Ascaridia galli: A report of erratic migration in eggs for human consumption in Bucaramanga, Colombia - case report / Ascaridia galli: Um relatório de migração errática em ovos para consumo humano em Bucaramanga, Colômbia - relato de caso

This case report describes how an erratic specimen of Ascaridia galli in the adult phase was recovered in an unusual way from a hen's egg intended for human consumption. Although the literature on similar events is limited, this appears to be the first case reported in Bucaramanga, Colombia. The parasite was identified directly under a light microscope as an adult female A. galli, 6.5-cm long with 3 trilobed lips. In addition, the remaining eggs of the same group were examined to determine if there were more cases of erratic migration in that same batch. This nematode can cause various pathological conditions, including enteritis, hemorrhage, diarrhea, anemia, weakness, and emaciation, that can lead to huge economic and production losses in the poultry industry.

Este relato de caso descreve como um exemplar errático de Ascaridia galli na fase adulta foi recuperado de uma forma incomum em um ovo de galinha destinado ao consumo humano. Embora a literatura sobre eventos similares seja limitada, este parece ser o primeiro caso relatado em Bucaramanga, Colômbia. O parasita foi identificado diretamente sob um microscópio leve como uma fêmea adulta A. galli, com 6,5 cm de comprimento e 3 lábios trilobados. Além disso, os ovos restantes do mesmo grupo foram examinados para determinar se existiam mais casos de migração errática nesse mesmo lote. Este nemátodo pode causar várias condições patológicas, incluindo enterite, hemorragia, diarréia, anemia, fraqueza e emaciação, que podem levar a enormes perdas econômicas e de produção na indústria avícola.

Evaluation of the interaction of citral, geraniol and thymol on the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (DE GEER, 1778) under in vitro conditions / Avaliação da interação de citral, geraniol e timol no ácaro-vermelho-das-aves Dermanyssus gallinae(DE GEER, 1778) em condições in vitro

The control of Dermanyssus gallinaein small productions of laying hens is carried out by using chemical methods. However, its indiscriminate use has generated resistance and environmental pollution problems. This problem has encouraged the use of natural substances to control mites. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the acaricidal activity of the bioactivecitral (Ci), geraniol (Ge) and thymol (Thy) on D. gallinae under in vitro conditions using six concentrations (0.05, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5g/mL). In addition, the interactions of the mixtures of the three bioactive were evaluated through binary (1:1) and tertiary (1:1:1) combinations. The interaction between of the combination of bioactive was performed by using CompuSyn software and calculating the combination index (CI). LC50, LC90, and LC99with 95% confidence limits were estimated by Probit analysis. The bioactive Ci, Ge and Thy showacaricidal activity on the poultry red mite. The combination of Ge:Thy and Ci:Ge showed very strong synergism with CI of 0.084 and 0.052, whereas Ci:Thy showed strong synergism with CI of 0.122 at a concentration of 0.05g/mL. Thetertiary combination in 1:1:1 showed a higher toxic effect and strong synergistic effects at low concentrations with 100% mortality at 1g/mL concentration with a CI of 0.147. The combination of natural bioactive could be an additional way to control D. gallinae without putting thewelfare of the birds at risk and would be an environmentally friendly measure.(AU)

O controle de Dermanyssus gallinaeem pequenas produções de poedeiras é realizado por métodos químicos.No entanto, seu uso indiscriminado tem gerado problemas de resistência e poluição ambiental. Este problema tem incentivado o uso de substâncias naturais para o controle de ácaros. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade acaricida dos bioativos citral (Ci), geraniol (Ge) e timol (Thy) sobre D. gallinaeem condições in vitro utilizando seis concentrações (0,05, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5g/mL). Além disso, as interações das misturas dos três bioativos foram avaliadas por meio decombinações binárias (1:1) e terciárias (1:1:1). O sinergismo da combinação dos bioativos foi realizado utilizando o software CompuSyn e calculando o índice de combinação (CI). LC50, LC90e LC99com limites de confiança de 95% foram estimados por análise Probit. Os bioativos Ci, Ge e Thy apresentam atividade acaricida sobre o ácaro-vermelho-da-aves. A combinação de Ge:Thy e Ci:Ge apresentou sinergismo muito forte com CI de 0,084 e 0,052, enquanto Ci:Thy apresentou forte sinergismo com CI de 0,122 na concentração de 0,05g/mL. A combinação terciária em 1:1:1 apresentou maior efeito tóxico e fortes efeitos sinérgicos em baixas concentrações com 100% de mortalidade em concentração de 1g/mL com CI de 0,147. A combinação de bioativos naturais poderia ser uma forma adicional de controle deD. gallinaesem colocar em risco o bem-estar das aves e seria uma medida ecologicamente correta.(AU)

Comparison of macroscopy, histopathology and PCR for diagnosing Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens / Comparação da macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR para o diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte

Coccidiosis is a disease of great importance in industrial poultry. The correct diagnosis directs the poultry industry to its best treatment and control. Thus, a survey of Eimeria spp. was carried out in intestines of 64 broiler flocks, with an average age of 29 days. Eight broilers from each flock were randomly removed from the slaughter line, in a total of 512 samples. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the intestine were classified into Scores 0 to 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to research the oocysts from the seven species of Eimeria spp. in the intestinal content. The macroscopic evaluations showed that 59.4% (38/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 32.8% (21/64) for E. maxima, 29.7% (19/64) for E. tenella, and 34.4% (22/64) for E. brunetti. The histopathological evaluation showed that 87.5% (56/64) of the flocks had at least one broiler with parasitic structures compatible with Eimeria spp. in the duodenum, 70.3% (45/64) in the jejunum, 18.8% (12/64) in the ileum, 46.9% (30/64) in the cecum, and 4.7% (3/64) in the colon. In PCR, 21.9% (14/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 12.5% (8/64) for E. maxima, 3.1% (2/64) for E. mitis, and 32.8% (21/64) for E. tenella. The Kappa Cohen test between macroscopy, histopathology, and PCR demonstrated concordance ranging from weak to moderate with the exception of histopathology and PCR of the cecum, which was strong. In the comparison between macroscopy and histopathology, there were significative differences between Scores 0 and 1 (apart from the cecum). For Score 3, there were significative differences in duodenum, jejunum and cecum (p<0.05). In conclusion, the macroscopic diagnosis and PCR can generate false-negative results, and the histopathological exam proved to be effective, making it essential to associate different techniques for the correct diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens.

A coccidiose é uma doença de grande importância na avicultura industrial. O diagnóstico correto direciona a indústria avícola ao seu melhor tratamento e controle. Desta forma, realizou-se a pesquisa de Eimeria spp. em intestinos de 64 lotes de frangos de corte, com idade média de 29 dias. Em cada lote foram retirados aleatoriamente oito frangos da linha de abate, totalizando 512. Os intestinos foram classificados na macroscopia e na histopatologia em Grau de 0 a 4. No conteúdo intestinal pesquisou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) oocistos das sete espécies de Eimeria. As avaliações macroscópicas demonstraram que 59,4% (38/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 32,8% (21/64) para E. maxima, 29,7% (19/64) para E. tenella e 34,4% (22/64) para E. brunetti. Na avaliação histopatológica, 87,5% (56/64) dos lotes apresentaram pelo menos um frango com estruturas parasitárias compatíveis com Eimeria spp. no duodeno, 70,3% (45/64) no jejuno, 18,8% (12/64) no íleo, 46,9% (30/64) no ceco e 4,7% (3/64) no cólon. Na PCR 21,9% (14/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 12,5% (8/64) para E. maxima, 3,1% (2/64) para E. mitis e 32,8% (21/64) para E. tenella. O teste de concordância de Kappa Cohen entre macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR demonstrou concordância variando de fraca a moderada com exceção da histopatologia e PCR do ceco que foi forte. Na comparação dos graus de macroscopia e histopatologia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o Grau 0 e 1 (exceto no ceco) e no Grau 3 houve diferença para duodeno, jejuno e cecos (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o diagnóstico macroscópico e a PCR podem gerar resultados falsos negativos e que o exame histopatológico se demostrou eficaz, tornando fundamental a associação de diferentes técnicas para o correto diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte.

Comparison of macroscopy, histopathology and PCR for diagnosing Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens / Comparação da macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR para o diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte

Coccidiosis is a disease of great importance in industrial poultry. The correct diagnosis directs the poultry industry to its best treatment and control. Thus, a survey of Eimeria spp. was carried out in intestines of 64 broiler flocks, with an average age of 29 days. Eight broilers from each flock were randomly removed from the slaughter line, in a total of 512 samples. Macroscopic and histopathological lesions in the intestine were classified into Scores 0 to 4. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to research the oocysts from the seven species of Eimeria spp. in the intestinal content. The macroscopic evaluations showed that 59.4% (38/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 32.8% (21/64) for E. maxima, 29.7% (19/64) for E. tenella, and 34.4% (22/64) for E. brunetti. The histopathological evaluation showed that 87.5% (56/64) of the flocks had at least one broiler with parasitic structures compatible with Eimeria spp. in the duodenum, 70.3% (45/64) in the jejunum, 18.8% (12/64) in the ileum, 46.9% (30/64) in the cecum, and 4.7% (3/64) in the colon. In PCR, 21.9% (14/64) of the flocks were positive for E. acervulina, 12.5% (8/64) for E. maxima, 3.1% (2/64) for E. mitis, and 32.8% (21/64) for E. tenella. The Kappa Cohen test between macroscopy, histopathology, and PCR demonstrated concordance ranging from weak to moderate with the exception of histopathology and PCR of the cecum, which was strong. In the comparison between macroscopy and histopathology, there were significative differences between Scores 0 and 1 (apart from the cecum). For Score 3, there were significative differences in duodenum, jejunum and cecum (p<0.05). In conclusion, the macroscopic diagnosis and PCR can generate false-negative results, and the histopathological exam proved to be effective, making it essential to associate different techniques for the correct diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in broiler chickens.(AU)

A coccidiose é uma doença de grande importância na avicultura industrial. O diagnóstico correto direciona a indústria avícola ao seu melhor tratamento e controle. Desta forma, realizou-se a pesquisa de Eimeria spp. em intestinos de 64 lotes de frangos de corte, com idade média de 29 dias. Em cada lote foram retirados aleatoriamente oito frangos da linha de abate, totalizando 512. Os intestinos foram classificados na macroscopia e na histopatologia em Grau de 0 a 4. No conteúdo intestinal pesquisou-se por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) oocistos das sete espécies de Eimeria. As avaliações macroscópicas demonstraram que 59,4% (38/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 32,8% (21/64) para E. maxima, 29,7% (19/64) para E. tenella e 34,4% (22/64) para E. brunetti. Na avaliação histopatológica, 87,5% (56/64) dos lotes apresentaram pelo menos um frango com estruturas parasitárias compatíveis com Eimeria spp. no duodeno, 70,3% (45/64) no jejuno, 18,8% (12/64) no íleo, 46,9% (30/64) no ceco e 4,7% (3/64) no cólon. Na PCR 21,9% (14/64) dos lotes foram positivos para E. acervulina, 12,5% (8/64) para E. maxima, 3,1% (2/64) para E. mitis e 32,8% (21/64) para E. tenella. O teste de concordância de Kappa Cohen entre macroscopia, histopatologia e PCR demonstrou concordância variando de fraca a moderada com exceção da histopatologia e PCR do ceco que foi forte. Na comparação dos graus de macroscopia e histopatologia, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre o Grau 0 e 1 (exceto no ceco) e no Grau 3 houve diferença para duodeno, jejuno e cecos (p<0,05). Conclui-se que o diagnóstico macroscópico e a PCR podem gerar resultados falsos negativos e que o exame histopatológico se demostrou eficaz, tornando fundamental a associação de diferentes técnicas para o correto diagnóstico de Eimeria spp. em frangos de corte.(AU)

Eficácia do caldo de fumo (Nicotiana tabacum) no controle do Menacanthus stramineus (phthiraptera: menoponidae) em galinhas poedeiras no município de salinas, Minas Gerais / Efficacy of tobacco broth (Nicotiana tabacum) in the control of Menacanthus stramineus (phthiraptera: menoponidae) in laying hens in the municipality of salinas, Minas Gerais / Eficacia del caldo ahumado (Nicotiana tabacum) en el control de Menacanthus stramineus (phthiraptera: menoponidae) en gallinas ponedoras del municipio de salinas, Minas Gerais

Em granjas de postura, infestações por ectoparasitas são um problema que gera gastos e diminui a produção dos animais, pelo aumento do estresse. O piolho Menacanthus stramineus é apontado como um dos principais parasitas na avicultura comercial. Há um interesse crescente no uso de abordagens de controle de parasitos na produção de aves minimizando o uso de pesticidas sintéticos tradicionais. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia do caldo de fumo (Nicotiana tabacum) no controle do Menacanthus stramineus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) em galinhas poedeiras no município de Salinas, Minas Gerais. Para isso, 30 galinhas poedeiras naturalmente infestadas por piolhos, oriundas dos Setor de Zootecnia I do Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais - Campus Salinas (IFNMG), foram selecionadas aleatoriamente e divididas em três grupos, mantidos em galpões distintos e separados: Grupo I- Tratado com caldo de fumo, conforme Sagrilo e colaboradores (2007); Grupo II- Tratado com Colosso Pulverização®, diluídos 11ml em nove litros; Grupo III- Controle, tratado com água, sendo todos os grupos submetidos ao tratamento por imersão em balde com nove litros de solução. Espécimes de piolhos foram coletados manualmente através de inspeção visual, juntamente com penas contendo ovos em sua base e encaminhados ao Laboratório de Parasitologia Veterinária (LPV) do IFNMG, para realização do diagnóstico parasitológico através de chaves de identificação. Os espécimes foram clarificados em hidróxido de potássio a 10% e observados em microscopia óptica nas objetivas de 4x e 10x. Os ovos foram observados em microscópio estereoscópico, no aumento de 4x. Todas as galinhas foram diagnosticadas com infestação por ovos e adultos de M. stramineus. Para o banho de imersão, as aves foram seguradas pelo pescoço e pelas asas, mergulhando todo seu corpo em balde plástico. Sete dias após a realização dos tratamentos, as aves foram novamente examinadas em uma inspeção visual pelos mesmos examinadores. O Grupo I não apresentou ovos e nem adultos de M. stramineus em nenhuma ave, revelando 100% de eficácia. O Grupo II não apresentou adultos, mas foram observados ovos aderidos à base das penas, friáveis ao toque, em nove aves. Posteriormente, verificou-se que se tratava de cascas de ovos vazias. E, o Grupo III estava ainda intensamente parasitado por ovos e adultos de M. stramineus. Conclui-se que o caldo de fumo (Nicotiana tabacum) preparado conforme descrito na metodologia do presente trabalho, é eficaz no controle do piolho Menacanthus stramineus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) em galinhas poedeiras no município de Salinas, Minas Gerais.(AU)

In laying hens barns, ectoparasite infestations are a problem that generates expenses and decreases animal production due to increased stress. The Menacanthus stramineus louse is considered one of the main parasites in commercial poultry. There is growing interest in the use of parasite control approaches in poultry production while minimizing the use of traditional synthetic pesticides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tobacco broth (Nicotiana tabacum) in controlling Menacanthus stramineus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in laying hens in the municipality of Salinas, Minas Gerais. Thus, 30 laying hens naturally infested with lice, housed at the Zootechnics Sector I at the Federal Institute of Northern Minas Gerais ­ Campus Salinas (FINMG) were randomly selected and divided into three groups, which were kept in different and separated barns: Group I- Treated with tobacco broth, according to Sagrilo et al (2007); Group II- Treated with Colosso Pulverização®, diluted 11ml in nine liters; Group III- Control, treated with water. All groups were elaborated for treatment by immersion in a bucket with nine liters of solution. Lice specimens were manually collected through visual inspection including feathers containing eggs at their base and then sent to the Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory (VPL) at the FINMG for parasitological diagnosis by using identification keys. The specimens were clarified in potassium hydroxide 10% and observed under optical microscopy at 4x and 10x objectives. The eggs were observed under a stereoscopic microscope at 4x magnification. All chickens were diagnosed with infestation of adult and egg stages of M. stramineus. For the immersion bath, the animals were held by the neck and wings, dipping their entire bodies in a plastic bucket. Seven days after the treatments were carried out they were again examined in a visual inspection by the same examiners. Group I did not show any eggs or adults of M. stramineus, which presented efficacy of 100%. Group II did not have adults, but friable eggs when touched adhered to the base of the feathers were observed in nine animals. Later on, it was found that they were empty egg shells. And, Group III was still intensely parasitized by eggs and adults stages of M. stramineus. It is concluded that tabocco broth (Nicotiana tabacum) prepared as described in the methodology of the present study is effective in controlling the lice Menacanthus stramineus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) in laying hens in the municipality of Salinas, Minas Gerais.(AU)

En las gallinas ponedoras, las infestaciones de ectoparásitos son un problema que genera gastos y disminuye la producción animal, debido al aumento del estrés. El piojo Menacanthus stramineus se considera uno de los principales parásitos de las aves comerciales. Existe un interés creciente en el uso de enfoques de control de parásitos en la producción avícola mientras se minimiza el uso de pesticidas sintéticos tradicionales. El objetivo fue evaluar la eficacia del caldo de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) en el control de Menacanthus stramineus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) en gallinas ponedoras del municipio de Salinas, Minas Gerais. Para ello, 30 gallinas ponedoras naturalmente infestadas de piojos, del Sector I de Zootecnia del Instituto Federal del Norte de Minas Gerais - Campus Salinas (IFNMG), fueron seleccionadas al azar y divididas en tres grupos, mantenidos en galpones separados y separados: Grupo I - Tratado con caldo de humo, según Sagrilo et al. (2007); Grupo II- Tratado con Colosso Pulverização®, diluido 11ml en nueve litros; Grupo III- Control, tratado con agua, con todos los grupos sometidos a tratamiento por inmersión en un balde con nueve litros de solución. Las muestras de piojos se recolectaron manualmente mediante inspección visual, junto con plumas que contenían huevos en su base y se enviaron al Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria (LPV) del IFNMG, para el diagnóstico parasitológico mediante claves de identificación. Las muestras se clarificaron en hidróxido de potasio al 10% y se observaron bajo microscopía óptica en objetivos 4x y 10x. Los huevos se observaron bajo un microscopio estereoscópico, con un aumento de 4x. Todos los pollos fueron diagnosticados con huevos de M. stramineus e infestación de adultos. Para el baño de inmersión, se sujetó a las aves por el cuello y las alas, sumergiendo todo su cuerpo en un balde de plástico. Siete días después de que se llevaron a cabo los tratamientos, las aves fueron examinadas de nuevo en una inspección visual por los mismos examinadores. El grupo I no presentó huevos ni adultos de M. stramineus en ninguna ave, mostrando una efectividad del 100%. El grupo II no presentó adultos, pero se observaron huevos adheridos a la base de las plumas, friables al tacto, en nueve aves. Posteriormente, se encontró que se trataba de cáscaras de huevo vacías. Y, el Grupo III todavía estaba intensamente parasitado por huevos y adultos de M. stramineus. Se concluye que el caldo de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum) elaborado según lo descrito en la metodología del presente trabajo, es efectivo en el control de los piojos Menacanthus stramineus (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae) en gallinas ponedoras del municipio de Salinas, Minas Gerais.(AU)

Surto de endoparasitose em galinhas caipiras (Gallus gallus domesticus) na Bahia, Brasil / Outbreak of endoparasitosis in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Bahia, Brazil

Background: Free-range chickens are quite common in Brazil. In this alternative rearing system, the animals are rustic and raised in an extensive system. Free access to "bare soil" results in the increased occurrence of intestinal parasites since larvae and / or eggs of helminths and protozoa oocysts find favorable conditions for their survival and dissemination in the soil. Although the occurrence and importance of parasitic infections in free-range chickens is well known, the objective of this study is to report an outbreak of endoparasites in free-range chickens in the municipality of Barra - BA, in view of bird susceptibility associated with scarcity of studies in western Bahia. Cases: The chickens were kept free, in a bare soil yard in a household at the urban perimeter of the municipality of Barra - BA. Feeding consisted of whole corn grains, thrown directly in the soil. The drinking fountains were dirty and the animals had no history of vaccination or deworming. Symptoms Anorexia, difficulty in eating and in locomotion, presence of seromucous secretion in the oral cavity, emaciation and diarrhea were all observed symptoms. One of the birds presented excessive vocalization, drowsiness and flaccid paralysis of the neck. Necropsy was performed on 3 chickens: 2 females (cases 1 and 2) and 1 male (case 3). Macroscopic analysis revealed the presence of seromucous secretion in the upper respiratory tract of all animals. Specimens of Ascaridia galli were observed in cases 1 and 2, Heterakis gallinarum in cases 2 and 3, Raillietina sp. in cases 2 and 3 and Davainea proglottina in case 1. Microscopically, the animals had an inflammatory infiltrate in the liver and intestines. Some animals presented necrosis of the tracheal epithelial cells, as well as of the epithelial cells present at the apex of the villi. No significant results were found in the coproparasitological exam. Discussion: The diagnosis of endoparasitosis in this outbreak was based on epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings. The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in free-range chickens is linked to factors such as age, high animal density, absence of sanitary hygienic measures, as well as environmental temperature and humidity. The appearance of injuries in the intestinal mucosa is influenced by characteristics such as parasitic load, concomitant infections, age and the host's immune status. During necropsy of the birds were found 2 helminths of the Nematoda class (Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum) and 2 of the Cestoda class (Davainea proglottina and Raillietina sp.). A. galli, seen in 2 cases, is considered low pathogenicity for adult chickens, however young birds are susceptible and can die due to intestinal obstruction and hemorrhages. H. gallinarum is responsible for causing typhlitis, with diarrhea and weight loss, this helminth was found in 2 animals in the present study, however only 1 had changes in the digestive tract. Davainea proglotina and Raillietina spp. might cause, respectively, severe hemorrhagic enteritis and nodule formation in the small intestine mucosa. In Brazil, even though it is notable that intestinal parasitism is one of the key problems in alternative poultry farming, there are few studies that evaluate the presence of endoparasites in chickens raised in alternative production systems, with animals being more frequently exposed to nematodes and cestodes. The multiparasitism observed in this study probably stems from flaws in the rearing system, mainly related to sanitary hygiene management. Therefore, the reduction in the occurrence of these helminths is closely related to the performance of basic prophylactic measures, such as offering good quality food and water in clean containers, separating lots by age, performing sanitary emptiness and deworming.(AU)

Effect of cypermethrin on the control of lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and broiler performance / Efeito da cipermetrina no controle de cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus) sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte

This study analysed the effectiveness of using different levels of a product based on 6% cypermethrin and 2% citronella on broiler production and control the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). A total of 648 one-day-old chicks (Cobb®) which were allocated to one of three treatments (no application of the commercial product - control, and two concentrations of the product 2.00 and 3.33g/m2) in eight replicates with 27 birds each. The commercial product, which was based on cypermethrin was applied in the chambers with an atomizer. The lesser mealworm population was sampled weekly (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment) using traps, at three points (front, middle and back) inside the pen. The performance, carcass and cut yields were evaluated. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment, the number of lesser mealworm adults and larvae was lower in the treatment groups involving 2.00 and 3.33g/m2 of the product than in the control group. On the first and 14th days of the study, the number of lesser mealworms adults was lower in the group treated with 3.33g/m2 of the product compared to the control group, although the results did not differ statistically from those obtained with 2.00g/m2 of the product. In conclusion, the application of the commercial product at both concentrations (2.00 and 3.33g/m2) was effective in combating Alphitobius diaperinus adults and larvae, and the performance was not influenced by treatments.(AU)

Este estudo analisou a eficácia do uso de diferentes níveis de um produto à base de cipermetrina a 6% e citronela a 2%, na produção de frangos de corte e no controle do cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus). Um total de 648 pintos de um dia de idade (Cobb®) foram distribuídos em três câmaras com os tratamentos (sem aplicação do produto comercial - controle, e duas concentrações do produto comercial - 2,00 e 3,33g/m2) em oito repetições com 27 aves cada. O produto comercial a base de cipermetrina foi aplicado nas câmaras com um atomizador. A população de cascudinho foi amostrada semanalmente (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento) usando armadilhas, em três pontos (frente, meio e fundo) de cada parcela. Foram avaliados o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Aos 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento, o número de adultos e larvas de cascudinho foi menor nos grupos de tratamento envolvendo 2,00 e 3,33g/m2 do produto quando comparado ao grupo controle. No primeiro e no 14º dia do estudo, o número de cascudinhos adultos foi menor no grupo tratado com 3,33g/m2 do produto em comparação ao grupo controle, embora os resultados não tenham diferido estatisticamente daqueles obtidos com 2,00g/m2 do produto. A conversão alimentar de 1 a 21 dias de idade foi significativa, com os melhores resultados para essa variável quando aplicado 3,33g do produto por metro quadrado e no tratamento controle. Em conclusão, a aplicação do produto comercial em ambas as concentrações (2,00 e 3,33g/m2) foi eficaz no combate a adultos e larvas de Alphitobius diaperinus e, não influenciou o desempenho.(AU)

Effect of cypermethrin on the control of lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) and broiler performance / Efeito da cipermetrina no controle de cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus) sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte

This study analysed the effectiveness of using different levels of a product based on 6% cypermethrin and 2% citronella on broiler production and control the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus). A total of 648 one-day-old chicks (Cobb®) which were allocated to one of three treatments (no application of the commercial product - control, and two concentrations of the product 2.00 and 3.33g/m2) in eight replicates with 27 birds each. The commercial product, which was based on cypermethrin was applied in the chambers with an atomizer. The lesser mealworm population was sampled weekly (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment) using traps, at three points (front, middle and back) inside the pen. The performance, carcass and cut yields were evaluated. At 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of the experiment, the number of lesser mealworm adults and larvae was lower in the treatment groups involving 2.00 and 3.33g/m2 of the product than in the control group. On the first and 14th days of the study, the number of lesser mealworms adults was lower in the group treated with 3.33g/m2 of the product compared to the control group, although the results did not differ statistically from those obtained with 2.00g/m2 of the product. In conclusion, the application of the commercial product at both concentrations (2.00 and 3.33g/m2) was effective in combating Alphitobius diaperinus adults and larvae, and the performance was not influenced by treatments.(AU)

Este estudo analisou a eficácia do uso de diferentes níveis de um produto à base de cipermetrina a 6% e citronela a 2%, na produção de frangos de corte e no controle do cascudinho (Alphitobius diaperinus). Um total de 648 pintos de um dia de idade (Cobb®) foram distribuídos em três câmaras com os tratamentos (sem aplicação do produto comercial - controle, e duas concentrações do produto comercial - 2,00 e 3,33g/m2) em oito repetições com 27 aves cada. O produto comercial a base de cipermetrina foi aplicado nas câmaras com um atomizador. A população de cascudinho foi amostrada semanalmente (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento) usando armadilhas, em três pontos (frente, meio e fundo) de cada parcela. Foram avaliados o desempenho, rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Aos 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias do experimento, o número de adultos e larvas de cascudinho foi menor nos grupos de tratamento envolvendo 2,00 e 3,33g/m2 do produto quando comparado ao grupo controle. No primeiro e no 14º dia do estudo, o número de cascudinhos adultos foi menor no grupo tratado com 3,33g/m2 do produto em comparação ao grupo controle, embora os resultados não tenham diferido estatisticamente daqueles obtidos com 2,00g/m2 do produto. A conversão alimentar de 1 a 21 dias de idade foi significativa, com os melhores resultados para essa variável quando aplicado 3,33g do produto por metro quadrado e no tratamento controle. Em conclusão, a aplicação do produto comercial em ambas as concentrações (2,00 e 3,33g/m2) foi eficaz no combate a adultos e larvas de Alphitobius diaperinus e, não influenciou o desempenho.(AU)

Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free-Range Chicken Raised under Extensive System from the Northeast of Brazil

Brazilian poultry production is growing, mainly due to the cost and benefit that chicken meat provides. The importance of free-range chickens and the susceptibility, to which they are exposed, makes it necessary to know about gastrointestinal parasites and the consequences that large infections can cause for them as such as weight loss. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in free-range hens raised in an extensive regime in the municipality of Santa Rita, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The studied population was composed of adult chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) acquired from slaughterhouses in the region. The gastrointestinal organs of each chicken were separated and subsequently conditioned in flasks containing Railliet and Henrys solution and sent to the laboratory, to be analyzed and processed. Of the 100 chickens examined, 227 specimens of helminthes were identified, with a frequency of 32.6% for nematodes and 67.4% for cestodes. Among the nematode the following parasites were identified: Ascaridia galli (27.03%); Heterakis gallinarum (48.65%) and Subulura spp. (24, 32%). Raillietina echinobothrida (100%) was the only cestoda identified. The average infection rate by species of parasite was 1.18 for A. galli, 2.22 for H. gallinarum, 1.06 for Subulura spp. and 9.00 for R. echinobothrida. It is concluded that free-range chickens are parasitized by nematodes and cestoda.(AU)

Gastrointestinal Parasites in Free-Range Chicken Raised under Extensive System from the Northeast of Brazil

Brazilian poultry production is growing, mainly due to the cost and benefit that chicken meat provides. The importance of free-range chickens and the susceptibility, to which they are exposed, makes it necessary to know about gastrointestinal parasites and the consequences that large infections can cause for them as such as weight loss. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in free-range hens raised in an extensive regime in the municipality of Santa Rita, state of Maranhão, Brazil. The studied population was composed of adult chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) acquired from slaughterhouses in the region. The gastrointestinal organs of each chicken were separated and subsequently conditioned in flasks containing Railliet and Henrys solution and sent to the laboratory, to be analyzed and processed. Of the 100 chickens examined, 227 specimens of helminthes were identified, with a frequency of 32.6% for nematodes and 67.4% for cestodes. Among the nematode the following parasites were identified: Ascaridia galli (27.03%); Heterakis gallinarum (48.65%) and Subulura spp. (24, 32%). Raillietina echinobothrida (100%) was the only cestoda identified. The average infection rate by species of parasite was 1.18 for A. galli, 2.22 for H. gallinarum, 1.06 for Subulura spp. and 9.00 for R. echinobothrida. It is concluded that free-range chickens are parasitized by nematodes and cestoda.

Ocorrência de Ascaridia galli e Heterakis gallinarum em galinha-d’angola (Numida meleagris) no estado de Rondônia, Brasil / Occurrence of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in the state of Rondônia, Brazil

Background: Parasitic diseases are among the problems that most affect birds. The Ascaridia spp. is one of the genera which is responsible for the main infections, and the Ascaridia. galli is the most frequent species found in birds. The Ascaridia spp. egg is oval and present a smooth shell which could be mistaken with the Heterakis gallinarum eggs, once they are the most frequent parasites in birds. Therefore, this case report describes the occurrence of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum in a guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) feces and gut. Case: In January 2017, rain season in northern Brazil, a visit was performed to a free range avian breeding property in the municipality of São Miguel do Guaporé in the state of Rondônia, Brazilian Amazonian Region. The property breeds two chicken species: Gallus gallus domesticus and Numida meleagris as well as one quail species. The problem was related to the guinea fowl breeding which was composed by 50 adults and 45 young birds about two or three weeks old. All 45 young guinea fowl were presenting various clinical signs, which included: yellowish catarrhal diarrhea, isolation, loss of appetite, body weight, ruffled feathers, drooping wings and sternal prominence. All animals that presented the clinical signs as ruffled feathers, drooping wings and sternal prominence died on an average of 24 h and the mortality was of 65.9% (29/45). Subsequently, a three-week old bird corpse was necropsied, and it was observed that its intestines presented a large

Ocorrência de Ascaridia galli e Heterakis gallinarum em galinha-dangola (Numida meleagris) no estado de Rondônia, Brasil / Occurrence of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum in guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in the state of Rondônia, Brazil

Background: Parasitic diseases are among the problems that most affect birds. The Ascaridia spp. is one of the genera which is responsible for the main infections, and the Ascaridia. galli is the most frequent species found in birds. The Ascaridia spp. egg is oval and present a smooth shell which could be mistaken with the Heterakis gallinarum eggs, once they are the most frequent parasites in birds. Therefore, this case report describes the occurrence of Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum in a guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) feces and gut. Case: In January 2017, rain season in northern Brazil, a visit was performed to a free range avian breeding property in the municipality of São Miguel do Guaporé in the state of Rondônia, Brazilian Amazonian Region. The property breeds two chicken species: Gallus gallus domesticus and Numida meleagris as well as one quail species. The problem was related to the guinea fowl breeding which was composed by 50 adults and 45 young birds about two or three weeks old. All 45 young guinea fowl were presenting various clinical signs, which included: yellowish catarrhal diarrhea, isolation, loss of appetite, body weight, ruffled feathers, drooping wings and sternal prominence. All animals that presented the clinical signs as ruffled feathers, drooping wings and sternal prominence died on an average of 24 h and the mortality was of 65.9% (29/45). Subsequently, a three-week old bird corpse was necropsied, and it was observed that its intestines presented a large…(AU)

Cross-sectional survey for toxoplasmosis in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from the Atlantic Forest area in Alagoas state, Northeastern Brazil / Estudo transversal para toxoplasmose em galinhas caipiras (Gallus gallus domesticus) de área de Mata Atlântica do estado de Alagoas, Nordeste do Brasil

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease, which is prevalent across the world and has a strong environmental component in its transmission chain. The present study determined the seroprevalence and factors related to Toxoplasma gondii infection among free-range chickens from an Atlantic Forest area in Northeastern Brazil. A total of 550 free-range chickens were tested for T. gondii antibodies usingthe indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT, cut-off point 1:16), and 269 (48.9%; 95% CI = 44.7-53.1%) were positive. Among the 61 properties 57 (93.4%) had at least one seropositive animal. The robust Poisson regression model showed that the variables/categories associated with the seroprevalence of T. gondii were: region of origin of the animals/urban area (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.346; P 0.001), management system/use of cages (PR = 1.591; P = 0.019), presence of rodents/yes (PR = 1.295; P = 0.035), and the type of food/use of food scraps (PR = 1.603; P = 0.009). The high prevalence found suggest that this scenario demands careful management, mainly regarding the use of scraps of undercooked or raw food, adequate environmental hygiene and frequent rodentcontrol.(AU)

A toxoplasmose é uma doença parasitária mundial com um forte componente ambiental em sua cadeia de transmissão. Nesta pesquisa, foram determinados a soroprevalência e os fatores associados em galinhas caipiras de uma área de Mata Atlântica no Nordeste do Brasil. Um total de 550 galinhas caipiras foi testado para anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii pela reação de imunfluorescência indireta (RIFI) com ponto de corte de 1:16, e 269 (48,9%; IC95% = 44,7- 53,1%) foram positivas. Das 61 propriedades visitadas, 57 (93,4%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal positivo. O modelo de regressão de Poisson robusta mostrou que as variáveis/categorias associadas à soroprevalência de T. gondii foram: origem dos animais/área urbana (razão de prevalência - RP = 2,346; P 0,001), sistema de manejo/uso de gaiolas (RP = 1,591; P = 0,019), presença de roedores/sim (RP = 1,295; P = 0,035), e tipo de alimento/uso de sobras de alimentos (RP = 1,603; P = 0,009). A alta prevalência sugereque este cenário demanda cuidados de manejo, principalmente no que se refere ao fornecimento de sobras de alimentos mal cozidos ou crus, higiene adequada do meio ambiente e controle frequente de roedores.(AU)

Neospora caninum in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from southern Brazil / Neospora caninum em galinhas de vida livre (Gallus gallus domesticus) do sul do Brasil

Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect many domestic and wild animals, including birds. These animals are important sources for monitoring of environmental contamination, as they could become infected through sporulated oocysts; however, the real role of birds in the biological cycle of N. caninum remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies, evaluate associated factors, detect the parasite by molecular testing of free-range chickens from Brazil, and evaluate different techniques for its serological diagnosis. Blood samples of 366 chickens from 25 farms were collected for serological assays. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect anti-N. caninum antibodies. Chickens that tested seropositive by IFAT had their brain tissues and a pool of organs (heart, lung, and liver) submitted to PCR for molecular detection of the parasite. Out of 366 chickens, 65 (17.8%) and 163 (44.6%) were seropositive by IFAT and ELISA, respectively. Brain tissues (n=60) and the pools of organs (n=65) were negative in the PCR. Our results showed a high prevalence of antibodies in free-range chickens and that IFAT is the more sensitive technique for the detection of anti-N. caninum antibodies.(AU)

Neospora caninum é um parasita intracelular obrigatório que pode infectar vários animais domésticos e silvestres, incluindo as aves. Esses animais são importantes fontes para o monitoramento da contaminação ambiental, uma vez que eles podem se infectar por meio da ingestão de oocistos. Porém, o real papel das aves no ciclo biológico do N. caninum ainda é incerto. Este estudo teve como objetivos determinar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum, avaliar fatores associados, detectar o parasita por meio de teste molecular em galinhas de vida livre do Brasil e avaliar diferentes técnicas para o diagnóstico sorológico. Amostras de sangue de 366 galinhas de 25 fazendas foram coletadas para testes sorológicos. A reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) e o ensaio de imunoabsorção enzimática (ELISA) foram utilizados para detectar anticorpos anti-N. caninum. As amostras de tecidos (cérebro, coração, pulmão e fígado) de galinhas soropositivas na RIFI foram coletadas e submetidas à PCR para detecção molecular do parasita. Das 366 galinhas, 65 (17,8%) e 163 (44,6%) foram soropositivas pela RIFI e ELISA, respectivamente. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva na PCR. Esses resultados demonstram uma elevada prevalência de anticorpos em galinhas de vida livre e que a RIFI é uma técnica mais sensível para a detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum.(AU)

Principais parasitos em aves industriais (frangos, galinhas e perus) - revisão de literatura

No decorrer dos anos, a avicultura passou por extraordinárias transformações, tornando o Brasil um dos maiores produtores e exportadores de aves do mundo. O setor avícola passou de nível de proprietário de granja para economia de alta escala, sendo possível, pela associação de produtores individuais fornecendo aves para uma mesma empresa processadora. Como qualquer atividade agroindustrial, esta também enfrenta desafios quanto a produção, neste contexto, devem-se ressaltar os agentes causadores das patologias em aves, sendo os parasitos os principais motivos as quais causam tantos danos a estes animais. Os maiores causadores de prejuízos econômicos para o setor produtivo de aves comerciais são, os protozoários. Entre os vários problemas sanitários encontrados na avicultura destacam-se então as doenças parasitarias, podendo causar desde infecções subclínicas até a morte das aves. Quando se trata de produção de aves em alta densidade e com alto número de animais no mesmo local, associado a más práticas de saneamento e biosseguridade o índice de acometimento aumenta significativamente. Desta forma, as aves criadas para produção, sejam estas de ovos ou carne, são mais susceptíveis a doenças infectocontagiosas. Isso acarreta prejuízo econômico para o setor avícola, que sofre descontrole econômico e produtivo de caráter interno e externo.(AU)

Over the years poultry has undergone extraordinary transformations, making Brazil one of the world's largest producers and exporters of poultry. The poultry sector moved from farm owner level to high scale economy, being possible by the association of individual producers supplying poultry to the same processing company. As any agroindustrial activity, it also faces production challenges, in this context, it is necessary to emphasize the causative agents of the main diseases in the birds and to demonstrate that they, the parasites, are important etiological generators. The major causes of economic losses to the productive sector of commercial birds are protozoa and helminths. Among the various health problems that we find in poultry, we can highlight parasitic diseases, which can range from subclinical infections to the death of birds. When it comes to the production of birds in high density and with high number of animals in the same place, associated with bad sanitation and biosecurity practices, the rate of involvement increases significantly. In this way, birds raised for production, whether they are eggs or meat, are more susceptible to infectious diseases. This entails economic loss for the poultry sector, which suffers economic and productive lack of internal and external character.(AU)

Principais parasitos em aves industriais (frangos, galinhas e perus) - revisão de literatura

No decorrer dos anos, a avicultura passou por extraordinárias transformações, tornando o Brasil um dos maiores produtores e exportadores de aves do mundo. O setor avícola passou de nível de proprietário de granja para economia de alta escala, sendo possível, pela associação de produtores individuais fornecendo aves para uma mesma empresa processadora. Como qualquer atividade agroindustrial, esta também enfrenta desafios quanto a produção, neste contexto, devem-se ressaltar os agentes causadores das patologias em aves, sendo os parasitos os principais motivos as quais causam tantos danos a estes animais. Os maiores causadores de prejuízos econômicos para o setor produtivo de aves comerciais são, os protozoários. Entre os vários problemas sanitários encontrados na avicultura destacam-se então as doenças parasitarias, podendo causar desde infecções subclínicas até a morte das aves. Quando se trata de produção de aves em alta densidade e com alto número de animais no mesmo local, associado a más práticas de saneamento e biosseguridade o índice de acometimento aumenta significativamente. Desta forma, as aves criadas para produção, sejam estas de ovos ou carne, são mais susceptíveis a doenças infectocontagiosas. Isso acarreta prejuízo econômico para o setor avícola, que sofre descontrole econômico e produtivo de caráter interno e externo.

Over the years poultry has undergone extraordinary transformations, making Brazil one of the world's largest producers and exporters of poultry. The poultry sector moved from farm owner level to high scale economy, being possible by the association of individual producers supplying poultry to the same processing company. As any agroindustrial activity, it also faces production challenges, in this context, it is necessary to emphasize the causative agents of the main diseases in the birds and to demonstrate that they, the parasites, are important etiological generators. The major causes of economic losses to the productive sector of commercial birds are protozoa and helminths. Among the various health problems that we find in poultry, we can highlight parasitic diseases, which can range from subclinical infections to the death of birds. When it comes to the production of birds in high density and with high number of animals in the same place, associated with bad sanitation and biosecurity practices, the rate of involvement increases significantly. In this way, birds raised for production, whether they are eggs or meat, are more susceptible to infectious diseases. This entails economic loss for the poultry sector, which suffers economic and productive lack of internal and external character.

Banana leaf in the diet of laying hens in cage free system

The aim of this research was evaluate the productive performance, egg quality and the endoparasites presence on Carijó laying hens in Cage Free system, fed with two experimental diets, one of them supplemented with fresh banana leaf in natura. It were used 196 laying hens with twenty-four weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with 14 boxes, two experimental diets and seven replicates, by treatment with fourteen birds per experimental unit. The variables analyzed were: feed intake; egg production; egg mass: feed conversion per egg mass; feed conversion per dozen eggs; egg weight; albumen weight; yolk weight; shell weight; yolk percentage; albumen percentage shell percentage; yolk pigmentation and the presence of endoparasites. No influence (p > 0.05) were found, for performance and egg production, in Carijó laying hens fed supplemented with banana leaf in natura. For the treatment with inclusion of banana leaf, yolk pigmentation were superior (p < 0.05) when compared to control diet, producing eggs with more yolks orange color. In respect to endoparasite analysis, there was significant effect (p < 0.05) in the percentage of infections present in excretas. Among the treatments evaluated, the one with banana leaf supplementation reduced in 26.54% the endoparasites presence. The inclusion of banana leaf in the diet of Carijo laying hens does not affect performance and eggs quality and decreases the amount of endoparasites of the genus Strogyloides spp.(AU)

Banana leaf in the diet of laying hens in cage free system

The aim of this research was evaluate the productive performance, egg quality and the endoparasites presence on Carijó laying hens in Cage Free system, fed with two experimental diets, one of them supplemented with fresh banana leaf in natura. It were used 196 laying hens with twenty-four weeks of age, distributed in a completely randomized design with 14 boxes, two experimental diets and seven replicates, by treatment with fourteen birds per experimental unit. The variables analyzed were: feed intake; egg production; egg mass: feed conversion per egg mass; feed conversion per dozen eggs; egg weight; albumen weight; yolk weight; shell weight; yolk percentage; albumen percentage shell percentage; yolk pigmentation and the presence of endoparasites. No influence (p > 0.05) were found, for performance and egg production, in Carijó laying hens fed supplemented with banana leaf in natura. For the treatment with inclusion of banana leaf, yolk pigmentation were superior (p < 0.05) when compared to control diet, producing eggs with more yolks orange color. In respect to endoparasite analysis, there was significant effect (p < 0.05) in the percentage of infections present in excretas. Among the treatments evaluated, the one with banana leaf supplementation reduced in 26.54% the endoparasites presence. The inclusion of banana leaf in the diet of Carijo laying hens does not affect performance and eggs quality and decreases the amount of endoparasites of the genus Strogyloides spp.

An Outbreak of Intestinal Obstruction by Ascaridia Galli in Broilers in Minas Gerais

Industrial broilers raised on helminthic medication-free feed were diagnosed with a severe disease caused by Ascaridia galli, characterized by intestinal hemorrhage and obstruction. A. galli was identified based on the morphological features of the nematode. Broilers were raised for a longer period (63 days) for weight recovery, grouped as stunted (n=500), had low body score and had fetid diarrhea. The duodenum-jejunum segment was the most severely affected with obstruction and had localized accumulation of gas. The intestinal mucosa was severely congested with petechial and suffusive hemorrhages. The outbreak resulted in morbidity of about 10% and mortality of up to 4% and was associated to the absence of preventive medication on feed and slack biosecurity. The reemergence of A. galli is discussed in view of the alternative poultry management and raising conditions for drug free and welfare.(AU)

An Outbreak of Intestinal Obstruction by Ascaridia Galli in Broilers in Minas Gerais

Industrial broilers raised on helminthic medication-free feed were diagnosed with a severe disease caused by Ascaridia galli, characterized by intestinal hemorrhage and obstruction. A. galli was identified based on the morphological features of the nematode. Broilers were raised for a longer period (63 days) for weight recovery, grouped as stunted (n=500), had low body score and had fetid diarrhea. The duodenum-jejunum segment was the most severely affected with obstruction and had localized accumulation of gas. The intestinal mucosa was severely congested with petechial and suffusive hemorrhages. The outbreak resulted in morbidity of about 10% and mortality of up to 4% and was associated to the absence of preventive medication on feed and slack biosecurity. The reemergence of A. galli is discussed in view of the alternative poultry management and raising conditions for drug free and welfare.