Impact of yeast on the characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc wines from the Campanha Gaúcha Region / Impacto de leveduras nas características de vinhos Sauvignon Blanc da Região da Campanha Gaúcha

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc wines produced in the Campanha Gaúcha region. The must obtained by mechanical destemming and crushing was treated with 150 mg L of potassium metabisulfite and pectolitic enzymes and subject to enzymatic hidrolisis and débourbage for 24h00 at 4°C. The must was divided into glass fermenters of 4,6 L, in triplicate for each of the four treatments, which were defined by the inoculation of 25g hL-1 of dry yeast: T1 - Zymaflore X5® (Laffort, Bordeaux, France); T2 - AWRI 796 (AB Biotek, Sydney, Australia); T3 - Maurivim PDM (AB Biotek, Sydney, Australia); T4 - 50% Zymaflore X5® + 50% AWRI 796. The wines were analyzed, regarding: ethanol; reducing sugars; total acidity; volatile acidity; pH; dry matter; and ash. The most significant differences were observed in: ethanol; reducing sugars; pH; dry matter. Among the treatments inoculated with single strains, T1 showed higher ethanol and lower reducing sugars content. T3 presented results similar to T1. T2 resulted in higher content of reducing sugars and consequently lower ethanol levels. The mixed fermentation (T4) achieved the lowest levels of reducing sugars among the treatments. It suggests that mixed fermentations could be an alternative to produce drier wines.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae comerciais nas características de vinhos Sauvignon Blanc, da região da Campanha Gaúcha, Brasil. Após desengace e esmagamento das uvas, o mosto foi sulfitado (150 mg L de metabissulfito de potássio), submetido a 24h00 de débourbage. Após, o mosto foi dividido em garrafões de vidro de 4,6 L, para realização da fermentação alcoólica, em triplicata. Os tratamentos constituíram-se pela inoculação de 25 g hL-1leveduras desidratadas: T1 - Zymaflore X5® (Laffort, Bordeaux, França); T2 - AWRI 796® (AB Biotek, Sydney, Austrália); T3 - Maurivin PDM® (AB Biotek, Sydney, Austrália), T4 - 50% Zymaflore X5® + 50% de AWRI 796®. As variáveis analisadas nos vinhos foram: etanol; açúcares redutores; acidez total; acidez volátil; pH; extrato seco; cinzas. As diferenças mais significativas foram observadas para: etanol; açúcares redutores; pH; extrato seco. Dentre os tratamentos com inoculação de cepas únicas, T1 apresentou maior graduação alcoólica e baixo teor de açúcares redutores. T3 apresentou resultados semelhantes a T1. T2 apresentou menor graduação alcoólica e maior teor de açúcares redutores. T4 apresentou os níveis mais baixos de açúcares redutores dentre os tratamentos. Isso sugere que a inoculação de mais de uma cepa pode ser uma alternativa para produzir vinhos mais secos.(AU)

Supplementation of yeast culture combined with an enzyme complex in the diet for confined steers / Suplementação de cultura de leveduras em associação com complexo enzimático na dieta de novilhos confinados

The objective was to evaluate the productive performance, apparent digestibility of the diet and ingestive behavior of beef cattle finished in feedlot under the effect of the inclusion of yeast culture or enzyme complex. The treatments were: diet without additives (control); diet with enzyme complex (7 g animal day-1); diet with yeast culture (7g animal day-1) and diet with the association of enzymatic complex (7 g animal day-1) and yeast culture (7g animal day-1). The experimental design was completely randomized, with five replications. Forty ½ Angus ½ Nellore steers, with an average initial body weight of 362 kg ± 6 kg, were used. Regardless of the evaluation period, non-supplementation caused the animals to gain less weight (0 to 21 days: 1.267 kg day-1; 0 to 42 days: 1.377 kg day-1; 0 to 63 days: 1.368 kg day-1) compared to supplemented animals, feed conversion for non-supplemented animals was also worse. Starch apparent digestibility showed higher averages when steers were supplemented with yeast culture alone and yeast culture combined with enzyme complex (97.30% and 97.07%, respectively). Supplementation using a combination of yeast culture with enzyme complex did not cause additional effects on weight gain, but resulted in the lowest averages for feed conversion.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, digestibilidade aparente da dieta e comportamento ingestivo de bovinos de corte terminados em confinamento sob efeito da inclusão de cultura de leveduras ou de complexo enzimático. Os tratamentos foram assim constituídos: dieta sem aditivos (controle); dieta com complexo enzimático (7 g animal dia-1); dieta com cultura de levedura (7g animal dia-1) e dieta com a associação de complexo enzimático (7 g animal dia-1) e cultura de levedura (7g animal dia-1). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Utilizou-se 40 novilhos inteiros, ½ sangue Angus ½ sangue Nelore, com peso vivo médio inicial de 362 kg ± 6kg. Independente do período de avaliação, a não suplementação fez com que os animais ganhassem menos peso (0 a 21 dias: 1,267 kg dia-1; 0 a 42 dias: 1,377 kg dia-1; 0 a 63 dias: 1,368 kg dia-1) em relação aos animais suplementados, a conversão alimentar para os animais não suplementados também foi pior. A digestibilidade aparente do amido apresentou maiores médias quando os novilhos foram suplementados com cultura de levedura isolada e com cultura de levedura associada com complexo enzimático (97,30% e 97,07% respectivamente). A suplementação na forma de associação da cultura de leveduras ao complexo enzimático não apresentou efeitos adicionais sobre o ganho de peso, mas possui as menores médias para conversão alimentar.(AU)

Probiotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Az-12 isolated from pomegranate juice presented inhibitory effects against pathogenic bacteria / Levedura probiótica Saccharomyces cerevisiae Az-12 isolada de suco de romã apresentando efeitos inibitórios contra bactérias patogênicas

The potential probiotic yeast was isolated from the Kyzyl Anor pomegranate variety growing in the Turkestan region (Kazakhstan). The yeast strain was identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae Az-12. Molecular genetic identification was carried out using the Sanger sequencing method. The degree of homology of the S. cerevisiae Az-12 strain with the strain MH608341.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolate extr03 was 99.65%. Antagonistic effect of the yeast against pathogenic bacteria was confirmed according inhibition zones for Staphylococcus aureus 13.5 ± 0.05 mm; the inhibition zones for Escherichia coli 12.8 ± 0.05 mm; and 10.7 ± 0.05 mm for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scanning microscopy of S. cerevisiae Az-12 and S. aureus confirmed the adhesive ability of the yeast cell surface to S. aureus. S. cerevisiae Az-12 were chosen as the most promising, as they are able to quickly ferment juices. Functional drinks containing pomegranate juice and yeast with a probiotic effect can be considered as a useful synbiotic product formulation.

A levedura probiótica potencial foi compreendida da variedade de romã Kyzyl Anor que cresce na região do Turquestão (Cazaquistão). A cepa de levedura foi identificada como Saccharomyces cerevisiae Az-12. A identificação genética molecular foi realizada pelo método de sequenciamento de Sanger. O grau de homologia da cepa S. cerevisiae Az-12 com a cepa MH608341.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolado extr-03 foi de 99,65%. O efeito antagônico da levedura contra bactérias patogênicas foi confirmado de acordo com as zonas de inibição para Staphylococcus aureus 13,5 ± 0,05 mm; as zonas de inibição para Escherichia coli 12,8 ± 0,05 mm; e 10,7 ± 0,05 mm para Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A microscopia de varredura de S. cerevisiae Az-12 e S. aureus confirmou a capacidade de adesão da superfície celular de levedura a S. aureus. S. cerevisiae Az-12 foram escolhidas como as mais promissoras, pois são capazes de fermentar sucos rapidamente. Bebidas funcionais contendo suco de romã e fermento com efeito probiótico podem ser consideradas como uma formulação de produto simbiótico útil.

Testes bioquímicos para identificação de leveduras na medicina veterinária - revisão de literatura / Biochemical tests to yeast identification in veterinary medicine - literature review / Pruebas bioquímicas para identificación de levaduras en la medicina veterinaria - revisión de literatura

As leveduras são fungos de importância à medicina veterinária por causarem doenças infecciosas em diferentes hospedeiros animais. A presente revisão de literatura teve como objetivo relatar os principais testes bioquímicos capazes de auxiliar na identificação de fungos leveduriformes de interesse veterinário e zoonótico. Para o levantamento bibliográfico, foram consideradas 48 publicações científicas selecionadas na área e indexadas nas principais bases de dados, entre os anos de 1988 e 2020. Como resultados, observou-se que oito provas são as mais empregadas na rotina micológica. Devido à baixa variabilidade morfológica das espécies leveduriformes, testes bioquímicos complementares são fundamentais na rotina laboratorial. A análise do perfil bioquímico de leveduras contribui na determinação taxonômica dos fungos a partir de reações químicas, visto que o metabolismo varia de acordo com a espécie, resultando em metabólitos distintos, os quais podem ser avaliados por diferentes provas. Conclui-se que a identificação fenotípica das leveduras é imprescindível no diagnóstico, prognóstico, tratamento e controle de doenças fúngicas e contribui para a manutenção da saúde animal.(AU)

Yeasts are fungi of importance to veterinary medicine because they cause infectious diseases in different animal hosts. This literature review aimed to report the main biochemical tests capable of assisting in the identification of yeast-like fungi of veterinary and zoonotic interest. For the bibliographical survey, 48 selected scientific publications in the area and indexed in the main databases, between the years 1988 and 2020, were considered. As a result, it was observed that eight tests are the most used in the mycological routine. Due to the low morphological variability of yeast species, complementary biochemical tests are fundamental in the laboratory routine. The analysis of the biochemical profile of yeast contributes to the taxonomic determination of fungi based on chemical reactions, since the metabolism varies according to the species, resulting in different metabolites, which can be evaluated by different tests. It is concluded that the phenotypic identification of yeasts is essential in the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and control of fungal diseases and contributes to the maintenance of animal health.(AU)

Las levaduras son hongos de importancia para la medicina veterinaria porque causan enfermedades infecciosas en diferentes animales huéspedes. Esta revisión de la literatura tuvo como objetivo informar las principales pruebas bioquímicas capaces de ayudar en la identificación de hongos tipo levadura de interés veterinario y zoonótico. Para el levantamiento bibliográfico se consideraron 48 publicaciones científicas seleccionadas en el área e indexadas en las principales bases de datos, entre los años 1988 y 2020. Como resultado se observó que ocho pruebas son las más utilizadas en la rutina micológica. Debido a la baja variabilidad morfológica de las especies de levaduras, las pruebas bioquímicas complementarias son fundamentales en la rutina del laboratorio. El análisis del perfil bioquímico de la levadura contribuye a la determinación taxonómica de los hongos en base a reacciones químicas, ya que el metabolismo varía según la especie, dando como resultado diferentes metabolitos, los cuales pueden ser evaluados mediante diferentes pruebas. Se concluye que la identificación fenotípica de levaduras es fundamental en el diagnóstico, pronóstico, tratamiento y control de enfermedades fúngicas y contribuye al mantenimiento de la salud animal.(AU)

Cell permeabilization of Kluyveromyces and Saccharomyces species to obtain potential biocatalysts for lactose hydrolysis

Yeast's beta-galactosidase is an intracellular enzyme, through which it is possible to determine in vivo its activity as a biocatalyst in the lactose hydrolysis. Permeabilization process was used for transforming the microorganisms cells into biocatalysts with an enhanced enzyme activity. The potential application of this enzyme technology in industrial process depends mainly on the enzyme activity. Beta-galactosidase enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose, for instance, is largely dependent on the reaction time and its stability under different physical conditions, such as pH, temperature and enzyme concentration. The objective of this study was to optimize the cellular permeabilization process of Kluyveromyces marxianusCCT 3172 and Saccharomyces fragilisCCT 7586 cultured in cheese whey for lactose hydrolysis. Box-Behnken design was carried out for cell permeabilization with three independent variables, ethanol concentration, permeabilization time and temperature. The best permeability conditions for K. marxianusCCT 3172 were 27% (v v-1) ethanol, 3 min at 20ºC, with specific enzymatic activity of 0.98 U mg-1.For S. fragilisCCT 7586, a specific enzymatic activity of 1.31 U mg-1was achieved using 45% (v v-1) of ethanol, 17 min. of reaction under 17ºC. Thus, it was concluded that cellular permeabilization with ethanolis an efficient process to determine beta-galactosidase activity.(AU)

Chemical profile, anti 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxegenase inhibitory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome, callus and callus treated with elicitors / Perfil químico, anti-5-lipoxigenase e efeitos inibitórios da ciclooxegenase do rizoma de gengibre (Zingiber officinale), do calo e calos tratados com elicitores

The present study investigated the chemical profiles and evaluated the inhibitory effect against 5-Lipoxygenase (5-Lox) activity for extracts of ginger rhizome, callus, and callus treated with the elicitors; yeast extract (100, 300 and 500 mg/L), glycine (100, 200 and 300 mg/L) and salicylic acid (100 and 200 mg/L). Oils and chloroform: methanol (CM) extracts were prepared by maceration in petroleum ether and CM (1:1, v/v), respectively. Chemical profiles were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Oil of the callus recorded higher 5-Lox inhibitory effect (IC50 58.33±4.66 µg/mL) than the oil of rhizome (IC50168.34±15.64 µg/mL) and comparable to that of the positive control; Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (IC50 61.25±1.02 µg/mL). The chemical profile of the callus oil contained large amounts of fatty acids, mainly the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (31.11%) and saturated fatty acid palmitic acid (28.56%). Elicitors modified the chemical profile of the callus and ameliorated the anti-5-Lox activity of CM extract of the callus. CM extracts of callus treated with 100 and 300 mg/L yeast extract and 50 mg/L salicylic acid significantly suppressed (P ≤ 0.05) the 5-Lox activity by 33.16%, 25.46% and 16%, respectively as compared to the CM extract of untreated callus. In conclusion, ginger callus could be considered as a valuable dietary supplement in the treatment of various inflammatory disorders.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os perfis químicos e avaliar o efeito inibitório da atividade da 5-Lipoxigenase (5-Lox) em extratos de rizoma, calo e calo de gengibre tratados com os eliciadores; extrato de levedura (100, 300 e 500 mg / L), glicina (100, 200 e 300 mg / L) e ácido salicílico (100 e 200 mg / L). Extratos de óleos e clorofórmio: metanol (CM) foram preparados por maceração em éter e CM (1: 1, v / v), respectivamente. Os perfis químicos foram determinados por análise de cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC / MS). O óleo do calo registrou maior efeito inibitório de 5-Lox (IC50 58,33 ± 4,66 µg / mL) do que o óleo de rizoma (IC50168,34 ± 15,64 µg / mL) e comparável ao do controle positivo; Ácido nordi-hidroguaiarético (IC50 61,25 ± 1,02 µg / mL). O perfil químico do óleo de calo continha grandes quantidades de ácidos graxos, principalmente o ácido graxo insaturado ácido oleico (31,11%) e ácido graxo saturado palmítico (28,56%). Os elicitores modificaram o perfil químico do calo e melhoraram a atividade anti-5-Lox do extrato de CM do calo. Extratos de CM de calos tratados com 100 e 300 mg / L de extrato de levedura e 50 mg / L de ácido salicílico suprimiram significativamente (P ≤ 0,05) a atividade de 5-Lox em 33,16%, 25,46% e 16%, respectivamente, em comparação com o extrato de CM de calo não tratado. Em conclusão, o calo de gengibre pode ser considerado um suplemento dietético valioso no tratamento de vários distúrbios inflamatórios.

Effects of adding ground or steam-flaked corn and zinc-enriched yeast to grower pellet feed on fattening performance, development of rumen papilla, and some blood parameters in lambs

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ground or steam-flaked corn and zinc-enriched yeast addition to grower pellet feed on fattening performance, rumen papillae development, and some blood parameters in lambs. For this purpose, thirty-six Kivircik male lambs were selected and divided equally into six groups: basal diet containing pellet feed without different corn form and yeast (control), basal diet 80% + ground corn 20% (PGC), basal diet 80% + steam-flaked corn 20% (PFC), PGC + Zn-enriched yeast (PGCZnY), PFC + Zn-enriched yeast (PFCZnY), and control + Zn-enriched yeast (PZnY). They were fed for 56 days according to the diets mentioned above. At the conclusion of the evaluations in fattening performance, rumen papillae development, and some blood parameters, there were no significant differences in body weight gain, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency among the experimental groups. In the PGCZnY group, rumen papillae length was found to be higher than the other experimental groups. At the end of the trial (day 0), leukocyte and lymphocyte counts decreased significantly only in the control group compared with the other groups in the present study. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values, analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the trial, increased significantly in all groups except in the PGCZnY group. Supplementation of Zinc-enriched yeast to ground corn can be used for increasing ruminal papilla length, however decreasing the serum BUN levels in lambs during the fattening period.(AU)

Growth performance and meat quality of feedlot steers fed diets with or without natural feed additive

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth performance and meat quality of feedlot Aberdeen Angus steers fed high-concentrate diets with or without a natural feed additive composed of a mixture of yeasts and essential oils (EO). A completely randomized design with two diets (with or without natural feed additive) and 12 replicates was used. Twenty-four steers with initial shrunk body weight of 402.62±48.2 kg and average age of 18±2.0 months were used. Steers were fed ad libitum a diet containing 777.3 g of concentrate/kg dry matter (DM) and 222.7 g of corn silage/kg DM for 74 days. The mixture of yeast and EO was supplied at the rate of 10.0 and 0.117 g/animal/day, respectively. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency in the adaptation period was greater in animals fed natural feed additive; however, there was no difference for the total experimental period. Dry matter intake, carcass weight, carcass yield, proportion of carcass bone, carcass muscle + fat:bone ratio, round thickness, and arm length were not altered by treatments. The inclusion of a natural feed additive in the diet increased the cooling loss (0.98 vs. 1.25%), proportion of carcass muscle (51.32 vs. 54.56%), carcass muscle:fat ratio (1.70 vs. 2.11%), leg length (68.79 vs. 70.71 cm), and arm perimeter (36.70 vs. 37.88 cm) and reduced the proportion of carcass fat (30.17 vs. 25.92%). Carcass length was greater in animals fed the diet with a natural feed additive. Meat color, texture, and marbling were not altered by treatments. The addition of natural feed additive to high concentrate diets does not alter the productive performance of feedlot Aberdeen Angus steers, although it can increase the proportion of lean meat of carcasses.(AU)

Hygienic and sanitary characteristics of dry salted fish marketed in Porto Velho city, Rondônia ­ Brazil / Características higiênico-sanitárias de pescado salgado seco comercializado em Porto Velho, Rondônia ­ Brasil

Handcrafted salted fish is marketed weekly in retail markets and public fairs in the Porto Velho city, Rondônia sate, Brazil. Knowing the microbiological quality of these products is essential for public health, given that such products are not subject to any quality control. The aimed of the study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary characteristics and the moisture content of pirarucu and salted and dried shrimp marketed in the Porto Velho city. Twenty samples were collected, 10 pirarucu and 10 shrimp, in February and June 2019. For microbiological analysis, surface plating was performed using acidified potato agar, for molds and yeasts, and PCA agar for halophilic bacterias. Moisture was determined by gravimetry, using an oven at 105° C. Results for molds and yeasts on pirarucu ranged <10 log CFU/g (absent) to 3 log CFU/g. For shrimp, values ranged <10 log CFU/g to 3.57 log CFU/g. For halophilic bacterias, contents ranged <10 log CFU/g to 6.30 log CFU/g in pirarucu samples and <10 log CFU/g to 6.97 log CFU/g in shrimp samples. The variation in moisture content ranged 36.99 to 54.31% for pirarucu, and 40.6 to 56.82% for shrimp. The results obtained may be related to poor hygienic conditions in processing, the lack of hygiene of utensils and places for handling, or even the quality of the raw material used.(AU)

Pescado salgado preparado artesanalmente é semanalmente comercializado em mercados varejistas e feiras públicas na cidade de Porto Velho, Rondônia. Conhecer a qualidade microbiológica desses produtos é essencial para a saúde pública, haja visto, que tais produtos não estão sujeitos a nenhum controle de qualidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as caracterís-ticas higiênico-sanitárias e o teor de umidade de pirarucus e camarões salgados e secos comercializados em Porto Velho. Foram coletadas 20 amostras, 10 de pirarucu e 10 de camarão, em fevereiro e junho de 2019. Para as análises microbiológicas foi realizado o plaqueamento em superfície usando-se ágar batata acidificado, para bolores e leveduras, e ágar PCA para as bacté-rias halofílicas. A umidade foi determinada por gravimetria, com uso de estufa a 105°C. Os resultados para bolores e leveduras em pirarucu variaram de <10 log UFC/g (ausente) a 3 log UFC/g. Para os camarões os valores variaram de <10 log UFC/g a 3,57 log UFC/g. Para as bactérias halofílicas os teores variaram de <10 log UFC/g a 6,30 log UFC/g nas amostras de pirarucu e de <10 log UFC/g a 6,97 log UFC/g nas amostras de camarão. A variação nos teores de umidade foi de 36,99 a 54,31% para o pirarucu, e de 40,6 a 56,82% para o camarão. Os resultados obtidos podem estar relacionados às más condições higiênicas no processamento, à falta de higiene dos utensílios e dos locais de manipulação, ou ainda, à qualidade da matéria-prima empregada.(AU)

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.(AU)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae OS303 expression of an alkaline protease from a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis D9 / Expressão de Saccharomyces cerevisiae OS303 de uma protease alcalina de um Bacillus subtilis D9 recém-isolado

The aim of this study was to produce high yield of a local bacterial alkaline protease in the yeast system because the scientific involvement of microorganisms in enzyme production is still not given enough attention in Saudi Arabia. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of some desert plants in Saudi Arabia. Ninety-three alkaline protease producing bacterial isolates were recovered on skimmed-milk agar at pH 9.4 and 45°C for 48 hr. Isolate D9 obtained from the rhizosphere of Heliotropium digynum at Dhahran City was the most potent isolate in respect to enzyme productivity (184.6 U/ml). The full gene of alkaline protease was amplified and showed the expected size (1300 bp). Restriction enzymes analysis also verified the integrity of the PCR product. The sequence of the protease gene revealed an open reading frame of 1329 nt correspond to the full length of the protease gene of isolate D9 encoding a 443 aa protein. After ligation of the amplified gene by the TA cloning method, digestion with appropriate restriction enzymes confirmed the integrity of the cloned gene. The insert was prepared by two PCRs that were conducted with a pair of primers specifically designed for this purpose. The digested and purified cloning vector pRS426/GAL1p-207-Glu-MS was ligated with the insert then transformed into various strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae via the electroporation method. Maximum protease expression was done by recombinant OS303 in galactose containing media (145.5 U/ml) with an approximately 2-fold increase when compared with the wild OS303 strain., this may be due to ability to activate gal operon.

O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir alto rendimento de uma protease alcalina bacteriana local no sistema de leveduras, já que o envolvimento científico de microrganismos na produção de enzimas ainda não recebe atenção suficiente na Arábia Saudita. Amostras de solo foram coletadas da rizosfera de algumas plantas do deserto na Arábia Saudita. Noventa e três isolados bacterianos produtores de protease alcalina foram recuperados em ágar de leite desnatado a pH 9,4 e 45°C por 48 horas. O isolado D9 obtido da rizosfera de Heliotropium digynum na cidade de Dhahran foi o mais potente em relação à produtividade da enzima (184,6 U/ml). O gene completo da protease alcalina foi amplificado e apresentou o tamanho esperado (1300 pb). A análise de enzimas de restrição também verificou a integridade do produto de PCR. A sequência do gene da protease revelou uma fase de leitura aberta de 1329 nt, correspondendo ao comprimento total do gene da protease do isolado D9 que codifica uma proteína 443 aa. Após a ligação do gene amplificado pelo método de clonagem TA, a digestão com enzimas de restrição apropriadas confirmou a integridade do gene clonado. A inserção foi preparada por dois PCRs que foram conduzidos com um par de primers projetados especificamente para esta finalidade. O vetor de clonagem digerido e purificado pRS426/GAL1p-207-Glu-MS foi ligado com a inserção e então transformado em várias cepas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae por meio do método de eletroporação. A expressão máxima da protease foi feita por OS303 recombinante em meio contendo galactose (145,5 U/ml) com um aumento de aproximadamente duas vezes quando comparado com a cepa OS303 selvagem, e isso pode ser por causa da capacidade de ativar o operon gal.

Nutritional and metabolic parameters of ewe lambs fed yeast in the diet containing fibrolytic enzyme / Parâmetros nutricionais e metabólicos de borregas alimentadas com leveduras na ração contendo enzima fibrolítica

This study aimed to evaluate the dry matter digestibility, intake and metabolic profile of ewe lambs fed active or inactive yeasts in the diet containing fibrolytic enzyme. Twenty crossbred animals with an average weight of 33.4kg and an average age of six months were distributed in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of yeasts: Control (no yeast), Milk Sacc X® (active yeast), Active Flora®(active yeast + inactive yeast) and Rumen Yeast®(inactive yeast). Analysis of variance and SNK test were applied with a significance level of 5% for type I error. There was no difference for dry matter intake between treatments (P>0.05). There was a significant trend (P=0.0596) for dry matter digestibility, with higher values for the control treatment. There was a significant trend for blood metabolites (P=0.0705), in which the diet containing Milk Sacc® was superior to the other treatments for total protein concentration. In addition, there was a statistical difference (P<0.05) for urea concentration, in which control and Active Flora® treatments were superior to the others. The inclusion of active or inactive yeasts in the diet for ewe lambs containing fibrolytic enzyme reduces dietary digestibility, without affecting the dry matter intake, in addition, it increases urea and total protein levels without causing liver or kidney damage in ewe lambs.

Objetivou-se avaliar a digestibilidade da matéria seca, consumo e perfil metabólico de borregas alimentadas com leveduras vivas e inativadas na ração contendo enzima fibrolítica. Foram utilizados vinte animais mestiços com peso médio de 33,4kg e idade média de seis meses, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram nas leveduras: Controle (sem levedura), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa), Active Flora®(levedura viva mais levedura inativada) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa). Foi realizada à análise variância e teste SNK com nível de significância de 5% para o erro tipo I. Não houve diferença entre tratamentos para consumo de matéria seca com uso ou não de levedura na dieta (P>0,05). Houve tendência significativa (P=0,0596) para a digestibilidade da matéria seca sendo superior para com o tratamento sem inclusão de leveduras. Para os metabólitos sanguíneos houve tendência significativa (P=0,0705) sendo o Milk Sacc® superior aos demais tratamentos para concentração de proteínas totais. Além disso, houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) para concentração de ureia cujos tratamentos controle e Active Flora® foram superiores aos demais. A inclusão de leveduras vivas ou inativadas na dieta para borregas contendo enzima fibrolítica diminui a digestibilidade da dieta, sem afetar o consumo de matéria seca, além disso, aumenta teores de ureia e proteínas totais sem causar prejuízos hepáticos ou renais as borregas.

Quantitative carcass characteristics and quality of shoulder and loin of crossbred goat kids receiving diets with live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) / Características quantitativas da carcaça e qualidade da paleta e do lombo de cabritos mestiços recebendo dietas com levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin of Boer x Saanen crossbred goat kids. Twenty-seven carcasses were used, 13 females and 14 uncastrated males with an average age of 192 days, weighing 30.76 kg, distributed in a completely randomised design using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement (diet and sex). The yeast was added to the feed before pelletising in a proportion of 0.050 g/kg dry matter (DM). When the goats reached an average of 30 kg of live weight, they were slaughtered. No effects of live yeast on quantitative carcass and qualitative characteristics of shoulder and loin were observed. Regarding sex, males had higher slaughter weights (31.73 kg), empty carcass weight (27.98 kg), hot carcass weight (14.39 kg), cold carcass weight (14.22 kg), higher carcass compactness index (0.28 kg/cm), lower slaughter age (176 days) and lower cooling loss (1.20%). For the cut yields, females presented a higher loin yield (11.55%) and males presented a higher neck yield (6.84%). In the shoulder, males presented a higher proportion of bone (18.58%), while females presented a higher proportion of fat (17.09%) and muscle:bone (3.47). In the loin, females showed higher fat deposition (19.54%) in relation to males. The inclusion of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii in the crossbred goat kids' diet did not generate differences in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the shoulder and loin. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da levedura viva (Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii) sobre as características quantitativas e qualitativas da paleta e do lombo de cabritos mestiços Boer x Saanen. Foram utilizadas 27 carcaças, 13 fêmeas e 14 machos não castrados com idade média de 192 dias e peso de 30,76 kg, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dieta e sexo). A levedura foi adicionada à ração antes da peletização na proporção de 0,050 g / kg de MS. Quando os cabritos atingiram a média de 30 kg de peso vivo, os animais foram abatidos. Não foram observados efeitos da levedura viva na carcaça quantitativa e nas características qualitativas da paleta e do lombo. Em relação ao sexo, os machos apresentaram maiores pesos de abate (31,73 kg), peso de carcaça vazia (27,98 kg), peso de carcaça quente (14,39 kg), peso de carcaça fria (14,22 kg), maior índice de compacidade de carcaça (0,28 kg/cm), menor abate idade (176 dias) e menor perda por resfriamento (1,20%). Para os rendimentos de cortes, as fêmeas apresentaram maior rendimento de lombo (11,55%) e os machos apresentaram maior rendimento de pescoço (6,84%). Na paleta, o sexo masculino apresentou maior proporção de osso (18,58%), enquanto o feminino apresentou maior proporção de gordura (17,09%) e músculo: osso (3,47). No lombo, as fêmeas apresentaram maior deposição de gordura (19,54%) em relação aos machos. A inclusão da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii na dieta de cabritos mestiços não expressa diferenças nas características quantitativas e qualitativas da paleta e do lombo. (AU)

Butter whey and corn steep liquor as sole raw materials to obtain a bioemulsifier from Yarrowia lipolytica for food oil-in-water emulsions / Soro de manteiga e milhocina como únicas matérias primas para obter bioemulsificante de Yarrowia lipolytica para emulsões óleo-em-água alimentícias

A synthetic medium containing glucose, glycerol, yeast extract (YE), and ammonium sulfate (AS) was compared to several low-cost media in their ability to produce high emulsification index (EI). The goal was to reduce the production costs of an emulsifier with application in food oil-in-water emulsions. To this end, agro-industrial by-products were screened for bioemulsifier production from Yarrowia lipolytica. The statistical analysis showed that the EIs of media containing residual frying oil from palm oil (RFO_palm) or soybean oil (RFO_soy), residual liquid from butter production (butter whey, BWhey) or cheese production (cheese whey, CWhey), supplemented with YE and AS were similar to the EI of the synthetic medium. The replacement of YE by corn steep liquor (CSL) also resulted in similar EI, except for RFO_soy. BWhey was tested with CSL without AS and similar EI (66.8%) was detected in comparison to that of the same medium with AS (66.3%). The cell-free broth obtained after Y. lipolytica growth in BWhey+CSL was successfully used to obtain vegetable oil-in-water emulsions indicating its potential application in food products.(AU)

O meio sintético contendo glicose, glicerol, extrato de levedura (YE) e sulfato de amônio (AS) foi comparado a meios de baixo custo para produzir alto índice de emulsificação (EI). Para este fim, os subprodutos agroindustriais foram rastreados quanto à produção de bioemulsificante por Yarrowia lipolytica. A análise estatística mostrou que EI de meios contendo óleo de fritura residual de óleo de palma (RFO_palm) ou óleo de soja (RFO_soy), líquido residual da produção de manteiga (soro de manteiga, BWhey) ou da produção de queijo (soro de queijo, CWhey), suplementado com YE e AS foram semelhantes ao EI do meio sintético. A substituição do YE por milhocina (CSL) também resultou em EI semelhante, exceto no RFO_soy. O BWhey foi testado com CSL sem AS e EI semelhante (66,8%) foi detectado em comparação com o mesmo meio com AS (66,3%). O meio isento de células obtido após o crescimento de Y. lipolytica no meio BWhey + CSL foi utilizado com sucesso para obter emulsões de óleo vegetal em água, indicando sua potencial aplicação em produtos alimentícios.(AU)

Use of active and inactive yeasts in lamb diets: intake, digestibility, and metabolism / Uso de leveduras ativas e inativas na dieta de cordeiros: consumo, digestibilidade e metabolismo

This study aims to evaluate the use of active, inactive plus active, and inactive yeasts on the consumption of dry matter, water, and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, urinary parameters, and serum metabolites of lambs. Twenty crossbred lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês) were used, with an initial average body weight of 31.89 kg and seven months of age, distributed in a completely randomized design. Treatments were Control group (without yeasts); Active Flora® (ICC), live yeast plus inactivated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2.0 x 1010 UFC g-1) in the dose of 0.003 kg of animal dry matter -1 day-1,; Milk Sacc X® (Alltech®), active yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026, 5.0 x 108 UFC g-1 - at the dose of 0.0015 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1; and Rumen Yeast® (York Ag Products INC.), inactive yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae,1.5 x 104 UFC g-1 - in the dose of 0.0045 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1. Variance analysis and the SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) test were performed considering 5% significance. For glycemic concentrations over time, regression analysis at 5% significance were performed. The fecal score, as a non-parametric variable, was assessed by the Kruskal and Wallis test at a 5% significance level. There was a statistical difference (P 0.05). The average dry matter intake was 1.16 ± 0.16 kg day-1, whereas the dry matter digestibility was 85.40 ± 2.73%. It was concluded that active and/or inactive yeasts can be used as additives in the diet of lambs, maintaining the intake and digestibility of dry matter without causing metabolic disturbances.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de leveduras ativas, inativas mais ativas e inativas sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e dos metabólitos séricos de borregas. Utilizou-se 20 borregas mestiças Dorper x Santa Inês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 31,89 kg e sete meses de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em Controle, sem uso de enzimas, e no uso das leveduras Active Flora® (levedura viva junto a levedura inativada - Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, com 2,0 x 1010 UFC g-1), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa - Saccharomyces C. 1026, 5,0 x 108 UFC g-1) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa - Saccharomyces C. com 1,5 x 104 UFC g-1). Foi realizado uma análise de variância e um teste SNK considerando 5% de significância. Para as concentrações glicêmicas ao longo do tempo foi realizada uma análise de regressão a 5% de significância. O escore fecal, por ser uma variável não paramétrica, foi avaliado pelo teste Kruskal e Wallis à significância de 5%. Observou-se a diferença estatística (P 0,05). A média de consumo da matéria seca foi de 1,16±0,16 kg dia-1, já a digestibilidade da matéria seca foi de 85,40 ±2,73%. Concluiu-se que as leveduras ativas e/ou inativas podem ser utilizadas como aditivos na dieta de borregas, mantendo o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca sem causar distúrbios metabólicos.

Effects of chromium yeast supplementation on productive and metabolic responses of laying hens fed diets containing different energy levels

This study evaluated the effects of chromium yeast (Cr yeast) and two apparent metabolizable energy (AME) levels on productive performance, egg quality, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in laying hens. A total of 192 Bovans White laying hens at 47 weeks of age were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments (six replicates each) in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement: four levels of supplemental Cr (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm as Cr yeast) and two AME levels (2,780 and 2,900 kcal AME kg−1). No significant effect of Cr yeast supplementation on feed intake, egg weight, egg production, intact eggs, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, or egg quality was observed. Egg quality parameters and Cr content in the yolk were not affected by dietary treatments. Plasma glucose and lipid levels were not influenced by either Cr yeast or AME levels used in this study. However, Cr yeast supplementation improved yolk percentage and hepatic glycogen content. The inclusion of Cr yeast at 0.2 and 0.4 ppm induced the highest hepatic glycogen content with the energy levels 2,900 and 2,780 kcal AME kg−1, respectively. Laying hens fed 2,900 kcal AME kg−1 showed the highest abdominal fat. The results observed in the present study support the hypothesis that the lack of positive effects of Cr yeast supplementation on production performance and egg quality may be related to good management practices, as the birds were not subjected to stressful conditions.

Dietary chromium yeast supplementation length in diets for growing-finishing pigs

This study aimed to evaluate different periods of chromium yeast (CrY) supplementation on growth performance and quantitative carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. We used eighty barrows (Duroc/Pietran × Large White/ Landrace) with an initial body weight of 24.5±2.4 kg. A completely randomized block design was used within four periods of dietary CrY supplementation (control diet: CrY-free, from 25 to 110 kg; Cr25-110 kg: diet with 0.4 mg kg−1 of CrY, from 25 to 110 kg; Cr50-110 kg: diet with 0.4 mg kg−1 of CrY, from 50 to 110 kg; and Cr70-110 kg: diet with 0.4 mg kg−1 of CrY, from 70 to 110 kg), with ten replicates and two animals each. The CrY supplementation did not affect (P>0.05) either the grow performance or the carcass characteristics evaluated. The dietary supplementation of 0.4 mg kg−1 of CrY for growing-finishing pigs (25 to 110 kg) does not alter the performance neither the quantitative carcass characteristics.

Use of active and inactive yeasts in lamb diets: intake, digestibility, and metabolism / Uso de leveduras ativas e inativas na dieta de cordeiros: consumo, digestibilidade e metabolismo

This study aims to evaluate the use of active, inactive plus active, and inactive yeasts on the consumption of dry matter, water, and the apparent digestibility of dry matter, urinary parameters, and serum metabolites of lambs. Twenty crossbred lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês) were used, with an initial average body weight of 31.89 kg and seven months of age, distributed in a completely randomized design. Treatments were Control group (without yeasts); Active Flora® (ICC), live yeast plus inactivated yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2.0 x 1010 UFC g-1) in the dose of 0.003 kg of animal dry matter -1 day-1,; Milk Sacc X® (Alltech®), active yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026, 5.0 x 108 UFC g-1 - at the dose of 0.0015 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1; and Rumen Yeast® (York Ag Products INC.), inactive yeast - Saccharomyces cerevisiae,1.5 x 104 UFC g-1 - in the dose of 0.0045 kg of animal dry matter-1 day-1. Variance analysis and the SNK (Student-Newman-Keuls) test were performed considering 5% significance. For glycemic concentrations over time, regression analysis at 5% significance were performed. The fecal score, as a non-parametric variable, was assessed by the Kruskal and Wallis test at a 5% significance level. There was a statistical difference (P< 0.05) in fecal dry matter (FDM), where the Active Flora® treatment was inferior to the others. The use of different yeasts did not change the intake and digestibility of dry matter, water, urinary parameters, and serum concentrations of energy, protein, and liver metabolites (P> 0.05). The average dry matter intake was 1.16 ± 0.16 kg day-1, whereas the dry matter digestibility was 85.40 ± 2.73%. It was concluded that active and/or inactive yeasts can be used as additives in the diet of lambs, maintaining the intake and digestibility of dry matter without causing metabolic disturbances.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de leveduras ativas, inativas mais ativas e inativas sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e dos metabólitos séricos de borregas. Utilizou-se 20 borregas mestiças Dorper x Santa Inês, com peso corporal médio inicial de 31,89 kg e sete meses de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em Controle, sem uso de enzimas, e no uso das leveduras Active Flora® (levedura viva junto a levedura inativada - Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, com 2,0 x 1010 UFC g-1), Milk Sacc X® (levedura ativa - Saccharomyces C. 1026, 5,0 x 108 UFC g-1) e Rúmen Yeast® (levedura inativa - Saccharomyces C. com 1,5 x 104 UFC g-1). Foi realizado uma análise de variância e um teste SNK considerando 5% de significância. Para as concentrações glicêmicas ao longo do tempo foi realizada uma análise de regressão a 5% de significância. O escore fecal, por ser uma variável não paramétrica, foi avaliado pelo teste Kruskal e Wallis à significância de 5%. Observou-se a diferença estatística (P< 0,05) na matéria seca fecal (MSF), onde o tratamento Active Flora® se mostrou inferior aos demais. O uso de diferentes leveduras não modificou o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca, de água, dos parâmetros urinários e das concentrações séricas dos metabólitos energéticos, proteicos e hepáticos (P> 0,05). A média de consumo da matéria seca foi de 1,16±0,16 kg dia-1, já a digestibilidade da matéria seca foi de 85,40 ±2,73%. Concluiu-se que as leveduras ativas e/ou inativas podem ser utilizadas como aditivos na dieta de borregas, mantendo o consumo e a digestibilidade da matéria seca sem causar distúrbios metabólicos.(AU)

Etiologia microbiana e perfil de resistência bacteriana in vitro em otites externas de cães: estudo retrospectivo em animais atendidos na rotina de hospital veterinário (2013 a 2020) / Microbial etiology and in vitro bacterial resistance profile in external dogs otitis: retrospective study in animals attended in the routine of veterinary hospital (2013 to 2020) / Etiología microbiana y perfil de resistencia bacteriana in vitro en otitis externa en perros: estudio retrospectivo en animales atendidos en la rutina de hospital veterinario (2013 a 2020)

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la microbiota y describir el perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos en perros con otitis externa tratados en un hospital veterinario. Para ello, se analizaron 559 muestras otológicas de perros con clínica de otitis externa sometidas a cultivo y antibiograma. Hubo crecimiento de microorganismos en el 93,6% (523/559) de las muestras, y en el 88,5% (463/523) hubo crecimiento de bacterias, 5,7% (30/523) de levaduras y 5,7% (30/523) infecciones mixtas. Se obtuvieron 702 cepas, Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) y Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) los agentes bacterianos más aislados. Entre las levaduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) fue la más frecuente. En cuanto a los resultados del perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos, se observó que las bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp. mostraron mayor sensibilidad a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, con 92,5% y 100% de cepas sensibles. Las bacterias gram negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis y Escherichia coli, presentaron sensibilidad mayor al 90% a la tobramicina. Entre todos los agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. fue el que mostró mayores tasas de resistencia frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) y sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (13,6%)...

The objective of this work was to identify the microbial etiology and describe the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials in dogs with otitis externa attended at a veterinary school hospital. For this, 559 otological samples from dogs with clinical signs of otitis externa submitted to culture and antibiogram were analyzed. There was growth of microorganisms in 93.6% (523/559) of the samples, and in 88.5% (463/523) there was the growth of bacteria, in 5.7% (30/523) the growth of yeasts and 5.7% (30/523) mixed infections. 702 strains were obtained, being Staphylococcus spp. 55.1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11.8% (83/702) and Proteus mirabilis 9.8% (69/702) the most isolated bacterial agents. Among yeasts, Malassezia pachydermatis 10.3% (54/523) was the most frequent. Regarding the results of the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials, it was observed that Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. showed greater sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, with 92.5% and 100% of sensitive strains. Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis and Escherichia coli, presented sensitivity greater than 90% to tobramycin. Among all bacterial agents, Pseudomonas spp. was the one that demonstrated the highest resistance rates against amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (6.2%), cephalexin (7.4%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (13.6%)...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a etiologia microbiana e descrever o perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos em cães com otite externa atendidos em serviço hospitalar médico veterinário. Para isso, foram analisadas 559 amostras otológicas de cães com sinais clínicos de otite externa submetidas à cultura e antibiograma. Houve crescimento de microrganismos em 93,6% (523/559) das amostras, sendo que em 88,5% (463/523) houve crescimento de bactérias, 5,7% (30/523) crescimento de leveduras e 5,7% (30/523) infecções mistas. Foram obtidas 702 cepas, sendo Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) e Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) os agentes bacterianos mais isolados. Dentre as leveduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) foi a mais freqüente. Em relação aos resultados do perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos, observou-se que as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. apresentaram maior sensibilidade a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, com 92,5% e 100% das cepas sensíveis. Já as bactérias Gram-negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis e Escherichia coli, apresentaram sensibilidade superior a 90% a tobramicina. Dentre todos os agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. foi o que demonstrou as maiores taxas de resistência frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) e...

Etiologia microbiana e perfil de resistência bacteriana in vitro em otites externas de cães: estudo retrospectivo em animais atendidos na rotina de hospital veterinário (2013 a 2020) / Microbial etiology and in vitro bacterial resistance profile in external dogs otitis: retrospective study in animals attended in the routine of veterinary hospital (2013 to 2020) / Etiología microbiana y perfil de resistencia bacteriana in vitro en otitis externa en perros: estudio retrospectivo en animales atendidos en la rutina de hospital veterinario (2013 a 2020)

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la microbiota y describir el perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos en perros con otitis externa tratados en un hospital veterinario. Para ello, se analizaron 559 muestras otológicas de perros con clínica de otitis externa sometidas a cultivo y antibiograma. Hubo crecimiento de microorganismos en el 93,6% (523/559) de las muestras, y en el 88,5% (463/523) hubo crecimiento de bacterias, 5,7% (30/523) de levaduras y 5,7% (30/523) infecciones mixtas. Se obtuvieron 702 cepas, Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) y Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) los agentes bacterianos más aislados. Entre las levaduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) fue la más frecuente. En cuanto a los resultados del perfil de sensibilidad de las bacterias a los antimicrobianos, se observó que las bacterias Gram positivas Staphylococcus spp. y Streptococcus spp. mostraron mayor sensibilidad a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico, con 92,5% y 100% de cepas sensibles. Las bacterias gram negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis y Escherichia coli, presentaron sensibilidad mayor al 90% a la tobramicina. Entre todos los agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. fue el que mostró mayores tasas de resistencia frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulánico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) y sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (13,6%)...(AU)

The objective of this work was to identify the microbial etiology and describe the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials in dogs with otitis externa attended at a veterinary school hospital. For this, 559 otological samples from dogs with clinical signs of otitis externa submitted to culture and antibiogram were analyzed. There was growth of microorganisms in 93.6% (523/559) of the samples, and in 88.5% (463/523) there was the growth of bacteria, in 5.7% (30/523) the growth of yeasts and 5.7% (30/523) mixed infections. 702 strains were obtained, being Staphylococcus spp. 55.1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11.8% (83/702) and Proteus mirabilis 9.8% (69/702) the most isolated bacterial agents. Among yeasts, Malassezia pachydermatis 10.3% (54/523) was the most frequent. Regarding the results of the sensitivity profile of bacteria to antimicrobials, it was observed that Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. showed greater sensitivity to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, with 92.5% and 100% of sensitive strains. Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis and Escherichia coli, presented sensitivity greater than 90% to tobramycin. Among all bacterial agents, Pseudomonas spp. was the one that demonstrated the highest resistance rates against amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (6.2%), cephalexin (7.4%) and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (13.6%)...(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a etiologia microbiana e descrever o perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos em cães com otite externa atendidos em serviço hospitalar médico veterinário. Para isso, foram analisadas 559 amostras otológicas de cães com sinais clínicos de otite externa submetidas à cultura e antibiograma. Houve crescimento de microrganismos em 93,6% (523/559) das amostras, sendo que em 88,5% (463/523) houve crescimento de bactérias, 5,7% (30/523) crescimento de leveduras e 5,7% (30/523) infecções mistas. Foram obtidas 702 cepas, sendo Staphylococcus spp. 55,1% (387/702), Pseudomonas spp. 11,8% (83/702) e Proteus mirabilis 9,8% (69/702) os agentes bacterianos mais isolados. Dentre as leveduras, Malassezia pachydermatis 10,3% (54/523) foi a mais freqüente. Em relação aos resultados do perfil de sensibilidade das bactérias aos antimicrobianos, observou-se que as bactérias Gram-positivas Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus spp. apresentaram maior sensibilidade a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico, com 92,5% e 100% das cepas sensíveis. Já as bactérias Gram-negativas Pseudomonas spp., P. mirabilis e Escherichia coli, apresentaram sensibilidade superior a 90% a tobramicina. Dentre todos os agentes bacterianos, Pseudomonas spp. foi o que demonstrou as maiores taxas de resistência frente a amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (6,2%), cefalexina (7,4%) e...(AU)