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This study aimed to identify the bacterial and fungal organisms in the conjunctival fornix of healthy cattle in a microregion located in midwestern Brazil. Additionally, we evaluated whether seasonality and cattle category (dairy vs. beef) play a role in our findings. The conjunctival fornix of 74 Holstein x Gyr and 70 Nelore cattle were sampled from February to March (rainy season) and August to September (dry season) of 2017. Bacterial and fungal strains were isolated by classical bacteriological and mycological methods. Some bacterial species were also identified by polymerase chain reaction. From the 144 animals included in the study, a total of 12 bacterial genera were identified, with Bacillus cereus being the most prevalent agent in both seasons and cattle categories. The total number of bacteria was not influenced by seasonality or cattle category (P = 0.25). The number of Moraxella bovoculi identified in dairy (5/74) and beef cattle (7/70) did not differ statistically (P = 0.76). However, seasonality played a role in M. bovoculi identification, being found only during the rainy season in the dairy cattle (P = 0.01), and only during the dry season in the beef cattle (P = 0.04). During the dry season, the number of gram-positive bacteria was significantly higher than the number of gram-negative bacteria in beef cattle (P = 0.009). Fungi were isolated in 20/144 samples. The number of fungi isolated in dairy cattle (16/144) was significantly higher than that isolated in beef cattle (4/144) (P = 0.007). Although a higher number of fungi were isolated in both cattle categories during the rainy season, this finding was not significant (P = 0.53). In this microregion located in midwestern Brazil, Bacillus cereus was the most prevalent and Corynebacterium spp. and Streptococcus spp. the least prevalent bacteria found in the conjunctival fornix of healthy cattle. The prevalence of the conjunctival fungal microbiota (11.8%) was lower than previously reported, with a higher number of isolates found in dairy cattle. Trichosporon spp. (41.2%) and Aspergillus spp. (35.3%) were the most frequent genera, being most commonly isolated in the rainy season.(AU)

Objetivou-se identificar organismos bacterianos e fúngicos no fórnice conjuntival de bovinos saudáveis em uma microrregião localizada no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Ademais, foi avaliado se a sazonalidade e a categoria do gado (leite vs. corte) influenciariam nos resultados. Colheram-se amostras do fórnice conjuntival de 74 Holandês x Gir e de 70 Nelores de fevereiro a março (estação chuvosa) e de agosto a setembro (estação seca) do ano de 2017. Cepas bacterianas e fúngicas foram isoladas e identificadas por métodos bacteriológicos e micológicos convencionais. Algumas espécies de bactérias foram identificadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase. Dos 144 animais incluídos no estudo, um total de 12 gêneros bacterianos foram identificados, sendo Bacillus cereus o agente mais prevalente em ambas as estações e categorias de gado. O número total de bactérias não foi influenciado pela sazonalidade e pela categoria do gado (P = 0.25). O número de Moraxella bovoculi identificadas no gado de leite (5/74) e de corte (7/70) não diferiram (P = 0.76). Porém, a sazonalidade teve impacto na identificação da M. bovoculli, sendo encontrada apenas na estação chuvosa no gado de leite (P = 0.01) e seca no gado de corte (P = 0.04). Durante a estação seca, o número de bactérias gram-positivas foi maior que o de gram-negativas no gado de corte (P = 0.009). Fungos foram isolados em 20/144 amostras. O número de fungos isolados no gado de leite (16/144) foi significativamente maior que os isolados no gado de corte (4/144) (P = 0.007). Embora maior quantidade de fungos tenha sido isolada durante a estação chuvosa em ambas as categorias de gado, esse achado não foi significativo (P = 0.53). Nessa microrregião localizada no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, o Bacillus cereus foi a bactéria mais prevalente encontrada no fórnice conjuntival de bovinos saudáveis, enquanto que Corynebacterium spp. e Streptococcus spp. foram as menos prevalentes. Trichosporon spp. (41.2%) e Aspergillus spp. (35.3%) foram os gêneros mais frequentes, sendo mais comumente isolados na estação chuvosa.(AU)

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The female reproductive function is coordinated by the endocrine system driven by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. While not directly part of the female reproductive system, the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in overall health, including reproductive health. The gut microbiome communicates bidirectionally with the brain via the gut-brain axis, influencing stress levels, mood, and hormonal balance, which can impact reproductive health and fertility. In addition to that, the vaginal and uterine microbiome are directly involved with the reproductive success of farm animals, including female fertility and offspring development. In this paper, we summarize some of the effects of bacterial contamination in the female reproductive tract and their association with reproductive performance in farm animals.(AU)

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This study examined the effects of lavender essential oil on performance, meat quality, microbial load, fatty acid profile and gut microbiota in quails. In the study, 200 quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) were divided into 4 groups and 5 subgroups. The groups consisted of a control group (0 mg/kg feed) and three lavender essential oil groups, namely Lav125 (125 mg/kg feed), Lav250 (250 mg/kg feed), and Lav500 (500 mg/kg feed). In terms of body weight change, Lav500 group had the best results after the control group (p>0.05). It was observed that, compared to the control group, pH levels were high (p<0.05) in Lav250 and Lav500 groups on the 9th day of storage. The effect of storage time on malondialdehyde (MDA) was used as a parameter of lipid peroxidation in meat, and the Lav250 and Lav500 groups presented lower concentrations as compared to the control group (p<0.05). In this study, the addition of lavender essential oil to the diet enriched the concentrations of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Moreover, the height of villi in the duodenum and jejunum, and consequently absorption, increased significantly in the Lav500 group as compared to the control group. The concentration of MDA, a blood serum antioxidant enzyme, decreased with the addition of lavender oil. Additionally, lavender essential oil added to quail diets was observed to increase the number of Lactobacillus spp. (probiotic bacteria) colonies (p<0.05).(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of either a limited forage intake or concentrate supplementation prior to the adaptation to high-concentrate diets on dry matter intake, ruminal pH, bacteria, and protozoa of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a two 3×3 Latin square, and six cannulated Nellore steers were used. Each experimental period was composed by three feeding phases: pre-adaptation (14 days), adaptation (12 days), and finishing (seven days) diet, in a total of 33 days per period. The steers were assigned to one of three pre-adaptation dietary treatments: control (Tifton hay fed ad libitum + mineral supplement), restriction (Tifton hay fed at 1.4% of BW + mineral supplement), and concentrate (Tifton hay fed ad libitum + 0.5% of BW of a mix of concentrate feedstuffs and mineral supplement). The adaptation period consisted of two adaptation diets, which contained 72 and 79% concentrate for six days each. The finishing diet contained 86% concentrate. During the pre-adaptation phase, restricted cattle had higher pH than concentrate-fed cattle. There was a reduction in M. elsdenii relative population in cattle from either restriction or concentrate groups. During adaptation and finishing phases, cattle from concentrate group had smaller F. succinogenes populations compared with the control group. The previous nutritional backgrounds impact ruminal microbiota during adaptation and finishing phases without causing any negative effect on ruminal pH. Feeding concentrate prior to the adaptation positively impacted the transition to high-concentrate diets and promoted increased dry matter intake.(AU)

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In this study, we investigated the effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) supplementation on the cecal microbiota of broilers challenged with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) during the starter phase. A total of 32 one-day-old, unsexed broiler chicks were randomly divided into four dietary treatments with eight birds per treatment and reared individually for 14 days (n = 8). The diet treatments were: non-DSS challenge, DSS challenge only, DSS challenge plus 0.5 mL/L GLE, and DSS challenge plus 1 mL/L GLE. The results showed that DSS challenge plus 0.5 mL GLE alleviated inflammatory gene expression in the duodenum of broilers (p≤0.01). The alpha diversity of bacterial species in the cecal digesta increased in the group treated with DSS plus 1 mL/L GLE compared with the DSS challenge-only group (p≤0.01). Principal component analysis and principal coordinate analysis indicated distinct clusters between groups treated with DSS-only and DSS plus GLE (0.5 and 1 mL/L). The abundance of the genera Ruminiclostridium 9, Enterococcus, and Sellimonas increased in the group treated with DSS plus GLE (0.5 and 1 mL/L) compared with the other groups (p≤0.01). Comparative microbial function analysis demonstrated that the immune system was promoted in the group treated with DSS plus GLE (0.5 and 1 mL/L) compared to the DSS challenge-only group (p≤0.001). These results demonstrated that GLE supplementation can modulate the cecal microbial community of broilers under DSS challenge during the starter phase.(AU)

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The following research isolated and identified the main bacterial groups present in the culture of juvenile Nile tilapia in the presence of bioflocs and/or periphyton. The strains were also tested for the production of exoenzymes, indicative of potential virulence factors, and ability to form biofilm. The water samples were taken from tilapia cultured in the presence of bioflocs (T1), in the presence of bioflocs and periphyton (T2), from traditional culture (T3) and from culture in the presence of periphyton (T4). In the growth and selection of the bacterial groups, pour plate method was used, along with the following media: Plate Count Agar (PCA - DIFCO), Aero Pseudo Selective Agar (GSP - Himedia) and Nutrient Agar (AN - Merck). 46 strains were isolated in the following distribution: T1 (n = 12); T2 (n = 10); T3 (n = 14) and T4 (n = 10). Among the isolates, the most frequent genera were: Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Mycobacterium spp., Micrococcus spp., and Corybacterium spp. Bacterial isolates in treatments T1 and T3 tested positive for five virulence profiles each, while those isolated from T2 and T4 for two and three virulence profiles, respectively. Treatments in bioflocs and periphyton (T2) or only periphyton (T4) yielded bacteria of less pathogenic potentials. In relation to the fish growth, T1 and T4 resulted in a higher final we

A presente pesquisa isolou e identificou os principais grupos bacterianos presentes no cultivo de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo na presença de bioflocos e/ou perifíton. Verificou-se a produção de exoenzimas como indicadoras de potenciais fatores de virulência e a capacidade de formação de biofilme. As amostras de água foram retiradas do cultivo das tilápias na presença de bioflocos (T1), cultivo na presença de bioflocos e perifíton (T2), cultivo tradicional (T3) e cultivo na presença de perifíton (T4). Para o crescimento e seleção dos grupos bacterianos foi utilizada a técnica da semeadura em profundidade com os seguintes meios de cultura: Ágar para Contagem em Placas (PCA DIFCO), Aero Pseudo Seletive Ágar (GSP Himedia) e Ágar Nutriente (AN Merck). Foram isoladas 46 cepas, distribuídas da seguinte forma: T1 (n = 12); T2 (n = 10); T3 (n = 14) e T4 (n = 10). Entre os isolados, os gêneros mais frequentes foram: Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Mycobacterium spp., Micrococcus spp., e Corybacterium spp. Os isolados bacterianos dos tratamentos T1 e T3 expressaram cinco perfis de virulência enquanto aqueles isolados dos tratamentos T2 e T4 apresentaram dois e três perfis de virulência, respectivamente. Os tratamentos com presença de bioflocos e perifíton (T2) ou somente perifíton (T4) apresentaram bactérias com menor potencial patogênico. Em rel

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Although Brazil has a great bird diversity, information on the health status of free living psittacine is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of endoparasites and the ratio of gram-negative versus gram-positive bacteria in the feces of free-living adult Hyacinth and Green-winged macaws. Fecal samples were collected placing camouflaged sheet covers on bird foraging areas. Fifty-five swabs were evaluated by gram staining technique and 101 fecal samples were analyzed using flotation and centrifugation methods. None of the samples presented parasites or ova. The presence of gram-negative bacteria was detected in 1.8% of the fecal samples. These results suggest that parasites and gram-negative bacteria may be transient in the gastrointestinal tract of healthy free-living psittacine birds. This situation is quite different from what is observed for birds in captivity, where stressful events and improper husbandry facilitate the dysbiosis and high parasite loads, with an imbalance in the host-parasite relationship.

Embora o Brasil tenha uma grande diversidade de aves, as informações sobre o estado sanitário de psitacídeos de vida livre são escassas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de endoparasitas e a relação entre bactérias gram-negativas e gram-positivas nas fezes de Arara-azuis e Araras-vermelhas-grandes adultas em vida-livre. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas empregando-se lonas camufladas onde as aves se reuniam para forragear. Cinquenta e cinco esfregaços foram avaliados pela técnica de gram e 101 amostras de fezes foram analisadas pelos métodos de flutuação e centrífugo-flutuação.  Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para a presença de ovos ou formas adultas de parasitas. A presença de bactérias gram-negativas foi detectada em 1.8% das amostras fecais. Esses resultados sugerem que parasitas e bactérias gram-negativas podem ser apenas transientes no trato gastrointestinal de psitacídeos saudáveis de vida livre. Essa situação é bastante diversa do que ocorre em cativeiro, onde situações de estresse e manejo inadequado facilitam a disbiose e o aumento das cargas parasitárias, com um desequilíbrio na relação hospedeiro-parasita.

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Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a produção e composição das bactérias e protozoários ruminais de bovinos alimentados com glicerina. Cinco bovinos machos, providos de cânulas ruminais, foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental quadrado latino (5 x 5). As dietas foram formuladas com a inclusão de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20% de glicerina na matéria seca (MS). Foram colhidas amostras de conteúdo ruminal nos tempos 0, 2, 5 e 8 horas após a alimentação e, em seguida, separaram-se as frações sólida e líquida para determinação das bactérias líquido-associadas (BLA), protozoários líquido-associados (PLA) e bactérias sólido-aderidas (BSA). Com o acréscimo da concentração de glicerina na dieta, houve redução linear na produção de MS das BLA e PLA (P<0,05). No tratamento sem inclusão de glicerina, as quantidades de MS foram de 1.048,5 e 2.199,5 mg/L para BLA e PLA, respectivamente, enquanto no tratamento com 20% de glicerina foram, respectivamente, 756,9 e 1.619,9 mg/L para BLA e PLA. Além disso, houve redução nos teores de matéria orgânica (MO) e aumento linear do teor de nitrogênio (N) das BLA com o aumento da concentração de glicerina na dieta. A composição dos protozoários não foi alterada em função dos tratamentos (em média 47,3% MO e 7,2% N). A produção das BSA não foi alterada (P>0,05) com o incremento da glicerina na dieta, e os valores médios para as quantidades de MS, MO e N foram, respectivamente, 3.131,0; 2.463,1 e 294,2mg/kg. Houve aumento linear no teor de N das BSA de 10,8 para 11,3% nos tratamentos com 0 e 20% de glicerina, respectivamente. Não foi verificado efeito do tempo de colheita para as BSA, ao passo que, para as BLA, ocorreu redução na produção de MO e nos teores de MO e N. A utilização de altas concentrações de glicerina na dieta de bovinos necessita de maiores estudos, pois há alteração da produção e composição dos microrganismos ruminais...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the production and composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa in cattle fed with glycerin. Five steers, provided with ruminal cannulas, were distributed in a latin square design (5 x 5). Diets were formulated to contain 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of glycerin on dry matter (DM) basis. Rumen content samples were collected at 0, 2, 5 and 8 hours after feeding that were separated in solid and liquid phases to determine the amount of liquid associated bacteria (LAB), liquid associated protozoa (LAP) and particle-associated bacteria (PAB). With the increase of glycerin concentration in the diet there was a linear reduction in DM production of LAB and LAP (P<0.05). In the treatment without glycerin the amount of DM was 1048.5 and 2199.5 mg/L for LAB and LAP respectively, while in the treatment with 20% of glycerin it was respectively 756.9 and 1619.9 mg/L for LAB and LAP. Furthermore, there was a reduction in the content of organic matter (OM) and a linear increase in nitrogen (N) of LAB with increasing concentration of glycerin in the diet. The composition of protozoa was not altered by the treatments (average 47.3% OM and 7.2% N). The production of PAB was not affected (P>0.05) by the increasing dietary glycerin and mean values for the quantities of DM, OM and N were respectively 3131.0, 2463.1 and 294.2 mg/kg. There was a linear increase in N content of PAB from 10.8 to 11.3% for treatments with 0 and 20% of glycerin respectively. There was no effect on harvest time for PAB, while for LAB there was reduction in OM production and in OM and N contents. The use of high concentrations of glycerin in the cattle diet requires further study, because there are changes in the production and composition of rumen microorganisms...

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The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in New Zealand rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A total of 22 adult male rabbits were used. The ophthalmic tests included evaluation of tear production with Schirmer tear test 1(STT1) and Endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) using two different commercial brand materials. Applanation tonometry, Culture of the conjunctival bacterial flora, , conjunctival cytology and conjunctival histology were also performed. Mean (±SD) for STT1, EAPPTTa, EAPPTTb and IOP was 7.27±2.51mm/min, 12.43±1.69mm/min, 15.24±2.07mm/min, 12.89±2.80mm Hg, respectively. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. were predominant. The cytological evaluation revealed the presence columnar epithelial cells, superficial squamous keratinized cells, lymphocytes, heterophils, red blood cells, mucus and bacteria. The histological analysis revealed a stratified epithelium, characterized by the presence of columnar epithelial cells with a large number of goblet cells. The reported data can be used for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer valores de referência para testes diagnósticos oftálmicos em coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia (Oryctolagus cuniculus). 22 coelhos, machos, adultos foram utilizados. Foi mensurada a produção lacrimal através do teste lacrimal de Shirmer 1 (TLS1) e da Tira endodôntica de papel absorvente (EAPPTT) de duas marcas comerciais distintas. Tonometria de aplanação, identificação da microbiota conjuntival, , citologia e histologia conjuntival também foram realizadas. A média e desvio padrão do TLS1, EAPPTT1, EAPPTT2 e pressão intraocular foi 7,27±2,51 mm/min, 12,43±1,69 mm/min, 15,24±2,07 mm/min e 12,89±2,80 mmHg, respectivamente. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus sp. e Bacillus sp. mostraram-se predominantes. A citologia conjuntival evidenciou a presença de células epiteliais colunares, células escamosas superficiais queratinizadas, linfócitos, heterofilos, células sanguíneas, muco e bactérias. A histologia revelou epitélio estratificado caracterizado pela presença de células epiteliais colunares com grande número de células caliciformes. Os achados deste estudo poderão ser utilizados com fins terapêuticos ou experimentais.

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Foram utilizados 48 leitões de linhagem comercial, desmamados com média de idade de 21 dias, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das fontes de carboidratos (lactose ou maltodextrina) e dos pesos dos leitões ao desmame, sobre os valores de pH do conteúdo do estômago, cólon e reto, e contagem de coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Lactobacillus spp na digesta do íleo e do ceco. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento em blocos casualizados e analisado em parcelas subdivididas, tendo como parcelas principais as classes de peso e as fontes de carboidratos e como subparcelas a idade de abate dos animais. Os pHs dos conteúdos estomacal e intestinal não foram influenciados pelas dietas fornecidas, bem como a contagem de coliformes totais. Verificou-se que a presença de lactose nas rações determinou diminuição as contagens de Escherichia coli e Lactobacillus spp no íleo. Em relação à classe de peso, os leitões mais leves apresentaram menores contagens de Escherichia coli e Lactobacillus. A maltodextrina pode ser usada como uma alternativa para substituir a lactose nas rações, independente do peso dos leitões ao desmame, visto que não afeta negativamente o pH e a população de Lactobacillus no trato gastrintestinal.

Forty eight piglets from a commercial strain weaned at an average age of 21 days were used in order to evaluate effects of carbohydrates sources (lactose or maltodextrin) and the weights of piglets at weaning on the stomach pH, colon and rectum contents, and the amount of total coliform, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus spp in digesta of ileum and cecum. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design and analyzed in split plot, considering class of weight and carbohydrates as main plots and the slaughter age of animal as sub-plots. The stomach pH and intestinal contents were not influenced by the diets provided as well as the amount of total coliform. It was found that the presence of lactose in the feed decreased counts of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus ssp in the ileum. Regarding the class of weight, the lighter piglets had lower counts of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus. The maltodextrin can be used as an alternative to replace the lactose in the diet, regardless of the piglets weight at weaning, as it does not adversely affect the pH and the Lactobacillus population in the gastrointestinal tract;

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da adição do prebiótico frutoligossacarídeo (FOS) em rações contendo diferentes níveis de feno de alfafa sobre a microbiologia e morfologia intestinal de leitões desmamados. Foram utilizados 72 leitões, cruzados, de ambos os sexos, com peso inicial de 5,95 ± 0,73 kg, com idade aproximada de 21 dias. Foram avaliados os tratamentos: T1 - Ração basal + 0% FOS; T2 – Ração basal + 0,3% FOS; T3 – Ração com 5% de Alfafa + 0% FOS; T4 – Ração com 5% de Alfafa + 0,3% FOS; T5 – Ração com 10% de Alfafa + 0% FOS; T6 – Ração com 10% de Alfafa + 0,3% FOS. Ao final do período experimental um leitão por repetição foi abatido para a coleta de amostras para as análises de microbiologia (Salmonella sp. e coliformes) e morfologia intestinal (altura de vilosidades e profundidade de criptas). A análise para coliformes não apresentou diferença estatística entre os níveis de FOS e os níveis de feno de alfafa. Não foram encontradas colônias de Salmonella sp. nas amostras. Para profundidade de cripta não ocorreu diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Já para altura de vilosidades e a relação altura de vilosidades/ profundidade de criptas, o grupo sem a adição de FOS não mostrou diferença (P>0,05), porém, o grupo suplementado com 0,3% de FOS mostrou uma melhora significativa P<0,05) em relação aos níveis de 5% e 10% de alfafa. Não houve influência dos tratamentos sobre a contagem de Salmonella sp. e E. Coli. Em relação à morfologia intestinal os dados para altura das vilosidades e a relação altura de vilosidades/profundidade de criptas apresentaram os melhores resultados quando na presença de FOS.

The goal of this work was to verify the effect of the fructooligossaccharide prebiotic (FOS) addition in the diet containing varying levels of alfalfa hay, on the microbiology and intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. It was used 72 piglets, crossed, both sexes, with initial weight of 5.95 ± 0.73 Kg, with approximate age of 21 days. It was evaluated the treatment: T1 – Basal feed + 0% FOS; T2 – Basal feed + 0.3% FOS; T3 – Feed with 5% of alfalfa + 0% FOS; T4 – Feed with 5% of alfalfa + 0.3% FOS; T5 – Feed with 10% of alfalfa + 0% FOS; Feed with 10% of alfalfa + 0.3% FOS. In the end of the experimental period one piglet of each replication was slaughtered for the collection of sample aiming to analyze Salmonela sp. and coliformes and intestinal morphology (height of villus and depht of crypt). The analysis for coliformes didn’t show statistic difference among the levels of FOS and alfalfa hay. It wasn’t find Salmonella sp. colonies in the samples. No difference was observe in the crypt depht (P>0.05) among the treatments. The height of villus and the relation of height of villus per depht of crypt, the group without the addition of FOS didn’t show difference (P>0.05), however, the group supplemented with 0.3% of FOS showed a significant improvement (P<0.05) related to levels of 5% and 10% of alfalfa. There was no influence of treatment on the presence of Salmonella sp. and E. Coli. Regarding intestinal morphology data for villus height and villus height ratio/crypt depth showed the best results in the presence of FOS.

Resumo

[...] Em 36/58 dos animais foram isoladas leveduras a partir de orofaringe e em 35/58 a partir da cloaca. Um total de 117 isolados foi obtido, pertencentes aos gêneros Candida (77/117), Trichosporon (25/117) Geotrichum (11/117) e Rhodotorula (4/117). A C. parapsilosis foi a espécie mais presente (19/117), seguida por C. albicans (18/117), C. tropicalis (13/117), C. guilliermondii (12/117), G. capitatum (11/117), T. mucoides (11/117), C. krusei (10/117), C. famata (5/117), T. asteroides (5/117), R. mucilaginosa (4/117), T. asahii (3/117), T. cutaneum (3/117) e T. ovoides (3/117). Houve maior presença de C. albicans na orofaringe das emas jovens do que nos adultos (p <0,001). Enquanto o G. capitatum foi mais frequente nas amostras de cloaca de animais adultos (p<0,05); assim como foi mais presente em cloaca que em orofaringe tanto em jovens como adultos (p<0,01). Quanto às espécies de Candida não foi observada resistência à anfotericina B, mas 16 cepas foram simultaneamente resistentes aos dois derivados azólicos (11/18 C. albicans, 1/10 C. krusei, 2/19 C. parapsilosis e 2/13 C. tropicalis). Houve elevada resistência principalmente em cepas de C. albicans ao fluconazol (15/18) e ao itraconazol (13/18). Outras espécies apresentaram resistência, como: C. parapsilosis (7/19 ao fluconazol e 3/19 ao itraconazol), C. tropicalis (6/13 ao fluconazol e 5/13 ao itraconazol), C. guilliermondii (1/12 ao itraconazol) e C. krusei (2/10 ao fluconazol e 1/10 ao itraconazol). Quanto às outras leveduras e G. capitatum a maioria dos isolados foi sensível aos antifúngicos in vitro, no entanto, a resistência frente fluconazol (1) e itraconazol (2) foi detectada em T. mucoides. Por fim, 23/77 cepas Candida spp. secretaram fosfolipases. Em síntese, o trato digestivo dos animais estudados presentou heterogeneidade de espécies de Candida potencialmente patogênicas, uma vez que parte delas apresentou resistência aos derivados azólicos e secretaram fosfolipases.(AU)

[...] In 36/58 animals was isolated fungi from the oropharynx and in 35/58 from the cloaca. A total of 77 isolates were obtained, belonging to genera Candida (77/117), Trichosporon (25/117) Geotrichum (11/117) and Rhodotorula (4/117). The C. parapsilosis was the more frequent species isolated (19/117), followed by C. albicans (18/117), C tropicalis (13/117), C guilliermondii (12/117), G. capitatum (11/117), T. mucoides (11/117) C. krusei (10/117), C famata (5/117), T. asteroides (5/117), R. mucilaginosa (4/117), T. asahii (3/117), T. cutaneum (3/117) and T. ovoides (3/117). There was greater presence of C. albicans in the oropharynx of the juvenile rheas than in the adults (p<0.001), while G. capitatum was more frequent in cloacal samples from adult animals (p<0.05), as well as it was more present in cloaca than in oropharynx, both in youth as in adults (p<0.01). As Candida species, no resistance was observed to amphotericin B, but 16 strains were simultaneously resistant to the two azole derivatives (11/18 C. albicans, 1/10 C. krusei, 2/19 C. parapsilosis and 2/13 C. tropicalis). There was particularly high resistance of C. albicans strains to fluconazole (15/18) and to itraconazole (13/18). Other species showed resistance, as: C. parapsilosis (7/19 to fluconazole and 3/19 to itraconazole), C. tropicalis (6/13 to fluconazole and 5/13 to itraconazole), C. guilliermondii (1/12 to itraconazole), C. krusei (2/10 to fluconazole and 1/10 to itraconazole). As others yeasts and G. capitatum most of the isolates were susceptible to antifungals in vitro; however, resistance against fluconazole (1) and itraconazole (2) was detected in T. mucoides. Finally, 23/77 Candida spp. strains secreted phospholipases. In summary, this study indicates that digestive tract of the studied animals showed heterogeneity of potentially pathogenic Candida species, since some of them were resistant to azole derivatives and secreted phospholipases.(AU)

Resumo

[...] Em 36/58 dos animais foram isoladas leveduras a partir de orofaringe e em 35/58 a partir da cloaca. Um total de 117 isolados foi obtido, pertencentes aos gêneros Candida (77/117), Trichosporon (25/117) Geotrichum (11/117) e Rhodotorula (4/117). A C. parapsilosis foi a espécie mais presente (19/117), seguida por C. albicans (18/117), C. tropicalis (13/117), C. guilliermondii (12/117), G. capitatum (11/117), T. mucoides (11/117), C. krusei (10/117), C. famata (5/117), T. asteroides (5/117), R. mucilaginosa (4/117), T. asahii (3/117), T. cutaneum (3/117) e T. ovoides (3/117). Houve maior presença de C. albicans na orofaringe das emas jovens do que nos adultos (p <0,001). Enquanto o G. capitatum foi mais frequente nas amostras de cloaca de animais adultos (p<0,05); assim como foi mais presente em cloaca que em orofaringe tanto em jovens como adultos (p<0,01). Quanto às espécies de Candida não foi observada resistência à anfotericina B, mas 16 cepas foram simultaneamente resistentes aos dois derivados azólicos (11/18 C. albicans, 1/10 C. krusei, 2/19 C. parapsilosis e 2/13 C. tropicalis). Houve elevada resistência principalmente em cepas de C. albicans ao fluconazol (15/18) e ao itraconazol (13/18). Outras espécies apresentaram resistência, como: C. parapsilosis (7/19 ao fluconazol e 3/19 ao itraconazol), C. tropicalis (6/13 ao fluconazol e 5/13 ao itraconazol), C. guilliermondii (1/12 ao itraconazol) e C. krusei (2/10 ao fluconazol e 1/10 ao itraconazol). Quanto às outras leveduras e G. capitatum a maioria dos isolados foi sensível aos antifúngicos in vitro, no entanto, a resistência frente fluconazol (1) e itraconazol (2) foi detectada em T. mucoides. Por fim, 23/77 cepas Candida spp. secretaram fosfolipases. Em síntese, o trato digestivo dos animais estudados presentou heterogeneidade de espécies de Candida potencialmente patogênicas, uma vez que parte delas apresentou resistência aos derivados azólicos e secretaram fosfolipases.

[...] In 36/58 animals was isolated fungi from the oropharynx and in 35/58 from the cloaca. A total of 77 isolates were obtained, belonging to genera Candida (77/117), Trichosporon (25/117) Geotrichum (11/117) and Rhodotorula (4/117). The C. parapsilosis was the more frequent species isolated (19/117), followed by C. albicans (18/117), C tropicalis (13/117), C guilliermondii (12/117), G. capitatum (11/117), T. mucoides (11/117) C. krusei (10/117), C famata (5/117), T. asteroides (5/117), R. mucilaginosa (4/117), T. asahii (3/117), T. cutaneum (3/117) and T. ovoides (3/117). There was greater presence of C. albicans in the oropharynx of the juvenile rheas than in the adults (p<0.001), while G. capitatum was more frequent in cloacal samples from adult animals (p<0.05), as well as it was more present in cloaca than in oropharynx, both in youth as in adults (p<0.01). As Candida species, no resistance was observed to amphotericin B, but 16 strains were simultaneously resistant to the two azole derivatives (11/18 C. albicans, 1/10 C. krusei, 2/19 C. parapsilosis and 2/13 C. tropicalis). There was particularly high resistance of C. albicans strains to fluconazole (15/18) and to itraconazole (13/18). Other species showed resistance, as: C. parapsilosis (7/19 to fluconazole and 3/19 to itraconazole), C. tropicalis (6/13 to fluconazole and 5/13 to itraconazole), C. guilliermondii (1/12 to itraconazole), C. krusei (2/10 to fluconazole and 1/10 to itraconazole). As others yeasts and G. capitatum most of the isolates were susceptible to antifungals in vitro; however, resistance against fluconazole (1) and itraconazole (2) was detected in T. mucoides. Finally, 23/77 Candida spp. strains secreted phospholipases. In summary, this study indicates that digestive tract of the studied animals showed heterogeneity of potentially pathogenic Candida species, since some of them were resistant to azole derivatives and secreted phospholipases.