor a contagem de células somáticas (CCS) após 28 dias de tratamento (4,76 log10) do que em vacas não tratadas (5,37 log10). Em conclusão, o tratamento com ampicilina e cloxacilina intramamária, associados à enrofloxacina intramuscular, apresentou alta taxa de cura para MSC causada por S. aureus durante a lactação. A utilização da vacinação contra S. aureus associada à antibioticoterapia não aumentou a taxa de cura dos QM durante a lactação, mas foi eficaz na redução do CCS quando comparada à QM não tratados. Entretanto, para ter certeza que a diminuição da CCS no grupo ATB+VAC estivesse associada à vacinação, o estudo deveria ter incluído um grupo adicional de apenas vacas vacinadas, sem terapia antimicrobiana, o que não foi feito no presente estudo e, portanto, é um das limitações do protocolo experimental utilizado.

Penfigoide bolhoso em cão / Bullous pemphigoid in a dog

Background: In dogs, bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepithelial autoimmune disease, a rare dermatopathy in the clinicalroutine. BP is characterized by formation of vesicles and subepidermal blisters that result from dissolution of the dermalepithelial junction. Clinical signs of BP usually include severe dermatological alterations with a variable prognosis. Theaim of this work is to report a case of BP in a dog to contribute information for diagnosis, and to present clinical andpathological aspects that emerge during development of BP.Case: An adult male mongrel dog exhibited hyperemic, exudative, crusty lesions on the lip commissure and periocularareas. Results from laboratory tests were normal. Results from parasitological and mycological tests on skin scrapingswere negative. Imprint cytology of the crusts revealed presence of gram-positive cocci bacteria. In the histopathologicalanalysis of punch biopsy material, the epidermis was detached from the dermis, leading to formation of vesicles. Therewere inflammatory infiltrates containing neutrophils, eosinophils, and high amounts of fibrin, and areas of multifocalorthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. Multifocal infiltrates containing lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells were observedon the superficial portions of the dermis, which indicated a diagnosis of BP. After the definitive clinical diagnosis, theanimal was treated with enrofloxacin (Baytril Flavour®; 5 mg/kg once a day for 10 days), and prednisolone (Prediderm®;2 mg/kg once a day until further instructions). On the follow-up visit, 15 days later, the clinical picture had improved, andthe lesions had decreased. Continuity of the treatment was prescribed, along with a gradual decrease in the corticoid dose.The dose of prednisolone was initially reduced to 1 mg/kg once a day, and later to 0.5 mg/kg until improvement of theclinical status of the patient. Remission of the lesions was observed 13 weeks later...

Penfigoide bolhoso em cão / Bullous pemphigoid in a dog

Background: In dogs, bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepithelial autoimmune disease, a rare dermatopathy in the clinicalroutine. BP is characterized by formation of vesicles and subepidermal blisters that result from dissolution of the dermalepithelial junction. Clinical signs of BP usually include severe dermatological alterations with a variable prognosis. Theaim of this work is to report a case of BP in a dog to contribute information for diagnosis, and to present clinical andpathological aspects that emerge during development of BP.Case: An adult male mongrel dog exhibited hyperemic, exudative, crusty lesions on the lip commissure and periocularareas. Results from laboratory tests were normal. Results from parasitological and mycological tests on skin scrapingswere negative. Imprint cytology of the crusts revealed presence of gram-positive cocci bacteria. In the histopathologicalanalysis of punch biopsy material, the epidermis was detached from the dermis, leading to formation of vesicles. Therewere inflammatory infiltrates containing neutrophils, eosinophils, and high amounts of fibrin, and areas of multifocalorthokeratotic hyperkeratosis. Multifocal infiltrates containing lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells were observedon the superficial portions of the dermis, which indicated a diagnosis of BP. After the definitive clinical diagnosis, theanimal was treated with enrofloxacin (Baytril Flavour®; 5 mg/kg once a day for 10 days), and prednisolone (Prediderm®;2 mg/kg once a day until further instructions). On the follow-up visit, 15 days later, the clinical picture had improved, andthe lesions had decreased. Continuity of the treatment was prescribed, along with a gradual decrease in the corticoid dose.The dose of prednisolone was initially reduced to 1 mg/kg once a day, and later to 0.5 mg/kg until improvement of theclinical status of the patient. Remission of the lesions was observed 13 weeks later...(AU)

Granuloma lepróide canino em Mineiros região Centro-Oeste do Brasil / Canine leproid granuloma in mineiros city Mid-West region of Brazil

Background: Among the bacterial dermopathy the canine leproid granuloma (CLG) is a nodular pyogranulomatous disorder that affects the skin or subcutaneous tissue mainly in the dorsal face of ear pinna, head, and extremity of memberscaused by Mycobacterium spp. The pathogenicity is still not well clarified regarding the causative agent, which has notyet been completely typified, but phylogenetically, it is related to Mycobacterium tilburgii, M. simiae, and M. genavense,in Brazil, by the species M. murphy. The objective of this study is to report a case of canine leproid granuloma, throughcytology and histopathology, and present the therapeutic procedures until the regression of cutaneous lesion.Case: A 5-year-old Boxer breed, intac male weighing 32 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Clinic of UNIFIMES, in MineirosCity, Mid-West Region of Brazil, GO, Brazil. The animal had 4 nodules in the ears with evolution of 30 days, with nopruritus and without previous treatment. During the physical exam, the animal had normal physiological parameters. Thecutaneous lesions were characterised by papules and alopecic nodules of firm to fibroelastic consistency, with progressiveincrease, located in the convex face of the ears. The fine needle aspiration puncture technique (FNAP) and histopathologyfor a definitive diagnosis was used, allowing the differentiation between inflammatory processes, infectious and neoplastic. Furthermore, blood was collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis for the assessment of renal and hepaticfunctions. In cytology, the stained blades by the Diff-quick stain in the microscopic exam had elevated cellularity, withseveral macrophages, and bacilliform structures in the negative image. Staining was also conducted....

Granuloma lepróide canino em Mineiros região Centro-Oeste do Brasil / Canine leproid granuloma in mineiros city Mid-West region of Brazil

Background: Among the bacterial dermopathy the canine leproid granuloma (CLG) is a nodular pyogranulomatous disorder that affects the skin or subcutaneous tissue mainly in the dorsal face of ear pinna, head, and extremity of memberscaused by Mycobacterium spp. The pathogenicity is still not well clarified regarding the causative agent, which has notyet been completely typified, but phylogenetically, it is related to Mycobacterium tilburgii, M. simiae, and M. genavense,in Brazil, by the species M. murphy. The objective of this study is to report a case of canine leproid granuloma, throughcytology and histopathology, and present the therapeutic procedures until the regression of cutaneous lesion.Case: A 5-year-old Boxer breed, intac male weighing 32 kg, was assisted at the Veterinary Clinic of UNIFIMES, in MineirosCity, Mid-West Region of Brazil, GO, Brazil. The animal had 4 nodules in the ears with evolution of 30 days, with nopruritus and without previous treatment. During the physical exam, the animal had normal physiological parameters. Thecutaneous lesions were characterised by papules and alopecic nodules of firm to fibroelastic consistency, with progressiveincrease, located in the convex face of the ears. The fine needle aspiration puncture technique (FNAP) and histopathologyfor a definitive diagnosis was used, allowing the differentiation between inflammatory processes, infectious and neoplastic. Furthermore, blood was collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis for the assessment of renal and hepaticfunctions. In cytology, the stained blades by the Diff-quick stain in the microscopic exam had elevated cellularity, withseveral macrophages, and bacilliform structures in the negative image. Staining was also conducted....(AU)

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Enrofloxacina de rápida ação associada ao tratamento com eletrólitos orais e reposição energética no tratamento de broncopneumonia neonatal em bezerros Holandeses / Fast action enrofloxacin associated with support treatment with oral electrolyte and energy replacement in the treatment of neonatal bronchopneumonia in Holstein calves

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar estratégias terapêuticas para o tratamento de infecções broncopulmonares, utilizando a enrofloxacina de ação rápida e sua associação com suporte e fluidoterapia endovenosa ou suporte e solução oral energética e eletrolítica, por meio da mensuração de parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos, bioquímicos e desenvolvimento corporal de neonatos bovinos. Foram utilizadas 35 bezerras da raça Holandesa, monitoradas desde o nascimento até a sexta semana de vida, divididas aleatoriamente nos grupos: grupo CONTROLE; grupo antibiótico; grupo antibiótico + suporte + fluidoterapia endovenosa; grupo antibiótico + suporte + solução oral; e grupo SUPORTE. Os parâmetros zootécnicos foram avaliados do nascimento até a sexta semana de vida, e os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos foram avaliados zero, 24, 72 e 120 horas após diagnóstico da broncopneumonia. Os animais do grupo antibiótico + suporte + solução oral apresentaram menores níveis de eosinófilos e maiores níveis de neutrófilos segmentados em comparação aos animais dos demais grupos. Não houve diferença nos parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados. Neste estudo, o tratamento com antibiótico e solução oral ofereceu aos animais melhor aporte para combater a broncopneumonia, favorecendo o organismo a desenvolver uma resposta imune efetiva diante da infecção.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate therapeutic strategies for treatment of bronchopulmonary infections using fast-acting enrofloxacin and its association with support and endovenous fluid or support and oral energy and electrolytic solution, by measuring clinical, hematological, biochemical and development parameters of bovine neonates. Thirty-five Holstein calves, monitored from birth to six weeks of age, were randomly divided into five groups: control group; antibiotic group; antibiotic group + support + intravenous fluid therapy; antibiotic group + support + oral solution; and support group. The performance parameters were evaluated from birth to the 6th week of age and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated 0, 24, 72 and 120 hours after diagnosis of bronchopneumonia. Calves of the antibiotic group + support + oral solution group presented lower levels of eosinophils and higher levels of segmented neutrophils compared to the other groups. There was no difference in performance parameters evaluated. In this study, the treatment with antibiotic and oral solution offered the animals had a better contribution to treat bronchopneumonia, favoring the organism to develop an effective immune response to that infection.(AU)

Aplicação intravenosa de metronidazol, ceftriaxona e enrofloxacina em cadelas anestesiadas com isoflurano: repercussão dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios / Intravenous application of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane: impact of hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory parameters

Background: The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in patients undergoing surgery is widely performed due to its power to reduce and control infections in the surgical site. Metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin are drugs widely used in veterinary medicine, even during anesthesia, either in healthy patients or under critical conditions. Despite several reports on hemodynamic reactions after intravenous application of antimicrobials in dogs, there are few studies on these effects in dogs undergoing anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory effects of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty healthy bitches were used, equally divided into four experimental groups of 10 animals each: placebo group (PG), metronidazole group (MG), ceftriaxone group (CG) and enrofloxacin group (EG). After the experimental phase of data collection, all animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the minimally invasive approach. A catheter was placed in the dorsal metatarsal artery for direct blood pressure monitoring, with systolic (SBP), mean (MBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were continuously monitored by means of a transducer connected to a multiparametric monitor. The others measured data were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (T°C), carbon dioxide expired fraction (ETCO2), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in T0 (time immediately before performing the treatment), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20) and 30 (T30) minutes after administration of the antimicrobial. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and anesthetic maintenance was performed with isoflurane. After reaching anesthesia with a surgical plan, all parameters were measured before treatments were performed (T0). Then the...

Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from a dog with a history of urolithiasis: case report / Escherichia coli multirresistente isolada de cão com histórico de urolitíase: relato de caso

Bacterial resistance is a reality in both human and veterinary health, it limits the therapeutic arsenal and raises the costs of the patient's treatment. A dog with signs of cystitis received treatment with 5mg/kg enrofloxacin at three consecutive times, with low effectiveness. The presence of urethral uroliths was identified and urohydropulsion was done. The animal presented a new obstruction, for which a cystotomy was performed, but continued with signs of infection. Uroculture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were then performed. Escherichia coli was identified, which was resistant to 13 antibiotics, being sensitive only to piperacillin-tazobactam and amikacin. In the screening test for ß-lactamase, the production of ESßL was detected. The qPCR indicated the presence of the bla CTXm, bla DHA, bla OXA, bla IMP, bla TEM, bla GIM, bla SIM, bla SPM and bla SME genes, which may lead to a phenotypic resistance profile for ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, aztreonam, cefepime cefoxitin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam. This case reaffirms the value that laboratory analysis adds to the diagnosis and treatment of cystitis and urolithiasis, which can define the direction of evolution of the prognosis and the speed at which the patient's health will be restored.(AU)

A resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos é uma realidade, tanto na saúde humana quanto veterinária, limita o arsenal terapêutico e eleva os custos relacionados ao tratamento do paciente. Um cão, com sinais de cistite, recebeu tratamento com enrofloxacina, na dose de 5mg/kg, em três momentos seguidos, com baixa efetividade. Identificou-se presença de urólitos uretrais e foi feita uro-hidropropulsão. O animal apresentou nova obstrução, para a qual foi realizada uma cistotomia, mas continuou com sinais de infecção. Realizou-se, então, urocultura e teste de antibiograma. Foi identificada Escherichia coli, que se mostrou resistente a 13 antibióticos, sendo sensível somente à piperacilina-tazobactam e amicacina. No teste de triagem para ß-lactamase, detectou-se a produção de ESßL. A qPCR indicou presença dos genes blaCTXm, blaDHA, blaOXA, blaIMP, blaTEM, blaGIM, blaSIM, blaSPM e blaSME, que podem conduzir um perfil fenotípico de resistência para ampicilina, amoxicilina-ácido clavulânico, aztreonam, cefepima, cefoxitina, cefuroxima, ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, imipenem, piperacilina-tazobactam. Este caso reafirma o valor que a análise laboratorial agrega ao diagnóstico e tratamento da cistite e da urolitíase, podendo definir o sentido de evolução do prognóstico e a velocidade em que a saúde do paciente será restabelecia.(AU)

Enrofloxacina de rápida ação associada ao tratamento com eletrólitos orais e reposição energética no tratamento de broncopneumonia neonatal em bezerros Holandeses / Fast action enrofloxacin associated with support treatment with oral electrolyte and energy replacement in the treatment of neonatal bronchopneumonia in Holstein calves

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar estratégias terapêuticas para o tratamento de infecções broncopulmonares, utilizando a enrofloxacina de ação rápida e sua associação com suporte e fluidoterapia endovenosa ou suporte e solução oral energética e eletrolítica, por meio da mensuração de parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos, bioquímicos e desenvolvimento corporal de neonatos bovinos. Foram utilizadas 35 bezerras da raça Holandesa, monitoradas desde o nascimento até a sexta semana de vida, divididas aleatoriamente nos grupos: grupo CONTROLE; grupo antibiótico; grupo antibiótico + suporte + fluidoterapia endovenosa; grupo antibiótico + suporte + solução oral; e grupo SUPORTE. Os parâmetros zootécnicos foram avaliados do nascimento até a sexta semana de vida, e os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos foram avaliados zero, 24, 72 e 120 horas após diagnóstico da broncopneumonia. Os animais do grupo antibiótico + suporte + solução oral apresentaram menores níveis de eosinófilos e maiores níveis de neutrófilos segmentados em comparação aos animais dos demais grupos. Não houve diferença nos parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados. Neste estudo, o tratamento com antibiótico e solução oral ofereceu aos animais melhor aporte para combater a broncopneumonia, favorecendo o organismo a desenvolver uma resposta imune efetiva diante da infecção.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate therapeutic strategies for treatment of bronchopulmonary infections using fast-acting enrofloxacin and its association with support and endovenous fluid or support and oral energy and electrolytic solution, by measuring clinical, hematological, biochemical and development parameters of bovine neonates. Thirty-five Holstein calves, monitored from birth to six weeks of age, were randomly divided into five groups: control group; antibiotic group; antibiotic group + support + intravenous fluid therapy; antibiotic group + support + oral solution; and support group. The performance parameters were evaluated from birth to the 6th week of age and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated 0, 24, 72 and 120 hours after diagnosis of bronchopneumonia. Calves of the antibiotic group + support + oral solution group presented lower levels of eosinophils and higher levels of segmented neutrophils compared to the other groups. There was no difference in performance parameters evaluated. In this study, the treatment with antibiotic and oral solution offered the animals had a better contribution to treat bronchopneumonia, favoring the organism to develop an effective immune response to that infection.(AU)

Quinolones resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from broilers and chickens carcasses under federal inspection / Resistência à quinolonas em Salmonella spp. isoladas de frangos vivos e carcaças sob inspeção federal

We analyzed 77 Salmonella spp. strains, from which 20 were isolated from broilers (cloacal swabs) and 57 from chickens from slaughterhouses under federal inspection. The following serotypes were identified: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) and Salmonella enterica (O: 9.12) (1). Fifteen strains (19.5%) were resistant to enrofloxacin, six (7.8%) to ciprofloxacin, and 26 (33.8%) to nalidixic acid in the Disk Diffusion Test. The fifteen enrofloxacin resistant strains were selected for the PCR to detect the genes gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, and genetic sequencing to identify mutations in these genes. Five strains (33.3%) had point mutations in the gyrA gene, and one (6.7%) presented a point mutation in the parC gene. None of the 15 strains had mutations in the gyrB and parE genes, and none had more than one mutation in the gyrA gene or the other genes. The presence of point mutations in the strains studied corroborates with the phenotypic resistance observed to nalidixic acid. However, it did not explain the resistance to fluoroquinolones found in the 15 strains. Other mechanisms may be related to the fluoroquinolones resistance, highlighting the need for additional mutation screening.(AU)

Foram analisadas neste estudo 77 estirpes de Salmonella spp., 20 isoladas de frangos vivos (suabes de cloaca) e 57 isoladas de carcaças, provenientes de abatedouros frigoríficos sob Inspeção Federal. Foram identificados os seguintes sorotipos: Salmonella Saint Paul (29), Salmonella Heidelberg (27), Salmonella Anatum (9), Salmonella Cerro (5), Salmonella Senftenberg (5), Salmonella enterica (O: 4,5) (1) e Salmonella enterica (O: 9,12) (1). Do total de estirpes estudadas, 15 (19,5%) se mostraram resistentes à enrofloxacina, seis (7,8%) à ciprofloxacina e 26 (33,8%) ao ácido nalidíxico no Teste de Difusão em Disco. Foram selecionadas as 15 estirpes resistentes à enrofloxacina para a realização da PCR para detecção dos genes gyrA, gyrB, parC e parEe para sequenciamento genético do produto da PCR para identificação de mutações nesses genes. Cinco estirpes (33,3%) apresentaram mutações pontuais no gene gyrA e uma (6,7%) apresentou mutação pontual no gene parC. Nenhuma das 15 estirpes apresentou mutações nos genes gyrB e parE e nenhuma apresentou mais de uma mutação no gene gyrA ou nos outros genes. A existência apenas de mutações pontuais em alguns genes das estirpes analisadas está de acordo com a resistência fenotípica observada ao ácido nalidíxico, mas não explica a resistência às fluoroquinolonas encontrada nas 15 estirpes. Outros mecanismos de resistência podem estar relacionados à resistência encontrada às fluoroquinolonas e estudos adicionais são necessários para investigar sua presença.(AU)

Pancreatic multifocal necrosis in female cat: case report / Necrose multifocal pancreática em gata: relato de caso

Pancreatitis is the inflammatory process of the exocrine pancreas, with necrosis and fibrosis as the main structural alterations. Felines may present the acute and chronic forms of the disease. A domestic, female, undefined feline (srd) was taken to a Private Veterinary Hospital in the city of Guarulhos, state of São Paulo. The animal had signs of apathy, prostration, inappetence, anorexia and bilateral exposure of the third eyelid. After the physical examination, blood was collected for haematological and biochemical exams. Abdominal ultrasonography was also requested, where reverberation was detected in the region of the intestinal loop, hyperechogenicity of the duodenal wall and reverberation of the pancreas. According to the results of the blood tests and ultrasonographic findings, we opted for exploratory laparotomy. During the surgical procedure a pancreatic fragment was collected for histopathological analysis. The histopathologic result was compatible with moderate multifocal pancreatic necrosis. Therefore, was instituted antibiotic therapy with Enrofloxacin (5 mg / kg, BID, IM for 5 days), analgesia with Tramadol Hydrochloride (2 mg/kg, BID, IV for 4 days) and Betamethasone (0.3 mg/kg, SID, IV). After the beginning of treatment with corticosteroid, the animal began to improve and eat. Many cases are diagnosed as acute or chronic pancreatitis only due to changes in pancreatic enzymes and ultrasonographic changes in the pancreas, using histopathological examination, which is a more instructive technique. It is very likely that pancreatic necrosis is not a pathology of low incidence, but rather poorly diagnosed due to difficulties in performing a biopsy.

A pancreatite é o processo inflamatório do pâncreas exócrino, tendo a necrose e a fibrose como principais alterações estruturais. Felinos podem apresentar as formas aguda e crônica da doença. Foi levado a um Hospital Veterinário Particular na cidade de Guarulhos, estado de São Paulo, um felino doméstico, fêmea, sem raça definida (srd). O animal apresentava sinais de apatia, prostração, inapetência, anorexia e exposição bilateral da terceira pálpebra. Após o exame físico, foi feita coleta de sangue para realização de exames hematológicos e bioquímicos. Foram solicitados ainda ultrassonografia abdominal, onde foi detectada reverberação em região de alça intestinal, hiperecogenicidade de parede duodenal e reverberação de pâncreas. De acordo com os resultados dos exames de sangue e os achados ultrassonográficos, optou-se pela laparotomia exploratória. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi coletado um fragmento pancreático para análise histopatológica. O resultado do histopatológico foi compatível com necrose pancreática multifocal moderada. Sendo assim, foi instituída antibióticoterapia com Enrofloxacina (5 mg/kg, BID, IM, durante 5 dias), analgesia com Cloridrato de Tramadol (2 mg/kg, BID, IV, durante 4 dias) e Betametasona (0,3 mg/kg, SID, IV). Após o início do tratamento com corticosteróide, o animal começou a apresentar melhora, voltando a se alimentar. Muitos casos são diagnosticados como pancreatite aguda ou crônica apenas por conta das alterações em enzimas pancreáticas e alterações ultrassonográficas em pâncreas, lançando mão do exame histopatológico, que é uma técnica mais elucidativa. Muito provável que a necrose pancreática não seja uma patologia de baixa incidência, e sim, pouco diagnosticada, devido às dificuldades em se realizar biópsia.

Pancreatic multifocal necrosis in female cat: case report / Necrose multifocal pancreática em gata: relato de caso

Pancreatitis is the inflammatory process of the exocrine pancreas, with necrosis and fibrosis as the main structural alterations. Felines may present the acute and chronic forms of the disease. A domestic, female, undefined feline (srd) was taken to a Private Veterinary Hospital in the city of Guarulhos, state of São Paulo. The animal had signs of apathy, prostration, inappetence, anorexia and bilateral exposure of the third eyelid. After the physical examination, blood was collected for haematological and biochemical exams. Abdominal ultrasonography was also requested, where reverberation was detected in the region of the intestinal loop, hyperechogenicity of the duodenal wall and reverberation of the pancreas. According to the results of the blood tests and ultrasonographic findings, we opted for exploratory laparotomy. During the surgical procedure a pancreatic fragment was collected for histopathological analysis. The histopathologic result was compatible with moderate multifocal pancreatic necrosis. Therefore, was instituted antibiotic therapy with Enrofloxacin (5 mg / kg, BID, IM for 5 days), analgesia with Tramadol Hydrochloride (2 mg/kg, BID, IV for 4 days) and Betamethasone (0.3 mg/kg, SID, IV). After the beginning of treatment with corticosteroid, the animal began to improve and eat. Many cases are diagnosed as acute or chronic pancreatitis only due to changes in pancreatic enzymes and ultrasonographic changes in the pancreas, using histopathological examination, which is a more instructive technique. It is very likely that pancreatic necrosis is not a pathology of low incidence, but rather poorly diagnosed due to difficulties in performing a biopsy.(AU)

A pancreatite é o processo inflamatório do pâncreas exócrino, tendo a necrose e a fibrose como principais alterações estruturais. Felinos podem apresentar as formas aguda e crônica da doença. Foi levado a um Hospital Veterinário Particular na cidade de Guarulhos, estado de São Paulo, um felino doméstico, fêmea, sem raça definida (srd). O animal apresentava sinais de apatia, prostração, inapetência, anorexia e exposição bilateral da terceira pálpebra. Após o exame físico, foi feita coleta de sangue para realização de exames hematológicos e bioquímicos. Foram solicitados ainda ultrassonografia abdominal, onde foi detectada reverberação em região de alça intestinal, hiperecogenicidade de parede duodenal e reverberação de pâncreas. De acordo com os resultados dos exames de sangue e os achados ultrassonográficos, optou-se pela laparotomia exploratória. Durante o procedimento cirúrgico foi coletado um fragmento pancreático para análise histopatológica. O resultado do histopatológico foi compatível com necrose pancreática multifocal moderada. Sendo assim, foi instituída antibióticoterapia com Enrofloxacina (5 mg/kg, BID, IM, durante 5 dias), analgesia com Cloridrato de Tramadol (2 mg/kg, BID, IV, durante 4 dias) e Betametasona (0,3 mg/kg, SID, IV). Após o início do tratamento com corticosteróide, o animal começou a apresentar melhora, voltando a se alimentar. Muitos casos são diagnosticados como pancreatite aguda ou crônica apenas por conta das alterações em enzimas pancreáticas e alterações ultrassonográficas em pâncreas, lançando mão do exame histopatológico, que é uma técnica mais elucidativa. Muito provável que a necrose pancreática não seja uma patologia de baixa incidência, e sim, pouco diagnosticada, devido às dificuldades em se realizar biópsia.(AU)

Effectiveness of the use of enrofloxacin of fast action in the treatment of neonatal diarrhea in Holstein calves / Eficácia do uso de Enrofloxacina de ação rápida no tratamento da diarreia neonatal em bezerros da raça Holandês

Background: Diarrhea generates economic impacts due high morbidity and mortality losses, and results in delayed physical development and treatment costs. The therapy consists in using broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as drugs belongingto the quinolones group, as the enrofloxacin. It is currently available on the market a single dose enrofloxacin, whichreaches plasma peak concentration five hours after the injection, and in 30 minutes reaches the therapeutic concentrationsin plasma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in calves withdiarrhea treated with a single dose of a fast action response enrofloxacin.Materials, Methods & Results: For this study, 10 heifers with 1 day of life were classified according appearance of diarrhea clinical symptoms in two experimental groups: Sickness Group (SG) n = 5 and Healthy Group (HG) n = 5. For theSG, the adopted therapeutic protocol was a single dose (7.5 mg / kg / IM) of a fast action enrofloxacin and the GS animalswere not treated. During the first five weeks of life, the animals were clinically monitored (heart rate, respiratory rate, rectaltemperature and capillary refill time) and blood samples were collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis of albumin(ALB), total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO), and determination of the relations ALB:GLO and TP:fibrinogen. Besides,the growth measures were used to obtain the average daily gain (ADG) of weight, height, chest girth and rump width.From the diagnosis of diarrhea, the animals were monitored daily for 3 consecutive days by clinical examination and bloodcollection for hemogram. The statistical analyzes were performed by using version 9.0 SAS software. The ADG of weight,height, chest girth, rump width and concentrations of blood metabolites (ALB, TP, GLO, ALB:GLO, TP:Fibrinogen) didnot differ between the groups during the first five weeks of life. Frequencies of heart rate (HR)...(AU)

Effectiveness of the use of enrofloxacin of fast action in the treatment of neonatal diarrhea in Holstein calves / Eficácia do uso de Enrofloxacina de ação rápida no tratamento da diarreia neonatal em bezerros da raça Holandês

Background: Diarrhea generates economic impacts due high morbidity and mortality losses, and results in delayed physical development and treatment costs. The therapy consists in using broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as drugs belongingto the quinolones group, as the enrofloxacin. It is currently available on the market a single dose enrofloxacin, whichreaches plasma peak concentration five hours after the injection, and in 30 minutes reaches the therapeutic concentrationsin plasma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in calves withdiarrhea treated with a single dose of a fast action response enrofloxacin.Materials, Methods & Results: For this study, 10 heifers with 1 day of life were classified according appearance of diarrhea clinical symptoms in two experimental groups: Sickness Group (SG) n = 5 and Healthy Group (HG) n = 5. For theSG, the adopted therapeutic protocol was a single dose (7.5 mg / kg / IM) of a fast action enrofloxacin and the GS animalswere not treated. During the first five weeks of life, the animals were clinically monitored (heart rate, respiratory rate, rectaltemperature and capillary refill time) and blood samples were collected for hemogram and biochemical analysis of albumin(ALB), total protein (TP) and globulin (GLO), and determination of the relations ALB:GLO and TP:fibrinogen. Besides,the growth measures were used to obtain the average daily gain (ADG) of weight, height, chest girth and rump width.From the diagnosis of diarrhea, the animals were monitored daily for 3 consecutive days by clinical examination and bloodcollection for hemogram. The statistical analyzes were performed by using version 9.0 SAS software. The ADG of weight,height, chest girth, rump width and concentrations of blood metabolites (ALB, TP, GLO, ALB:GLO, TP:Fibrinogen) didnot differ between the groups during the first five weeks of life. Frequencies of heart rate (HR)...